Eletroacupuntura para tratamento de hipotensão induzida por isofluorano em cavalos / Electroacupuncture treatment for isoflurane induced hypotension in horses

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do tratamento da hipotensão arterial com eletroacupuntura comparativamente à dobutamina em equinos. Foram avaliados seis cavalos adultos, saudáveis, mantidos em anestesia inalatória, com isofluorano, em ventilação mecânica. Após a estabilização da anestesia, foi induzida hipotensão arterial, através do incremento da concentração do isofluorano, iniciando-se um dos tratamentos: DOB: dobutamina (1,5µg kg-1 min-1, infusão contínua intravenosa); EA: estímulo elétrico no acuponto pericárdio 6 (PC6), bilateralmente; SHAM: estímulo elétrico em ponto falso de acupuntura. Foram mensurados: frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial média (PAM), temperatura retal (T), concentração final expirada de isofluorano (ETiso), variáveis hemogasométricas, concentração sérica de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatina fosfoquinase (CK), tempo e qualidade da recuperação pós-anestésica. Houve incremento na PAM de 50%, 36,6% e 7,5% nos tratamentos DOB, EA e SHAM, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os grupos nas variáveis hemogasométricas, FC, T, ETiso, CK, AST, tempo e qualidade de recuperação pós-anestésica. Conclui-se que o tratamento com dobutamina foi mais efetivo para o tratamento da hipotensão em cavalos sob anestesia inalatória quando comparado ao estímulo elétrico do acuponto PC6 ou ponto falso de acupuntura.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture compared to the dobutamine treatment of hypotension in equines. Six adult horses were maintained in isoflurane anesthesia with mechanical ventilation. After anesthesia was established, the isoflurane concentration was raised until hypotension was achieved. After that the animals were treated with a constant rate of 1.5mg kg -1min-1 intravenous dobutamine (DOB), electroacupunture to pericardium 6 (PC-6) acupoint (EA) and false point treatment (SHAM). Heart rate (HH), median arterial blood pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (T), isoflurane end-tidal concentration, arterial blood gases, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST), recovery time and quality of recovery were investigated. The MAP increased 50%, 36.5% and 7.5%% in DOB, EA and SHAM treatments, respectively. HH, T, arterial blood gases, CK, AST, recovery time and quality of recovery did not differ among treatments. It was concluded that the dobutamine treatment was more effective than EA and SHAM treatments for the reversion of isoflurane induced hypotension in horses.(AU)

Echocardiographic changes during acute pulmonary edema subsequent to scorpion sting

Acute pulmonary edema (APE) occurring after scorpion sting is the leading cause of death of the victims of scorpion envenomation. The APE origin is still questioned by physicians treating these patients. Based on echocardiographic study of 20 patients with severe envenomation treated in Ouargla Hospital resuscitation ward during the last four years, the APE etiology seems more likely cardiogenic, referring to cardiac symptoms confirmed by echocardiography although other mechanisms may also be involved. This hypothesis is further confirmed by the positive response of patients to the administration of dobutamine.(AU)

Echocardiographic changes during acute pulmonary edema subsequent to scorpion sting

Acute pulmonary edema (APE) occurring after scorpion sting is the leading cause of death of the victims of scorpion envenomation. The APE origin is still questioned by physicians treating these patients. Based on echocardiographic study of 20 patients with severe envenomation treated in Ouargla Hospital resuscitation ward during the last four years, the APE etiology seems more likely cardiogenic, referring to cardiac symptoms confirmed by echocardiography although other mechanisms may also be involved. This hypothesis is further confirmed by the positive response of patients to the administration of dobutamine.(AU)

EFEITOS DA DOBUTAMINA OU LEVOSIMENDANA NAS VARIÁVEIS CARDIOPULMONARES APÓS A DEXMEDETOMIDINA EM PÔNEIS SUBMETIDOS À HIPOTENSÃO PELO ISOFLURANO

Isoflurano reduz o débito cardíaco e produz vasodilatação periférica resultando em hipotensão sistêmica. Hipotensão pode contribuir para morbidade e mortalidade em equinos. Queda na pressão sanguínea pode ser tratada com inotrópicos e/ou vasopressores. Levosimendana é um inotrópico sensibilizador de cálcio que produz aumento na contratilidade e diminuição na resistência vascular periférica. Dexmedetomidina é um agonista de receptor adrenérgico 2 que aumenta a resistência vascular periférica. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos cardiopulmonares da dobutamina versus levosimendana após infusão de dexmedetomidina em pôneis com hipotensão induzida pelo isoflurano. Dez pôneis saudáveis (média 13,9 ± DP 2,4 anos) foram anestesiados com detomidina, seguido por quetamina e midazolam e mantidos em um estado hipotensivo induzido por um nível profundo de anestesia com isoflurano (2 CAM). Os animais foram randomizados para receber dexmedetomidina e dobutamina (DD; n=5) ou dexmedetomidina e levosimendana (DL; n=5). Após 45 minutos do estado estável de hipotensão, as variáveis basais foram registradas. Dexmedetomidina foi administrada em 10 minutos (3,5 µg.Kg -1 ) e as variáveis foram registradas; em seguida, infusão contínua de dexmedetomidina iniciou (1,75 µg.Kg -1 .hr -1 ) e as variáveis foram registradas após 45 minutos. Dobutamina (5 µg.Kg -1 .min -1 ) ou levosimendana (12 µg.Kg -1 ) foram administradas e as variáveis foram registradas após 10 minutos, seguido por ITC de dobutamina ou de levosimendana (0,2 µg.Kg -1 .min -1 ) com novo registro das variáveis após 45 minutos. Por fim, as infusões foram interrompidas e as variáveis foram registradas após 45 minutos. Isoflurano (2 CAM) reduziu as PAs, o IS e o IC, mas não afetou o IRVS. Em relação ao isoflurano, bolus de dexmedetomidina aumentou as PAs pelo aumento do IRVS e da PVC, mas não afetou o IS e o IC previamente reduzidos pelo isoflurano. Após 45 minutos, dexmedetomidina elevou a PMAP, o VD/VT, o lactato e a creatinina e reduziu as PAs, o IRVS e a FC, mas não afetou o IC. Dexmedetomidina também reduziu o CaO2, a PaO2, a Pv O2, a Sv O2, o Cv O2, a Hb e o D O2I em ambos grupos em relação ao tempo basal. Dobutamina e levosimendana aumentaram significativamente o IS e o IC, mas dobutamina aumentou as PAs, o IRVS, o IRVP, a PMAP, a PVC, o CaO2, o Cv O2, a Hb, o D O2I e reduziu a creatinina e a O2ER, enquanto levosimendana não afetou as PAs, reduziu a PVC e o IRVS e aumentou o VD/VT e o Q s/Q t. Infusão de dexmedetomidina causa prejuízos cardiopulmonares importantes a despeito de aumentar as PAs após dose em bolus IV durante hipotensão induzida pelo isoflurano em pôneis. Dobutamina é melhor alternativa que levosimendana para restaurar as funções cardiovasculares e manter oxigenação durante infusão de dexmedetomidina associada a dose alta de isoflurano em pôneis.

Isoflurane decreases cardiac output and produces peripheral vasodilation resulting in systemic hypotension. Hypotension may contribute to morbidity and mortality in equines. Drop in blood pressure can be treated with inotropic and or vasopressors. Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer that produces increase in contractility and decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Dexmedetomidine is an 2 adrenergic-receptor agonist that increases systemic vascular resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of dobutamine versus levosimendan after infusion of dexmedetomidine on isoflurane-induced hypotension in ponies. Ten healthy ponies (mean 13,9 ± SD 2,4 years) were anesthetized with detomidine followed by ketamine and midazolam and maintained at a steady hypotensive state induced by a deep level of isoflurane anesthesia (2 MAC). Animals were randomized to receive dexmedetomidine and dobutamine (DD; n=5) or dexmedetomidine and levosimendan (DL; n=5). After 45 min of steady state, baseline variables were recorded. Dexmedetomidine was administered over 10 minutes (3,5 µg.Kg -1 ), and variables were recorded; thereafter, dexmedetomidine CRI started (1,75 µg.Kg -1 .hr -1 ), and variables were recorded after 45 minutes. Dobutamine (5 µg.Kg -1 .min -1 ) or levosimendan (12 µg.Kg -1 ) were administered over 10 minutes and variables were recorded, followed by dobutamine or levosimendan CRI (0,2 µg.Kg -1 .min -1 ) for 45 minutes, then variables were recorded a sixth time. Lastly, infusions were interrupted and the variables were again recorded after 45 minutes. Isoflurane (2 MAC) decreased arterial blood pressures (ABPs), SI and CI, but not affected SVR. In relation to isoflurane, bolus of dexmedetomidine increased ABPs due to augmentation on RVS and PCV, but not affected SI and CI already reduced by isoflurane. After 45 minutes, dexmedetomidine raised MPAP, VD/VT, lactate and creatinine and reduced ABPs, SVR, and HR, but not affected CI. Dexmedetomidine also reduced CaO2, PaO2, Pv O2, Sv O2, Cv O2, Hb and D O2I in both groups compared to baseline. Dobutamine and levosimendan increased SI and CI, but dobutamine increased ABPs, SVRI, PVRI, MPAP, CVP, CaO2, Cv O2, Hb, D O2I and decreased creatinine and O2ER, while levosimendan not affected ABPs, decreased CVP and SVRI and increased VD/VT and Q s/Q t. Dexmedetomidine CRI during isoflurane-induced hypotension in ponies causes statistically significant cardiopulmonary effects regardless of increasing the ABPs after bolus administration. Dobutamine is better alternative than levosimendan for restoring cardiovascular function and maintaining oxygenation during CRI dexmedetomidine associated with high-dose isoflurane in ponies. Because the proposed vasoconstriction model produced late opposite physiological effect, further studies with levosimendan in ponies and horses remain to be performed, especially in clinical patients. Likewise, further studies are justified to evaluate the effect of levosimendan on regional tissue perfusion