Addition of orange, pineapple and beet juices as extenders for cryopreservation of ram semen / Adição de sucos de laranja, abacaxi e beterraba em diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen de carneiros

Searching for improvements in semen cryopreservation, natural substances are commonly studied focusing to improve the sperm quality. The aim of this study were evaluated the effect of adding orange, pineapple, and beet juices in different concentrations and combinations to the ram semen cryopreservation extender. Five ejaculates from five adult rams were used. The semen pool was diluted in egg yolk-based extender and mixed with the following 15 treatments (at a final concentration of 400.106 sptz/mL): orange 10% (O10) and 15% (O15); pineapple 10% (P10) and 15% (P15); beet 10% (B10) and 15% (B15); pineapple + orange 10% (PO10) and 15% (PO15); pineapple + beet 10% (PB10) and 15% (PB15); beet + orange 10% (BO10) and 15% (BO15); pineapple + beet + orange 10% (PBO10) and 15% (PBO15); and the control group (CON). Post-thaw in 0.25 mL straws semen quality analysis of cryopreserved semen was performed by CASA and flow cytometry. Analysis of variance (PROC GLM) was carried out and the averages were compared using the SNK test. Pearson's correlation test was also performed. No effect was noted in the addition of juices to the semen extender prior to cryopreservation. Post-thawed, although, statistically similar to the control group, the total motility of the B10 group reached acceptable standards of total motility. In addition, B10 group showed the highest values (p< 0.05) of progressive motility than control group or other treatments. The addition of 10% beet juice to the ram semen extender can improve the cryopreservation of sperm motility.

Em busca de melhorias na criopreservação do sêmen, substâncias naturais são comumente estudadas com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade do sêmen. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de sucos de laranja, abacaxi e beterraba em diferentes concentrações e combinações ao diluidor de criopreservação de sêmen ovino. Foram utilizados cinco ejaculados de cinco carneiros adultos. O pool de sêmen foi diluído em diluente à base de gema de ovo e misturado com os seguintes 15 tratamentos (na concentração final de 400x106 sptz/ml): laranja 10% (O10) e 15% (O15); abacaxi 10% (P10) e 15% (P15); beterraba 10% (B10) e 15% (B15); abacaxi + laranja 10% (PO10) e 15% (PO15); abacaxi + beterraba 10% (PB10) e 15% (PB15); beterraba + laranja 10% (BO10) e 15% (BO15); abacaxi + beterraba + laranja 10% (PBO10) e 15% (PBO15); e o grupo controle (CON). Pós-descongelação em palhetas de 0,25 ml a análise da qualidade do sêmen criopreservado foi realizada pelo CASA e citometria de fluxo. A análise de variância foi realizada e as médias comparadas pelo teste SNK. O teste de correlação de Pearson também foi realizado. Nenhum efeito foi observado na adição de sucos ao diluidor de sêmen antes da criopreservação. Após o descongelamento, embora estatisticamente semelhante ao grupo controle, a motilidade total do grupo B10 atingiu padrões aceitáveis de motilidade total. Além disso, o grupo B10 apresentou os maiores valores (p<0,05) de motilidade progressiva que o grupo controle ou os outros tratamentos. A adição de 10% de suco de beterraba ao diluente de sêmen ovino pode melhorar a criopreservação da motilidade espermática.

Dimethyl acetamide and dimethyl sulfoxide associated at glucose and egg yolk for cryopreservation of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans semen

This study aimed to develop a protocol for the cryopreservation of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans semen. For this, mature males were hormonally induced with a single dose of carp pituitary extract (5 mg/kg body weight). Semen was collected and evaluated. Two cryoprotectants were tested to compose the diluents: dimethyl acetamide (DMA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), in two concentrations (8% and 10%), + 5.0% glucose + 10% egg yolk. The semen was diluted in a 1: 4 ratio (semen: extender), packed in 0.5 mL straws and frozen in a dry shipper container in liquid nitrogen vapors. After thawing, sperm kinetics, sperm morphology and DNA integrity of cryopreserved sperm were evaluated. Pseudoplatystoma corruscans males produced semen with sperm motility > 80%. After thawing, all treatments provided semen with total sperm motility > 40%, with no significant difference (P < 0.05) between them, as well as between the other sperm kinetic parameters evaluated. The treatments with DMA provided a smaller fragmentation of the DNA of the gametes. Sperm malformations were identified in both fresh and cryopreserved semen, with a slight increase in these malformations being identified in sperm from thawed P. corruscans semen samples.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um protocolo para a criopreservação do sêmen de Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. Para tal, machos maduros foram induzidos hormonalmente com uma dose única de extrato de hipófise de carpa (5 mg/kg de peso vivo). O sêmen foi coletado e avaliado. Sendo testados para compor os diluentes, dois crioprotetores: dimetil acetamida (DMA) e dimetil sulfóxido (Me2SO), em duas concentrações (8% e 10%), + 5,0% glicose + 10% gema de ovo. O sêmen foi diluído na proporção 1: 4 (sêmen: extensor), embalado em palhetas de 0,5 mL e congelado em container dryshipper em vapores de nitrogênio líquido. Após o descongelamento, foram avaliados os aspectos cinéticos espermáticos, a morfologia espermática e a integridade do DNA dos espermatozoides criopreservados. Os machos de P. corruscans produziram sêmen com motilidade espermática > 80%. Todos os tratamentos proporcionaram após o descongelamento sêmen com motilidade espermática total > 40%, sem diferença significativa (P < 0,05) entre eles, como também entre os demais parâmetros cinéticos espermáticos avaliados. Os tratamentos com DMA proporcionaram uma menor fragmentação do DNA dos gametas. Malformações espermáticas foram identificadas, tanto no sêmen fresco, como no criopreservado, sendo identificado um aumento discreto dessas malformações nos espermatozoides das amostras de sêmen descongeladas de P. corruscans.(AU)

Evaluation of the effects of hesperidin on fresh and frozen-thawed semen quality using two different cryopreservation methods in Simmental bull

In the industry of bull semen freezing centers, one-step and two-step semen dilution protocols are two standard and well-known methods in semen freezing process. As the freezing/thawing processes cause detrimental effects on sperm function, the addition of antioxidants can improve sperm characteristics. Hesperidin (Hesp) is an antioxidant used as the male reproductive protective agent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate two different dilution methods, as well as to evaluate Hesp supplementation influence on sperm characteristics in fresh and frozen thawed semen. Semen samples were collected from 12 Simmental bulls. Two separate examinations were conducted in, with and without Hesp supplementation groups. Statistical analysis was performed by an independent t-test, Mann Whitny test, MANOVA and ANOVA tests. In comparison to the one and two-step dilution protocols without Hesp supplementation, the two-step dilution showed greater cryoprotective potential. In the Hesp supplemented group, each semen sample was divided into six equal parts for experimental groups (dilution step method/µM of Hesp). In the both one and two step dilution protocols, significant improvements were detected in semen motility parameters by Hesp administration. Also, oxidative stress status was reduced in seminal plasma of Hesp treatment groups. Interestingly, in comparison with Hesp dosage, 1µM was shown to have greater semen cryoprotective potential. In conclusion,(AU)

Action of swim-up and caffeine on equine frozen sperm

Cryopreservation of equine semen is crucial to semen commercialization. However, it reduces sperm motility and longevity. Thus, sperm selection methods and addition of motility-activating substances to sperm, such as caffeine, may improve sperm quality of equine frozen semen. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on recovery and quality parameters of frozen-thawed sperm subjected to swim-up selection to be used in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in assisted reproductive techniques. Stallion semen were frozen and after thawing different caffeine concentrations were added to the samples performing four treatments control (no caffeine), 3, 5, and 7.5 mM caffeine. Sperm kinematic and motility were assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Then, the four treated samples were submitted to the swim-up sperm selection, and the number of recovered sperm and morphology were evaluated at four times 20, 40, 60, and 80 min. The swim-up increased the recovery proportion of normal morphology sperm without (80.1±1%) or with caffeine addition (3mM: 81.2±1%, 5mM: 79.9±1% and 7.5 mM 78.9±1%) compared to the thawed semen (70±2%). However, the addition of 5 mM caffeine induced an increase in sperm motility (38.9±2.8 vs. 32.6±3.4%, P<0.05), and sperm recovery after swim-up (7.9x106 vs. 3.4x106 sperm/ml, P<0.05) compared to the control. The addition of 5 mM caffeine to frozen-thawed equine semen before swim-up selection improved sperm motility and increased the sperm recovery rate while not decreasing the percentage of morphologically normal sperm. Thus, caffeine addition to frozen-thawed equine semen before swim-up selection has potential clinical application in improving sperm quality for use in ICSI.(AU)

Adição de colesterol carregado com ciclodextrina ao sêmen ovino na criopreservação / Addition of cholesterol loaded with cyclodextrin to sheep semen in cryopreservation

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes concentrações do colesterol carregado por ciclodextrina (CCC) sobre os espermatozoides congelados de ovinos. Foram coletados dois ejaculados de 10 carneiros (n=20) e diluídos em Tris-Gema de ovo até a concentração final de 200 x106 sptz/mL e mantidos em banho maria a 32 °C. O CCC foi adicionado: controle (0,0mg), 1,5mg, 3,0mg e 6,0mg de CCC/120 x106 sptz/mL. Após adição, o sêmen foi resfriado a 5 °C por duas horas, após esse período, envasado em palhetas de 0,5mL e então acondicionado sob vapor de nitrogênio líquido (N2L), a 8 cm da lâmina líquida/15 minutos e depois imersos no N2L. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à motilidade espermática, integridade da membrana plasmática e da membrana acrossomal, atividade mitocondrial e teste de ligação. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O maior percentual de integridade da membrana plasmática, acrossomal e a maior atividade mitocondrial foram obtidos utilizando 6,0mg de CCC. A adição de3,0mg de CCC manteve o percentual de motilidade espermática após a criopreservação, quando comparado aos demais tratamentos e controle. A adição de 1,5 e 3,0mg de CCC mantiveram o percentual de viabilidade espermática após a criopreservação acima de 65%. O número de espermatozoides com capacidade de ligação a membrana perivitelina da gema de ovo foi maior (p<0,05) no tratamento com 3,0mg de CCC. Concluiu se que a adição de CCC ao sêmen diluído, nas concentrações avaliadas, melhora a qualidade espermática após descongelação.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of adding different concentrations of cholesterol carried by cyclodextrin (CCC) on frozen ovine sperm. Two ejaculates were collected from 10 rams (n=20) and diluted in Tris-Yolk until the final concentration of 200 x 106 sptz/mL was reached and kept in a water bath at 32 °C. The CCC was added: control (0,0mg), 1.5mg, 3.0mg, and 6.0mg of CCC/120 x 106 sptz/mL. After the addition, the semen was cooled at 5 °C for two hours, after that period, filled in 0.5 mL straws, and then conditioned under liquid nitrogen vapor (N2L), at 8 cm of the liquid/15 minutes, and then immersed in N2L. The samples were analyzed for sperm motility, plasma membrane and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, and binding test. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability. The highest percentage of plasma membrane integrity and the highest mitochondrial activity were obtained using 6.0mg of CCC. The addition of 3.0mg of CCC maintained the percentage of sperm motility after cryopreservation, when compared to other treatments and control. The addition of 1.5 and 3.0mg of CCC maintained the percentage of sperm viability after cryopreservation, above 65%. The count of sperm with ability to bind to the egg yolk perivitelline membrane was higher (p<0.05) with 3.0mg of CCC. It is concluded that the addition of CCC to the diluted semen, in the evaluated concentrations, improves the sperm quality after thawing.

Adição de colesterol carregado com ciclodextrina ao sêmen ovino na criopreservação / Addition of cholesterol loaded with cyclodextrin to sheep semen in cryopreservation

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes concentrações do colesterol carregado por ciclodextrina (CCC) sobre os espermatozoides congelados de ovinos. Foram coletados dois ejaculados de 10 carneiros (n=20) e diluídos em Tris-Gema de ovo até a concentração final de 200 x106 sptz/mL e mantidos em banho maria a 32 °C. O CCC foi adicionado: controle (0,0mg), 1,5mg, 3,0mg e 6,0mg de CCC/120 x106 sptz/mL. Após adição, o sêmen foi resfriado a 5 °C por duas horas, após esse período, envasado em palhetas de 0,5mL e então acondicionado sob vapor de nitrogênio líquido (N2L), a 8 cm da lâmina líquida/15 minutos e depois imersos no N2L. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à motilidade espermática, integridade da membrana plasmática e da membrana acrossomal, atividade mitocondrial e teste de ligação. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O maior percentual de integridade da membrana plasmática, acrossomal e a maior atividade mitocondrial foram obtidos utilizando 6,0mg de CCC. A adição de3,0mg de CCC manteve o percentual de motilidade espermática após a criopreservação, quando comparado aos demais tratamentos e controle. A adição de 1,5 e 3,0mg de CCC mantiveram o percentual de viabilidade espermática após a criopreservação acima de 65%. O número de espermatozoides com capacidade de ligação a membrana perivitelina da gema de ovo foi maior (p<0,05) no tratamento com 3,0mg de CCC. Concluiu se que a adição de CCC ao sêmen diluído, nas concentrações avaliadas, melhora a qualidade espermática após descongelação.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the effect of adding different concentrations of cholesterol carried by cyclodextrin (CCC) on frozen ovine sperm. Two ejaculates were collected from 10 rams (n=20) and diluted in Tris-Yolk until the final concentration of 200 x 106 sptz/mL was reached and kept in a water bath at 32 °C. The CCC was added: control (0,0mg), 1.5mg, 3.0mg, and 6.0mg of CCC/120 x 106 sptz/mL. After the addition, the semen was cooled at 5 °C for two hours, after that period, filled in 0.5 mL straws, and then conditioned under liquid nitrogen vapor (N2L), at 8 cm of the liquid/15 minutes, and then immersed in N2L. The samples were analyzed for sperm motility, plasma membrane and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, and binding test. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability. The highest percentage of plasma membrane integrity and the highest mitochondrial activity were obtained using 6.0mg of CCC. The addition of 3.0mg of CCC maintained the percentage of sperm motility after cryopreservation, when compared to other treatments and control. The addition of 1.5 and 3.0mg of CCC maintained the percentage of sperm viability after cryopreservation, above 65%. The count of sperm with ability to bind to the egg yolk perivitelline membrane was higher (p<0.05) with 3.0mg of CCC. It is concluded that the addition of CCC to the diluted semen, in the evaluated concentrations, improves the sperm quality after thawing.(AU)

Criopreservação e crioprotetores na proteção do espermatozoide suíno / Cryopreservation and cryoprotectors in protection of the swine sperm

O uso de sêmen congelado apresenta menores índices de concepção e menor número de leitões nascidos por parto. Isso ocorre porque a criopreservação acarreta variações de temperatura, alteração da permeabilidade espermática e processos oxidativos, sendo que o sêmen suíno apresenta, naturalmente, baixa capacidade antioxidante e sofre estresse oxidativo. No entanto, vários crioprotetores são utilizados para diversas espécies e já é descrito o uso de colesterol, carreado com ciclodextrina, e de aminoácidos, visando a melhoria do sêmen após o descongelamento. A adição de colesterol ao sêmen, previamente à criopreservação, mantém a integridade da membrana acrossomal e retarda a capacitação espermática, feito que pode ser facilitado com o carreamento por ciclodextrina. Em paralelo, pesquisas apontam a importância do uso de aminoácidos no sêmen, que formam uma camada de proteção térmica que preserva a integridade da célula espermática, além de apresentarem função osmorregulativa. Nesse sentido, a viabilização da criopreservação do sêmen suíno favorece o melhoramento genético, minimiza a transmissão de patógenos e possibilita a formação de um banco de germoplasma. Para tanto, faz-se necessário o aprimoramento do uso de crioprotetores em uma proporção ideal, que mantenha a integridade da membrana espermática e não prejudique a capacitação espermática e a reação acrossomal, necessárias para a fecundação.

The use of frozen semen presents lower conception rates and fewer piglets born per birth. This is due to the fact that cryopreservation causes variations in temperature, changes in sperm permeability and oxidative processes, and the swine semen naturally presents low antioxidant capacity and undergoes oxidative stress. However, several cryoprotectants are used for several species, and the use of cyclodextrin and amino acid-loaded cholesterol is already described, aiming to improve the semen after thawing. The addition of cholesterol to the semen prior to cryopreservation maintains the integrity of the acrosomal membrane and slows sperm capacitation, which can be facilitated by cyclodextrin loading. In parallel, research indicates the importance of the use of amino acids in the semen, which form a layer of thermal protection that preserves the integrity of the sperm cell, in addition to presenting osmorregulatory function. In this sense, the viability of the cryopreservation of the swine semen favors the genetic improvement, minimizes the transmission of pathogens and allows the formation of a germplasm bank. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the use of cryoprotectants in an ideal proportion, which maintains the integrity of the sperm membrane and does not detract from the sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction required for fertilization.

Criopreservação e crioprotetores na proteção do espermatozoide suíno / Cryopreservation and cryoprotectors in protection of the swine sperm

O uso de sêmen congelado apresenta menores índices de concepção e menor número de leitões nascidos por parto. Isso ocorre porque a criopreservação acarreta variações de temperatura, alteração da permeabilidade espermática e processos oxidativos, sendo que o sêmen suíno apresenta, naturalmente, baixa capacidade antioxidante e sofre estresse oxidativo. No entanto, vários crioprotetores são utilizados para diversas espécies e já é descrito o uso de colesterol, carreado com ciclodextrina, e de aminoácidos, visando a melhoria do sêmen após o descongelamento. A adição de colesterol ao sêmen, previamente à criopreservação, mantém a integridade da membrana acrossomal e retarda a capacitação espermática, feito que pode ser facilitado com o carreamento por ciclodextrina. Em paralelo, pesquisas apontam a importância do uso de aminoácidos no sêmen, que formam uma camada de proteção térmica que preserva a integridade da célula espermática, além de apresentarem função osmorregulativa. Nesse sentido, a viabilização da criopreservação do sêmen suíno favorece o melhoramento genético, minimiza a transmissão de patógenos e possibilita a formação de um banco de germoplasma. Para tanto, faz-se necessário o aprimoramento do uso de crioprotetores em uma proporção ideal, que mantenha a integridade da membrana espermática e não prejudique a capacitação espermática e a reação acrossomal, necessárias para a fecundação.(AU)

The use of frozen semen presents lower conception rates and fewer piglets born per birth. This is due to the fact that cryopreservation causes variations in temperature, changes in sperm permeability and oxidative processes, and the swine semen naturally presents low antioxidant capacity and undergoes oxidative stress. However, several cryoprotectants are used for several species, and the use of cyclodextrin and amino acid-loaded cholesterol is already described, aiming to improve the semen after thawing. The addition of cholesterol to the semen prior to cryopreservation maintains the integrity of the acrosomal membrane and slows sperm capacitation, which can be facilitated by cyclodextrin loading. In parallel, research indicates the importance of the use of amino acids in the semen, which form a layer of thermal protection that preserves the integrity of the sperm cell, in addition to presenting osmorregulatory function. In this sense, the viability of the cryopreservation of the swine semen favors the genetic improvement, minimizes the transmission of pathogens and allows the formation of a germplasm bank. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the use of cryoprotectants in an ideal proportion, which maintains the integrity of the sperm membrane and does not detract from the sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction required for fertilization.(AU)

Impact of frozen temperature and thawing methods on the Brazilian sensory profile of Nellore beef

We evaluated the effect of frozen storage temperature and thawing methods on acceptance and sensory profile of steaks of Nellore beef strip loin under 30 days of frozen storage. Fresh strip loin (n = 13), collected two days after slaughter, were aged (2 °C) for 14 days and cut into seven steaks subjected to one of the treatments: control (unfrozen), combination of two freezing temperatures (-10 and -20 °C), and three thawing methods (microwave, ambient temperature, and refrigeration thawing). Steaks in the frozen/thawing treatment were frozen using an ultra-fast freezer until the desirable temperature was reached and were stored for 30 days. After cooking, steaks were analyzed by 11 panelists for the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®) and by 120 beef consumers for acceptance. Storage temperature and thawing methods showed little or no changes in the sensory quality of strip loin steaks, detected by either panelists or consumers. In the QDA®, apparent juiciness was lower in samples thawed in microwave, while the rancid flavor was lower for samples frozen at -20 °C and thawed in refrigeration ( p < 0.05). The consumer test showed that samples stored at -10 °C and microwave thawing was most accepted in terms of tenderness, juiciness, and overall impression. Fresh steaks (unfrozen) had low acceptance for overall impression in relation to frozen meat. This indicates that consumers could use a household freezer (-10 °C) and quicker thawing methods (microwave or room temperature) without compromising the sensory perception of steaks frozen up to one month.(AU)

Impact of frozen temperature and thawing methods on the Brazilian sensory profile of Nellore beef

We evaluated the effect of frozen storage temperature and thawing methods on acceptance and sensory profile of steaks of Nellore beef strip loin under 30 days of frozen storage. Fresh strip loin (n = 13), collected two days after slaughter, were aged (2 °C) for 14 days and cut into seven steaks subjected to one of the treatments: control (unfrozen), combination of two freezing temperatures (-10 and -20 °C), and three thawing methods (microwave, ambient temperature, and refrigeration thawing). Steaks in the frozen/thawing treatment were frozen using an ultra-fast freezer until the desirable temperature was reached and were stored for 30 days. After cooking, steaks were analyzed by 11 panelists for the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®) and by 120 beef consumers for acceptance. Storage temperature and thawing methods showed little or no changes in the sensory quality of strip loin steaks, detected by either panelists or consumers. In the QDA®, apparent juiciness was lower in samples thawed in microwave, while the rancid flavor was lower for samples frozen at -20 °C and thawed in refrigeration ( p < 0.05). The consumer test showed that samples stored at -10 °C and microwave thawing was most accepted in terms of tenderness, juiciness, and overall impression. Fresh steaks (unfrozen) had low acceptance for overall impression in relation to frozen meat. This indicates that consumers could use a household freezer (-10 °C) and quicker thawing methods (microwave or room temperature) without compromising the sensory perception of steaks frozen up to one month.

Sêmen ovino e caprino imunossexado e diluído em meio de conservação à base de água de coco em pó (ACP101/102c) / Ram and goat semen immunosexed and diluted in powdered coconut water-based preservation medium (ACP101/102c)

Sperm sexing aims to separate sperm populations in carriers of the "X" or "Y" chromosome. Currently, flow cytometry is a technique that allows greater accuracy; however, it causes structural changes in sperm, reduces viability, and has a high cost. As a result, other methods have been researched, including immunosexing, which uses monoclonal antibodies to detect sex-specific surface antigens. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the immunosexing technique using a monoclonal antibody against sex-specific protein (HY) in the conservation of ram and goat semen in ACP101/102c. Ejaculates from five rams and five goats were collected with the aid of an artificial vagina; they were evaluated and submitted to the immunosexing protocol, according to the manufacturer's recommendations, using the Monoclonal Antibody Kit specific for mammalian sperm with "Y" chromosomes (HY; HY Biotechnology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). After sexing, the supernatant was resuspended in the cryopreservation diluent: ACP ram (ACP101/102c + 20% egg yolk + 7% glycerol) and ACP goat (ACP101/102c + 2.5% egg yolk + 7% glycerol), packaged in 0.25 mL straws, refrigerated at 4°C, stabilized for 30 min, frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor (-60°C) for 15 min, immersed in liquid nitrogen, and stored in cryogenic cylinders. The samples were evaluated in natura (T1), after immunosexing (T2) and after thawing (T3) for sperm motility subjectively using conventional microscopy (40x). Plasma membrane integrity (IMP) and sperm cell morphology were evaluated by the smear staining technique using eosin-nigrosine dye, and the percentages of healthy and morphologically defect spermatozoa were determined. In the evaluation of ram semen regarding sperm motility and IMP, no statistically significant differences were observed between treatments after sexing in the evaluation of absolute data (P > 0.05), with the difference being observed only between T1 and T2, and T3 (P < 0.05). Regarding the relative percentage and sperm morphology, no statistically significant differences were observed (P > 0.05). Regarding the evaluation of goat semen samples, the motility parameters were consistent with the technique submitted; however, the IMP data did not appear as expected, requiring further evaluation for a better assessment of the technique for this species. The data obtained from ram semen submitted to the immunosexing protocol, regarding the absolute evaluation of motility and IMP, demonstrated that the non-sexed semen (T1) was superior to the sexed treatments (T2 and T3); however, it is noteworthy that freezing started with approximately 50% of the cells, since the immunosexing technique results in a loss of viability of approximately 50% of the sperm, which corresponds to the ratio of sperm carrying the X chromosome. In addition, when the data in this study were transformed into relative values, no statistical differences were observed, indicating that the immunosexing protocol, as well as the freezing protocol, did not significantly affect the quality of ram sperm cells. In relation to the immunosexing of goat semen, future studies should be conducted in vitro to define a more appropriate protocol for the species and, in addition, in vivo studies should be performed to prove the quality of the technique. It was concluded that the immunosexing process using a monoclonal antibody against sex-specific protein (HY) associated with the use of powdered coconut water diluent (ACP101/102c) in the cryopreservation of semen proved to be efficient in the in vitro evaluation of ovine species.(AU)

Study of the effects of freezing process on nutritional value of 17 fish species marketed in São Paulo State, Brazil / Estudo dos efeitos do processo de congelamento sobre o valor nutricional de 17 espécies de peixes comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Freezing is an important strategy to keep fish quality and make the species available the whole year. Its effects on the nutritional value of 17 fish species were studied in samples of entire fish, fillets or pieces. One portion of homogenized flesh was analyzed just after purchase (fresh sample). The other portion was packed in polyethylene bag, sealed, quick frozen (-80°C), stored properly at -18°C and analyzed after 12 months (frozen sample). Moisture, ash and protein content were tested using Brazilian Supply, Livestock and Agriculture Ministry methodologies. Lipid content was analyzed through Bligh and Dyer method. Carbohydrate content and caloric value were calculated, using NIFEXT fraction and Atwater coefficient, respectively. When fresh and frozen samples were compared, moisture and ash content showed significant difference (p<0.05) for 17.65% and 11.77% species, respectively. Lipid and protein contents were the most affected parameters, as they were altered in 29.40% of the studied species (p<0.05), and therefore, highlighted the importance of the conservation technology used on nutritional quality of fishery products. Mullet (M. brasiliensis) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) had their nutritional composition more affected by freezing process with five and four altered parameters, respectively, from the six studied. (AU)

O congelamento é estratégia importante para manter a qualidade do peixe e tornar inúmeras espécies disponíveis o ano todo. Seus efeitos sobre o valor nutricional de 17 espécies foram estudados em amostras de peixes inteiros, filés ou postas. A porção cárnea homogeneizada foi analisada logo após a aquisição (amostra fresca). Outra parte foi embalada em polietileno, selada, rapidamente congelada (-80°C) e analisada após 12 meses de armazenamento a -18°C (amostra congelada). O teor de umidade, cinzas e proteína foram testados com metodologias do Ministério de Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e teor de lipídios com método de Bligh e Dyer. Conteúdo de carboidrato e valor calórico foram calculados, utilizando fração NIFEXT e coeficiente de Atwater, respectivamente. Quando se comparou amostras frescas e congeladas, teor de umidade e cinzas evidenciaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para 17,65% e 11,77% das espécies, respectivamente. O teor de lipídios e de proteínas foram alterados em 29,40% das espécies estudadas (p<0,05), sendo os parâmetros mais afetados pelo congelamento e destacaram a importância da tecnologia de conservação utilizada sobre a qualidade nutricional do pescado. Tainha (M. brasiliensis) e salmão (S. salar) foram as mais afetadas pelo congelamento, com 5 e 4 parâmetros alterados, respectivamente, após estocagem sob congelamento. (AU)

Diferentes tipos de embalagens e qualidade do sêmen suíno criopreservado / Different types of packaging and quality of cryopreserved swine semen

Devido à alta sensibilidade do espermatozoide suíno à criopreservação, torna-se importante o estudo acerca dos danos provocados à célula, pela agressão térmica ocasionada durante este processo. Sendo assim, avaliou-se neste trabalho, a influência de diferentes embalagens, utilizadas para o armazenamento de sêmen suíno, sobre a qualidade do espermatozoide criopreservado. Foram utilizados animais híbridos, a coleta do sêmen foi feita pela técnica da mão enluvada. Foram analisados o vigor (0 a 5), a motilidade (0 a 100%), a taxa de degradação da motilidade e a integridade acrossomal. O sêmen foi congelado em palhetas de 0,5mL, criotubos de 2,0mL e macrotubos de 4 e 5mL. As amostras de sêmen suíno congelado em palhetas apresentaram os melhores resultados de vigor espermático (2,3), de motilidade (45,4%), de taxa de degradação da motilidade (56,5%) e de integridade acrossomal (60,6%), quando comparadas às amostras criopreservadas nos demais tipos de embalagens avaliadas (p<0,05). Somente para o parâmetro taxa de degradação da motilidade, o sêmen conservado em palhetas apresentou resultados similares ao conservado em macrotubo de 4mL (54,1%). Os resultados pós-descongelação indicaram que o sêmen envasado nas palhetas foi o que apresentou características condizentes com a possibilidade de serem utilizados nos protocolos de inseminação artificial, com possibilidades de bons resultados de fertilidade. Concluiu-se que embalagens que permitam uma maior velocidade de trocas de temperatura entre as células encontradas no bordo e no centro, favorecem a uma melhor qualidade do sêmen descongelado.

Due to high sensitivity of the swine spermatozoa to cryopreservation, it is important to study the damage caused to the cell by thermal aggression during this process. Thus, this study evaluated the influence of different packages used for the storage of swine semen on the quality of cryopreserved spermatozoa. Hybrid animals were used, and semen collection was made by the gloved hand technique. The vigor (0 the 5), motility (0 the 100%), rate of motility degradation and acrosome integrity were analyzed. The semen was frozen in straws of 0.5mL, cryotubes of 2.0mL and macrotubes of 4 and 5mL. The swine semen samples frozen in straws showed the best results in sperm vigor (2.3), motility (45.4%), motility degradation rate (56.5%) and acrosomal integrity (60.6%), when compared to the cryopreserved samples in the other types of packaging evaluated (p<0.05). Only for the motility degradation rate parameter, the semen preserved in straws showed results similar to the one conserved in a 4 mL macrotube (54.1%). The results after thawing indicated that the semen packed in straws was the one that presented consistent characteristics with the possibility of being used in artificial insemination protocols with possibilities of good fertility results. It was concluded that packages that allow a higher speed of temperature changes between the cells found on the edge and in the center of them, favor a better quality of the thawed semen.

Uso de placa aquecedora visando a incubação do espermatozoide ovino após criopreservação / Use of heating plate aiming at the ovine sperm incubation after cryopreservation

Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da placa aquecedora, em substituição ao banho-maria, no teste de termorresistência (TTR) de espermatozoides de carneiros após a criopreservação. Foram coletados 10 ejaculados de três carneiros adultos (n=30), por meio de vagina artificial para ovinos. Em seguida, foram diluídos em TrisGema de ovo, a uma concentração final de 200 x106 sptz/mL, e submetidos á curva de resfriamento, para posterior criopreservação em palhetas em nitrogênio líquido. Após descongelação, as amostras foram analisadas quanto à integridade de membrana, de acrossoma e atividade mitocondrial. O sêmen então foi dividido em dois tubos e submetido ao TTR, um em banho-maria e outro em placa aquecedora, e, ainda, avaliado a cada 30 minutos, do tempo zero (pós-descongelação) até 90 minutos de incubação, a 37 °C, quanto à motilidade espermática e à motilidade progressiva. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Após o processo de congelação/descongelação, os espermatozoides apresentaram baixo percentual de integridade de membrana e elevado percentual de atividade mitocondrial e integridade do acrossoma. Não foi observada diferença na motilidade espermática nem na motilidade progressiva ao longo do TTR, quando comparados os espermatozoides que foram incubados em banho-maria aos incubados em placa aquecedora durante o período de 90 minutos. A placa aquecedora pode ser utilizada como meio de incubação dos espermatozoides de carneiros em substituição ao banho-maria.

The objective was to evaluate the use of the hot plate to replace the water bath in the thermo resistance test of ovine sperm after cryopreservation. Ten ejaculates were also collected from three adult sheep (n=30), by means of artificial sheep vagina. The collected samples were diluted in Tris-Egg Yolk, at a final concentration of 200 x106 sptz/mL and subjected to a cooling curve for subsequent cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen straws. Immediately after thawing, the samples were analyzed for membrane and acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial activity. The semen was then divided into two tubes and submitted to TTR, one in a water bath and the other in a hot plate, and evaluated every 30 minutes, from time zero (post-thaw) until 90 minutes of incubation at 37 °C, for sperm motility and progressive motility. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. After the freeze/thawing process, sperm showed a low percentage of membrane integrity, high percentage of mitochondrial activity, in addition to maintaining the integrity of acrossome. No difference was observed in sperm motility nor progressive motility, along the TTR, when comparing the sperm that were incubated in a water bath in relation to those incubated in a hot plate during the period of 90 minutes. The heating plate can be used as a means of incubating sheep sperm in replacement of the water bath.

Uso da galactose na vitrificação de sêmen ovino em palhetas / Use of galactose to vitrify ram semen in straws

A vitrificação de espermatozoides é uma técnica que apresenta grande potencial para criopreservação de material genético, e sua eficácia tem sido superior aos métodos convencionais em algumas espécies. No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre sua eficiência com sêmen ejaculado de carneiros e o uso da galactose como crioprotetor extracelular durante a vitrificação. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da galactose (0,01 M), associada ou não ao glicerol (3% e 7%), em meio comercial (Steridyl® - controle), na criopreservação de espermatozoides de carneiros pelo método de palhetas, comparando o método clássico de congelação e a vitrificação. Ejaculados de seis carneiros da raça Dorper em idade reprodutiva foram coletados com vagina artificial, aliquotados, diluídos individualmente (100 × 106 espermatozoides/mL) nos meios testados, envasados em palhetas de 0,25 mL e submetidos à congelação clássica ou vitrificação. Foram analisadas a cinemática, morfologia, morfometria, viabilidade, integridade física e funcional da membrana espermática. A congelação clássica obteve melhores resultados de motilidade total e progressiva do que a vitrificação nos quatro extensores testados, uma vez que as amostras vitrificadas não apresentaram motilidade pós-reaquecimento (p < 0,05). A adição de galactose ou glicerol ao meio comercial não trouxe efeito benéfico tanto para a vitrificação quanto congelação clássica.

Sperm vitrification is a technique with great potential for cryopreservation of genetic material, with superior effectiveness compared to conventional methods in some species. However, few studies have shown its efficiency with ejaculated sperm of rams and the use of galactose as an extracellular cryoprotectant during vitrification. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of galactose (0.01 M), with or without glycerol addition (3% and 7%) in a commercial extender (Steridyl® - control) for ram sperm cryopreservation in straws, comparing the classic freezing method and vitrification. Ejaculates from six breeding soundness Dorper rams were collected with an artificial vagina, aliquoted, individually diluted (100 × 106 sperm/mL) on extenders tested, loaded into 0.25 mL straws, and subjected to a classic freezing method or vitrification. Sperm kinematics, morphology, morphometry, viability, and physical and functional integrity of the sperm membrane were evaluated. The classic freezing method resulted in higher total and progressive motility than vitrification, as no motility was detected in vitrified samples after rewarming (p<0.05). The addition of galactose or glycerol to the commercial medium did not benefit both vitrification and the classic freezing method.

Uso da galactose na vitrificação de sêmen ovino em palhetas / Use of galactose to vitrify ram semen in straws

A vitrificação de espermatozoides é uma técnica que apresenta grande potencial para criopreservação de material genético, e sua eficácia tem sido superior aos métodos convencionais em algumas espécies. No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre sua eficiência com sêmen ejaculado de carneiros e o uso da galactose como crioprotetor extracelular durante a vitrificação. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da galactose (0,01 M), associada ou não ao glicerol (3% e 7%), em meio comercial (Steridyl® - controle), na criopreservação de espermatozoides de carneiros pelo método de palhetas, comparando o método clássico de congelação e a vitrificação. Ejaculados de seis carneiros da raça Dorper em idade reprodutiva foram coletados com vagina artificial, aliquotados, diluídos individualmente (100 × 106 espermatozoides/mL) nos meios testados, envasados em palhetas de 0,25 mL e submetidos à congelação clássica ou vitrificação. Foram analisadas a cinemática, morfologia, morfometria, viabilidade, integridade física e funcional da membrana espermática. A congelação clássica obteve melhores resultados de motilidade total e progressiva do que a vitrificação nos quatro extensores testados, uma vez que as amostras vitrificadas não apresentaram motilidade pós-reaquecimento (p < 0,05). A adição de galactose ou glicerol ao meio comercial não trouxe efeito benéfico tanto para a vitrificação quanto congelação clássica.

Sperm vitrification is a technique with great potential for cryopreservation of genetic material, with superior effectiveness compared to conventional methods in some species. However, few studies have shown its efficiency with ejaculated sperm of rams and the use of galactose as an extracellular cryoprotectant during vitrification. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of galactose (0.01 M), with or without glycerol addition (3% and 7%) in a commercial extender (Steridyl® - control) for ram sperm cryopreservation in straws, comparing the classic freezing method and vitrification. Ejaculates from six breeding soundness Dorper rams were collected with an artificial vagina, aliquoted, individually diluted (100 × 106 sperm/mL) on extenders tested, loaded into 0.25 mL straws, and subjected to a classic freezing method or vitrification. Sperm kinematics, morphology, morphometry, viability, and physical and functional integrity of the sperm membrane were evaluated. The classic freezing method resulted in higher total and progressive motility than vitrification, as no motility was detected in vitrified samples after rewarming (p<0.05). The addition of galactose or glycerol to the commercial medium did not benefit both vitrification and the classic freezing method.

Taxas de maturação de oócitos congelados lentamente de caprinos / Slowly frozen caprine oocyte maturation rate

The objective was to evaluate the maturation rates of goat oocytes submitted to slow freezing in conventional medium for IVM. For this purpose, cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from pubic goat ovaries were classified morphologically and slowly frozen with 1.5 M ethylene glycol. After thawing the cryopreserved oocytes, those classified as viable were matured in conventional in vitro maturation medium. Evaluating the maturation rate, the percentage of matured oocytes in the group that underwent the cryopreservation process is significantly lower (17.6%) when compared to the control group (69.2%), also showing a high percentage of immature oocytes. Several oocyte injuries were found, caused by the studied cryopreservation method, interfering with their oocyte competence. Even with nuclear maturation rates, observed through the extrusion of the first polar corpuscle, the morphologies were altered in most oocytes, and further studies using new techniques and / or other cryoprotectants are necessary.

Effect of supplementation of Aloe vera extracts in cold storage media and cryopreservation of domestic cat epididymal spermatozoa

This study evaluated the effect of the extract of Aloe vera at concentrations of 10% and 20% on the cryopreservation of sperm from the epididymis of domestic cats. Epididymal spermatozoa were recovered using the flotation technique and used in the treatments: control (TRIS-egg yolk at 20%), T10% (TRIS plus 10% of A. vera extract), and T20% (TRIS plus 20% of A. vera extract). The spermatozoa were subjected to 4ºC for 60 minutes, followed by 20 minutes in nitrogen vapors, and stored in a cryogenic cylinder. The samples were thawed at 37°C for 30 seconds. The sperm motility decreased (P0.05) during freezing; however, after thawing, it decreased (P0.05). The effect of the crude A. vera extract was not satisfactory on the cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa of domestic cats after thawing; although the motility of spermatozoa was similar to that found with the use of egg yolk, and it presented maintenance of the chromatin integrity. However, it is necessary to understand the action of the substances present in A. vera with the feline spermatozoa, well as the standardization and adjustment of physicochemical characteristics aiming at the future application of the vegetal extract.

Effect of supplementation of Aloe vera extracts in cold storage media and cryopreservation of domestic cat epididymal spermatozoa

This study evaluated the effect of the extract of Aloe vera at concentrations of 10% and 20% on the cryopreservation of sperm from the epididymis of domestic cats. Epididymal spermatozoa were recovered using the flotation technique and used in the treatments: control (TRIS-egg yolk at 20%), T10% (TRIS plus 10% of A. vera extract), and T20% (TRIS plus 20% of A. vera extract). The spermatozoa were subjected to 4ºC for 60 minutes, followed by 20 minutes in nitrogen vapors, and stored in a cryogenic cylinder. The samples were thawed at 37°C for 30 seconds. The sperm motility decreased (P<0.05) after thawing in the three treatments. Only the spermatozoa in the control treatment maintained post-thawing vigor. The viability of spermatozoa decreased in the treatments with A. vera (P<0.05). According to the hypoosmotic test, all treatments maintained the sperm membrane functionality (P>0.05) during freezing; however, after thawing, it decreased (P<0.05) in the T10% and T20% treatments. The morphology and chromatin condensation of spermatozoa did not differ, regardless of the treatments and time of evaluation (P>0.05). The effect of the crude A. vera extract was not satisfactory on the cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa of domestic cats after thawing; although the motility of spermatozoa was similar to that found with the use of egg yolk, and it presented maintenance of the chromatin integrity. However, it is necessary to understand the action of the substances present in A. vera with the feline spermatozoa, well as the standardization and adjustment of physicochemical characteristics aiming at the future application of the vegetal extract.(AU)

Taxas de maturação de oócitos congelados lentamente de caprinos / Slowly frozen caprine oocyte maturation rate

The objective was to evaluate the maturation rates of goat oocytes submitted to slow freezing in conventional medium for IVM. For this purpose, cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from pubic goat ovaries were classified morphologically and slowly frozen with 1.5 M ethylene glycol. After thawing the cryopreserved oocytes, those classified as viable were matured in conventional in vitro maturation medium. Evaluating the maturation rate, the percentage of matured oocytes in the group that underwent the cryopreservation process is significantly lower (17.6%) when compared to the control group (69.2%), also showing a high percentage of immature oocytes. Several oocyte injuries were found, caused by the studied cryopreservation method, interfering with their oocyte competence. Even with nuclear maturation rates, observed through the extrusion of the first polar corpuscle, the morphologies were altered in most oocytes, and further studies using new techniques and / or other cryoprotectants are necessary.(AU)