Effects of microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on feed digestibility, intestinal mucosa, and biochemical and antioxidant parameters in broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on metabolizable energy, feed digestibility, intestinal morphometric analysis, and antioxidant parameters in broilers. A completely randomized design with five treatments and eight replications of eight broilers (Cobb male) was used, and collections were carried out at 20 and 42 days of age. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde concentrations (mg/kg) were: 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improved apparent metabolizable energy but did not change protein and ether extract digestibility. Supplementation increased intestinal villus height and villi:crypt ratio; in which 100 mg/kg produced the greatest villus height. Serum uric acid levels were lower in birds receiving supplementation. Improvement in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase was observed, while lower uric acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and reactive oxygen species levels were observed. Microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improve apparent metabolizable energy and can be administered in broiler feed without risk to the bird's health. These supplements may serve as alternative products to aid the performance of commercial poultry.

Effect of photoperiod on intestinal microbiota and circadian rhythm, and its influence on performance, the immune system and the welfare of broiler chickens

The intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens still reserves a great amount of secrets and mysteries. However, it is known that it acts directly on the host's health, but that it is also influenced by several factors, among them the light. Due to the importance of the world production of birds, this review of literature had the objective to shelter the most recent studies, which relate the photoperiod and the circadian rhythm, with the intestinal microbiota, the zootechnical performance, the immune system and the welfare of broiler chickens. Describing in a single work the existence of a bilateral relationship between the intestinal microbiota, the immune system and its host, and that can be directly influenced by light management.

Effect of photoperiod on intestinal microbiota and circadian rhythm, and its influence on performance, the immune system and the welfare of broiler chickens

The intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens still reserves a great amount of secrets and mysteries. However, it is known that it acts directly on the host's health, but that it is also influenced by several factors, among them the light. Due to the importance of the world production of birds, this review of literature had the objective to shelter the most recent studies, which relate the photoperiod and the circadian rhythm, with the intestinal microbiota, the zootechnical performance, the immune system and the welfare of broiler chickens. Describing in a single work the existence of a bilateral relationship between the intestinal microbiota, the immune system and its host, and that can be directly influenced by light management.(AU)

Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Protected Sodium Butyrate on the Digestibility and Intestinal Histomorphometry of Commercial Laying Hens

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of protected sodium butyrate (PSB) on the intestinal development and feed nutrient metabolizability of commercial laying hens. The birds started to receive the treatment rations at 58 weeks of age. At 76 weeks of age the laying hens were distributed in a randomized block design to four treatments (0, 105, 210 and 300 g t-1/PSB), six replicates, and two birds/replicate. The nitrogen balance (NB), ether extract balance (EEB), dry matter metabolizability coefficient, nitrogen, ether extract, ash, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and AME corrected by nitrogen (AMEn) were evaluated. For assessment of intestinal development, we evaluated the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colorectal lengths, the relative intestine weight and villus height, crypt depth, and villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. A decreasing linear effect was observed in the duodenum length, while an increasing linear effect was observed in the height of the duodenum and jejunum villi. A quadratic effect was found in the jejunum crypt depth. A linear increasing effect was found on the villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum, and a quadratic effect was observed in the ileum. Quadratic and increasing linear effects were observed in the NB and EEB, respectively. Additionally, increasing linear effects were observed in the AME and AMEn. The dietary addition of 300 g t-1 of PSB improved intestinal development and energy metabolizability of the diet.

Performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histomorphometry of broilers fed diet supplemented with guava extract standardized in phenolic compounds

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of guava extract standardized in phenolic compounds (SGE) on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histomorphometry. A total of 300 one-day-old male Cobb-500® broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (basal diet supplemented with 120 mg vitamin E/kg and basal diet supplemented with 0, 600, 800, or 1,000 mg SGE/kg) and six replicates of ten birds each. Performance was evaluated at seven and 21 days of age; digestibility of nutrients was determined by total excreta collection from 18 to 21 days of age; and histomorphometry of the small intestine was assessed at 21 days of age. Broilers fed diets supplemented with SGE or vitamin E had higher body weight and weight gain and better feed conversion than those fed unsupplemented diet at seven days of age. At the same age, there was a quadratic effect of SGE levels on body weight and weight gain, with better weights for 715 and 716 mg SGE/kg, respectively; and a decreasing linear effect for feed conversion. At 21 days of age, body weight and weight gain increased linearly with the inclusion of SGE in diet. Digestibility of feed nutrients was not influenced by treatments. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 800 or 1,000 mg SGE/kg had greater villus height and villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum than those fed unsupplemented diet. Villus height in the jejunum of broilers fed diet supplemented with 600 mg SGE/kg was lower than that of broilers that received vitamin E. Guava extract standardized in phenolic compounds can be used in diets for broilers in the starter phase, considering that the extract increases weight gain, reduces feed conversion, and helps in the development of the intestinal mucosa.

Histological evaluation of the intestine of broiler chickens: comparison of three sampling methods / Avaliação histológica do intestino de frangos de corte: comparação de três métodos de colheita

After the growth-promoting antibiotics prohibition, intestinal health became an increasing concern worldwide in poultry farming. The intestinal histological evaluation is an inexpensive technique that brings relevant information, but in poultry, the immediate process of intestinal post-mortem autolysis interferes directly on the samples quality for histological analysis hindering a precise diagnosis. This study aimed to standardize a technique for broilers' intestines sample collection and fixation for histological analysis. Seven broiler chickens received a standard diet until 23 days of age when they were euthanized. Fragments of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected using three methods: intestine strips, transverse section, and Swiss roll and posteriorly fixed in 10% buffered formalin and bouin solution. Tissue samples were submitted for histological (number of villi and viable villi per field) and morphometrical (villi height, cryptdepth and villi:crypt ratio) evaluations and the results analyzed statistically. A significant high number of villiand viable villi per field in all regions was observed in the Swiss roll method. In the duodenum (p= 0.0066) and jejunum (p= 0.0058) an interaction between the Swiss roll method and the fixative buffered formalin was observed in the viable and number of villi per field, respectively. Regarding the morphometrical analysis significant differences were observed, in the jejunum villi height sampling by the methods Swissroll (1,157.66 ± 148.25 µm, p= 0.0015) that showed the highest mean. Deeper crypt depths were observed in the jejunum (156.59 ± 15.68 µm, p= 0.0002) and ileum (131.13 ± 15.01 µm, p= 0.0006) collect by the Swissroll method. An interaction between the bouin fixative was also observed in the [...].

Após a proibição da utilização dos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento, saúde intestinal se tornou uma preocupação crescente na avicultura mundialmente. A avaliação histológica intestinal é uma técnica de baixo custo que traz informações relevantes, porém nas aves, o imediato processo de autólise intestinal post-mortem interfere diretamente na qualidade da amostra para histologia dificultando um diagnóstico preciso. Este estudo objetivou a padronização de uma técnica para coleta e fixação do intestino de frangos de corte para análise histológica. Sete frangos de corte receberam uma dieta padrão até 23 dias de vida, quando foram eutanasiados. Fragmentos de duodeno, jejuno e íleo foram coletados utilizando três métodos: intestino aberto, corte transversal e rocambole, e posteriormente fixados em formalina tamponada10% e solução de bouin. Amostras de tecidos foram submetidas a avaliações histológicas (número de vilosidades e vilosidades viáveis por campo) e morfométricas (altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e relação vilosidade:cripta) e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. Um significativo maior número de vilosidades e vilosidades viáveis por campo foi observado, em todos os segmentos intestinais, no método rocambole. No duodeno (p= 0,0066) e jejuno (p= 0,0058) uma interação entre o método rocambole e o fixador formalina tamponada foi observado para as variáveis vilosidades viáveis e número de vilosidades por campo, respectivamente. Referente a análise morfométrica diferenças significativas foram observadas na altura de vilosidade no jejuno amostrado pelo método rocambole (1.157,66 ± 148,25 µm, p= 0,0015)que apresentou a maior média. Criptas mais profundas foram observadas no jejuno (156,59 ± 15,68 µm, p= 0,0002) e íleo (131,13 ± 15,01 µm, p= 0,0006) coletados pelo método rocambole. Uma interação entre o fixador bouin também foi observado no jejuno (p= 0,0223) para esta variável. Amostragem do [...]

Histological evaluation of the intestine of broiler chickens: comparison of three sampling methods / Avaliação histológica do intestino de frangos de corte: comparação de três métodos de colheita

After the growth-promoting antibiotics prohibition, intestinal health became an increasing concern worldwide in poultry farming. The intestinal histological evaluation is an inexpensive technique that brings relevant information, but in poultry, the immediate process of intestinal post-mortem autolysis interferes directly on the samples quality for histological analysis hindering a precise diagnosis. This study aimed to standardize a technique for broilers' intestines sample collection and fixation for histological analysis. Seven broiler chickens received a standard diet until 23 days of age when they were euthanized. Fragments of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected using three methods: intestine strips, transverse section, and Swiss roll and posteriorly fixed in 10% buffered formalin and bouin solution. Tissue samples were submitted for histological (number of villi and viable villi per field) and morphometrical (villi height, crypt depth and villi:crypt ratio) evaluations and the results analyzed statistically. A significant high number of villi and viable villi per field in all regions was observed in the Swiss roll method. In the duodenum (p= 0.0066) and jejunum (p= 0.0058) an interaction between the Swiss roll method and the fixative buffered formalin was observed in the viable and number of villi per field, respectively. Regarding the morphometrical analysis significant differences were observed, in the jejunum villi height sampling by the methods Swiss roll (1,157.66 ± 148.25 µm, p= 0.0015) that showed the highest mean. Deeper crypt depths were observed in the jejunum (156.59 ± 15.68 µm, p= 0.0002) and ileum (131.13 ± 15.01 µm, p= 0.0006) collect by the Swiss roll method. An interaction between the bouin fixative was also observed in the jejunum (p= 0.0223) for this variable. Duodenum sampling by transversal section (12.68 ± 1.45 µm, p= 0.0076) was the only segment that had a significant difference for villi:crypt ratio, showing the highest mean. It can be concluded that the Swiss roll technique was the best method for morphometrical evaluation of the chickens' intestines, since the highest counts of villi per field and viable villi per field were obtained, while buffered formalin was considered as the best fixative.(AU)

Após a proibição da utilização dos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento, saúde intestinal se tornou uma preocupação crescente na avicultura mundialmente. A avaliação histológica intestinal é uma técnica de baixo custo que traz informações relevantes, porém nas aves, o imediato processo de autólise intestinal post-mortem interfere diretamente na qualidade da amostra para histologia dificultando um diagnóstico preciso. Este estudo objetivou a padronização de uma técnica para coleta e fixação do intestino de frangos de corte para análise histológica. Sete frangos de corte receberam uma dieta padrão até 23 dias de vida, quando foram eutanasiados. Fragmentos de duodeno, jejuno e íleo foram coletados utilizando três métodos: intestino aberto, corte transversal e rocambole, e posteriormente fixados em formalina tamponada 10% e solução de bouin. Amostras de tecidos foram submetidas a avaliações histológicas (número de vilosidades e vilosidades viáveis por campo) e morfométricas (altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e relação vilosidade:cripta) e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. Um significativo maior número de vilosidades e vilosidades viáveis por campo foi observado, em todos os segmentos intestinais, no método rocambole. No duodeno (p= 0,0066) e jejuno (p= 0,0058) uma interação entre o método rocambole e o fixador formalina tamponada foi observado para as variáveis vilosidades viáveis e número de vilosidades por campo, respectivamente. Referente a análise morfométrica diferenças significativas foram observadas na altura de vilosidade no jejuno amostrado pelo método rocambole (1.157,66 ± 148,25 µm, p= 0,0015) que apresentou a maior média. Criptas mais profundas foram observadas no jejuno (156,59 ± 15,68 µm, p= 0,0002) e íleo (131,13 ± 15,01 µm, p= 0,0006) coletados pelo método rocambole. Uma interação entre o fixador bouin também foi observado no jejuno (p= 0,0223) para esta variável. Amostragem do duodeno pelo método corte transversal (12,68 ± 1,45 µm, p= 0,0076) foi o único segmento que teve uma diferença significativa para relação vilosidade:cripta apresentando a maior média. Pode-se concluir que o método rocambole foi o melhor para avaliação morfométrica do intestino de frangos de corte, uma vez que as maiores contagens de vilosidades e vilosidades viáveis por campo foram obtidas, enquanto formalina tamponada foi considerada o melhor fixador.(AU)

Histological evaluation of the intestine of broiler chickens: comparison of three sampling methods / Avaliação histológica do intestino de frangos de corte: comparação de três métodos de colheita

After the growth-promoting antibiotics prohibition, intestinal health became an increasing concern worldwide in poultry farming. The intestinal histological evaluation is an inexpensive technique that brings relevant information, but in poultry, the immediate process of intestinal post-mortem autolysis interferes directly on the samples quality for histological analysis hindering a precise diagnosis. This study aimed to standardize a technique for broilers' intestines sample collection and fixation for histological analysis. Seven broiler chickens received a standard diet until 23 days of age when they were euthanized. Fragments of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected using three methods: intestine strips, transverse section, and Swiss roll and posteriorly fixed in 10% buffered formalin and bouin solution. Tissue samples were submitted for histological (number of villi and viable villi per field) and morphometrical (villi height, cryptdepth and villi:crypt ratio) evaluations and the results analyzed statistically. A significant high number of villiand viable villi per field in all regions was observed in the Swiss roll method. In the duodenum (p= 0.0066) and jejunum (p= 0.0058) an interaction between the Swiss roll method and the fixative buffered formalin was observed in the viable and number of villi per field, respectively. Regarding the morphometrical analysis significant differences were observed, in the jejunum villi height sampling by the methods Swissroll (1,157.66 ± 148.25 µm, p= 0.0015) that showed the highest mean. Deeper crypt depths were observed in the jejunum (156.59 ± 15.68 µm, p= 0.0002) and ileum (131.13 ± 15.01 µm, p= 0.0006) collect by the Swissroll method. An interaction between the bouin fixative was also observed in the [...].(AU)

Após a proibição da utilização dos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento, saúde intestinal se tornou uma preocupação crescente na avicultura mundialmente. A avaliação histológica intestinal é uma técnica de baixo custo que traz informações relevantes, porém nas aves, o imediato processo de autólise intestinal post-mortem interfere diretamente na qualidade da amostra para histologia dificultando um diagnóstico preciso. Este estudo objetivou a padronização de uma técnica para coleta e fixação do intestino de frangos de corte para análise histológica. Sete frangos de corte receberam uma dieta padrão até 23 dias de vida, quando foram eutanasiados. Fragmentos de duodeno, jejuno e íleo foram coletados utilizando três métodos: intestino aberto, corte transversal e rocambole, e posteriormente fixados em formalina tamponada10% e solução de bouin. Amostras de tecidos foram submetidas a avaliações histológicas (número de vilosidades e vilosidades viáveis por campo) e morfométricas (altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e relação vilosidade:cripta) e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. Um significativo maior número de vilosidades e vilosidades viáveis por campo foi observado, em todos os segmentos intestinais, no método rocambole. No duodeno (p= 0,0066) e jejuno (p= 0,0058) uma interação entre o método rocambole e o fixador formalina tamponada foi observado para as variáveis vilosidades viáveis e número de vilosidades por campo, respectivamente. Referente a análise morfométrica diferenças significativas foram observadas na altura de vilosidade no jejuno amostrado pelo método rocambole (1.157,66 ± 148,25 µm, p= 0,0015)que apresentou a maior média. Criptas mais profundas foram observadas no jejuno (156,59 ± 15,68 µm, p= 0,0002) e íleo (131,13 ± 15,01 µm, p= 0,0006) coletados pelo método rocambole. Uma interação entre o fixador bouin também foi observado no jejuno (p= 0,0223) para esta variável. Amostragem do [...](AU)

Efficacy of Savory Essential Oil Utilization in Conventional and Encapsulated Forms on Performance of Broiler Chickens

This survey aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of different forms of savory essential oil (SEO) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and microbial population in broiler chickens. A total of 360 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatment groups with 5 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per pen. The experiment consisted of a 2×3 factorial arrangement including two different forms [encapsulated SEO (ESEO) and nonencapsulated SEO (NSEO)] in three levels (0, 150, and 300 mg/kg diet) of SEO. Growth performance, jejunal morphology and intestine microbial population were examined. Our results revealed that feed intake was not influenced by the dietary treatments in different experimental periods. As well as, the experimental diets did not influence body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the starter period. However, at the grower, finisher, and also whole rearing periods, broilers which received 150 mg/kg SEO had significantly higher BWG and lower FCR compared to the birds fed the control diet. The final body weight (FBW) was also higher in chickens fed with diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg SEO in comparison to the others. The results also revealed that 150 mg/kg SEO, significantly increased the concentration of Lactobacillus and decreased the intensity of coliforms in the ileal digesta in comparison to the control diet. Furthermore, villus height was significantly lower in birds fed the control diet than in the birds that consumed different levels of SEO. Eventually, the findings of this experiment revealed that dietary supplementation of SEO, especially at 150 mg/kg level, was effective in raising the populations of beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract as well as improving intestinal morphology and growth performance of broilers.(AU)

Performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histomorphometry of broilers fed diet supplemented with chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates

We aimed to evaluate the performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histomorphometry of broilers fed diet supplemented with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate. The experiment was carried out with 320 male broiler chicks distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme (0 and 0.1% chondroitin sulfate and 0 and 0.3% glucosamine sulfate), with eight replications of 10 birds. Performance was evaluated at 7 and 21 days of age, nutrient digestibility of the diet was performed from 18 to 21 days of age, and small intestine histomorphometry was evaluated at 21 days of age. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 0.3% glucosamine sulfate showed high final weight and weight gain. A significant interaction was observed between sulfates for digestibility coefficients of nitrogen, mineral matter, and calcium. The use of 0.1% chondroitin sulfate without glucosamine sulfate resulted in a reduced digestibility of nitrogen but increased digestibility of total minerals and calcium. Diets without chondroitin sulfate with 0.3% glucosamine sulfate increased the digestibility coefficients of mineral matter and calcium. A significant interaction was found for jejunum villus height, which was higher in broilers fed diet supplemented with 0.3% glucosamine sulfate, regardless of the inclusion of chondroitin sulfate. Thus, supplementation with glucosamine sulfate in broiler diets contributes to high weight gain and villus height. Sulfates used in isolation promote high digestibility of minerals.(AU)

Efficacy of Savory Essential Oil Utilization in Conventional and Encapsulated Forms on Performance of Broiler Chickens

This survey aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of different forms of savory essential oil (SEO) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and microbial population in broiler chickens. A total of 360 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatment groups with 5 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per pen. The experiment consisted of a 2×3 factorial arrangement including two different forms [encapsulated SEO (ESEO) and nonencapsulated SEO (NSEO)] in three levels (0, 150, and 300 mg/kg diet) of SEO. Growth performance, jejunal morphology and intestine microbial population were examined. Our results revealed that feed intake was not influenced by the dietary treatments in different experimental periods. As well as, the experimental diets did not influence body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the starter period. However, at the grower, finisher, and also whole rearing periods, broilers which received 150 mg/kg SEO had significantly higher BWG and lower FCR compared to the birds fed the control diet. The final body weight (FBW) was also higher in chickens fed with diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg SEO in comparison to the others. The results also revealed that 150 mg/kg SEO, significantly increased the concentration of Lactobacillus and decreased the intensity of coliforms in the ileal digesta in comparison to the control diet. Furthermore, villus height was significantly lower in birds fed the control diet than in the birds that consumed different levels of SEO. Eventually, the findings of this experiment revealed that dietary supplementation of SEO, especially at 150 mg/kg level, was effective in raising the populations of beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract as well as improving intestinal morphology and growth performance of broilers.

Evaluation of dried apple pomace on digestibility and palatability of diets for cat

The objective of this study was to evaluate increasing levels of dried apple pomace on cat diets and its effects on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and diet metabolizable energy (ME) and palatability. Fecal characteristics of cats were also evaluated. Four experimental diets were produced to contain 0, 30, 60, and 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace. Two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, the diets were offered to twelve adult cats distributed in a completely randomized block design (n = 6). Two evaluation periods (blocks) of 11 days were used to analyze diet digestibility and fecal characteristics. In experiment 2, the palatability of diets containing 0 (control) vs. 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace was compared using 20 adult cats on two consecutive days (n = 40). Increasing dietary dried apple pomace levels (0-90 g kg−1) linearly reduced the ATTD of crude protein (834.0-798.0 g kg−1 of dry matter) and ME (4290.1-4161.0 kcal). There was a quadratic effect of the increasing dried apple pomace levels on the ATTD of the other nutrients, as well as on fecal dry matter (fDM) content and output. The dietary inclusion of 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace promoted a greater intake ratio (0.61) in relation to the control diet. The inclusion of up to 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace reduces diet digestibility, ME, and fDM of cats. However, it improves diet palatability. These results indicate that the dried apple pomace is a palatable fibrous component and its inclusion can be used to reduce the energy content of cat foods.(AU)

Use of neem (Azadirachta indica) as a substitute for antimicrobial drugs in broiler chickens’ feed / Utilização de neem (Azadirachta indica) em substituição ao antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte

In the present work, we carried out an experiment aiming at evaluating the use of Neem as an antimicrobial substance in the feeds of broiler chickens. We used 240 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks distributed in an entirely casual design, with 4 treatments, 6 repetitions and 10 birds per experimental unit, during a 21-day experimental period. Treatments consisted of a basal diet with no antimicrobial inclusion, a diet with 0.05% of tylosin, and a diet with 0.05% and 0.1% of Neem. Parameters evaluated were zootechnical performance, feed digestibility, intestinal count of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, and the development of lymphoid organs. Data on the performance and metabolization of nutrients were subjected to an ANOVA and averages were compared with a post-hoc Tukey test considering α=0.05. Data on E. coli counts were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. Neem did not influence performance variables. The metabolization coefficient of dry matter and feed ethereal extract was better with tylosin (P<0.05). No growth of Salmonella was observed during the experiment. The use of Neem did not reduce E. coli population and had no influence on lymphoid organs' weight. Therefore, Neem had no effect on the performance, digestibility and intestinal microbiota of birds up to 21 days old.

Realizou-se um experimento objetivando avaliar a utilização de Neem como antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte, Cobb, com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 4 tratamentos, 6 repetições, 10 aves por unidade experimental, o período experimental foi de 21 dias. Os tratamentos consistiram: dieta basal sem inclusão de antimicrobiano; dieta com 0,05% de tilosina; dieta com 0,05% e 0,1% de Neem. Avaliou-se: o desempenho zootécnico, a digestibilidade da ração, contagem intestinal de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, e o desenvolvimento dos órgãos linfoides. Dados de desempenho e metabolização dos nutrientes da ração foram submetidos à ANOVA, médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey, adotou-se α=0,05. Dados de contagem de E. coli foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O Neem não influenciou as variáveis de desempenho. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca e extrato etéreo da ração foi melhor com utilização de tilosina (P<0,05). Não se observou crescimento de Salmonella durante o período experimental. A utilização de Neem não reduziu a população de E. coli, e não influenciou no peso dos órgãos linfoides. A utilização do Neem não afetou o desempenho, digestibilidade e microbiota intestinal das aves até 21 dias.

Use of neem (Azadirachta indica) as a substitute for antimicrobial drugs in broiler chickens feed / Utilização de neem (Azadirachta indica) em substituição ao antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte

In the present work, we carried out an experiment aiming at evaluating the use of Neem as an antimicrobial substance in the feeds of broiler chickens. We used 240 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks distributed in an entirely casual design, with 4 treatments, 6 repetitions and 10 birds per experimental unit, during a 21-day experimental period. Treatments consisted of a basal diet with no antimicrobial inclusion, a diet with 0.05% of tylosin, and a diet with 0.05% and 0.1% of Neem. Parameters evaluated were zootechnical performance, feed digestibility, intestinal count of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, and the development of lymphoid organs. Data on the performance and metabolization of nutrients were subjected to an ANOVA and averages were compared with a post-hoc Tukey test considering α=0.05. Data on E. coli counts were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. Neem did not influence performance variables. The metabolization coefficient of dry matter and feed ethereal extract was better with tylosin (P<0.05). No growth of Salmonella was observed during the experiment. The use of Neem did not reduce E. coli population and had no influence on lymphoid organs' weight. Therefore, Neem had no effect on the performance, digestibility and intestinal microbiota of birds up to 21 days old.(AU)

Realizou-se um experimento objetivando avaliar a utilização de Neem como antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte, Cobb, com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 4 tratamentos, 6 repetições, 10 aves por unidade experimental, o período experimental foi de 21 dias. Os tratamentos consistiram: dieta basal sem inclusão de antimicrobiano; dieta com 0,05% de tilosina; dieta com 0,05% e 0,1% de Neem. Avaliou-se: o desempenho zootécnico, a digestibilidade da ração, contagem intestinal de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, e o desenvolvimento dos órgãos linfoides. Dados de desempenho e metabolização dos nutrientes da ração foram submetidos à ANOVA, médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey, adotou-se α=0,05. Dados de contagem de E. coli foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O Neem não influenciou as variáveis de desempenho. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca e extrato etéreo da ração foi melhor com utilização de tilosina (P<0,05). Não se observou crescimento de Salmonella durante o período experimental. A utilização de Neem não reduziu a população de E. coli, e não influenciou no peso dos órgãos linfoides. A utilização do Neem não afetou o desempenho, digestibilidade e microbiota intestinal das aves até 21 dias.(AU)

Protective effect of ß-glucan and glutamine on intestinal and immunological damage in mice induced by cytarabine (Ara-C) / Efeito protetor do ß-glucano e glutamina em lesões intestinais e imunológicas induzidas por ciratabina (Ara-C) em camundongos

Recently, glutamine and ß-glucan have been demonstrated to play an important role in modulation of the immune system and in promoting intestinal health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this intervention on inflammatory responses and intestinal health in mice orally pretreated with soluble Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived 1,3/1,6-ß-glucan (80mg/kg) with or without glutamine (150mg/kg) and then challenged with cytarabine (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Improvements in villi and crypts were not observed in the ß-glucan group. The intestinal morphometry in the glutamine group showed the best results. ß-glucan in combination with glutamine presented the highest values of IL-1ß and IL-10 and lowest values for leukocytes and INF-γ. Based on these results, combined ß-glucan and glutamine pretreatment reduced intestinal inflammation and improved the immune response after Ara-C challenge.(AU)

Recentemente, glutamina e ß-glucano têm demonstrado desempenhar um papel importante na modulação do sistema imune e na promoção de benefícios para a saúde intestinal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dessa intervenção sobre as respostas inflamatórias e saúde intestinal de camundongos pré- tratados por via oral com 1,3/1,6-ß-glucano (80mg/kg) derivado de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com ou sem glutamina (150mg/kg) e posteriormente desafiados com citarabina (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Melhoras em vilosidades e criptas não foram observadas no grupo de tratamento com ß-glucano. A morfometria intestinal no grupo de tratamento com glutamina apresentou os melhores resultados. O grupo em que foi utilizado ß-glucano em combinação com glutamina apresentou os maiores valores de IL-1ß e IL -10 e valores mais baixos para os leucócitos e INF-γ. Com base nestes resultados, o pré-tratamento de ß-glucano combinado com glutamina reduziu a inflamação intestinal e melhorou a resposta imune após o desafio com Ara-C.(AU)

Protective effect of ß-glucan and glutamine on intestinal and immunological damage in mice induced by cytarabine (Ara-C) / Efeito protetor do ß-glucano e glutamina em lesões intestinais e imunológicas induzidas por ciratabina (Ara-C) em camundongos

Recently, glutamine and ß-glucan have been demonstrated to play an important role in modulation of the immune system and in promoting intestinal health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this intervention on inflammatory responses and intestinal health in mice orally pretreated with soluble Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived 1,3/1,6-ß-glucan (80mg/kg) with or without glutamine (150mg/kg) and then challenged with cytarabine (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Improvements in villi and crypts were not observed in the ß-glucan group. The intestinal morphometry in the glutamine group showed the best results. ß-glucan in combination with glutamine presented the highest values of IL-1ß and IL-10 and lowest values for leukocytes and INF-γ. Based on these results, combined ß-glucan and glutamine pretreatment reduced intestinal inflammation and improved the immune response after Ara-C challenge.(AU)

Recentemente, glutamina e ß-glucano têm demonstrado desempenhar um papel importante na modulação do sistema imune e na promoção de benefícios para a saúde intestinal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dessa intervenção sobre as respostas inflamatórias e saúde intestinal de camundongos pré- tratados por via oral com 1,3/1,6-ß-glucano (80mg/kg) derivado de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com ou sem glutamina (150mg/kg) e posteriormente desafiados com citarabina (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Melhoras em vilosidades e criptas não foram observadas no grupo de tratamento com ß-glucano. A morfometria intestinal no grupo de tratamento com glutamina apresentou os melhores resultados. O grupo em que foi utilizado ß-glucano em combinação com glutamina apresentou os maiores valores de IL-1ß e IL -10 e valores mais baixos para os leucócitos e INF-γ. Com base nestes resultados, o pré-tratamento de ß-glucano combinado com glutamina reduziu a inflamação intestinal e melhorou a resposta imune após o desafio com Ara-C.(AU)

Protective effect of -glucan and glutamine on intestinal and immunological damage in mice induced by cytarabine (Ara-C)

ABSTRACT: Recently, glutamine and -glucan have been demonstrated to play an important role in modulation of the immune system and in promoting intestinal health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this intervention on inflammatory responses and intestinal health in mice orally pretreated with soluble Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived 1,3/1,6--glucan (80mg/kg) with or without glutamine (150mg/kg) and then challenged with cytarabine (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Improvements in villi and crypts were not observed in the -glucan group. The intestinal morphometry in the glutamine group showed the best results. -glucan in combination with glutamine presented the highest values of IL-1 and IL-10 and lowest values for leukocytes and INF-. Based on these results, combined -glucan and glutamine pretreatment reduced intestinal inflammation and improved the immune response after Ara-C challenge.

RESUMO: Recentemente, glutamina e -glucano têm demonstrado desempenhar um papel importante na modulação do sistema imune e na promoção de benefícios para a saúde intestinal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dessa intervenção sobre as respostas inflamatórias e saúde intestinal de camundongos pré- tratados por via oral com 1,3/1,6--glucano (80mg/kg) derivado de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com ou sem glutamina (150mg/kg) e posteriormente desafiados com citarabina (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Melhoras em vilosidades e criptas não foram observadas no grupo de tratamento com -glucano. A morfometria intestinal no grupo de tratamento com glutamina apresentou os melhores resultados. O grupo em que foi utilizado -glucano em combinação com glutamina apresentou os maiores valores de IL-1 e IL -10 e valores mais baixos para os leucócitos e INF-. Com base nestes resultados, o pré-tratamento de -glucano combinado com glutamina reduziu a inflamação intestinal e melhorou a resposta imune após o desafio com Ara-C.

USO DE TANINOS CONDENSADOS EM SUÍNOS RECÉM DESMAMADOS DESAFIADOS COM UMA DIETA SIMPLES

Dietas simples oferecem um desafio aos animais principalmente na fase pós desmame, o que pode levar a diversos distúrbios do trato gastrointestinal causados por fatores nutricionais ou pela formação de um ambiente propício ao desenvolvimento de patógenos, podendo ter como resultado a presença de diarreia. Compostos de tanino condensado podem atuar de maneira benéfica nestas circunstâncias. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de um composto de taninos condensados para suínos com 21 dias de idade, recebendo uma dieta simples. Foi avaliado desempenho, digestibilidade aparente do trato total, escore fecal e presença de diarreia, microbioma intestinal e duas citocinas anti-inflamatórias (IL-4 e IL-10). Foram utilizados 32 leitões, peso médio de 6,3 ± 0,78, oito animais por tratamento, assim distribuídos: Controle negativo - dieta basal com 80 ppm de ZnO; Controle Positivo - dieta basal com 2500 ppm de ZnO; Taninos condensados 1 e 2 g/kg de ração Controle negativo com inclusão de 1 g/kg ou 2 g/kg de composto de taninos condensados. Foram formuladas dietas para as fases pré-inicial (1 a 14 dias pós-desmame) e inicial (15 a 28 dias pós-desmame), com 70 e 35 g/kg de lactose e 360 a 373 g/kg de farelo de soja, respectivamente e sem zinco suplementar. No total foram 28 dias de experimento que finalizou com animais com 49 dias de idade. Foram feitas medidas de peso e de consumo aos 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias pós desmame, e sobras de ração foram medidas diariamente. Com estes dados foram obtidas as medidas de desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar). Entre 7 e 14 e 21 e 28 dias pós desmame foram feitas coleta de fezes e urina para avaliação da digestibilidade aparente do trato total para matéria seca, energia, proteína, retenção de nitrogênio e metabolizabilidade da energia. A ocorrência de diarreia e avaliação do escore fecal foi feita diariamente. Ao final do experimento, quatro animais por tratamento, foram eutanasiados e as seções do trato gastrintestinal foram identificadas e isoladas para evitar trânsito de conteúdo. Uma amostra de 3 mL do conteúdo cecal foi coletada para análise de microbioma intestinal e um segmento de 5 cm do trato, situado entre o jejuno-íleo para análise de citocinas anti-inflamatórias (IL-4 e IL-10), ambos armazenados a -80ºC. Do conteúdo cecal foi extraído o DNA com o kit ZR fecal DNA MiniPrep da Zymo®, quantificado, amplificado e seqüenciado pelo MiSeq Illumina® e posteriormente analisado na plataforma QIIME (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology). A análise de citocinas foi feita através de qPCR, utilizando primers específicos para cada alvo. Foram feitas as análises estatísticas no software MiniTab de acordo com cada variável. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os tratamentos para nenhuma resposta de desempenho nos períodos avaliados. Também não houve diferenças para as respostas de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade. As fezes produzidas pelos leitões que receberam dietas com taninos apresentaram-se mais úmidas (p<0,01). Os tratamentos não influenciaram maior produção de IL-4 e IL-10 aos 28 dias. No entanto, o tratamento com 2 g/kg de composto de taninos condensados, proporcionou uma maior razão Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes o que indica modulação benéfica na microbiota gastrintestinal. O mesmo tratamento mostrou maior incidência dos gêneros Mitsuokella e Acidaminococcus, que podem ser benéficos ao desempenho. O uso de taninos condensados sobretudo no nível de 2 g/kg de ração apresenta benefícios para os leitões em situação de desafio intestinal.1

Simple diets offer a challenge to animals especially in the post-weaning phase, which can lead to various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract caused by nutritional factors or the formation of an environment prone to the development of pathogens, that could result in the presence of diarrhea. Condensed tannin compounds can act beneficially in these circumstances. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a compound of condensed tannins for pigs at 21 days of age, receiving a simple diet. Performance, apparent digestibility of the total tract, fecal score and presence of diarrhea, intestinal microbiome and two anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were evaluated. Thirty-two piglets, initial average weight of 6.3 ±0.78, eight animals per treatment, distributed were: Negative control - basal diet with 80 ppm of zinc oxide; Positive Control - basal diet with 2500 ppm of zinc oxide; Condensed Tannins 1 and 2 g/kg of feed - Negative control with inclusion of 1 g/kg or 2 g/kg of condensed tannin compound. Diets were formulated for pre-initial (1 to 14 days post-weaning) and initial phases (15 to 28 days after weaning) with 70 and 35 g/kg of lactose, 360 to 373 g/kg soybean meal, respectively, both with no supplementary zinc level. In total there were 28 days of experiment that ended with 49 days old piglets. Weight and intake measures were taken at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after weaning, and feed leftovers were measured daily. With these data, performance measures were obtained (feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion). Between 7 to 14 and 21 to 28 days after weaning, feces and urine were collected to assess the apparent digestibility of the total tract for dry matter, energy, protein, nitrogen retention and energy metabolizability. The occurrence of diarrhea and the evaluation of fecal score was taken daily. At the end of the experiment, four animals per treatment were euthanized and sections of the gastrointestinal tract were identified and isolated to avoid transit of content. A sample of 3 mL of cecal content and a 5 cm segment of the tract, located between the jejuno-ileum were collected and stored at -80ºC for intestinal microbiome and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) analysis, respectively. From the cecal content DNA was extracted by Zymo DNA MiniPrep fecal ZR kit®. quantified, amplified and sequenced by "MiSeq" Illumina® and subsequently analyzed on the QIIME (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) platform. Cytokine scans were performed using qPCR, using primers specific to each target. Statistical analyses were performed in the MiniTab software according to each variable. No differences were found between treatments for any performance response in the evaluated periods. There were also no differences for digestibility and metabolizability responses. The feces produced by piglets that received diets with tannins were wetter (P<0.01). The treatments did not influence higher production of IL-4 and IL-10 at 28 days. However, the treatment with 2 g/kg of condensed tannin compound provided a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, which indicates beneficial modulation in the gastrointestinal microbiota. The same treatment showed a higher incidence of the genera Mitsuokella and Acidaminococcus, which may be beneficial to performance. The use of condensed tannins mainly at the level of 2 g/kg of feed has benefits for piglets in a challenging intestinal media.2

Dietetic combination of mannan-oligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides modifies nitrogen metabolism in dogs / A associação dietética de mananoligossacarídeos e frutoligossacarídeos modifica o metabolismo nitrogenado em cães

The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of a mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and a frutoligosaccharide (FOS) mixture in a 1:1 ratio added to a commercial diet for dogs before the extrusion process on the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of the diets and on the metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen metabolism (postprandial blood urea curve, organic nitrogen balance, fecal concentration of ammonia and excretion of urinary urea) and fecal fermentation parameters (fecal pH and concentrations of short chain fatty acids). Eighteen adult Beagle dogs were used and randomly distributed into two treatments, being a control diet plus one diet in which the mixture of prebiotics was added before the extrusion of the ration. There was no difference in digestibility, metabolizable energy, fecal ammonia content and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) between the control diet and the one with the addition of prebiotics. However, the dogs supplemented with prebiotics before extrusion, had a lower fecal pH (p 0,05) compared to those in the control diet and a reduction in the post prandial blood urea concentration (p 0,01) was also observed in the animals receiving prebiotics, observed by the areas below the curve of urea and its increment. The possible mechanism involved in the effect of prebiotics on the reduction in the concentrations of blood urea is thereduction in the formation and intestinal absorption of ammonia, favored by the reduction of intestinal pH. These findings can be considered in the use of prebiotics in clinical nutrition.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de uma mistura de mannan-oligossacarídeos (MOS) e frutoligossacarídeos (FOS), na proporção de 1:1 adicionados a uma dieta para cães, antes ou após o processo de extrusão, sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das dietas, energia metabolizável, metabolismo do nitrogênio (curva de uréia sérica pós-prandial, balanço orgânico de nitrogênio, concentração fecal de amônia e excreção de uréia urinária) e parâmetros fermentativos fecais (pH fecal e concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta). Foram utilizados 18 cães adultos da raça Beagle, distribuídos ao acaso em três tratamentos, sendo uma ração controle mais duas dietas em que a mistura dos prebióticos foram adicionados antes ou após o processo de extrusão das rações. Não houve diferença na digestibilidade, energia metabolizável, teor de amônia fecal e de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (acético, propiônico e butírico) entre as dietas controle e com adição dos prebióticos. Entretanto, os cães suplementados com prebiótico, antes ou após a extrusão, apresentaram menor pH fecal (p 0,05) em relação à dieta controle e foi observado ainda redução na concentração pós-prandial de uréia sérica (p 0,01) nos animais que receberam prebióticos, observados pelas áreas abaixo da curva de uréia e do seu incremento. O processo de extrusão não afetou os efeitos biológicos destes prebióticos sobre os parâmetros avaliados nos cães. Possíveis mecanismos implicados no efeito dos prebióticos sobre a redução nas concentrações de uréia sérica são a diminuição na formação e absorção intestinal de amônia, favorecidas pela redução no pH intestinal. Estes achados podem ser considerados no uso de prebióticos em nutrição clínica.

Dietetic combination of mannan-oligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides modifies nitrogen metabolism in dogs / A associação dietética de mananoligossacarídeos e frutoligossacarídeos modifica o metabolismo nitrogenado em cães

The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of a mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and a frutoligosaccharide (FOS) mixture in a 1:1 ratio added to a commercial diet for dogs before the extrusion process on the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of the diets and on the metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen metabolism (postprandial blood urea curve, organic nitrogen balance, fecal concentration of ammonia and excretion of urinary urea) and fecal fermentation parameters (fecal pH and concentrations of short chain fatty acids). Eighteen adult Beagle dogs were used and randomly distributed into two treatments, being a control diet plus one diet in which the mixture of prebiotics was added before the extrusion of the ration. There was no difference in digestibility, metabolizable energy, fecal ammonia content and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) between the control diet and the one with the addition of prebiotics. However, the dogs supplemented with prebiotics before extrusion, had a lower fecal pH (p 0,05) compared to those in the control diet and a reduction in the post prandial blood urea concentration (p 0,01) was also observed in the animals receiving prebiotics, observed by the areas below the curve of urea and its increment. The possible mechanism involved in the effect of prebiotics on the reduction in the concentrations of blood urea is thereduction in the formation and intestinal absorption of ammonia, favored by the reduction of intestinal pH. These findings can be considered in the use of prebiotics in clinical nutrition.(AU)

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de uma mistura de mannan-oligossacarídeos (MOS) e frutoligossacarídeos (FOS), na proporção de 1:1 adicionados a uma dieta para cães, antes ou após o processo de extrusão, sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das dietas, energia metabolizável, metabolismo do nitrogênio (curva de uréia sérica pós-prandial, balanço orgânico de nitrogênio, concentração fecal de amônia e excreção de uréia urinária) e parâmetros fermentativos fecais (pH fecal e concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta). Foram utilizados 18 cães adultos da raça Beagle, distribuídos ao acaso em três tratamentos, sendo uma ração controle mais duas dietas em que a mistura dos prebióticos foram adicionados antes ou após o processo de extrusão das rações. Não houve diferença na digestibilidade, energia metabolizável, teor de amônia fecal e de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (acético, propiônico e butírico) entre as dietas controle e com adição dos prebióticos. Entretanto, os cães suplementados com prebiótico, antes ou após a extrusão, apresentaram menor pH fecal (p 0,05) em relação à dieta controle e foi observado ainda redução na concentração pós-prandial de uréia sérica (p 0,01) nos animais que receberam prebióticos, observados pelas áreas abaixo da curva de uréia e do seu incremento. O processo de extrusão não afetou os efeitos biológicos destes prebióticos sobre os parâmetros avaliados nos cães. Possíveis mecanismos implicados no efeito dos prebióticos sobre a redução nas concentrações de uréia sérica são a diminuição na formação e absorção intestinal de amônia, favorecidas pela redução no pH intestinal. Estes achados podem ser considerados no uso de prebióticos em nutrição clínica.(AU)