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1.
Acta cir. bras ; Acta Cir. Bras. (Online);39: e395824, 2024. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1573640

Resumo

Purpose: To analyze clinical and endoscopic aspects of dyspeptic patients submitted to upper endoscopy in a reference center in the interior of Maranhão, Brazil. Methods: Observational, descriptive, and analytical research through interviews and endoscopic reports of 80 patients with dyspeptic complaints submitted to upper endoscopy. Results: Among the respondents, 66.25% were women, most were aged ≥ 40 years old and had epigastric pain as their main symptom, and 29.75% had no appropriate indication to perform upper endoscopy. Mild enanthematous gastritis of the antrum was the most frequent finding, and 92.5% had non-significant findings. Rapid urease test was positive in 25%. The following findings showed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05): age < 40 years old, female gender, and gastric lesion with positive urease test; smoking with gastric lesion and age less than 40 years old with normal examination. Patients with significant findings had appropriate indications for upper endoscopy. Conclusions: The correct indication of upper endoscopy is essential for satisfactory endoscopic yields and accurate diagnosis.


Assuntos
Helicobacter pylori , Trato Gastrointestinal , Dispepsia , Endoscopia
2.
Acta cir. bras ; Acta Cir. Bras. (Online);39: e396424, 2024. tab, graf, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1573649

Resumo

Purpose: Full-endoscopic spine surgery (FESS) is associated with specific complications, possibly linked to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) resulting from continuous saline infusion into the epidural space. This study aimed to assess the impact of saline irrigation and its correlation with noninvasively obtained ICP waveform changes. Methods: Patients undergoing FESS between January 2019 and November 2020 were included. Noninvasive ICP (n-ICP) monitoring utilized an extracranial strain sensor generating ICP waveforms, from which parameters P2/P1 ratio and time to peak (TTP) values were derived and correlated to irrigation and vital parameters. Documentation occurred at specific surgical intervals (M0-preoperatively; M1 to M4-intraoperatively; M5-postoperatively). Mixed-model analysis of variance and multiple comparisons tests were applied, with M0 as the baseline. Results: Among 31 enrolled patients, three experienced headaches unrelated to increased ICP at M5. The P2/P1 ratio and TTP decreased during surgery (p < 0.001 and p < 0.004, respectively). Compared to baseline, P2/P1 ratio and vital parameters remained significantly lower at M5. No significant differences were observed for fluid parameters throughout surgery. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a decline in the n-ICP parameters after anesthetic induction despite the anticipated increase in ICP due to constant epidural irrigation. The n-ICP parameters behaved independently of fluid parameters, suggesting a potential protective effect of anesthesia.


Assuntos
Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Pressão Intracraniana , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano , Endoscopia
3.
Acta cir. bras ; Acta Cir. Bras. (Online);39: e390324, 2024. tab, graf, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1533359

Resumo

Purpose: The current study aimed at evaluating the repair of a partial defect of the trachea with a muscle flap, an advanced technique that employs combined suture patterns. Methods: Sixteen healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were used as an experimental model. A partial defect in the trachea within the ventral region of the fourth to eighth tracheal ring was created. Subsequently, repair was initiated with a flap of the sternocephalicus muscle. The animals were divided into four groups for postoperative evaluation using clinical, tracheoscopic, and histopathological analyses. Each group was separated according to the time of euthanasia, programmed at interval of seven (G7), 15 (G15), 30 (G30), and 60 days (G60). Results: One animal from the G60 group died, whereas the other animals had good surgical recovery without serious changes in the breathing pattern. The major clinical signs observed were stridor and coughing. Tracheoscopy revealed secretions in the tracheal lumen, exuberant granulation, and stenosis. Histopathological analysis showed growth of the ciliary respiratory epithelium at the flap site 30 days after implantation. Conclusions: Partial repair showed satisfactory results owing to the anatomical location of the muscle, adequate vascular support, and structural and physiological maintenance without serious changes in the respiratory system.


Assuntos
Animais , Coelhos , Coelhos/cirurgia , Retalhos Cirúrgicos/veterinária , Doenças da Traqueia/veterinária , Endoscopia/veterinária
4.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 51(supl.1): Pub. 887, 2023. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1444105

Resumo

Background: Gastroesophageal foreign bodies (GFD) are commonly diagnosed in dogs and are considered an endoscopic emergency that, although not resulting in serious clinical sequelae or mortality, can compromise the health and well-being of the patient. The use of the digestive endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of GFD can be a valuable and viable alternative. There are cases of GFD in dogs for which the indicated treatment is surgery, which can be performed using minimally invasive or conventional techniques, associated or not with flexible endoscopy. The objective of this work is to describe 16 cases of GFD removal in dogs demonstrating the efficiency of upper digestive endoscopy. Cases: Of the 16 GFD cases, 63% (10/16) were male and 37% (6/16) female. Most aged under 1 year (63%), puppies (5/16) and juveniles (5/16). The patient with the lowest body weight was a miniature pinscher weighing 0.8 kg (Case 14) and the heaviest was an American Pit Bull Terrier weighing 28 kg (Case 11), the mean body weight of patients diagnosed with GFD was 10.2 ± 6.7 kg. Small and medium breeds were more affected, 44.7% (7/16) and 44.7% (7/16), respectively, and large breeds (Golden Retrievier and Bull Terrier), from cases 1 and 4, the least affected, 12.6% (2/16) of the cases. The 16 patients underwent a 12 h food fast and a 4 h water fast, as gastrointestinal emptying in these cases of GFD can be influenced by these foreign bodies. All underwent general inhalation anesthesia with monitoring of physiological parameters (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure) before, during and after EGD, being positioned in left lateral decubitus. The 16 canine patients with suspected GFD underwent EGD for diagnostic confirmation and removal of foreign bodies. Five esophageal FB were diagnosed, 31% (5/16), and 11 gastric FB, 69% (11/16). The most frequently diagnosed foreign bodies were bone and tissue, 37.5% (6/16) and 31% (5/16). Other foreign bodies were materials such as plastics, metals, rubber, foam and stone. Of the 16 cases of GFD, EGD efficiently treated 88% (14/16) without the need for hospitalization, with only supportive treatment for the remission of complications caused by the presence of foreign bodies in the gastroesophageal tract. The main complications related to the presence of GFD were esophagitis in 25% (4/16) of cases, gastritis in 38% (6/16) and both alterations in 13% (2/16). Discussion: In this work, we can observe that more than a third of the clinical cases of treated dogs were diagnosed with GFD, demonstrating that these cases are common in the veterinary clinic. Most of these animals were males less than 1 year old. The improvement of learning in this category can lead these animals to exacerbated oral exploration of new objects. Most FBs were found in the stomach because they were of adequate size, consistency and shape for their passage through the esophagus, whereas esophageal FBs were all bone fragments of rigid consistency with diameters and sizes larger than the esophageal lumen. The interval between the ingestion of the object and the veterinary care can be decisive for the removal of the FB in the esophagus or stomach. Most gastric FBs removed were fabrics and plastics, flexible objects that can pass through the esophageal lumen more easily. Removal of GFD by endoscopy was performed with a high success rate, with only 2 cases being resolved by esophagostomy and gastrotomy. Flexible endoscopy proved to be an efficient technique for removing treated GFD, which can help remove FB during esophagotomy and be associated with rigid endoscopy. Patients recovered quickly and without complications, but it is important to emphasize that inadequate maneuvers and conducts can determine other outcomes. The use of endoscopy for GFD removal needs to be more popularized, as it can ensure better results for dogs treated with GFD.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Trato Gastrointestinal Superior/cirurgia , Trato Gastrointestinal Superior/diagnóstico por imagem , Corpos Estranhos/cirurgia , Corpos Estranhos/veterinária , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal/veterinária
5.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 51(supl.1): Pub. 910, 2023. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1525075

Resumo

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most frequent malignant tumor in horses and the major tumor of the upper respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. Most common locations in horses are the periorbital region, external genitalia, urogenital tract, oesophagus, stomach, head and neck especially over mucocutaneous junctions where the skin is not pigmented. The presentation of the disease located in the larynx is rare and clinical signs include dyspnea, respiratory snores, cough, nasal exudate, dysphagia, nasal reflux, weight loss and sore throat. This study aims to report a case of occurrence of laryngeal SCC diagnosed by laryngoscopy and histopathological evaluation. Case: A 14-year-old mangalarga-marchador dark bay colored horse gelding was treated in the municipality of Prados, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The physical examination revealed tachycardia, dyspnea and tachypnea, pale oral mucosa, apathy and dysphagia, mucous bilateral nasal secretion with food particles, respiratory noises with inspiratory snoring and increased dyspnea and cough at exercise. At endoscopic examination, a small amount of food material was observed in the nasal cavity, a large tumor was localized in the laryngeal region, with a nodular aspect and an irregular surface, several reddish focal areas and small diffuse bloody ulcerations, extending over the entire surface of the epiglottis and caudally to the arytenoid cartilages, asymmetrically with predominance in the left arytenoepiglottic fold and left arytenoid cartilage. Partial obstruction of approximately 80% of the lumen and left laryngeal hemiplegia was diagnosed. Histopathological examination showed malignant neoplasm diffusely invading the sampled tissue, characterized by "islands" of epithelial cells with large, pleomorphic nuclei and exuberant multiple nucleoli and the presence of numerous mitotic figures, formation of horny pearls and fibrous stroma. Due to the poor prognosis the horse was euthanized. Discussion: The diagnosis of tumors has increased due to the dissemination of information and the care taken by specialized veterinarians. This fact is especially relevant when there is a need for diagnostic tools and expertise as the endoscopy and histopathology. The SCC is a tumor that occurs more frequently in areas with thinning hair and lack of pigmentation of the skin, whether on the head, especially around the nostrils, rostral portion of the face and periocular region, on the external vulvar or preputial genitalia and on the penis itself. Ultraviolet radiation can damage DNA, triggering cellular mutation. As the region of the larynx is well protected from solar radiation, other factors are necessary to induce neoplastic proliferation. Humans, as passive smokers, may develop the disease and horses in constantly smoky environments could be predisposed. Other factors like advanced age, family history of skin cancer and random individual genetic mutations must be considered. Equine papillomavirus type 2 belongs to the family of papillomavirus, which are host specific and have a pronounced tropism for cutaneous and mucosal keratinocytes and is implicated as a causal agent of SCC. The endoscopic examination proved to be essential for the diagnosis of this laryngeal SCC, allowing the macroscopic characterization, with estimation of severity due to airway obstruction, and biopsy for its histopathological conclusion. Despite the possibility of local infiltrative treatments associated with assisted surgical resection, the severity of the tumor was the basis for the decision for euthanasia.


Assuntos
Animais , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/veterinária , Cavalos , Laringe/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Laríngeas/veterinária , Endoscopia/veterinária , Laringoscopia/veterinária
6.
Anim. Reprod. (Online) ; 20(2): e20230034, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1452377

Resumo

It can be assumed that the natural processes of selection and developmental condition in the animal provide the best prerequisites for embryogenesis resulting in pregnancy and subsequent birth of a healthy neonate. In contrast, circumventing the natural selection mechanisms and all developmental conditions in a healthy animal harbors the risk of counteracting, preventing or reducing the formation of embryos or substantially restricting their genesis. Considering these facts, it seems to be obvious that assisted reproductive techniques focusing on early embryonic stages serve an expanded and unselected germ cell pool of oocytes and sperm cells, and include the culture of embryos outside their natural habitat during and after fertilization for manipulation and diagnostic purposes, and for storage. A significant influence on the early embryonic development is seen in the extracorporeal culture of bovine embryos (in vitro) or stress on the animal organism (in vivo). The in vitro production per se and metabolic as well as endocrine changes in the natural environment of embryos represent adequate models and serve for a better understanding. The purpose of this review is to give a brief presentation of recent techniques aimed at focusing more on the complex processes in the Fallopian tube to contrast in vivo and in vitro prerequisites and abnormalities in early embryonic development and serve to identify potential new ways to make the use of ARTs more feasible.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos/embriologia , Técnicas Reprodutivas/veterinária , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Meio Ambiente
7.
Ciênc. Anim. (Impr.) ; 33(2): 175-185, 12 jul. 2023. ilus
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1519251

Resumo

A ingestão de corpos estranhos é a principal causa de obstrução esofágica em cãs e gatos, podendo acometer qualquer porção do órgão, ao longo de seu trajeto. Na espécie canina, possui incidência alta e os objetos mais comumente encontrados são ossos, agulhas, gravetos de madeira, brinquedos de borracha, plástico e moedas. Os sinais clínicos tipicamente observados são a regurgitação, engasgos, odinofagia, ptialismo e disfagia. O diagnóstico se baseia no histórico, sinais clínicos, estudo radiográfico e/ou endoscopia. A esofagoscopia é o tratamento de eleição, exceto quando há evidências de perfuração esofágica. Cirurgicamente, os corpos estranhos podem ser removidos por meio de esofagotomia, esofagectomia ou gastrotomia. Complicações como deiscência e estenoses são comuns, após intervenções cirúrgicas no esôfago. Deste modo, pode-se fazer necessário o uso de técnicas de auxílio à cicatrização e vedação, como a mobilização de retalhos musculares e de omento. O prognóstico é favorável, tornando-se reservado na presença de complicações, como perfurações esofágicas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de perfuração esofágica, secundária a corpo estranho em um cão da raça Pitbull Americano, enfatizando o meio diagnóstico e a conduta clinicocirúrgica empregada, para o tratamento da afecção, a qual mostrou-se efetiva, proporcionando a completa recuperação do paciente.


The ingestion of foreign bodies is the main cause of esophageal obstruction in dogs and cats and can affect any portion of the organ along its path. In dogs, they have a high incidence and the most commonly found objects are bones, needles, wooden sticks, rubber and plastic toys, and coins. Clinical signs typically observed are regurgitation, gagging, odynophagia, ptyalism, and dysphagia. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, radiographic study, and/or endoscopy. Esophagoscopy is the treatment of choice, except when there is evidence of esophageal perforation. Foreign bodies can be surgically removed through esophagotomy, esophagectomy, or gastrotomy. Complications such as dehiscence and strictures are common after surgical interventions in the esophagus. Therefore, using techniques to aid healing and sealing, such as the mobilization of muscle and omentum flaps, may be necessary. The prognosis is favorable, becoming reserved in the presence of complications, such as esophageal perforations. This study aims to report a case of esophageal perforation secondary to a foreign body in an American Pitbull dog, emphasizing the diagnostic means and the clinical-surgical approach used to treat the condition, which proved to be effective, providing the complete recovery of the patient.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Endoscopia/veterinária , Perfuração Esofágica/veterinária , Esôfago/cirurgia , Corpos Estranhos/veterinária
8.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 75(6): 1039-1046, Jan.-Feb. 2023. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1520178

Resumo

An accurate diagnostic test for Helicobacter spp. infection in dogs is necessary but no gold standard diagnostic method has yet been established. The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity of conventional diagnostic methods as opposed to immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the detection of Helicobacter spp. in gastric samples of dogs with chronic gastropathy. Samples of gastric fundus, body and antrum were collected by gastroscopy from 13 domestic dogs presenting chronic vomit and submitted to the rapid urease test (RUT), cytopathology, histopathology with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Warthin-Starry (WS) stain, and IHC. Cohen's kappa coefficient was carried out to determine the agreement between techniques compared to IHC. Prevalence of colonization detected by IHC was 92% and was higher in the gastric fundus. The sensitivity of each technique in detecting Helicobacter spp. in the gastric fundus, body, and antrum, respectively, were as follows: RUT 50%, 70%, 17%; cytology 58%; 70%, 50%; HE 42%; 70%, 50%; WS 67%; 80%, 50%. We found that IHC was the most sensitive method for Helicobacter spp. diagnosis revealing that gastric fundus samples have higher presence of bacteria. Squash cytology enhances sensitivity and ancillary staining such as WS should be taken into consideration towards diagnosis.


É necessário um teste diagnóstico preciso no diagnóstico de Helicobacter spp. em cães, mas nenhum método padrão-ouro foi estabelecido até o momento. O objetivo foi avaliar a sensibilidade dos métodos diagnósticos convencionais em comparação com a imuno-histoquímica (IHC) na detecção de Helicobacter spp. em amostras gástricas de cães com gastropatia crônica. Amostras de fundo, corpo e antro gástrico foram coletadas por gastroscopia de 13 cães com vômitos crônicos, e submetidas ao teste rápido da urease (RUT), citopatologia, histopatologia com coloração de hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e Warthin-Starry (WS), e IHC. O coeficiente kappa de Cohen foi realizado para determinar a concordância entre as técnicas, comparadas ao IHC. A prevalência de colonização detectada na IHC foi de 92%, sendo maior no fundo gástrico. A sensibilidade de cada técnica na detecção de Helicobacter spp. no fundo, corpo e antro gástrico, respectivamente, foram: RUT 50%, 70%, 17%; citologia 58%; 70%, 50%; HE 42%; 70%, 50%; WS 67%; 80%, 50%. Concluiu-se que a IHC foi o método mais sensível de diagnóstico de Helicobacter spp., revelando que as amostras de fundo gástrico têm maior presença de bactérias. A citologia por squash aumenta a sensibilidade, e a coloração auxiliar WS deve ser levada em consideração para o diagnóstico.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Gastropatias/veterinária , Doença Crônica/veterinária , Helicobacter , Doenças do Cão
9.
Acta cir. bras ; Acta Cir. Bras. (Online);37(1): e370106, 2022. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1413343

Resumo

Purpose: To present a detailed, reproducible, cost-efficient surgical model for controlled subepithelial endoscopic vocal fold injury in the rat model. Methods: Six male Sprague Dawley rats were enrolled in the experiment. The left vocal folds were used to carry out the injury model, and the right vocal fold served as control. After deep sedation, the rats were placed on a custom operating platform. The vocal fold injury by subepithelial stripping was carried out using custom-made microsurgical instruments under endoscopic guidance. Data were analyzed for procedural time and post-procedural pain. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scan and histologic images were obtained to assess the length, area, and depth of injury to the vocal fold. Results: The mean procedural time was 112 s. The mean control vocal fold length was 0.96 ± 0.04 mm. The mean vocal fold injury length was 0.53 ± 0.04 mm. The mean vocal fold surface was 0.18 ± 0.01 mm2 with a mean lesion area of 0.05 ± 0.00 mm2. Mean vocal fold injury depth was 375.4 ± 42.8 µm. The lesion length to vocal fold length ratio was 0.55 ± 0.03, as well as lesion area to vocal fold surface area was 0.29 ± 0.02. Conclusions: Our described experimental vocal fold injury model in rats is found to be fast, safe, cost-efficient, and reproducible with a rapid learning curve.


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Prega Vocal/cirurgia , Prega Vocal/lesões , Ratos Sprague-Dawley/cirurgia , Endoscopia/veterinária
10.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 50: 1869, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1369708

Resumo

Background: Brachycephalic dogs have several abnormalities in the airways, which generate clinical manifestations that impair the quality of life of these animals. Primary alterations promote airflow obstruction and increase intraluminal negative pressure, causing secondary alterations due to a cycle of inflammation with consequent obstruction. With the onset of inflammation and other alterations in the airways, clinical manifestations can be observed, such as snoring, reverse sneezing, coughing, dyspnea, cyanosis, syncope, and vomiting. Endoscopic examination of the airways allows visualization and diagnosis of morphological changes in these animals. This study aimed to evaluate the endoscopic findings of the airways and determine the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the severity of clinical manifestations in 14 dogs with brachycephalic syndrome (BS). Materials, Methods & Results: Historical and anamnesis data and clinical, respiratory, and digestive manifestations were collected from the owners' reports. The clinical manifestations were classified as mild, moderate, or severe. All animals were subjected to endoscopy of the airways, and image findings were grouped according to the anatomical site where they were observed, then the abnormalities were correlated with the severity of the clinical manifestations. When comparing the frequency of endoscopic abnormalities with the severity of clinical manifestations, it is interesting to observe that animals with severe disease more frequently presented the following alterations: prolongation and thickening of the soft palate, laryngeal changes, presence of hyperemia, lymphoid hyperplasia and polyps in the nasopharynx, hypoplasia and presence of tracheal secretion and thickening of the dorsal tracheal muscle; bronchial collapse, hypoplasia of the main bronchi and bronchial hyperemia and the presence of aberrant nasal turbinates. Comparison between the means of nonparametric variables was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, with a 5% significance level. Discussion: A higher frequency of French Bulldog dogs included in the study was observed, probably due to their greater popularity, although any brachycephalic dog may be affected by BS. Considering that nostril stenosis is a congenital alteration, which is usually diagnosed early, and since the animals included in the study were dogs referred for the rhinoplasty procedure the higher frequency of young dogs in the study was not surprising. The results revealed a significant difference in the endoscopic findings with the severity of the clinical manifestations in different variables, such as prolongation and thickening of the soft palate, eversion of the laryngeal saccules, presence of laryngeal inflammation and collapse, presence of polyps or lymphoid hyperplasia in the nasopharynx, thickening of the dorsal muscle of the trachea, polyps in the trachea and hypoplasia in addition to bronchial hyperemia. The larynx was the most affected anatomical site, with alterations present in 92.8% of the evaluated dogs. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that airway obstruction caused by primary alterations can cause secondary alterations, with consequent clinical manifestations in brachycephalic dogs it is possible to suggest that dogs with this syndrome may present severe manifestations of the disease, regardless of age. Furthermore, it can be concluded that in this study, dogs with BS had frequent laryngeal alterations and that alterations in the main bronchi were present in all animals with severe manifestations of the disease.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Faringe/anormalidades , Craniossinostoses/veterinária , Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/genética , Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/veterinária , Laringoscopia/veterinária
11.
Ciênc. Anim. (Impr.) ; 32(1): 175-182, jan.-mar. 2022. ilus
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1401993

Resumo

O sistema digestório é responsável pela quebra dos alimentos em menores partes, a fim de gerar energia, crescimento e renovação celular. É constituído de um tubo digestivo formado por boca, esôfago, estômago, alças intestinais, reto e ânus; além dos órgãos anexos. O esôfago dá continuidade ao canal alimentar da faringe ao estômago. O câncer de esôfago, em cães e gatos, ocorre raramente, representando cerca de menos de 0,5% de todos os tumores nessas espécies. O maior fator de risco para os tumores esofágicos em cães está relacionado com as áreas endêmicas do nematódeo Spirocerca lupi, que parasita o cão. Diante do exposto, neste trabalho, relata-se o caso de um cão da raça Pit Bull, com dez meses de idade, que deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira com histórico de apatia, tosse, engasgo e alotriofagia. Foram solicitados exames de hemograma, bioquímica sérica, PCR, radiografia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia digestiva alta. Os exames hematológicos indicaram alterações sistêmicas e os exames de imagem apontaram alterações no trato gastrointestinal, sendo que o exame endoscópico apontou a presença de uma massa em região ventral da mucosa esofágica.


The digestive system is responsible for breaking food into smaller pieces to generate energy, growth, and cell renewal. It consists of a digestive tube formed by mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestinal loops, rectum, and anus, as well as attached organs. The esophagus continues the alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach. Esophageal cancer in dogs and cats is rare, accounting for less than 0.5% of all tumors in these species. The major risk factor for esophageal tumors in dogs is related to endemic areas of the nematode Spirocerca lupi that parasitizes the dog. This work presents the case of a 10-month-old Pit Bull dog that was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira with a history of apathy, cough, choking, and allotriophagia. Hemogram, serum biochemistry tests, PCR, radiography, ultrasonography, and upper digestive endoscopy were requested. The hematological exams indicated systemic alterations and the imaging exams presented alterations in the gastrointestinal tract, while the endoscopic exam showed the presence of a mass in the ventral region of the esophageal mucosa.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Neoplasias Esofágicas/veterinária , Corpos Estranhos/veterinária , Esofagoscopia/veterinária , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação
12.
Rev. bras. reprod. anim ; 46(2): 117-129, Abril-Junho 2022. ilus
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1378094

Resumo

A avaliação do sistema genital interno no garanhão é uma importante etapa do exame andrológico, mas ainda é negligenciada na clínica reprodutiva dessa espécie. A maioria das enfermidades que acometem as glândulas sexuais acessórias e a uretra são descritas na literatura como pouco frequentes e até mesmo raras, no entanto a falta de diagnóstico, em muitos casos, contribui para essa estatística. Dentre as enfermidades mais recorrentes se destacam a vesiculite seminal, obstrução de ampola e fistula uretral que podem levar a prejuízos na qualidade seminal e baixa fertilidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta revisão é abordar as principais ferramentas de avaliação dos órgãos genitais internos nos machos equinos, visando contribuir para o correto diagnóstico e tratamento das principais afecções que os acometem.(AU)


The evaluation of the internal genital system in stallions is an important step in the breeding soundness exam that is still neglected in the reproductive clinic of this species. Most diseases that affect the accessory sex glands and the urethra are described in the literature as infrequent and even rare, however the lack of diagnosis, in many cases, contributes to this statistic. Among the most recurrent diseases are seminal vesiculitis, plugged ampullae and urethral rent that can lead to decreased seminal quality and low fertility. Thus, the objective of this review is to highlight the main tools for evaluating the internal genitalia in stallions, aiming to contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of the main conditions that affect them.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Análise do Sêmen/veterinária , Genitália Masculina/diagnóstico por imagem , Cavalos/fisiologia , Palpação/veterinária , Endoscopia/veterinária
13.
Acta Vet. Brasilica ; 16(1): 10-14, jan. 2022. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1437452

Resumo

Problems related to the locomotor and gastrointestinal systems correspond to the highest percentage of clinical cases. However, diseases related to the respiratory system can result in low animal performance or even the animal's removal from athletic life. This paper aims to report a case of permanent tracheotomy in a horse. The animal was treated at the Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia Veterinary Hospital - HOVET, with respiratory noise and dyspnea claims. In the anamnesis, the owner reported that the animal had been presenting respiratory difficulty for 20 days. On physical examination, respiratory noise and dyspnea were noted. Endoscopy was performed, from which a marked decrease in the arytenoid cartilage movement on the right and left sides was noted. It was possible to diagnose a stage IV case of bilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, combining clinical signs with endoscopy findings. Thus, the surgical treatment of permanent tracheostomy was chosen. After surgery, drug therapy using antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs was performed. In addition, a nº 6 metal tracheostomy cannula was inserted. After 36 days of hospitalization, the animal was discharged with regression of clinical signs.(AU)


Problemas relacionados aos sistemas locomotor e gastrointestinal correspondem ao maior percentual de casos clíni-cos. No entanto, doenças relacionadas ao sistema respiratório podem resultar em baixo desempenho do animal ou mesmo na retirada do animal da vida atlética. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de traqueotomia permanente em um cavalo. O animal foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia - HOVET, com queixas de ruído respiratório e dispneia. Na anamnese, o proprietário relatou que o animal apresentava dificuldade respiratória há 20 dias. Ao exame físico, notou-se ruído respiratório e dispneia. Foi realizada endoscopia, a partir da qual foi notada diminuição acentuada do movimento da cartilagem aritenoide nos lados direito e esquerdo. Foi possível diagnosticar um caso em estágio IV de hemiplegia laríngea bila-teral, combinando os sinais clínicos com os achados endoscópicos. Assim, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico da traqueostomia definitiva. Após a cirurgia, foi realizada terapia medicamentosa com antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios. Além disso, uma cânula de traqueostomia de metal nº 6 foi inserida. Após 36 dias de internação, o animal recebeu alta com regressão dos sinais clínicos.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Traqueostomia/veterinária , Hemiplegia/veterinária , Cavalos/cirurgia
14.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 73(1): 49-54, Jan.-Feb. 2021. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1153049

Resumo

Lymphangiectasia is a heterogenous inflammatory bowel disease characterized by lymphatic vessel dilation, chronic diarrhea and protein loss such as serum albumin and globulin. The most common cause of lymphangiectasia is considered to be the congenital malformation of the lymphatics. The study was conducted between 2012-2015 on 76 dogs suffering from intestinal disorders and manifesting digestive symptoms such as diarrhea or weight loss. In order to assess the origin of disorder, physical examination, biochemistry profile, ultrasound and endoscopic examinations were performed. Ultrasound examination tried to assess the changes of intestines' echogenicity, changes in wall thickness, wall layering and presence of striations or / and speckles (hyperechoic structures along intestinal mucosal layer). Endoscopic examination findings included dilated lacteals (59.2%) and erythema (21.1%). Although increased friability was observed in 33 dogs, it was not considered in the study due to limitations represented by the evaluation of the endoscopic images only. The study proved that an extremely significant statistical correlation exists between the presence of speckles and dilated lacteals in dogs with lymphangiectasia (P<0.05). Up to now, there is no other study to make an association between the white spots observed in ultrasound examination and dilated lacteals revealed after endoscopy in dogs with intestinal lymphangiectasia.(AU)


A linfangiectasia é uma doença inflamatória intestinal heterogênea, caracterizada por dilatação dos vasos linfáticos, diarreia crônica e perda de proteínas, como albumina sérica e globulina. A causa mais comum de linfangiectasia é considerada a malformação congênita dos linfáticos. O presente estudo foi realizado entre 2012 e 2015, em 76 cães que sofrem de distúrbios intestinais e manifestam sintomas digestivos, como diarreia ou perda de peso. Para avaliar a origem do distúrbio, foram realizados exame físico, perfil bioquímico, ultrassonográfico e endoscópico. O exame ultrassonográfico tentou avaliar as alterações da ecogenicidade do intestino, as alterações na espessura da parede, a estratificação e a presença de estrias e / ou de manchas (estruturas hiperecoicas ao longo da camada mucosa intestinal). Os resultados do exame endoscópico incluíram lacteais dilatadas (59,2%) e eritema (21,1%). Embora tenha sido observada maior friabilidade em 33 cães, ela não foi considerada no estudo devido às limitações representadas pela avaliação apenas das imagens endoscópicas. O estudo demonstrou que existe uma correlação estatística extremamente significativa entre a presença de manchas e lacteais dilatadas em cães com linfangiectasia (P <0,05). Até o momento, não há outro estudo para associar as manchas brancas observadas no exame ultrassonográfico e lacteais dilatadas reveladas após endoscopia em cães com linfangiectasia intestinal.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Linfangiectasia Intestinal/veterinária , Linfangiectasia Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Endoscopia do Sistema Digestório/veterinária , Ultrassonografia/veterinária
15.
Acta Vet. Brasilica ; 15(2): 106-110, 2021. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1453269

Resumo

The aim of this paper is to report the Salpingopharyngeus fistula technique by means of videosurgery through a natural orifice (NOTES) in order to treat bilateral empyema. A mare was seen at the Large Animal Sector of UFPR, with a history of bilateral purulent nasal discharge associated with dysphagia lasting for ninety days. The animal was submitted to endoscopy, showing a moderate amount of purulent secretion in both guttural pouches. With no improvement on the clinical treatment, we opted for surgical treatment by endoscopy through Salpingopharyngeus fistula made with the aid of a device containing an electrical scalpel developed to perform this technique. It consisted of making an incision in the pharyngeal recess in order to access the guttural pouches and subsequently drain the purulent content. The patient was discharged at the same day and returned to work 30 days after the procedure. Surgical treatment for cases of guttural pouch empyema is indicated when the clinical resolution has not been effective, and the minimally invasive technique is indicated due to the reduction of risks and the easiness of postoperative management. Until this moment, there are no reports of the salpingopharyngeal fistula technique through video surgery for the treatment of guttural pouch empyema, which has proved to be efficient for the treatment of the disease.


O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a técnica de fístula salpingofaríngea por videocirurgia através de orifício natural (NOTES) para tratamento de empiema bilateral. Uma égua foi atendida no Setor de Grandes Animais da UFPR, com histórico de secreção nasal purulenta bilateral associado a disfagia há noventa dias. O animal foi submetido à endoscopia, evidenciando moderada quantidade de secreção purulenta em ambas as bolsas guturais. Sem apresentar melhora com o tratamento clínico, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico por endoscopia através da realização de uma fístula salpingofaríngea feita com o auxílio de um dispositivo contendo eletrobisturi, desenvolvido para a realização desta técnica; que consistiu na realização de uma incisão no recesso faríngeo, para o acesso das bolsas guturais e posterior drenagem do conteúdo purulento. O paciente recebeu alta médica no mesmo dia e retornou ao trabalho 30 dias após o procedimento. O tratamento cirúrgico para os casos de empiema de bolsa gutural é indicado quando a resolução clínica não foi efetiva, sendo a técnica minimamente invasiva indicada devido à redução de riscos e à facilidade do manejo pós-operatório. Até o momento, não há relatos da técnica de fístula salpingofaríngea através de videocirurgia para o tratamento de empiema de bolsa gutural, a qual mostrou-se eficiente para o tratamento da enfermidade.


Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos/microbiologia , Empiema/cirurgia , Endoscopia , Fístula , Streptococcus equi/patogenicidade
16.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 73(3): 605-612, May-June 2021. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1278352

Resumo

The high prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in athletic horses constitutes to be a challenge to the racing industry and a source of major concern to animal welfare. Both experimental and clinical evidence indicate that the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a promising effector of repair in a variety of pulmonary conditions. The present study evaluated the effect of intrabronchial instillation of PRP on EIPH endoscopic scores from 37 Thoroughbred racehorses. Inclusion criteria were for animals to be EIPH-positive in, at least, two consecutive post-exercise endoscopic exams and to receive 250mg of furosemide IV four hours before racing. Animals were randomly assigned into 3 groups: placebo, control, and PRP instillation. All 37 Thoroughbred racehorses included had EIPH endoscopic scores pre- and post- treatment compared by statistical analysis. The bleeding score from the group receiving PRP was significantly lower than in the control and placebo groups. No adverse effects were observed in any animal during or after the experiment. It was possible to conclude that the intrabronchial instillation of autologous PRP was effective in reducing EIPH scores in racehorses receiving furosemide and that this bioproduct can be considered as a promising coadjuvant in controlling EIPH in athletic horses.(AU)


A alta prevalência de hemorragia pulmonar induzida por exercício (HPIE) em cavalos atletas é um desafio de longa data para a indústria de corridas, além de figurar como grande preocupação sobre o bem-estar animal. As evidências experimentais e clínicas indicam que o uso do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) de fonte autógena é promissor na terapêutica de diversas lesões pulmonares. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as mudanças após corrida no escore endoscópico de HPIE de 37 cavalos Puro-Sangue Inglês que receberam instilação intrabronquial de PRP autólogo. Os animais selecionados eram HPIE-positivos em, ao menos, dois exames endoscópicos consecutivos e recebiam 250mg de furosemida IV administrado quatro horas antes de cada corrida. Na comparação dos escores endoscópicos pré e pós-tratamento, verificou-se que o escore de HPIE do grupo tratado com PRP foi significantemente menor que o dos grupos controle e placebo. Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado nos animais durante ou após o experimento. Concluiu-se que a instilação intrabronquial de PRP autólogo foi efetiva na redução do escore de HPIE de cavalos de corrida usuários de furosemida e que este bioproduto pode ser considerado uma alternativa promissora no controle de HPIE em cavalos atletas.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Condicionamento Físico Animal/efeitos adversos , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/veterinária , Cavalos/fisiologia , Instilação de Medicamentos , Furosemida/análise , Hemorragia/veterinária
17.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. Vet. Bras. (Online);412021.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1487654

Resumo

ABSTRACT: Colonoscopy is a minimally invasive technique used to assess the large intestine through direct inspection of the intestinal mucosa. When associated with histopathological examination of fragments collected from the intestine, the definitive diagnosis can be obtained. This retrospective study evaluated colonoscopy and histopathological exams of the large intestine and ileum of dogs with gastrointestinal disorders admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Veterinary Hospital São Francisco de Assis to determine the frequency of injuries, their distribution in the intestinal segments, and the relationship of the findings observed in these two analyzes. The colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the case series were described using absolute and relative frequencies, as well as nature and intensity classification of the findings. Cohens Kappa coefficient was obtained to assess the concordance of nature and intensity classifications between colonoscopy and histopathology, and its 95% confidence interval constructed. The analyses were performed using the Software SAS University Edition. It was observed a moderate agreement between the classification of the nature of the findings by endoscopy and histopathology (Kappa coefficient = 0.39, CI = 0.20-0.59). This can also be observed when assessing the frequency of similar diagnoses between the methods, since only 39 (72.22%) were consistent, i.e., 15 (22.78%) diagnoses differed depending on the nature of the finding, which could have a great influence on the final diagnosis if histopathology was disregarded. For the intensity of the injuries, little agreement was observed between the methods (Kappa coefficient = 0.1243, C = -0.05-0.30). This was even more evident in the frequency of similar diagnoses in terms of intensity, of which 20 (37.04%) were similar and 34 (62.96%) were different. Inflammatory affections are the most frequently observed alterations in the large intestine and ileum of dogs. The most common finding that reveals inflammatory changes is the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. As for the proliferative and neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps and lymphoma were common. The most affected sites of the large intestine were the descending colon and the rectum. Findings such as edema and reddening of the mucosa were frequent by macroscopy. Although the changes observed by colonoscopy and histopathology may not be similar, these techniques are complementary, which makes biopsies mandatory for a diagnostic conclusion.


RESUMO: A colonoscopia é uma técnica pouco invasiva utilizada para avaliação do intestino grosso por meio de inspeção direta da mucosa intestinal. Quando associada ao exame histopatológico, com a coleta de fragmentos do intestino, o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser obtido. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi associar os achados de exames de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo em 54 cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais dos Hospitais Veterinários da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e São Francisco de Assis. Na colonoscopia, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas foram edema, friabilidade e avermelhamento de mucosa. Quanto à distribuição de lesões por segmento intestinal, houve maior incidência de alterações inflamatórias, das quais foram as mais frequentes, com o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário sendo o mais comum em todos segmentos analisados (i.e. reto, cólon, ceco e íleo). O cólon ascendente e o reto foram os locais de alterações mais frequentes na colonoscopia e na histopatologia. Os pólipos hiperplásicos e o linfoma foram as lesões proliferativas de ocorrência mais comum. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações por natureza e intensidade dos achados na colonoscopia e histopatologia. Assim, não foi possível associar alterações descritas nos exames histopatológicos quanto à natureza e intensidade das lesões utilizando a colonoscopia, o que leva à conclusão de que é essencial a realização de biópsias em todos os exames para conclusão diagnóstica.

18.
Rev. cient. eletrônica med. vet ; 2(37): 30-43, 2021. tab, ilus
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1494166

Resumo

Corpos estranhos (CE) esofágicos são objetos inanimados que podem causar obstrução total ou parcial do lúmen esofágico, comumente causam disfagia, regurgitação e vômito. A casuísta de obstrução por CE esofágico é elevada na clínica de pequenos animais. O tratamento constitui na remoção do CE e correção de possíveis alterações secundárias. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar um caso de obstrução por CE em porção de esôfago torácico, tendo como fim aprofundar conhecimentos a respeito de obstrução esofágica de forma geral, desde as manifestações clínicas, achados aos exames complementares, diagnóstico e terapêutica.


Esophageal foreign bodies (FB) are inanimate objects that can cause total or partial obstruction of the esophageal lumen, commonly causing dysphagia, regurgitation and vomiting. The number of esophageal FB obstruction is high in the small animal clinic. Treatment consists of removing the FB and correcting secondary changes. Thus, the objective of the present study was to report a case of obstruction by a FB in a group of thoracic esophagus, with the purpose of deepening the knowledge about esophageal obstruction in general, from clinical manifestations, findings to complementary exams, diagnosis and technical.


Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Cães , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Esofagostomia/veterinária , Esôfago/cirurgia , Esôfago/lesões , Toracotomia/veterinária
19.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. Vet. Bras. (Online);41: e06741, 2021. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1250489

Resumo

Colonoscopy is a minimally invasive technique used to assess the large intestine through direct inspection of the intestinal mucosa. When associated with histopathological examination of fragments collected from the intestine, the definitive diagnosis can be obtained. This retrospective study evaluated colonoscopy and histopathological exams of the large intestine and ileum of dogs with gastrointestinal disorders admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Veterinary Hospital São Francisco de Assis to determine the frequency of injuries, their distribution in the intestinal segments, and the relationship of the findings observed in these two analyzes. The colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the case series were described using absolute and relative frequencies, as well as nature and intensity classification of the findings. Cohen's Kappa coefficient was obtained to assess the concordance of nature and intensity classifications between colonoscopy and histopathology, and its 95% confidence interval constructed. The analyses were performed using the Software SAS University Edition. It was observed a moderate agreement between the classification of the nature of the findings by endoscopy and histopathology (Kappa coefficient = 0.39, CI = 0.20-0.59). This can also be observed when assessing the frequency of similar diagnoses between the methods, since only 39 (72.22%) were consistent, i.e., 15 (22.78%) diagnoses differed depending on the nature of the finding, which could have a great influence on the final diagnosis if histopathology was disregarded. For the intensity of the injuries, little agreement was observed between the methods (Kappa coefficient = 0.1243, C = -0.05-0.30). This was even more evident in the frequency of similar diagnoses in terms of intensity, of which 20 (37.04%) were similar and 34 (62.96%) were different. Inflammatory affections are the most frequently observed alterations in the large intestine and ileum of dogs. The most common finding that reveals inflammatory changes is the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. As for the proliferative and neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps and lymphoma were common. The most affected sites of the large intestine were the descending colon and the rectum. Findings such as edema and reddening of the mucosa were frequent by macroscopy. Although the changes observed by colonoscopy and histopathology may not be similar, these techniques are complementary, which makes biopsies mandatory for a diagnostic conclusion.(AU)


A colonoscopia é uma técnica pouco invasiva utilizada para avaliação do intestino grosso por meio de inspeção direta da mucosa intestinal. Quando associada ao exame histopatológico, com a coleta de fragmentos do intestino, o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser obtido. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi associar os achados de exames de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo em 54 cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais dos Hospitais Veterinários da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e São Francisco de Assis. Na colonoscopia, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas foram edema, friabilidade e avermelhamento de mucosa. Quanto à distribuição de lesões por segmento intestinal, houve maior incidência de alterações inflamatórias, das quais foram as mais frequentes, com o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário sendo o mais comum em todos segmentos analisados (i.e. reto, cólon, ceco e íleo). O cólon ascendente e o reto foram os locais de alterações mais frequentes na colonoscopia e na histopatologia. Os pólipos hiperplásicos e o linfoma foram as lesões proliferativas de ocorrência mais comum. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações por natureza e intensidade dos achados na colonoscopia e histopatologia. Assim, não foi possível associar alterações descritas nos exames histopatológicos quanto à natureza e intensidade das lesões utilizando a colonoscopia, o que leva à conclusão de que é essencial a realização de biópsias em todos os exames para conclusão diagnóstica.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Colonoscopia , Cães/anatomia & histologia , Endoscopia , Intestino Grosso , Hospitais Veterinários , Mucosa Intestinal
20.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 48: Pub.1735-Jan. 30, 2020. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1458258

Resumo

Background: Dogs and cats with acute signs of choking, retching, cough, vomiting, regurgitation, hypersalivation, dysphagiaand odynophagia should have the presence of a gastrointestinal foreign body (FB) as part of their differential diagnosis,where it is a frequent condition in the care of small animals. Most objects lodged in the esophagus, stomach, and proximalduodenum can be removed by upper digestive endoscopy, a curative, little invasive procedure. The objective of our studywas to evaluate the physical aspects and location of esophageal and gastric FBs observed in 88 dogs and the age and breedof the affected animals, and to determine the success rate and eventual complications associated with the procedure as well.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighty-eight cases of dogs, males and females of varying ages and breeds, submitted toupper digestive endoscopy were selected because of suspicion of esophageal or gastric FBs. The endoscopic procedureaimed at confirming the diagnosis, whether or not followed by endoscopic removal of these objects. Prior to endoscopy,the animals had laboratory tests (blood count and serum biochemistry) and subsequently to the anesthetic protocols ofchoice for each case. Data including breed, age, type of constituent material and anatomical location of the FB, endoscopicprocedure success rate and complications were recorded and descriptively evaluated. Of the 88 dogs evaluated, 60% (n= 53) were male and 40% (n = 35) female. According to the breed of the animals, 55% (n = 49) were small-breed dogs,29% (n = 25) large-breed dogs, and 8% (n = 7) medium-breed dogs, and 8% were of mixed breed dogs, which could assume various sizes. Shih tzus accounted for 18% (n = 16) of the animals...


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Corpos Estranhos/veterinária , Cães , Esofagoscopia/veterinária , Gastroscopia/veterinária , Engasgo
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