Growth performance, carcass traits and breast meat fatty acids profile of helmeted guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) fed increasing level of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata) meals

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary inclusion with linseed and pumpkin seed meals on growth performance, carcass traits and breast meat fatty acids profile of helmeted guinea fowls. A total of 120 meat-type helmeted guinea fowl females of 12 weeks of age were fed with 0 (T0), 100 (T1) and 200 (T2) g/kg of linseed (LM) and pumpkin seed meals (PSM) for 56 days, in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates per treatment and four birds per replicate. The inclusion up to 200 g/kg of LM and PSM did not affect the livability, initial live weight and feed intake (p>0.05). However, final live weight and feed:gain ratio improved significantly (p<0.05). The T1 increased (p<0.05) the carcass yield and the T2 improved the breast weight and weight and yield of leg. Also, these experimental diets did not affect the carcass weight, breast yield and sensory quality of meat (p>0.05). The oleaginous seeds (LM and PSM) decreased (p<0.05) the mystic, palmitic and octadecanoic acids and the w-6/w-3 ratio, as well as increased the linoleic, a-linolenic, eicosapentanoic and docosahexanoic acids (p<0.05), but did not modify the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (p>0.05) and the eicosatrienoic and arachidonic acids in breast meat (p<0.05). It is recommended the inclusion of 100 g/kg of LM and PSM to improve the live weight, weight and yield of the edible portions and the essential fatty acids in breast meat of guinea fowl, without affecting the sensory quality of the meat.(AU)

Growth performance, carcass traits and breast meat fatty acids profile of helmeted guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) fed increasing level of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata) meals

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary inclusion with linseed and pumpkin seed meals on growth performance, carcass traits and breast meat fatty acids profile of helmeted guinea fowls. A total of 120 meat-type helmeted guinea fowl females of 12 weeks of age were fed with 0 (T0), 100 (T1) and 200 (T2) g/kg of linseed (LM) and pumpkin seed meals (PSM) for 56 days, in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates per treatment and four birds per replicate. The inclusion up to 200 g/kg of LM and PSM did not affect the livability, initial live weight and feed intake (p>0.05). However, final live weight and feed:gain ratio improved significantly (p0.05). The oleaginous seeds (LM and PSM) decreased (p0.05) and the eicosatrienoic and arachidonic acids in breast meat (p<0.05). It is recommended the inclusion of 100 g/kg of LM and PSM to improve the live weight, weight and yield of the edible portions and the essential fatty acids in breast meat of guinea fowl, without affecting the sensory quality of the meat.

Growth performance and chemical composition of pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed with vegetable oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid / Desempenho produtivo e composição química de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) alimentados com óleos vegetais e ácido alfa-lipoico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid levels on pacus performance, chemical composition of fillets and histological changes in the liver. Were used 480 pacu juveniles (3.35 ± 0.78 g), distributed in 24 experimental units (n = 20). Six treatments were delineated in a completely randomized design (CRD), in a 3x2 factorial scheme, with three sources of oil (soybean, sesame and linseed) and two levels of alpha-lipoic acid (0 and 0.1 %), with four replications. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukeys test (5%). Diets containing linseed oil as the only lipid source provided better indices of final body weight and individual weight gain in pacu juveniles. Crude protein content was higher in fish fillets that fed diets without alpha-lipoic acid. Livers histology was not affected by the experimental diets. In conclusion, linseed oil improved final body weight and individual weight gain on pacus, and alpha-lipoic acid did not affect the performance of the animals, however its absence promoted higher levels of crude protein in fish fillets.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de óleos vegetais e níveis de ácido alfa-lipoico sobre o desempenho de pacus, composição química de filés e alterações histológicas no fígado. Foram utilizados 480 juvenis de pacu (3,35 ± 0,78 g), distribuídos em 24 unidades experimentais (n = 20). Foram testados seis tratamentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), no esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo três fontes de óleo (soja, gergelim e linhaça) e dois níveis de ácido alfa-lipoico (0e 0,1%), com quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (5%). As dietas contendo óleo de linhaça como única fonte lipídica proporcionaram melhores índices de peso médio e ganho de peso individual nos juvenis de pacu. O teor de proteína bruta foi maior nos filés dos peixes alimentados com as dietas sem ácido alfa-lipoico. Os fígados de juvenis de pacu não foram afetados pelas dietas experimentais. Conclui-se que o óleo de linhaça promoveu os melhores índices de peso médio e ganho de peso individual em pacus e o ácido alfa-lipoico não afetou o desempenho dos animais, mas a sua ausência promoveu maiores teores de proteína bruta nos filés dos pacus.(AU)

Growth performance and chemical composition of pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed with vegetable oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid / Desempenho produtivo e composição química de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) alimentados com óleos vegetais e ácido alfa-lipoico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid levels on pacus performance, chemical composition of fillets and histological changes in the liver. Were used 480 pacu juveniles (3.35 ± 0.78 g), distributed in 24 experimental units (n = 20). Six treatments were delineated in a completely randomized design (CRD), in a 3x2 factorial scheme, with three sources of oil (soybean, sesame and linseed) and two levels of alpha-lipoic acid (0 and 0.1 %), with four replications. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (5%). Diets containing linseed oil as the only lipid source provided better indices of final body weight and individual weight gain in pacu juveniles. Crude protein content was higher in fish fillets that fed diets without alpha-lipoic acid. Liver’s histology was not affected by the experimental diets. In conclusion, linseed oil improved final body weight and individual weight gain on pacus, and alpha-lipoic acid did not affect the performance of the animals, however its absence promoted higher levels of crude protein in fish fillets.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de óleos vegetais e níveis de ácido alfa-lipoico sobre o desempenho de pacus, composição química de filés e alterações histológicas no fígado. Foram utilizados 480 juvenis de pacu (3,35 ± 0,78 g), distribuídos em 24 unidades experimentais (n = 20). Foram testados seis tratamentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), no esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo três fontes de óleo (soja, gergelim e linhaça) e dois níveis de ácido alfa-lipoico (0e 0,1%), com quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (5%). As dietas contendo óleo de linhaça como única fonte lipídica proporcionaram melhores índices de peso médio e ganho de peso individual nos juvenis de pacu. O teor de proteína bruta foi maior nos filés dos peixes alimentados com as dietas sem ácido alfa-lipoico. Os fígados de juvenis de pacu não foram afetados pelas dietas experimentais. Conclui-se que o óleo de linhaça promoveu os melhores índices de peso médio e ganho de peso individual em pacus e o ácido alfa-lipoico não afetou o desempenho dos animais, mas a sua ausência promoveu maiores teores de proteína bruta nos filés dos pacus.

Relação 18: 3n3/18: 2n6 sobre a digestibilidade de ácidos graxos em pacu / 18: 3n3/18: 2n6 ratio on fatty acid digestibility in pacu

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o efeito de dietas com relações 18:3n3/18:2n6 de: 2,98; 1,68; 1,03; 0,61 e 0,35 (tratamentos 1 a 5 respectivamente) sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos ácidos graxos em dietas vegetais para juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Dezoito grupos de 16 peixes cada um foram alimentados por 34 dias com dieta controle contendo óleo de tilápia como único ingrediente de origem animal (tratamento 6). Numa segunda fase, durante 72 dias, cada dieta foi fornecida a três grupos aleatórios e, finalmente, determinados os CDAs dos ácidos graxos. A dieta controle resultou em maiores CDAs de ácidos graxos saturados (97,3%) e monoinsaturados (98,24%), e o tratamento 1, em maiores CDAs de poli-insaturados (99,25%) e 18:3n3 (99,83%). O CDA de 18:3n3 variou de forma decrescente, de acordo com a variação da relação 18:3n3/18:2n6 e foi sempre superior ao CDA do 18:2n6, apesar da ação não específica das lipases. Conclui-se que o CDA dos ácidos graxos, ou de grupos deles, aumenta com a elevação do grau de insaturação do ácido e da concentração deste na dieta e que a fluidez do óleo afeta o CDA de 18:3n3 - ALA e não o de 18:2n6 - LA, quando estes são os únicos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados do alimento.(AU)

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of diets with this 18:3n3/18:2n6 ratios: 2.98; 1.68; 1.03; 0.61 and 0.35 (treatments 1 to 5 respectively), on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of fatty acids in vegetable-based diets for pacu juveniles (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Eighteen groups of 16 fish each were fed for 34 days with a control diet containing tilapia oil as sole ingredient of animal origin (treatment 6). In a second phase, for 72 days, each diet was fed to 3 random groups, and finally the fatty acid ADCs were calculated. The control diet produced the highest ADC of saturated fatty acids (97.3%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (98.24%); and treatment 1, the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (99.25%) and 18:3n3 (99.83%) ADCs. The ADC of 18: 3n3 varied in a decreasing manner according to the variation of the ratio 18:3n3/18:2n6 and was always higher than the ADC of 18:2n6, despite the non-specific action of lipases. We conclude that the ADCs of fatty acids, or groups of them, increase as their degree of unsaturation and concentration in the diet increases, and, the fluidity of the oil affects the ADC of 18:3n3 -ALA and not of 18:2n6 - LA when these are the only poly-unsaturated fatty acids.(AU)

Relação 18: 3n3/18: 2n6 sobre a digestibilidade de ácidos graxos em pacu / 18: 3n3/18: 2n6 ratio on fatty acid digestibility in pacu

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o efeito de dietas com relações 18:3n3/18:2n6 de: 2,98; 1,68; 1,03; 0,61 e 0,35 (tratamentos 1 a 5 respectivamente) sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos ácidos graxos em dietas vegetais para juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Dezoito grupos de 16 peixes cada um foram alimentados por 34 dias com dieta controle contendo óleo de tilápia como único ingrediente de origem animal (tratamento 6). Numa segunda fase, durante 72 dias, cada dieta foi fornecida a três grupos aleatórios e, finalmente, determinados os CDAs dos ácidos graxos. A dieta controle resultou em maiores CDAs de ácidos graxos saturados (97,3%) e monoinsaturados (98,24%), e o tratamento 1, em maiores CDAs de poli-insaturados (99,25%) e 18:3n3 (99,83%). O CDA de 18:3n3 variou de forma decrescente, de acordo com a variação da relação 18:3n3/18:2n6 e foi sempre superior ao CDA do 18:2n6, apesar da ação não específica das lipases. Conclui-se que o CDA dos ácidos graxos, ou de grupos deles, aumenta com a elevação do grau de insaturação do ácido e da concentração deste na dieta e que a fluidez do óleo afeta o CDA de 18:3n3 - ALA e não o de 18:2n6 - LA, quando estes são os únicos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados do alimento.

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of diets with this 18:3n3/18:2n6 ratios: 2.98; 1.68; 1.03; 0.61 and 0.35 (treatments 1 to 5 respectively), on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of fatty acids in vegetable-based diets for pacu juveniles (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Eighteen groups of 16 fish each were fed for 34 days with a control diet containing tilapia oil as sole ingredient of animal origin (treatment 6). In a second phase, for 72 days, each diet was fed to 3 random groups, and finally the fatty acid ADC’s were calculated. The control diet produced the highest ADC of saturated fatty acids (97.3%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (98.24%); and treatment 1, the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (99.25%) and 18:3n3 (99.83%) ADC’s. The ADC of 18: 3n3 varied in a decreasing manner according to the variation of the ratio 18:3n3/18:2n6 and was always higher than the ADC of 18:2n6, despite the non-specific action of lipases. We conclude that the ADC’s of fatty acids, or groups of them, increase as their degree of unsaturation and concentration in the diet increases, and, the fluidity of the oil affects the ADC of 18:3n3 -ALA and not of 18:2n6 - LA when these are the only poly-unsaturated fatty acids.

Yolk Color and Lipid Oxidation of the Eggs of Commercial White Layers Fed Diets Supplemented with Vegetable Oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the supplementation of vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids to the diet of Leghorn layers on yolk color and on yolk lipid oxidation of eggs stored at room temperature for 10 days. Sixty eggs laid by commercial white layers (Lohmann LSL) fed diets supplemented with different vegetable oils were used. Hens were fed one of the following treatment diets: conventional diet with no oil inclusion (T1); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil inclusion (T2); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil (T3); T1 diet with 2.5% soybean oil (T4); T1 with 5.0% linseed oil (T5); T1 diet with 5.0% canola oil (T6); T1 diet with 5.0% soybean oil (T7); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T8); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T9); and T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% canola oil (T10). Eggs were evaluated as to yolk lipid peroxidation (TBARS values) and yolk color, as determined by colorimetry and subjective sensorial analysis. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the test of Tukey at 5% significance level. It was concluded that the inclusion of vegetable oils in commercial white layer diets does not significantly change egg yolk pigmentation, as colorimetrically evaluated. However, when subjectively assessed, the yolks of the eggs laid by hens fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils tend to be paler. The yolks of the eggs laid by layers fed diets containing sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids presented high lipid oxidation, particularly when compared with those derived from layers fed the diet with no oil supplementation.

Yolk Color and Lipid Oxidation of the Eggs of Commercial White Layers Fed Diets Supplemented with Vegetable Oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the supplementation of vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids to the diet of Leghorn layers on yolk color and on yolk lipid oxidation of eggs stored at room temperature for 10 days. Sixty eggs laid by commercial white layers (Lohmann LSL) fed diets supplemented with different vegetable oils were used. Hens were fed one of the following treatment diets: conventional diet with no oil inclusion (T1); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil inclusion (T2); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil (T3); T1 diet with 2.5% soybean oil (T4); T1 with 5.0% linseed oil (T5); T1 diet with 5.0% canola oil (T6); T1 diet with 5.0% soybean oil (T7); T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T8); T1 diet with 2.5% canola oil + 2.5% soybean oil (T9); and T1 diet with 2.5% linseed oil + 2.5% canola oil (T10). Eggs were evaluated as to yolk lipid peroxidation (TBARS values) and yolk color, as determined by colorimetry and subjective sensorial analysis. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the test of Tukey at 5% significance level. It was concluded that the inclusion of vegetable oils in commercial white layer diets does not significantly change egg yolk pigmentation, as colorimetrically evaluated. However, when subjectively assessed, the yolks of the eggs laid by hens fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils tend to be paler. The yolks of the eggs laid by layers fed diets containing sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids presented high lipid oxidation, particularly when compared with those derived from layers fed the diet with no oil supplementation.(AU)

Effect of the supplementation linseed oil, inulin and horse chestnut into a high fat diet on the fatty acid profile of pigs / O efeito de óleo de linhaça, inulina e castanha da Índia sobre o perfil dos ácidos graxos nos suínos após adição de uma dieta rica em gordura

In the present study it was evaluated the effect of the addition of linseed oil, inulin and horse chestnut added to a high fat (HF) diet on the content of fatty acids (FAs) in musculuss longissimus dorsi (MLD) of pigs. A 5d with adaptation period was followed by a 70 d experimental period, during which the pigs were fed with a HF basal diet. The HF basal diet which served as a control (group CG) was supplemented either with linseed oil (group LG) or with inulin and horse chestnut (group IG). All of the pigs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and samples of MLD were taken for FA analysis. The concentration of -linolenic acid in MLD of the LG group was 58 % and 61 % higher (P ˂ 0.05) compared to CG and IG groups, respectively. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was 0.03 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 0.07 in LG treatment. These FAs were not detected in CG and IG. The ratio of MUFA and PUFA n-6/n-3 in the MLD was the lowest (P ˂ 0.05) in the LG (8.84) compared to CG (14.07) or IG (14.74) groups, representing a difference of 31.2%. The n-3/saturated FA ratio was highest (P ˂ 0.05) in LG group (0.04) when compared to CG and IG groups (0.02). The supplementation of linseed oil, into the HF diet resulted in a higher concentration of -linolenic acid, EPA, DHA and lower ratio of n-6/n-3 FA in MLD. Inulin and horse chestnut had no effect on FA profile of MLD.(AU)

No presente estudo, avaliamos o efeito de óleo de linhaça, inulina e castanha da Índia sobre os conteúdos dos ácidos graxos dos musculuss longissimus dorsi (MLD) de de suínos, após receberem uma dieta rica em gordura. Depois de um período de adaptação de 5 dias, seguiu-se um período experimental de 70 dias, durante o qual os suínos foram alimentados com uma dieta rica em gordura. A dieta rica em gordura, que serviu como controle (grupo CG), foi suplementada com óleo de linhaça para um grupo (LG), e ainda com inulina e castanha da Índia para outro grupo (IG). Todos os animais foram abatidos no final do período de experimentação, sendo que amostras de MLD acabaram por ser recolhidas de forma a analisar a concentração de ácidos graxos. A concentração do ácido -linoleico nos MLD do grupo LG foi 58% e 61% superior (P ˂ 0,05) quando comparada aos grupos CG e IG, respectivamente. A concentração do ácido eicosapentaenoic (EPA) foi de 0,03, enquanto a do ácido docosahexaenoic (DHA) foi de 0,07 no grupo LG. Esses ácidos graxos não foram detectados nos grupos CG e IG. A relação de MUFA e PUFA n-6/n-3 nos MLD foi mais baixo (P ˂ 0,05) para o grupo LG (8,84), quando comparado com o grupo CG (14,07) ou IG (14,74), representando uma diferença de 31,2%. A relação de n-3/ácidos graxos saturados foi maior (P ˂ 0,05) para o grupo LG (0,04), quando comparado com os grupos CG e IG (0,02). A suplementação de óleo de linhaça na dieta rica em gordura dos animais resultou numa maior concentração de ácido -linoleico, EPA, DHA e ainda em uma relação mais baixa de n-6/n-3 de ácidos graxos nos MLD. Inulina e castanha da Índia não tiveram efeito no perfil de ácidos graxos dos MLD.(AU)

Milk fatty acid profile from grazing buffaloes fed a blend of soybean and linseed oils / Perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de búfalas a pasto recebendo uma mistura de óleo de soja e linhaça na dieta

The aim of the study was to examine the changes in milk fatty acid (FA) profile of grazing buffaloes fed either low (L, 276g/d) or high (H, 572g/d) doses of a blend (70:30, wt/wt) of soybean and linseed oils. Fourteen multiparous Mediterranean buffaloes grazing on a native pasture were fed 4 kg/day of a commercial concentrate containing no supplemental oil over a pre-experimental period of ten days. The baseline milk production and composition and milk FA profile were measured over the last three days. After this pre-experimental period the animals received the same concentrate added with either the L or H oil doses for 26 additional days. Milk yield (g/animal/day) did not differ at the start (1776 ± 522 and 1662 ± 291 for L and H, respectively, P<0.622) or at the end of the trial (4590 ± 991 and 4847 ± 447 in L and H, respectively, P<0.543). Baseline milk fat content (g/kg) averaged 77.1 (±20.5) in L and 74.3 (±9.9) in H (P<0.10) and was reduced (P<0.031) to 60.7 (±23.6) and 49.4 (±11.2) (P<0.0031) respectively after L and H with no differences between treatments (P<0.277). Baseline milk protein content (L=43.2 ± 3.4 and H= 44.3 ± 6.9g/kg) increased after oil supplementation (P<0.0001) in both L (73.2 ± 6.0g/kg) and H (68.4 ± 4.9g/kg) without differences between oil doses (P<0.123). Milk fat content of 14:0 decreased after oil supplementation only in the H treatment (5.29 to 4.03, P<0.007) whereas that of 16:0 was reduced (P<0.001) at both L (24.49 to 19.75g/100g FA) and H (25.92 to 19.17g/100g FA) doses. The reduction of total content of 12:0 to 16:0 was higher (P<0.052) in H (32.02 to 23.93g/100g FA) than L (30.17 to 25.45g/100g FA). Vaccenic acid content increased (P<0.001) from 5.70 to 13.24g/100g FA in L and from 5.25 to 16.77 in H, with higher results in the in H treatment (P<0.001). Baseline rumenic acid was sharply increased (P<0.001) in L (1.80 to 4.09g/100g FA, +127%) and H (1.60 to 4.61g/100g FA, +187%) with no differences between [...](AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as mudanças no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de búfalas leiteiras recebendo baixas (B, 276g/d) ou altas (A, 572g/d) doses de uma mistura de óleos de soja e linhaça (70:30, peso/peso) na dieta. Quatorze búfalas multíparas da raça Mediterrânea, mantidas em pastagens nativas, receberam 4kg/dia de um concentrado comercial sem adição de óleo (pré-tratamento) ao longo de umperíodopré-experimental de 10 dias. A produção de leiteindividual e amostras de leite foram coletadas individualmente para determinação dos valores basais de composição e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite nos últimos trêsdias. Após este período, os animais receberam o mesmo concentrado adicionado deBou Apor 26 dias. A produção de leite (g/animal/dia) não diferiu no início (1776 ± 522 e 1662 ± 291para B e A, respectivamente (P<0,622) e no final do período experimental(4590 ±991e4847 ± 447 para LeH, respectivamente, P<0,543). O teor de gordura do leite (g/100g) apresentou valores médios de 77,1(±20,5)paraBe74,3 (±9,9)paraA(P<0,10) durante o período pré-tratamento,mas foi reduzido (P<0,03) após o fornecimento das dietas com óleo para 60,7 (± 23,6) e 49,4 (± 11,2), respectivamente para B e A, não havendo diferenças entre tratamentos (P<0,277). Os teores basais de proteína do leite (B=43,2 ± 3,4 e A=44,3 ± 6,9g/kg) aumentaram após a suplementação com óleo (P<0,0001) em ambos B (73,2 ± 6,0g/kg) e A (68,4 ± 4,9g/kg), não ocorrendo diferenças entre tratamentos (P<0,123). O teor médio basal de 14:0 na gordura do leite (4,76g/100g AG) foi reduzido após a suplementação da dieta com óleo somente no tratamento A (5,29 para 4,03, P<0,007). O teor de 16:0 na gordura do leite foi reduzido (P<0,001) nos tratamentos B (24,49 para 19,75g/100g AG) e A (25,92 para 19,17g/100g AG). A redução nos teores de 12:0+14:0+16:0 na gordura do leite foi maior (P<0,052) em A (32,02 para 23,93g/100g AG) do que em B (30,17 para 25,45g/100g AG). O teor de ácido vacênico (AV) [...](AU)

Fontes de óleo na dieta e sua influência no desempenho e na imunidade de frangos de corte / Sources of oil in the diet and its influence on the performance and the immunity of broilers

[...] O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de óleos ricos em ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-6 (PUFAs n-6) e ômega-3 (PUFAs n-3) sobre o desempenho e a resposta imunológica de frangos de corte frente a um desafio antigênico. Foram comparadas dietas formuladas com 7% de óleo de soja (OS), linhaça (OL) ou sardinha (OP), fornecidas a 240 frangos da linhagem Cobb, divididos em 24 grupos de 10 aves cada, num arranjo experimental 3x2 (3 tipos de óleo e aves vacinadas ou não vacinadas) e 4 repetições. O óleo de soja é rico em ácido linoleico, um PUFA n-6, o óleo de linhaça é fonte de ácido alfa-linolênico, um PUFA n-3, e o óleo de sardinha, de outros PUFAs n-3, como os ácidos eicosapentaenoico e docosahexaenoico. O consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar foram avaliados aos 21, 35 e 42 dias. Aos 7 e aos 21 dias de idade, metade das aves recebeu vacina contra doença de Newcastle. Quinze dias após a imunização, avaliou-se a produção de anticorpos pelo método de ELISA, expressa pela densidade óptica a 450 nm (D.O. 450nm). Apenas as aves alimentadas com ração contendo OS apresentaram maior imunidade humoral (P<0,05) após a vacinação. A resposta linfoproliferativa das aves, que expressa a imunidade celular, foi maior entre as aves vacinadas, em comparação às aves não vacinadas (P<0,05), independentemente do óleo utilizado. A fonte de óleo da ração ou a vacinação não influenciaram o ganho de peso das aves (P>0,05). Entre as aves que receberam dieta com OS, as aves vacinadas apresentaram pior conversão alimentar (P<0,05). Nos grupos que consumiram ração com OL ou OP, a vacinação não influenciou a conversão alimentar (P>0,05), considerando todo o período experimental. A utilização de óleo rico em PUFA n-6 na dieta de frangos de corte aumentou a resposta humoral, mas não influenciou a resposta celular frente a um desafio antigênico.(AU)

[...] The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of oils rich in omega-6 (n-6 PUFA) and omega-3 (n-3 PUFA) polyunsaturated fatty acids on the performance and the immune response of broilers submitted to an antigenic challenge. Diets were formulated with either 7% soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) or sardine oil (PO) and provided to 240 Cobb broilers which were divided into 24 groups of 10 birds each, following a 3x2 experimental arrangement (3 types of oil and vaccinated or non-vaccinated birds) and four replications. Soybean oil is rich in linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA), linseed oil a source of alfa-linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) and the sardine oil is a source of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (other n-3 PUFA). Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated at 21, 35 and 42 days. Half of the birds were vaccinated against Newcastle disease at 7 and 21 days. Fifteen days after the immunization, the production of antibodies was evaluated by ELISA and expressed by optical density at 450 nm (O.D. 450 nm). Only the birds fed ration containing SO presented higher humoral immune response (p<0.05) after vaccination. The lymphoproliferative response, which expresses the cellular immunity, was higher in vaccinated than in the unvaccinated birds (P<0.05), regardless of the oil used. Neither the oil source in the ration nor the vaccination influenced birds' weight gain (P>0.05). The vaccination impaired the feed conversion of the birds fed diet containing SO (P<0.05) but did not influence feed conversion of the birds fed rations with LO or PO (P>0.05). The use of oil rich in n-6 PUFA in broilers' diet increased humoral response, but did not influence the cellular response against an antigenic challenge.(AU)

Comparação entre dois protocolos de tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca experimentalmente induzida em coelhos / Comparison of two treatment protocols of experimentally induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca in rabbits

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a eficácia de dois protocolos de tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) experimentalmente induzida em coelhos: uma formulação oftálmica tópica composta por álcool polivinílico 1,4%, adicionado com acetilcisteína 10% e pilocarpina 1% (AAP), e outro protocolo com o uso do óleo de semente de linhaça (OL) tópico em forma de colírio, durante 12 semanas. Foram utilizados 15 coelhos machos, adultos, da raça Nova Zelândia, alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo C (controle), grupo AAP (formulação oftálmica) e grupo L (OL tópica). Os animais foram avaliados semanalmente pelo teste lacrimal de Schirmer, teste de fluoresceína e teste de Rosa Bengala; uma vez por mês, pelo exame de citologia esfoliativa ocular; ao final do experimento, pela análise histopatológica da córnea e conjuntiva. Os resultados demonstraram que houve um aumento maior na produção lacrimal quando utilizada a formulação oftálmica, e uma resolução mais rápida das úlceras de córnea, bem como diminuição no número de células desvitalizadas quando utilizado o óleo de semente de linhaça, além de aumento no número de células caliciformes em ambos os grupos de tratamento. A associação desses dois protocolos pode ser no futuro uma alternativa no tratamento da CCS.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of two treatment protocol of experimentally induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in rabbits, a topical ophthalmic formulation composed by 1.4% povinilic alcohol added with 10% acetylcysteine and 1% pilocarpine (AAP) and another protocol with the topical use of the linseed seed oil (LO) in eye drop form f or 12 weeks. Fifteen male New Zealand white rabbits were aleatory allocated in 3 groups: Group C (Control), Group AAP (ophthalmic formulation) and Group L (LO topical). The animals were evaluated weekly using the Schirmer's tear test, fluorescein test and Rose Bengal test monthly for ocular cytology, and at the end of the experiment for histopathological analysis of cornea and conjunctive. The results demonstrated that there was a larger increase in the tear production when the ophthalmic formulation was us ed and a faster rapid resolution of corneal ulcers and decrease in the number of devitalized cells when linseed seed oil was used, besides an increase in the number of caliciform cells in both treatment groups. The association of those two protocols can be a future alternative in the treatment of KCS.(AU)

Leite obtido de vacas alimentadas com fontes de -3 e -6 e utilizado na dieta de fêmeas Sus scrofa domesticus como modelo para aplicabilidade em humanos.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ômega-3 (-3) e do ômega-6 (-6) do leite e sua importância na nutrição e saúde humana, sobre as características reprodutivas e produtivas, sobre o hemograma, leucograma e perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) do sangue das matrizes e dos leitões, visando a relação ideal de 1:1 a 5:1 (-6/ -3). O trabalho foi realizado com 30 matrizes, Large White x Landrace, divididas nos tratamentos controle (TC), leite enriquecido naturalmente com -3 (TW3) e leite enriquecido naturalmente com -6 (TW6), que receberam esta suplementação desde 34 dias de idade até o desmame dos seus leitões. Foi avaliado o desempenho das matrizes e dos leitões, e colhidas amostras de sangue, colostro e leite, para análises laboratoriais. Os resultados mostraram uma melhora no desempenho das matrizes, associado à fase de desenvolvimento em que se encontravam. Dos 34 aos 190 dias, a concentração absoluta de leucócitos foi maior (P=0,049) para TW3 e TW6, mostrando uma alteração no sistema imune das matrizes. No 1º dia de lactação (D1L) houve uma redução (P<0,05) de ureia e VLDL e aumento (P<0,05) de proteína total e LDL para TC. Para as matrizes de 34 a 190 dias de idade e no D1L, o perfil de AG foi alterado (P<0,05) e para os leitões aos 0 e 14 dias de idade, houve maior (P=0,01) concentração de EPA e menor (P=0,045) proporção de AA/EPA para TW3. Os leitões do TW3 e TW6 apresentaram maior peso médio (P=0,004) em relação a TC, pela possível alteração da razão -6/-3 no organismo, que ocorreu por meio da suplementação das mães. A conclusão do presente estudo é que o fornecimento do leite enriquecido com uma melhor razão -6/-3, pode induzir alterações metabólicas, com base nos parâmetros sanguíneos analisados, assim como na produtividade dos leitões, afetando seu peso médio.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 (-3) and omega-6 (-6) on milk and its importance in nutrition and human health. the reproductive and productive characteristics, on the hemogram, leukogram and fatty acid profile of the blood of the dams and piglets, aiming at the ideal ratio of 1: 1 to 5: 1 (-6 / -3). The work was performed with 30 matrices, Large White x Landrace, divided in control treatments (TC), milk enriched naturally with -3 (TW3) and milk enriched naturally with -6 (TW6), which received this supplementation from 34 days to the weaning of their piglets. The performance of the dams and piglets was evaluated, and samples of blood, colostrum and milk were collected for laboratory analysis. The results showed an improvement in the performance of the matrices, associated to the development phase in which they were. From 34 to 190 days, the absolute leukocyte concentration was higher (P = 0.049) for TW3 and TW6, showing a change in the immune system of the matrices. On the 1st day of lactation (D1L) there was a reduction (P <0.05) of urea and VLDL and increase (P <0.05) of total protein and LDL for CT. For the matings of 34 to 190 days of age and in D1L, the fatty acid profile was altered (P <0.05) and for the piglets at 0 and 14 days of age, there was a higher (P = 0.01) concentration of EPA and lower (P = 0.045) ratio of AA / EPA to TW3. The TW3 and TW6 piglets had a higher mean weight (P = 0.004) compared to CT, due to the possible alteration of the -6 / -3 ratio in the organism, which occurred through the mothers' supplementation. The conclusion of the present study is that the supply of enriched milk with a better -6 / -3 ratio may induce metabolic alterations, based on the blood parameters analyzed, as well as the piglet productivity, affecting its average weight.

Efeito da adição de farinha de linhaça à dieta sobre a concentração de colesterol e ácidos graxos em camarões / The effect of feed added of linseed on cholesterol and fatty acids in shrimp

Avaliou-se a expressão de ácidos graxos, macronutrientes e colesterol de camarões-da-malásia alimentados com dieta adicionada de sementes de linhaça. Quinhentos camarões foram distribuídos em dois grupos e alimentados durante 90 dias com dietas contendo: 1) lipídeo proveniente de linhaça e 2) óleo de soja (controle). A concentração de proteína foi maior (Р<0,05) para o grupo-linhaça, 15,8±0,09%, em relação ao grupo-controle, 15,2±0,04%. O peso corporal também se apresentou maior no grupo-linhaça, 1,38±0,93g, em relação ao grupo-controle, 0,93±0,48g. O grupo-linhaça apresentou teor de colesterol de 120,8±23,9mg/100g e o grupo-controle, 130,2±13,9mg/100g, porém sem diferença estatística significativa. Em relação ao perfil lipídico, a suplementação da dieta com linhaça influenciou a incorporação do ácido oleico (C18:1, ω-9) e melhorou a relação ω-6/ω-3 na carne do camarão (Р<0,05). Concluiu-se que a adição de linhaça à ração promoveu importantes modificações na qualidade nutricional dos tecidos do camarão.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the chemical composition of shrimp fed with a diet added of linseed flour. Five hundred post larvae shrimp were divided into two groups: a linseed group fed with a diet based on casein complemented with linseed and a control group, fed a diet without linseed flour. The cholesterol content for the linseed group was 120.8±23.9 mg/100g while for the control group it was 130.2±13.9 mg/100g. However, the protein content of 15.8±0.09 % and the body weight of 1.38±0.93g for the linseed group were higher than for the control group. It was concluded that the addition of linseed to the diet seems to increase the protein, weight and oleic acid (C18:1, ω-9) in the shrimp tissue. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids and ω-6/ω-3 for the linseed group was more suitable than for the control group.(AU)

Effect of feeding whole linseed as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids on performance and egg characteristics of laying hens kept at high ambient temperature

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding whole linseed on the laying performance and egg characteristics in laying hens kept at high ambient environmental temperatures (average 34 ºC; the diurnal temperature range 26 ºC to 41 ºC). Two hundred and forty 38-wk-old white Leghorn laying hens were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 or 15% whole linseed (as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) for a period of 12 weeks. Egg production was recorded daily, while feed intake and egg characteristics were monitored on weekly basis. The results of the study demonstrated that egg production and feed intake decreased, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) per dozen of eggs increased (p 0.05) with increasing dietary linseed levels. Egg weight, yolk weight, albumen height, eggshell weight, and eggshell thickness were not influenced (p > 0.05) by linseed levels in the diets offered to the laying hens. The results of the present trial suggest that feeding linseed to the laying hens in hot climates has no detrimental effects on egg characteristics, but has suppressive effects on egg production, feed intake and feed efficiency of laying hens.

Effect of feeding whole linseed as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids on performance and egg characteristics of laying hens kept at high ambient temperature

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding whole linseed on the laying performance and egg characteristics in laying hens kept at high ambient environmental temperatures (average 34 ºC; the diurnal temperature range 26 ºC to 41 ºC). Two hundred and forty 38-wk-old white Leghorn laying hens were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 or 15% whole linseed (as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) for a period of 12 weeks. Egg production was recorded daily, while feed intake and egg characteristics were monitored on weekly basis. The results of the study demonstrated that egg production and feed intake decreased, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) per dozen of eggs increased (p 0.05) with increasing dietary linseed levels. Egg weight, yolk weight, albumen height, eggshell weight, and eggshell thickness were not influenced (p > 0.05) by linseed levels in the diets offered to the laying hens. The results of the present trial suggest that feeding linseed to the laying hens in hot climates has no detrimental effects on egg characteristics, but has suppressive effects on egg production, feed intake and feed efficiency of laying hens.(AU)

Effect of feeding whole linseed as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids on performance and egg characteristics of laying hens kept at high ambient temperature

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding whole linseed on the laying performance and egg characteristics in laying hens kept at high ambient environmental temperatures (average 34 ºC; the diurnal temperature range 26 ºC to 41 ºC). Two hundred and forty 38-wk-old white Leghorn laying hens were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 or 15% whole linseed (as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) for a period of 12 weeks. Egg production was recorded daily, while feed intake and egg characteristics were monitored on weekly basis. The results of the study demonstrated that egg production and feed intake decreased, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) per dozen of eggs increased (p 0.05) with increasing dietary linseed levels. Egg weight, yolk weight, albumen height, eggshell weight, and eggshell thickness were not influenced (p > 0.05) by linseed levels in the diets offered to the laying hens. The results of the present trial suggest that feeding linseed to the laying hens in hot climates has no detrimental effects on egg characteristics, but has suppressive effects on egg production, feed intake and feed efficiency of laying hens.

FIBRAS FUNCIONAIS DA LINHAÇA E SEUS IMPACTOS NA NUTRIÇÃO DE JUNDIÁS

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a ação prebiótica de fibras funcionais de linhaça com distintas proporções de fibra alimentar solúvel e insolúvel e seus impactos na nutrição e saúde de juvenis de jundiás (6,43g). Para isso, foram concentradas as frações solúvel e insolúvel de fibra da linhaça, a partir da utilização de técnicas físicas e químicas de concentração. Estas frações foram combinadas em diferentes proporções (1:0,5, 1:1, 1:2 e 1:4 fibra solúvel: insolúvel) para obtenção de fibras funcionais, que foram adicionadas a dietas e avaliadas em um ensaio biológico com juvenis de jundiá. O ensaio biológico teve duração de 45 dias e foi realizado em sistema de recirculação de água, composto por 20 tanques (290L), biofiltros e reservatório de água. Neste período os peixes foram alimentados até a saciedade aparente, três vezes ao dia. Ao final do período os peixes foram submetidos a jejum de 18 horas e biometria para coleta de dados de peso, comprimento, coleta de sangue, tecidos (fígado e trato digestivo), muco e digesta para determinação de parâmetros de desempenho, composição e deposição corporal, metabólitos plasmáticos, hepáticos, enzimas digestivas, indicadores imunológicos, histologia intestinal e produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. Após a biometria final os peixes foram mantidos nas unidades experimentais por mais cinco dias e ao final deste período, submetidos a estresse agudo, com posterior coleta de sangue e muco para determinação de metabólitos e indicadores imunológicos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, composto cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições (600 peixes). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à teste de normalidade, seguido por análise de variância, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de significância. As dietas com as proporções 1:2 e 1:4 proporcionaram maior ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico e deposição de proteína bruta corporal aos peixes, proteínas totais circulantes e globulinas, assim como o teor de mucoproteína, imunoglobulinas totais e pH do muco cutâneo. Já os níveis de cortisol e o pH intestinal foram mais baixos nestes tratamentos. A dieta 1:0,5 alterou a atividade de tripsina no intestino dos jundiás e juntamente com a dieta 1:4 proporcionou maior altura das vilosidades intestinais. Enquanto que altura total da vilosidade foi superior para os peixes que receberam fibra de linhaça na dieta, independente da proporção, o inverso foi observado para a espessura da camada muscular. Independente da proporção na dieta, o consumo de fibra de linhaça aumentou as imunoglobulinas totais no plasma e a atividade da fosfatase alcalina no plasma e muco cutâneo. A produção de ácido acético intestinal foi superior nos peixes alimentados com a dieta 1: 2, enquanto que de ácido butírico com a dieta 1:4 e ácido propiônico com a dieta controle. A dieta controle levou a menor contagem de células caliciformes. Após o estresse agudo, os peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo as proporções de fibra solúvel: insolúvel 1: 2 e 1: 4 apresentaram maior teor de proteína total, globulina e atividade de fosfatase alcalina do plasma, além de maior teor de mucoproteína no muco cutâneo dos peixes. Em conclusão, os resultados indicam que a fibra de linhaça tem ação prebiótica imunoestimulante para juvenis de jundiá, sendo que as proporções de 1:2 e 1:4 de fibra solúvel: insolúvel otimizam o sistema imune e a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, com reflexos positivos sobre o desempenho dos peixes. Além disso, nessas proporções ela ainda age como mitigadora de estresse.

This study aimed to evaluate the prebiotic action of functional linseed fibers with different proportions of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber and its impact on the nutrition and health of juveniles silver catfish (6.43g). For this, the soluble and insoluble fractions of linseed fiber were concentrated, using the use of physical and chemical concentration techniques. These fractions were combined in different proportions (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 soluble: insoluble fibre) to obtain functional fibers, which were added to diets and evaluated in a biological test with juveniles silver catfish. The biological assay lasted 45 days and was performed in a water recirculation system, composed of 20 tanks (290L), biofilters and water reservoir. At this time the fish were fed to apparent satiety three times a day. At the end of the period the fish were submitted to a 18 hour fast and biometry for data collection of weight, length, blood collection, tissues (liver and digestive tract), mucus and digesta for determination of performance parameters, composition and body deposition, plasma metabolites, hepatic enzymes, digestive enzymes, immunological indicators, intestinal histology and production of short chain fatty acids. After the final biometry the fish were kept in the experimental units for another five days and at the end of this period, submitted to acute stress, with subsequent collection of blood and mucus for determination of metabolites and immunological indicators. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, consisting of five treatments and four replications (600 fish). The results were submitted to the normality test, followed by analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at the 5% level of significance. Diets 1:2 and 1:4 provided greater weight gain, specific growth rate and crude protein deposition in fish, total circulating proteins and globulins, as well as mucoprotein content, total immunoglobulins and cutaneous mucus pH. Cortisol levels and intestinal pH were lower in these treatments. The 1:0.5 diet altered the trypsin activity in the silver catfish intestine and together with the 1:4 diet provided higher intestinal villi height. While total villus height was higher for the fish that received linseed fiber in the diet, regardless of the proportion, the inverse was observed for the thickness of the muscle layer. Regardless of dietary ratio, linseed fiber intake increased total plasma immunoglobulins and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and cutaneous mucus. The production of intestinal acetic acid was higher in the fish fed with the 1:2 diet, whereas of the butyric acid with the 1:4 diet and propionic acid with the control diet. The control diet led to lower counts of goblet cells. After acute stress, the fish fed the diets containing soluble: insoluble fiber ratios 1:2 and 1:4 presented higher total protein, globulin and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, as well as a higher mucoprotein content in the mucus of fish. In conclusion, the results indicate that linseed fiber has an immunostimulating prebiotic action for silver catfish juveniles, and the 1:2 and 1:4 ratios of soluble: insoluble fiber optimize the immune system and the production of short-chain fatty acids, with positive reflexes on fish performance. Moreover, in these proportions it still acts as a stress reliever.

Golden flaxseed and its byproducts in beef patties: physico-chemical evaluation and fatty acid profile

Flaxseed application in meat and meat products by adding not flesh ingredients has not yet been properly assessed. This technology strategy, if well optimized, could substantially improve the nutritional value of meat products and promote healthy appeals consistent. Knowing that, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding golden flaxseed oil, or flour, or seed in the physico-chemical properties and fatty acid profile of beef patties. Beef patties were prepared with 5.0% of oil (FO), or flour (FF), or seed (FS), plus a control formulation (FC). For raw products containing flaxseed, the moisture content (74.22 to 68.61%) was decreased and the ash (1.61 to 2.00g 100g-1), protein (15.62 to 16.46g 100g-1), fat (6.20 to 9.74g 100g-1), carbohydrate (2.02 to 3.97 g 100g-1), and calorie (127.71 to 161.62kcal 100g-1) contents were increased. The raw and grilled samples containing golden flaxseed had increased beneficial omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (0.85 a 2.98g 100g-1), a decreased n-6/n-3 ratio ( 1), and an increased polyunsaturated/saturated ratio (>0.50), thus improving the nutritional profile.

A aplicação de linhaça em carne e produtos cárneos através da adição como ingrediente não-cárneo não foi ainda devidamente avaliada. Essa estratégia tecnológica, se bem otimizada, poderia melhorar substancialmente o valor nutricional de produtos cárneos e promover apelos saudáveis consistentes. Sabendo disso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de óleo, ou farinha, ou semente de linhaça dourada sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e o perfil de ácidos graxos de hambúrgueres bovinos. Os hambúrgueres foram preparados com 5,0% de óleo (OL), farinha (FL), ou de semente (SL), além de uma formulação controle (FC). Para os produtos crus contendo linhaça, o teor de umidade (74,22 a 68,61%) diminuiu e os teores de cinzas (1,61 a 2,00g 100g-1), proteínas (15,62 a 16,46g 100g-1), gorduras (6,20 a 9,74g 100g-1), carboidratos (2,02 a 3,97 g 100g-1) e calorias (127,71 a 161,62kcal 100g-1) aumentaram. As amostras cruas e cozidas contendo linhaça dourada tiveram um aumento benéfico de ácidos graxos ômega-3 (n-3) (0,85 a 2,98g 100g-1), e uma redução da relação n-6/n-3 ( 1), além de um aumento da relação poli-insaturados/saturados (>0,50), melhorando assim o perfil nutricional.

Golden flaxseed and its byproducts in beef patties: physico-chemical evaluation and fatty acid profile

Flaxseed application in meat and meat products by adding not flesh ingredients has not yet been properly assessed. This technology strategy, if well optimized, could substantially improve the nutritional value of meat products and promote healthy appeals consistent. Knowing that, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding golden flaxseed oil, or flour, or seed in the physico-chemical properties and fatty acid profile of beef patties. Beef patties were prepared with 5.0% of oil (FO), or flour (FF), or seed (FS), plus a control formulation (FC). For raw products containing flaxseed, the moisture content (74.22 to 68.61%) was decreased and the ash (1.61 to 2.00g 100g-1), protein (15.62 to 16.46g 100g-1), fat (6.20 to 9.74g 100g-1), carbohydrate (2.02 to 3.97 g 100g-1), and calorie (127.71 to 161.62kcal 100g-1) contents were increased. The raw and grilled samples containing golden flaxseed had increased beneficial omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (0.85 a 2.98g 100g-1), a decreased n-6/n-3 ratio ( 1), and an increased polyunsaturated/saturated ratio (>0.50), thus improving the nutritional profile.

A aplicação de linhaça em carne e produtos cárneos através da adição como ingrediente não-cárneo não foi ainda devidamente avaliada. Essa estratégia tecnológica, se bem otimizada, poderia melhorar substancialmente o valor nutricional de produtos cárneos e promover apelos saudáveis consistentes. Sabendo disso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de óleo, ou farinha, ou semente de linhaça dourada sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e o perfil de ácidos graxos de hambúrgueres bovinos. Os hambúrgueres foram preparados com 5,0% de óleo (OL), farinha (FL), ou de semente (SL), além de uma formulação controle (FC). Para os produtos crus contendo linhaça, o teor de umidade (74,22 a 68,61%) diminuiu e os teores de cinzas (1,61 a 2,00g 100g-1), proteínas (15,62 a 16,46g 100g-1), gorduras (6,20 a 9,74g 100g-1), carboidratos (2,02 a 3,97 g 100g-1) e calorias (127,71 a 161,62kcal 100g-1) aumentaram. As amostras cruas e cozidas contendo linhaça dourada tiveram um aumento benéfico de ácidos graxos ômega-3 (n-3) (0,85 a 2,98g 100g-1), e uma redução da relação n-6/n-3 ( 1), além de um aumento da relação poli-insaturados/saturados (>0,50), melhorando assim o perfil nutricional.