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The northeastern slope of the Andes is an area of high diversity of ferns and lycophytes. In this study we assessed the diversity patterns of ferns and lycophytes in ten 250 m x 2 m plots installed at three elevational zones, from 418 to 3447 m.a.s.l., in the Napo province of Ecuador. Floristic diversity was measured using Hill numbers and by partitioning species diversity. Three functional diversity indices were calculated from a set of five leaf traits and weighted by species abundance: functional richness (FRic), evenness (FEve) and divergence (FDiv). To disentangle functional diversity from species richness, the standardized effect size (SES) of each index was also calculated. We recorded 148 species, Polypodiaceae and Dryopteridaceae being the most representative families. Species richness continuously decreased with elevation. Floristic composition was highly heterogeneous among elevation zones, with total species turnover found between 1500 and 2000 m.a.s.l. SES-FDiv and SES-FEve were higher than the null expectation for plots at mid-elevations, suggesting that deterministic mechanisms, such as biotic or abiotic filters, could explain assemblage composition at these sites. However, SES-FEve, SES-FRic and SES-FDiv did not differ from the null expectations at low and high elevation sites, suggesting the predominance of a stochastic process. By combining floristic and functional diversity, we were able to infer the observed community patterns with the resource-use strategies of fern and lycophytes in a mountain area, an approach that can be used to understand how assemblages might react to changing environmental conditions.(AU)
La vertiente noreste de los Andes del Ecuador tiene alta diversidad de helechos y licófitos. En este estudio describimos patrones de diversidad de estos grupos en diez parcelas de 250 m x 2 m instaladas en tres zonas altitudinales, de 418 a 3447 m.s.n.m., en la provincia de Napo, Ecuador. La diversidad se calculó utilizando los números de Hill y particionando la diversidad de especies. Tres índices de diversidad funcional fueron estimados a partir de cinco atributos de las hojas ponderados por la abundancia de las especies: riqueza (FRic), uniformidad (FEve) y divergencia (FDiv). Para separar la diversidad funcional de la riqueza, se calculó el tamaño del efecto estandarizado (SES) de cada índice. Registramos 148 especies, siendo Polypodiaceae y Dryopteridaceae las familias más representativas. La riqueza disminuyó continuamente en el gradiente altitudinal. La composición de la comunidad tuvo un cambio total de especies entre 1500 y 2000 m.s.n.m. En parcelas intermedias, SES-FDiv y SES-FEve registraron valores más altos de lo esperado por el modelo nulo, lo que sugiere que los mecanismos deterministas, como los filtros bióticos y abióticos, podrían explicar el ensamble en estas comunidades. En parcelas de altitudes bajas y altas los tres índices no difirieron del valor nulo, lo que sugiere que predominan procesos estocásticos. Al combinar composición florística y diversidad funcional, pudimos identificar patrones de diversidad y estrategias de uso de recursos de helechos y licófitos. Este enfoque se puede utilizar para comprender cómo el ensamble de las comunidades es afectado por la variación en las condiciones ambientales.(AU)
Assuntos
Polypodiaceae/fisiologia , Dryopteridaceae/fisiologia , Biodiversidade , Biota/fisiologia , Recursos Naturais , EquadorResumo
Background: Brazil is an important horse breeder that creates about three million jobs and movements about R$16,15 billions per year. Although, it is important to the horse breeding industry success that the animals reproductive performance be kept. The mare pregnancy loss causes abundant forfeitures to horse breeders, furthermore, the chronic pyometra is one of that causes. The chronic pyometra is an uncommon mare condition, clinical treatments are often ineffective, under those circumstances the hysterectomy, ovariohysterectomy and uteropexy are recommended. This report proposes to describe the chronic pyometra surgical treatments with the uteropexy technique in mini horses that do not respond to the clinical treatment. Case: A 14-year-old mini breed horse mare weighing 117 kg was sent to Veterinarian Hospital (HV) of the Paraná Federal University (UFPR), presenting dystocia background and intrauterine purulent secretion. The clinical treatment had been conducted, but not well succeeded. An hysteroscopy was conducted with a cervix rupture monitoring, uterine mucosa edematiated and crispy, presenting liquid and a high amount of purulent secretion in the uterus horn and body. The biopsy identified uteropexy. The post-surgical complications were minimums and 30 days after the procedure the laparoscopy was repeated with uterine healing monitoring, without adherences and the uterus were at horizontal position. The hysteroscopy was conducted where a small amount of purulent secretion was perceived. Ten days after the second laparoscopy the patient was discharged. Two years after the procedure, the animal responsible informed that there was not a relapse. Discussion: the mare pyometra occurrence is uncommon and emerges by nature protection false mechanisms. Any change or flaw in one of these protection mechanics barriers, may result in a reproductive change due to uterine infection, resulting in reduction of mare reproductive capacity. Probably this reports patients developed pyometra due to the cervix lesion it's presented made easier the uterus external microorganisms entrance, that predisposes an chronic uterine infection. As many authors report, the chronic pyometra clinical treatment is not always successful, also observed in the case reported, indicating then surgical treatment. There are many pyometra surgical treatments indications as: Wedge resection technique in case of cervix adherence, uteropexy technique, ovary-hysterectomy technique or hysterectomy. The ovary-hysterectomy and the hysterectomy was not conducted for being considered highly invasive. This case choice procedure was the uteropexy, which corresponds to fixing the broad ligament of the uterus to the abdominal wall, repositioning it horizontally, to obtain a better drainage and motility, since this is your anatomic position. In the report, the surgical technique was conducted satisfactorily, certifying the uterine elevation by laparoscopy in the postoperative and also by the responsible report, that the animal does not relapse in two years. The postoperative complications were not alarming, considering that it ceased 24h after the procedure. The conclusions present in this treatment show that the hysteropexy conducted by videosurgery with toggles application developed the necessary uterine elevation to the liquid drainage, that allows the mare to execute the uterine cleaning by the physiological form.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Útero/cirurgia , Piometra/cirurgia , Piometra/veterinária , Cavalos/cirurgia , Histeroscopia/veterinária , Endometrite/veterináriaResumo
A clear low-elevation skewed unimodal richness pattern is presented for hawkmoths in Southeast Peru. Several hypotheses offer plausible explanations for such a distribution. The effects of water-energy dynamics are partially supported by a strong correlation between temperature and species richness at higher elevations. Further, hypotheses of plant diversity influences on hawkmoth ranges are supported by species richness peaking in transitional habitats. Sphingid subfamilies do not appear to be influenced by habitat type or elevational factors, such as temperature. This may make subfamily analysis a poor means of characterizing sphingid community composition unless study sites vary in the level of disturbance. This study documents 134 species in 23 genera of Sphingidae from five Southeastern Peru sites from the 7,545 specimens collected for the study.
Assuntos
Animais , Biodiversidade , Biota , Mariposas , PeruResumo
A clear low-elevation skewed unimodal richness pattern is presented for hawkmoths in Southeast Peru. Several hypotheses offer plausible explanations for such a distribution. The effects of water-energy dynamics are partially supported by a strong correlation between temperature and species richness at higher elevations. Further, hypotheses of plant diversity influences on hawkmoth ranges are supported by species richness peaking in transitional habitats. Sphingid subfamilies do not appear to be influenced by habitat type or elevational factors, such as temperature. This may make subfamily analysis a poor means of characterizing sphingid community composition unless study sites vary in the level of disturbance. This study documents 134 species in 23 genera of Sphingidae from five Southeastern Peru sites from the 7,545 specimens collected for the study.(AU)
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Animais , Mariposas , Biodiversidade , Biota , PeruResumo
In the present study, we investigated the influence of social and environmental factors in the genetic diversity of tomato landraces in the South-Central region of Mexico. A total of 30 tomato landraces, collected in 18 villages with different ethnolinguistic affiliations, were analyzed. We reported that the genetic diversity of tomato landraces is associated with the ethnolinguistic group, weather, and soil-type present in the region studied. Our results showed that there are morphological differences between landraces grown by different ethnolinguistic groups; however, there was also evidence of morphological similarities between landraces from groups with different ethnolinguistic affiliations. Finally, different selection criteria, mainly fruit color, size and shape, plays an important role in the phenotypic divergence among landraces grown in different traditional farming systems.(AU)
No presente estudo investigamos a relação da afiliação etnolinguística com a diversidade genética de variedades locais de tomate na região Centro-Sul do México. Um total de 30 variedades de tomate, coletadas em 18 aldeias com diferentes afiliações etnolinguísticas, foram analisadas. Verificamos que a diversidade genética das variedades crioulas de tomate está associada ao grupo etnolinguístico presente na região estudada. Nossos resultados mostram que existem diferenças morfológicas entre raças cultivadas por diferentes grupos etnolinguísticos. No entanto, também houve evidências de semelhanças morfológicas entre raças de grupos com diferentes afiliações etnolinguísticas. Finalmente, diferentes critérios de seleção, como, principalmente, cor, tamanho e forma dos frutos, desempenham um papel importante na divergência fenotípica entre as variedades crioulas cultivadas em diferentes sistemas agrícolas tradicionais.(AU)
Assuntos
Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Variação Genética , Fenótipo , Etnologia , MéxicoResumo
Interactions between terrestrial and aquatic systems influence the structure of river habitats and, consequently, affect their benthic macroinvertebrate composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of spatial and environmental variables (local physical and chemical variables of water and regional landscape characteristics) on the benthic macroinvertebrate community of the Pandeiros River Basin. Biotic and abiotic variables were evaluated at 20 sampling sites distributed across the primary sub-basins of the Pandeiros River Basin. We found that the macroinvertebrates were primarily affected by environmental variables. The most important environmental variables were pebble proportion and water conductivity at the local scale (7.2% of explained variation) and elevation and nonforest areas at the regional scale (6.9% of explained variation). The spatial variables were representative only in shared explained variation with the environmental matrices (local-spatial = 0.2% and regional-spatial = 2%; all matrices combined = 4.4%). Sampling sites with higher non-forest areas, lower elevations, and steeper slopes presented low pebble fractions and higher electrical conductivities. Habitat diversity was lower when the percentage of pebbles decreased, resulting in decreased taxonomic richness and diversity in macroinvertebrate communities. High electrical conductivities and non-forest areas also had negative effects on macroinvertebrate density due to the loss of habitat diversity. We conclude that higher proportions of pebbles in the substrate and higher altitudes were likely the primary variables for positive effects on the taxonomic richness and density of macroinvertebrate communities.
Assuntos
Animais , Ecossistema , Fatores Abióticos/efeitos adversos , Fatores Bióticos/efeitos adversos , Fauna Bentônica , InvertebradosResumo
Interactions between terrestrial and aquatic systems influence the structure of river habitats and, consequently, affect their benthic macroinvertebrate composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of spatial and environmental variables (local physical and chemical variables of water and regional landscape characteristics) on the benthic macroinvertebrate community of the Pandeiros River Basin. Biotic and abiotic variables were evaluated at 20 sampling sites distributed across the primary sub-basins of the Pandeiros River Basin. We found that the macroinvertebrates were primarily affected by environmental variables. The most important environmental variables were pebble proportion and water conductivity at the local scale (7.2% of explained variation) and elevation and nonforest areas at the regional scale (6.9% of explained variation). The spatial variables were representative only in shared explained variation with the environmental matrices (local-spatial = 0.2% and regional-spatial = 2%; all matrices combined = 4.4%). Sampling sites with higher non-forest areas, lower elevations, and steeper slopes presented low pebble fractions and higher electrical conductivities. Habitat diversity was lower when the percentage of pebbles decreased, resulting in decreased taxonomic richness and diversity in macroinvertebrate communities. High electrical conductivities and non-forest areas also had negative effects on macroinvertebrate density due to the loss of habitat diversity. We conclude that higher proportions of pebbles in the substrate and higher altitudes were likely the primary variables for positive effects on the taxonomic richness and density of macroinvertebrate communities.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Fauna Bentônica , Invertebrados , Ecossistema , Fatores Bióticos/efeitos adversos , Fatores Abióticos/efeitos adversosResumo
Site-specific height-diameter models may be used to improve biomass estimates for forest inventories where only diameter at breast height (DBH) measurements are available. In this study, we fit height-diameter models for vegetation types of a tropical Atlantic forest using field measurements of height across plots along an altitudinal gradient. To fit height-diameter models, we sampled trees by DBH class and measured tree height within 13 one-hectare permanent plots established at four altitude classes. To select the best model we tested the performance of 11 height-diameter models using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The Weibull and Chapman-Richards height-diameter models performed better than other models, and regional site-specific models performed better than the general model. In addition, there is a slight variation of height-diameter relationships across the altitudinal gradient and an extensive difference in the stature between the Atlantic and Amazon forests. The results showed the effect of altitude on tree height estimates and emphasize the need for altitude-specific models that produce more accurate results than a general model that encompasses all altitudes. To improve biomass estimation, the development of regional height-diameter models that estimate tree height using a subset of randomly sampled trees presents an approach to supplement surveys where only diameter has been measured.
Resumo
Site-specific height-diameter models may be used to improve biomass estimates for forest inventories where only diameter at breast height (DBH) measurements are available. In this study, we fit height-diameter models for vegetation types of a tropical Atlantic forest using field measurements of height across plots along an altitudinal gradient. To fit height-diameter models, we sampled trees by DBH class and measured tree height within 13 one-hectare permanent plots established at four altitude classes. To select the best model we tested the performance of 11 height-diameter models using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The Weibull and Chapman-Richards height-diameter models performed better than other models, and regional site-specific models performed better than the general model. In addition, there is a slight variation of height-diameter relationships across the altitudinal gradient and an extensive difference in the stature between the Atlantic and Amazon forests. The results showed the effect of altitude on tree height estimates and emphasize the need for altitude-specific models that produce more accurate results than a general model that encompasses all altitudes. To improve biomass estimation, the development of regional height-diameter models that estimate tree height using a subset of randomly sampled trees presents an approach to supplement surveys where only diameter has been measured.
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Geomorphometric variables are applied in digital soil mapping because of their strong correlation with the disposition and distribution of pedological components of the landscapes. In this research, the relationship between environmental components of tropical hillslope areas in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, artificial neural networks (ANN), and maximum likelihood algorithm (MaxLike) were evaluated with the aid of geoprocessing techniques. ANN and MaxLike were applied to soilscape mapping and the results were compared to the original map. The ANN architectures with seven and five neurons in the hidden layer produced the best classifications when using samples obtained systematically. When random samples were applied, the best neural net architectures were within 22 and 16 neurons in the hidden layer. In conclusion, the ANN can contribute to soilscape surveys, making map delineation faster and less expensive. The digital elevation model (DEM) and its derived attributes can contribute to the understanding of the soil-landscape relationship of tropical hillslope areas; the use of artificial neural networks and MaxLike is feasible for digital soilscape mapping. The systematic sampling method provided a global accuracy of 70 % and 65.9 % for the ANN and the MaxLike, respectively. When the random sampling method was applied, the ANN had a global accuracy of 69.6 %, and the MaxLike had an accuracy of 62.1 %, considering the total study area in relation to the reference map.
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Geomorphometric variables are applied in digital soil mapping because of their strong correlation with the disposition and distribution of pedological components of the landscapes. In this research, the relationship between environmental components of tropical hillslope areas in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, artificial neural networks (ANN), and maximum likelihood algorithm (MaxLike) were evaluated with the aid of geoprocessing techniques. ANN and MaxLike were applied to soilscape mapping and the results were compared to the original map. The ANN architectures with seven and five neurons in the hidden layer produced the best classifications when using samples obtained systematically. When random samples were applied, the best neural net architectures were within 22 and 16 neurons in the hidden layer. In conclusion, the ANN can contribute to soilscape surveys, making map delineation faster and less expensive. The digital elevation model (DEM) and its derived attributes can contribute to the understanding of the soil-landscape relationship of tropical hillslope areas; the use of artificial neural networks and MaxLike is feasible for digital soilscape mapping. The systematic sampling method provided a global accuracy of 70 % and 65.9 % for the ANN and the MaxLike, respectively. When the random sampling method was applied, the ANN had a global accuracy of 69.6 %, and the MaxLike had an accuracy of 62.1 %, considering the total study area in relation to the reference map.
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Soil maps are sources of important information for land planning and management, but are expensive to produce. This paper proposes testing and comparing single stage classification methods (Multiple Multinomial Logistic Regression and Bayes) and multiple stage classification methods (Classification and Regression Trees (CART), J48 and Logistic Model Trees (LMT)) using geographic information system and terrain parameters for producing soil maps with both original and simplified legend. The database was managed in ArcGis computer application in which the variables and the original map were related through training of the algorithms. The results from statistical software Weka were implemented in ArcGis environment to generate digital soil maps. The terrain parameters that best explained soil distribution were slope, profile and planar curvature, elevation, and topographic wetness index. The multiple stage classification methods showed small improvements in overall accuracies and large improvements in the Kappa index. Simplification of the original legend significantly increased the producer and user accuracies, however produced small improvements in overall accuracies and Kappa index.
Mapas pedológicos são fontes de informações primordiais para planejamento e manejo do uso do solo, porém apresentam altos custos de produção. A fim de produzir mapas de solos a partir de mapas existentes, neste trabalho, foram comparados métodos de classificação em estágio único (Regressões Logísticas Múltiplas Multinomiais e Bayes) e em estágios múltiplos (Classification and Regression Trees (CART), J48 e Logistic Model Trees (LMT)) com a utilização de sistemas de informações geográficas e de variáveis geomorfométricas para produção de mapas pedológicos com legenda original e simplificada. A base de dados foi gerenciada em aplicativo computacional ArcGis, em que as variáveis e o mapa original foram relacionados por meio de amostras de treinamento para os algoritmos. Os resultados dos algoritmos obtidos no software Weka foram implementados no ArcGis, para a confecção dos mapas. Foram geradas matrizes de erros para análise de acurácias dos mapas. As variáveis geomorfométricas de declividade, perfil e plano de curvatura, elevação e índice de umidade topográfica são aquelas que melhor explicam a distribuição espacial das classes de solo. Os métodos de classificação em estágio múltiplo apresentaram sensíveis melhoras nas acurácias globais, porém significativas melhoras nos índices Kappa. A utilização de legenda simplificada aumentou significativamente as acurácias do produtor e do usuário.
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Soil maps are sources of important information for land planning and management, but are expensive to produce. This paper proposes testing and comparing single stage classification methods (Multiple Multinomial Logistic Regression and Bayes) and multiple stage classification methods (Classification and Regression Trees (CART), J48 and Logistic Model Trees (LMT)) using geographic information system and terrain parameters for producing soil maps with both original and simplified legend. The database was managed in ArcGis computer application in which the variables and the original map were related through training of the algorithms. The results from statistical software Weka were implemented in ArcGis environment to generate digital soil maps. The terrain parameters that best explained soil distribution were slope, profile and planar curvature, elevation, and topographic wetness index. The multiple stage classification methods showed small improvements in overall accuracies and large improvements in the Kappa index. Simplification of the original legend significantly increased the producer and user accuracies, however produced small improvements in overall accuracies and Kappa index.
Mapas pedológicos são fontes de informações primordiais para planejamento e manejo do uso do solo, porém apresentam altos custos de produção. A fim de produzir mapas de solos a partir de mapas existentes, neste trabalho, foram comparados métodos de classificação em estágio único (Regressões Logísticas Múltiplas Multinomiais e Bayes) e em estágios múltiplos (Classification and Regression Trees (CART), J48 e Logistic Model Trees (LMT)) com a utilização de sistemas de informações geográficas e de variáveis geomorfométricas para produção de mapas pedológicos com legenda original e simplificada. A base de dados foi gerenciada em aplicativo computacional ArcGis, em que as variáveis e o mapa original foram relacionados por meio de amostras de treinamento para os algoritmos. Os resultados dos algoritmos obtidos no software Weka foram implementados no ArcGis, para a confecção dos mapas. Foram geradas matrizes de erros para análise de acurácias dos mapas. As variáveis geomorfométricas de declividade, perfil e plano de curvatura, elevação e índice de umidade topográfica são aquelas que melhor explicam a distribuição espacial das classes de solo. Os métodos de classificação em estágio múltiplo apresentaram sensíveis melhoras nas acurácias globais, porém significativas melhoras nos índices Kappa. A utilização de legenda simplificada aumentou significativamente as acurácias do produtor e do usuário.
Resumo
Soil maps are sources of important information for land planning and management, but are expensive to produce. This paper proposes testing and comparing single stage classification methods (Multiple Multinomial Logistic Regression and Bayes) and multiple stage classification methods (Classification and Regression Trees (CART), J48 and Logistic Model Trees (LMT)) using geographic information system and terrain parameters for producing soil maps with both original and simplified legend. The database was managed in ArcGis computer application in which the variables and the original map were related through training of the algorithms. The results from statistical software Weka were implemented in ArcGis environment to generate digital soil maps. The terrain parameters that best explained soil distribution were slope, profile and planar curvature, elevation, and topographic wetness index. The multiple stage classification methods showed small improvements in overall accuracies and large improvements in the Kappa index. Simplification of the original legend significantly increased the producer and user accuracies, however produced small improvements in overall accuracies and Kappa index.
Mapas pedológicos são fontes de informações primordiais para planejamento e manejo do uso do solo, porém apresentam altos custos de produção. A fim de produzir mapas de solos a partir de mapas existentes, neste trabalho, foram comparados métodos de classificação em estágio único (Regressões Logísticas Múltiplas Multinomiais e Bayes) e em estágios múltiplos (Classification and Regression Trees (CART), J48 e Logistic Model Trees (LMT)) com a utilização de sistemas de informações geográficas e de variáveis geomorfométricas para produção de mapas pedológicos com legenda original e simplificada. A base de dados foi gerenciada em aplicativo computacional ArcGis, em que as variáveis e o mapa original foram relacionados por meio de amostras de treinamento para os algoritmos. Os resultados dos algoritmos obtidos no software Weka foram implementados no ArcGis, para a confecção dos mapas. Foram geradas matrizes de erros para análise de acurácias dos mapas. As variáveis geomorfométricas de declividade, perfil e plano de curvatura, elevação e índice de umidade topográfica são aquelas que melhor explicam a distribuição espacial das classes de solo. Os métodos de classificação em estágio múltiplo apresentaram sensíveis melhoras nas acurácias globais, porém significativas melhoras nos índices Kappa. A utilização de legenda simplificada aumentou significativamente as acurácias do produtor e do usuário.
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O exame em movimento é uma etapa fundamental e complexa do exame clínico em equinos. Alguns fatores como temperamento do animal e o piso onde esse animal é examinado podem ter influência sobre os achados do exame. No primeiro trabalho nosso objetivo foi investigar, através de um sistema objetivo de avaliação da claudicação, a influência da utilização da acepromazina ou xilazina sobre a marcha de cavalos com diferentes comportamentos. Os resultados demonstraram que o número de cavalos saudáveis e com claudicação nos membros torácicos, antes e após o uso da acepromazina permaneceu o mesmo (sete saudáveis e nove mancos). Nos membros pélvicos, cinco cavalos foram considerados saudáveis e 11 rengos antes do tratamento e, oito saudáveis e oito rengos após o tratamento. Nos cavalos tratados com xilazina oito cavalos foram considerados saudáveis e oito mancos antes do tratamento e nove sadios e sete mancos, após o tratamento. Quatro cavalos foram considerados saudáveis e 12 claudicavam dos membros pélvicos antes do tratamento com xilazina e após o tratamento sete foram considerados sadios e nove permaneceram rengos. Não existiu diferença na altura máxima e mínima da cabeça e da pélvis, tanto nos membros torácicos quanto pélvicos. No segundo estudo, investigamos a influência que o tipo de piso sobre o qual o animal é examinado apresenta sobre os dados obtidos na avaliação objetiva com sensores inerciais. O resultado deste trabalho demonstrou não existir diferença nas variáveis de altura máxima e mínima da cabeça e da pélvis e da soma vetorial em cavalos examinados sobre três pisos diferentes (concreto, areia e grama). Houve diferença no número de passos coletados na areia em comparação aos demais pisos (p< 0,0001) nos membros torácicos e pélvicos. Claudicação de impacto nos membros torácicos foi apresentada por um número maior de animais no piso de concreto já a claudicação de elevação foi mais presente no piso de grama. Nos membros pélvicos a claudicação de impacto foi mais presente no piso de grama, enquanto a claudicação de elevação foi identificada em um número maior de animais no piso de concreto. Podemos concluir a partir dos dois trabalhos realizados que o uso da acepramazina ou xilazina não interferiu com a intensidade da claudicação, avaliada por sensores inerciais, em cavalos com diferentes comportamentos. Da mesma forma, o exame em movimento pode ser realizado em qualquer dos pisos utilizados sem necessidade de seguir uma sequência pré-determinada, visto que não existiu diferença nas variáveis da avaliação objetiva por sensores inerciais sem fio.
Examination during movement is a fundamental and complex stage of the clinical exam of horses. The physical exam can be influenced by some factors such as the horses temperament and ground surface on which the horse is examined. In the first study, we investigated the potential influence of using acepromazine or xylazine over the movement of horses with different temperaments using a system of objective assessment of lameness. In the second study, using the same objective methods of evaluation, we investigated the possible influence of the surface on which the horses were trotted. The results of the first study showed that the number of healthy and lame horses on the forelimbs, before and after use of acepromazine remained the same (seven healthy and nine lame); on the hindlimbs before treatment, five were healthy and eleven lame, after treatment eight were healthy and eight remained lame. The number of healthy and lame horses on the forelimbs before treatment with xylazine had eight horses of each condition; seven were lame after treatment and nine were healthy. Four horses were healthy and twelve limping of hindlimbs before treatment with xylazine; after treatment, nine were lame and seven remained healthy. There was no difference in maximum and minimum height of the head and pelvis, both on forelimbs or hindlimbs. In the second study, we investigated the influence of the type of surface where the animal is examined on the results obtained on the objective evaluation with wireless inertial sensors. The result of this study showed no difference in maximum or minimum height of the head, pelvis and vector sum in horses examined on concrete, sand or grass. Difference was observed on the number of strides made on sand compared to grass and concrete (p <0.0001) on fore and hindlimbs. Impact lameness on forelimbs was presented on a larger number of animals on the concrete surface, whereas elevation lameness was more prevalent on the grass surface. On the hin limbs more impact lameness was present on the grass surface, while the elevation lameness was observed in a greater number of animals on the concrete surface. In the first study the use of acepromazine or xylazine did not interfere with the lameness intensity measured by wireless inertial sensors in horses with different temperaments. The results of the second study demonstrated that the examination in motion can be performed on any of the tested surfaces without having to stick to a predetermined sequence, as there was no difference on the variables at the objective evaluation by wireless inertial sensors.
Resumo
Among the soil formation factors, relief is one of the most used in soil mapping, because of its strong correlation with the spatial variability of soil attributes over a landscape. In this study the relationship between topography and the spatial variability of some soil physical properties was evaluated. The study site, a pasture with 2.84 ha, is located near Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, where a regular square grid with 20 m spacing was laid out and georreferenced. In each sampling point, altitude was measured and undisturbed soil samples were collected, at 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.3 m depths. Organic carbon content, soil texture, bulk density, particle density, and soil water retention at 10 (Field Capacity), 80 (limit of tensiometer reading) and 1500 kPa (Permanent Wilting Point) were determined. Descriptive statistics was used to evaluate central tendency and dispersion parameters of the data. Semivariograms and cross semivariograms were calculated to evaluate the spatial variability of elevation and soil physical attributes, as well as, the relation between elevation and soil physical attributes. Except for silt fraction content (at the three depths), bulk density (at 0.2-0.3 m) and particle density (at 0.0-0.1 m depth), all soil attributes showed a strong spatial dependence. Areas with higher elevation presented higher values of clay content, as well as soil water retention at 10, 80 and 1500 kPa. The correlation between altitude and soil physical attributes decreased as soil depth increased. The cross semivariograms demonstrated the viability in using altitude as an auxiliary variable to improve the interpolation of sand and clay contents at the depth of 0.0-0.3 m, and of water retention at 10, 80 and 1500 kPa at the depth of 0.0-0.2 m.
O relevo é um dos fatores de formação do solo mais usados em mapeamento de solos devido sua forte correlação com a variabilidade espacial de atributos do solo na paisagem. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre topografia e a variabilidade espacial de algumas propriedades físicas de solos. Em uma pastagem com 2,84 ha instalou-se uma grade regular com espaçamento de 20 m, nas proximidades de Seropédica, RJ, onde cada ponto de amostragem foi georreferenciado. Em cada ponto de amostragem foi medida a altitude e foram coletadas amostras indeformadas nas profundidades de 0,0-0,1; 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,3 m. Determinaram-se os teores de carbono, textura, densidade do solo e das partículas e retenção de água a 10, 80 e 1500 kPa. Estatística descritiva foi usada para avaliar a tendência central e a dispersão dos dados. Semivariogramas simples e cruzados foram usados para avaliar a variabilidade espacial da altitude, e dos atributos físicos do solo, bem como a relação entre altitude e atributos físicos do solo. Com exceção da fração silte (nas três profundidades), densidade do solo (0,2-0,3 m) e densidade das partículas (0,0-0,1 m), todos os atributos apresentaram forte dependência espacial. Encontraram-se maiores teores de argila, bem como de retenção de água a 10, 80 e 1500 kPa, nas cotas mais elevadas. A correlação entre altitude e atributos físicos decresceu com o aumento da profundidade. Os semivariogramas cruzados comprovaram a viabilidade do uso da altitude, por cokrigagem, para aperfeiçoar a interpolação de areia e argila na camada de 0.0-0.3 m, e de retenção de água a 10, 80 e 1500 kPa na camada de 0.0-0.2 m.
Resumo
Among the soil formation factors, relief is one of the most used in soil mapping, because of its strong correlation with the spatial variability of soil attributes over a landscape. In this study the relationship between topography and the spatial variability of some soil physical properties was evaluated. The study site, a pasture with 2.84 ha, is located near Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, where a regular square grid with 20 m spacing was laid out and georreferenced. In each sampling point, altitude was measured and undisturbed soil samples were collected, at 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.3 m depths. Organic carbon content, soil texture, bulk density, particle density, and soil water retention at 10 (Field Capacity), 80 (limit of tensiometer reading) and 1500 kPa (Permanent Wilting Point) were determined. Descriptive statistics was used to evaluate central tendency and dispersion parameters of the data. Semivariograms and cross semivariograms were calculated to evaluate the spatial variability of elevation and soil physical attributes, as well as, the relation between elevation and soil physical attributes. Except for silt fraction content (at the three depths), bulk density (at 0.2-0.3 m) and particle density (at 0.0-0.1 m depth), all soil attributes showed a strong spatial dependence. Areas with higher elevation presented higher values of clay content, as well as soil water retention at 10, 80 and 1500 kPa. The correlation between altitude and soil physical attributes decreased as soil depth increased. The cross semivariograms demonstrated the viability in using altitude as an auxiliary variable to improve the interpolation of sand and clay contents at the depth of 0.0-0.3 m, and of water retention at 10, 80 and 1500 kPa at the depth of 0.0-0.2 m.
O relevo é um dos fatores de formação do solo mais usados em mapeamento de solos devido sua forte correlação com a variabilidade espacial de atributos do solo na paisagem. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre topografia e a variabilidade espacial de algumas propriedades físicas de solos. Em uma pastagem com 2,84 ha instalou-se uma grade regular com espaçamento de 20 m, nas proximidades de Seropédica, RJ, onde cada ponto de amostragem foi georreferenciado. Em cada ponto de amostragem foi medida a altitude e foram coletadas amostras indeformadas nas profundidades de 0,0-0,1; 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,3 m. Determinaram-se os teores de carbono, textura, densidade do solo e das partículas e retenção de água a 10, 80 e 1500 kPa. Estatística descritiva foi usada para avaliar a tendência central e a dispersão dos dados. Semivariogramas simples e cruzados foram usados para avaliar a variabilidade espacial da altitude, e dos atributos físicos do solo, bem como a relação entre altitude e atributos físicos do solo. Com exceção da fração silte (nas três profundidades), densidade do solo (0,2-0,3 m) e densidade das partículas (0,0-0,1 m), todos os atributos apresentaram forte dependência espacial. Encontraram-se maiores teores de argila, bem como de retenção de água a 10, 80 e 1500 kPa, nas cotas mais elevadas. A correlação entre altitude e atributos físicos decresceu com o aumento da profundidade. Os semivariogramas cruzados comprovaram a viabilidade do uso da altitude, por cokrigagem, para aperfeiçoar a interpolação de areia e argila na camada de 0.0-0.3 m, e de retenção de água a 10, 80 e 1500 kPa na camada de 0.0-0.2 m.