Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.(AU)

Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design(2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS andhighest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 &956;m. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.(AU)

Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn / Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.

Applicability of polyamide 12 intramedullary locked rods in the stabilization of induced humeral fracture in cockerels (white plymouth rock) - in vivo study / Aplicabilidade da haste intramedular bloqueada de poliamida 12 na estabilização de fratura umeral induzida em galos (Plymouth Rock Branca) - estudo in vivo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of polyamide 12 intramedullary rods in osteotomized humerus in cockerels (White Plymouth Rock) and analyze, by radiography and histopathology, bone consolidation and the formation of bone callus. Ten cockerels were subjected to transverse osteotomy of the right humeral diaphysis followed by the insertion of polyamide 12 locked rods, with two nails in each bone fragment. Radiographies obtained at the immediate pre and post-operative period, and every 7 days for 3 months revealed no perioperatory complications. Radiography revealed a radiopaque bone callus between the 4th and 5th week post-surgery. Histopathology detected an amphophylic material (polyamide 12 rod) in the intramedullary region and the proliferation of highly vascularized connective tissue between the rod and the cortical bone. This connective tissue was highly cellular with differentiation into osteoblasts. The collagen fibers varied from loose to dense and a differentiated bone matrix, containing osteocytes in gaps and the development of bone marrow, was also observed; indicating the formation of a bone callus without signs of implant rejection. The polyamide 12 intramedullary rod was effective in the stabilization of the fractures used in this experimental model, with no rejection reaction for at least 90 days.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a implantação de hastes intramedulares de poliamida 12, em úmeros osteotomizados de galos (Plymouth Rock Branca), bem como avaliar a consolidação óssea, por meio da verificação da formação de calo ósseo, analisando exames radiográficos e histopatológicos. Os galos foram submetidos à osteotomia transversa da diáfise do úmero direito, sendo implantadas posteriormente as hastes de poliamida 12 bloqueada com dois parafusos em cada fragmento ósseo. Após o procedimento cirúrgico, foram realizadas radiografias nos momentos pré e pós-operatório imediato e, posteriormente, a cada sete dias, durante três meses, até a realização da eutanásia. Não houve complicações perioperatórias. Ao exame radiográfico, os animais apresentaram formação de calo ósseo radiopaco entre a quarta e quinta semanas de pós-operatório. Ao exame histopatológico, foi possível notar, em todos os animais, presença de material anfofílico (haste de poliamida 12) ocupando a região intramedular óssea, e entre a haste e as corticais ósseas, proliferação de tecido conjuntivo altamente vascularizado. Tal tecido apresentou-se altamente celular com diferenciação em osteoblastos. Notaram-se também fibras colágenas, variando de aspecto frouxo a denso, e observou-se formação de matriz óssea diferenciada com osteócitos em lacunas e formações de medula óssea, denotando formação de calo ósseo sem sinais de rejeição do implante. A haste intramedular de poliamida 12 foi eficaz para estabilização das fraturas utilizando-se esse modelo experimental, sem reação de rejeição pelo período de 90 dias.(AU)

Applicability of polyamide 12 intramedullary locked rods in the stabilization of induced humeral fracture in cockerels (white plymouth rock) - in vivo study / Aplicabilidade da haste intramedular bloqueada de poliamida 12 na estabilização de fratura umeral induzida em galos (Plymouth Rock Branca) - estudo in vivo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of polyamide 12 intramedullary rods in osteotomized humerus in cockerels (White Plymouth Rock) and analyze, by radiography and histopathology, bone consolidation and the formation of bone callus. Ten cockerels were subjected to transverse osteotomy of the right humeral diaphysis followed by the insertion of polyamide 12 locked rods, with two nails in each bone fragment. Radiographies obtained at the immediate pre and post-operative period, and every 7 days for 3 months revealed no perioperatory complications. Radiography revealed a radiopaque bone callus between the 4th and 5th week post-surgery. Histopathology detected an amphophylic material (polyamide 12 rod) in the intramedullary region and the proliferation of highly vascularized connective tissue between the rod and the cortical bone. This connective tissue was highly cellular with differentiation into osteoblasts. The collagen fibers varied from loose to dense and a differentiated bone matrix, containing osteocytes in gaps and the development of bone marrow, was also observed; indicating the formation of a bone callus without signs of implant rejection. The polyamide 12 intramedullary rod was effective in the stabilization of the fractures used in this experimental model, with no rejection reaction for at least 90 days.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a implantação de hastes intramedulares de poliamida 12, em úmeros osteotomizados de galos (Plymouth Rock Branca), bem como avaliar a consolidação óssea, por meio da verificação da formação de calo ósseo, analisando exames radiográficos e histopatológicos. Os galos foram submetidos à osteotomia transversa da diáfise do úmero direito, sendo implantadas posteriormente as hastes de poliamida 12 bloqueada com dois parafusos em cada fragmento ósseo. Após o procedimento cirúrgico, foram realizadas radiografias nos momentos pré e pós-operatório imediato e, posteriormente, a cada sete dias, durante três meses, até a realização da eutanásia. Não houve complicações perioperatórias. Ao exame radiográfico, os animais apresentaram formação de calo ósseo radiopaco entre a quarta e quinta semanas de pós-operatório. Ao exame histopatológico, foi possível notar, em todos os animais, presença de material anfofílico (haste de poliamida 12) ocupando a região intramedular óssea, e entre a haste e as corticais ósseas, proliferação de tecido conjuntivo altamente vascularizado. Tal tecido apresentou-se altamente celular com diferenciação em osteoblastos. Notaram-se também fibras colágenas, variando de aspecto frouxo a denso, e observou-se formação de matriz óssea diferenciada com osteócitos em lacunas e formações de medula óssea, denotando formação de calo ósseo sem sinais de rejeição do implante. A haste intramedular de poliamida 12 foi eficaz para estabilização das fraturas utilizando-se esse modelo experimental, sem reação de rejeição pelo período de 90 dias.(AU)

NANOTUBOS DE CARBONO E ÁCIDO HÚMICO: MODIFICAÇÃO MECANOQUÍMICA, CARACTERIZAÇÃO E ECOTOXICIDADE AQUÁTICA

Nanomateriais de carbono são materiais promissores para diversas aplicações industriais, médicas e ambientais, visto que apresentam inéditas propriedades físico-químicas. Todavia, a superfície hidrofóbica destes materiais impede sua dispersão em meios aquosos e interação com sistemas biológicos, dificultando sua aplicação. Neste sentido, procedimentos de oxidação química são comumente aplicados a estes materiais a fim de reduzir sua hidrofobicidade. Todavia, nestes processos são utilizados reagentes químicos oxidantes fortes e altas temperaturas, potencializando a ocorrência de acidentes ocupacionais e ambientais. Neste trabalho, um método mecanoquímico ecologicamente amigável foi proposto para modificar nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (NTCPM) com ácido húmico (AH), com o intuito de produzir um material híbrido promissor (AH-NTCPM) para aplicações ambientais. As propriedades físico-químicas do AHNTCPM foram estudadas e seu potencial de aplicação para remediação ambiental foi testado em experimentos de adsorção de íons Cu(II). Ademais, uma vez que a toxicidade dos nanomateriais é um aspecto crítico, ensaios ecotoxicológicos foram realizados com organismos aquáticos (Hydra attenuata, Daphnia magna e embriões de Danio rerio). A partir dos resultados obtidos, destaca-se que o método aplicado foi eficiente em produzir modificações estruturais, morfológicas e químicas nos NTCPM, as quais resultaram em um revestimento de ácido húmico estável sobre estes. Este revestimento foi crucial para diminuir a hidrofobicidade dos NTCPM, proporcionando-lhes estabilidade coloidal em água deionizada e alta capacidade de adsorção de metais a partir de soluções aquosas. Ademais, até a máxima concentração testada (10 mg L-1 ), nenhum efeito de ecotoxicidade aguda foi observado. Desta forma, nossos resultados sugerem que o híbrido produzido é um sistema funcional e promissor para tecnologias ambientais.

Carbon nanomaterials are promising materials for industrial, medical and environmental applications, since they present unreleased physicochemical properties. However, the hydrophobic surface of these materials hinders their dispersion in aqueous media and compatibility with biological systems. In this sense, chemical oxidation procedures are commonly applied to those materials in order to reduce their hydrophobicity. Nonetheless, in these procedures are used corrosive chemical reagents (e.g. H2SO4 and HNO3) and high temperatures, potentiating the occurrence of environmental and occupational accidents. In this work, an eco-friendly mechanochemical process was proposed to modify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with humic acid (HA), in order to produce a promising hybrid material (HA-MWCNT) for environmental applications. The physicochemical properties of HA-MWCNT was studied and their potential for environmental remediation was tested in Cu(II) adsorption experiments. Finally, since nanomaterials toxicity to biological organisms is a critical aspect, ecotoxicological assays were performed with aquatic organisms (Hydra attenuata, Daphnia magna and Danio rerio embryos). Regarding the obtained results, we highlight that the method applied was efficient to create structural, morphological and chemical modifications on the MWCNT, which resulting in a humic acid coating on the MWCNTs. This coating was crucial to decrease the CNTs hydrophobicity, providing to them colloidal stability in deionized water and high adsorption capacity of metal from aqueous solution. Besides that, until the highest tested concentration (10 mg L-1 ) no effect of acute ecotoxicity was observed. Therefore, our results suggest that the hybrid produced is a functional and promising system for environmental technologies.

Avaliação das características físico-químicas e microbiológicas dos componentes fibrosos obtidos da moagem úmida de grãos de milho / Physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of fibrous components obtained from corn wet milling

As fibras são materiais não digeríveis pelo organismo humano e insolúveis em condições específicas. A fibra do milho tem sido utilizada como componente alternativo para enriquecer produtos alimentícios destinados ao consumo humano, com o intuito de agregar valor a esse coproduto. No presente estudo foram determinadas as características químicas e as frações componentes de fibras de milho, extraídas por moagem úmida, em laboratório (FLab), e moagem semiúmida, em processo industrial (FInd); neste último produto foi realizada análise microbiológica. A composição das fibras diferiu estatisticamente entre ambas as amostras (p < 0,05) quanto aos teores de umidade, cinzas, lipídeos, proteínas, fibra alimentar insolúvel, fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), celulose e lignina. A amostra FInd demonstrou parâmetros microbiológicos em conformidade com as especificações adequadas para oconsumo. As fibras de milho estudadas podem contribuir efetivamente para o aumento do aporte de fibras na dieta alimentar. Em vista da fibra obtida pelo FInd ter demonstrado parâmetros microbiológicos em conformidade com as especificações para alimentos, esse componente poderá ser incorporado na formulação de produtos alimentícios.(AU)

Fibers are non-digestible materials by human organism, and they are insoluble in specific conditions. The corn fiber has been used as an alternative to enrich the food products for human consumption, in order to add nutritious value to this co-product. This study aimed at determining the chemical and fractions components of corn fiber, extracted by semi-wet milling in laboratory (LabF), and by semi-humid milling in industrial process (IndF); and microbiological analyses were perform in the last fraction. The fiber composition differed significantly among these two products as to moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, insoluble dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose and lignin contents. Thesample IndF showed microbiological parameters in compliance with the specifications for consumption. The investigated corn fiber may effectively contribute to increase the fiber intake in the diet. As the industrially processed fiber (IndF) showed compliant microbiological parameters with the specifications for food, this component might be incorporated into the food products formulation.(AU)

Diferentes granulometrias de rações sobre o ganho de peso, crescimento, sobrevivência e reversão sexual para tilápias-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) / Different diameters of diets about weight gain, growing, survival and sex reversal to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de três diferentes granulometrias de rações fareladas (0,25, 0,35 e 0,50 mm) sobre o ganho de peso, crescimento, sobrevivência e proporção sexual para larvas de tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de idade. Nos primeiros 30 dias de vida, as larvas foram revertidas com rações contendo hormônio 17 α-metiltestosterona na dosagem de 60 mg/kg de ração, respeitando-se as diferentes granulometrias e após este período, foram medidas, pesadas e contadas para cálculo da taxa de sobrevivência. Para as variáveis biométricas de peso e comprimento total, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em parcelas subdivididas, com três tratamentos e três repetições, considerando-se parcelas as três granulometrias de ração e subparcelas as três idades. Ao término do estudo, os peixes alimentados com as granulometrias 0,35 e 0,25 mm, obtiveram os melhores resultados para o ganho de peso (14,42 g e 13,36 g) e comprimento total (83,13 mm e 82,72 mm), não diferindo estatisticamente e as rações com diâmetros de grão 0,50 e 0,35 mm resultaram em 96,66% e 93,33% de machos, respectivamente, após análise histológica das gônadas, sem diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos.(AU)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of three different diameters of crumble diets (0.25, 0.35 and 0.50 mm) on weight gain, growing, survival and sexual proportion to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae with 30, 60 and 90 days of age. In the first 30 days of age larvae were submitted to sex reversion with diets containing the hormone 17 α-methyltestosterone in a dosage of 60mg/kg of ration, respecting the different diameters and after this period, larvae were measured, weighed and counted for calculation of survival taxes. For the biometrical parameters as weight and total length a completely randomized design was used in subdivided installments with three treatments and three repetitions, considering installments the three diameters of diet and the sub installments, the three ages. In the end of this study, fish fed with diets of grain diameters 0.35 and 0.25 mm obtained the best results for weight gain (14.42 g and 13.36 g) and total length (83.13 mm and 82.72 mm), although these results were not statistically significant, and diets with grain diameters 0.50 and 0.35 mm resulted in 96,66 % and 93,33% of males, respectively, after histological analysis of gonads, without statistics differences between the treatments.(AU)

Grain quality of upland rice cultivars in response to cropping systems in the Brazilian tropical savanna

The industrial quality of grain is an important parameter to determine the commercial value of rice and can be influenced by water availability and type of cultivar. The present study aimed to evaluate the milling yield as well as the protein and nutrient contents of polished grains originated from two upland rice cultivars grown under rainfed and sprinkler-irrigated conditions. A randomized block design was used in a split-plot arrangement with eight replicates. Plots consisted of two cropping systems (rainfed and sprinkler-irrigated) with subplots consisting of two cultivars recommended for upland ecosystems (IAC 201 and Carajás). The sprinkler irrigation system increased upland rice milling (8.0%) and head rice yield (23.7%), for years with hot and dry weather spells occurring during the reproductive and maturation stages. Under conditions of lower water availability, the Carajás cultivar showed a milled yield value 5.1% higher than that of cultivar IAC 201. Lower water availability provided increases in protein, N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn contents but reductions in S and Cu in the polished grains. Cultivars IAC 201 and Carajás had similar nutrient contents in the polished grains.

A qualidade industrial do grão beneficiado é parâmetro importante para determinar o valor de comercialização do arroz e pode estar relacionada com a disponibilidade hídrica e o cultivar utilizado. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento de engenho e teores de nutrientes e proteínas nos grãos brunidos provenientes de dois cultivares de arroz de terras altas conduzidos sob condições de sequeiro e irrigados por aspersão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcela subdividida, com oito repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por dois sistemas de cultivo (sequeiro e irrigado por aspersão) e as subparcelas por dois cultivares indicados para o ecossistema de terras altas (IAC 201 e Carajás). A irrigação por aspersão aumentou o rendimento de engenho (8,0%) e de grãos inteiros (23,7%) do arroz de terras altas, em anos com ocorrência de veranicos nas fases reprodutiva e de maturação. Sob condições de baixa disponibilidade hídrica o cultivar Carajás apresenta rendimento de benefício 5,1% maior do que o cultivar IAC 201. A baixa disponibilidade hídrica promove acréscimo nos teores de proteína, N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe e Zn nos grãos brunidos, porém reduz os teores de S e Cu. Os teores de nutrientes nos grãos brunidos dos cultivares IAC 201 e Carajás são similares.

Grain quality of upland rice cultivars in response to cropping systems in the Brazilian tropical savanna

The industrial quality of grain is an important parameter to determine the commercial value of rice and can be influenced by water availability and type of cultivar. The present study aimed to evaluate the milling yield as well as the protein and nutrient contents of polished grains originated from two upland rice cultivars grown under rainfed and sprinkler-irrigated conditions. A randomized block design was used in a split-plot arrangement with eight replicates. Plots consisted of two cropping systems (rainfed and sprinkler-irrigated) with subplots consisting of two cultivars recommended for upland ecosystems (IAC 201 and Carajás). The sprinkler irrigation system increased upland rice milling (8.0%) and head rice yield (23.7%), for years with hot and dry weather spells occurring during the reproductive and maturation stages. Under conditions of lower water availability, the Carajás cultivar showed a milled yield value 5.1% higher than that of cultivar IAC 201. Lower water availability provided increases in protein, N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn contents but reductions in S and Cu in the polished grains. Cultivars IAC 201 and Carajás had similar nutrient contents in the polished grains.

A qualidade industrial do grão beneficiado é parâmetro importante para determinar o valor de comercialização do arroz e pode estar relacionada com a disponibilidade hídrica e o cultivar utilizado. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento de engenho e teores de nutrientes e proteínas nos grãos brunidos provenientes de dois cultivares de arroz de terras altas conduzidos sob condições de sequeiro e irrigados por aspersão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcela subdividida, com oito repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por dois sistemas de cultivo (sequeiro e irrigado por aspersão) e as subparcelas por dois cultivares indicados para o ecossistema de terras altas (IAC 201 e Carajás). A irrigação por aspersão aumentou o rendimento de engenho (8,0%) e de grãos inteiros (23,7%) do arroz de terras altas, em anos com ocorrência de veranicos nas fases reprodutiva e de maturação. Sob condições de baixa disponibilidade hídrica o cultivar Carajás apresenta rendimento de benefício 5,1% maior do que o cultivar IAC 201. A baixa disponibilidade hídrica promove acréscimo nos teores de proteína, N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe e Zn nos grãos brunidos, porém reduz os teores de S e Cu. Os teores de nutrientes nos grãos brunidos dos cultivares IAC 201 e Carajás são similares.

Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn / Different sieving methods for determining the physical characteristics in ground corn

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.

Fresado de la falange distal como tratamiento de la osteítis en bubalinos: relato de caso / Milling of the distal phalanx as treatment for osteitis in a water buffalo: case report / Fresamento da falange distal como tratamento de osteíte em bubalino: Relato de caso

En este relato de caso se describe el tratamiento quirúrgico de la osteítis séptica de la falange distal de una búfala de siete meses de edad. Con un tiempo de evolución desconocido, en el momento de ser atendido, el animal manifestaba claudicación de apoyo del miembro anterior izquierdo, evidente al caminar, con presencia de una fístula purulenta emergente dela región bulbar de la una lateral, aumento del volumen y temperatura local, con gran sensibilidad dolorosa a la manipulación. El examen radiográfico reveló osteólisis de la falange distal lateral del miembro anterior izquierdo, indicando una osteítis séptica Después del tratamiento con penicilina y sulfa, sin respuesta satisfactoria, se optó por la cirugía. Se realizó el fresado de la falange distal afectada con el animal tranquilizado en decúbito lateral, con anestesia local, procedimiento durante el cual, perforándose la suela y fresando la falange distal, se retiró el tejido óseo afectado. En el postoperatorio se realizó tratamiento local con apósito protector, y por vía sistémica se medicó al animal con penicilina y enrofloxacina. La claudicación presentó una regresión gradual, despareciendo a los 30 días del fresado. Las alteraciones locales observadas al examen clínico desaparecieron al séptimo día de la cirugía. La lesión quirúrgica presentó regresión satisfactoria, sin secreciones, con presencia de tejido de granu

This report describes the surgical treatment of distal phalanx septic osteitis in a seven-month old buffalo. The animal was presented with severe support lameness of the left forelimb, a suppurate fistula on the heel of the lateral claw, increased volume and temperature in the affected area which was painful at manipulation. The radiographic examination revealed osteolysis in the distal lateral phalanx of the limbo Surgery became necessary as treatment with penicillin and sulfa did not bring satisfactory results. Milling of the affected phalanx was performed after the animal received a tranquilizer and regional anesthesia, and was placed in lateral decubitus. A boring miller and an angle cutter were used to drill the sole and remove the affected bone tissue. In the postoperative period, a protective bandage was placed and systemic antibiotics, penicillin and enrofloxacin, were given. The lameness degree was reduced and disappeared on the 30th day after surgery. After the 7th day, local alterations were no longer found during the clinical exam. Healing of the surgical lesion was satisfactory, without secretions, and healthy granulation tissue was present until the 30th day after surgery, the lesion being fully keratinized on the 36th day. The locomotor function was fully recovered twenty nine months later and the animal was still in the herd. The use of milling as a surgical tre

Neste relato de caso, descreve-se o tratamento cirúrgico da osteíte séptica da falange distai de uma búfala de sete meses de idade. Com tempo de evolução desconhecido, o animal foi atendido manifestando claudicação de apoio do membro anterior esquerdo, evidente ao passo, com presença de fístula purulenta emergente da região bulbar da unha lateral, aumento de volume e temperatura local desta região, com grande sensibilidade dolorosa à manipulação. O exame radiográfico revelou osteólise da falange distai lateral do membro anterior esquerdo, indicativo de osteíte séptica. Após tratamento com penicilina e sulfa, sem resposta satisfatória, optou-se pela cirurgia. O fresamento da falange distai acometida foi realizado como animal tranquilizado em decúbito lateral, com anestesia regional, procedimento pelo qual, perfurando-se a sola e fresando-se a falange distai, retirou-se o tecido ósseo afetado. No pós-operatório foi realizado tratamento local com penso protetor e, por via sistêmica, o animal foi medicado com penicilina e enrofloxacina. A claudicação regrediu gradativamente e desapareceu no 30" dia após o fresarnento. As alterações locais observadas ao exame clínico desapareceram sete dias após a cirurgia. A lesão cirúrgica regrediu satisfatoriamente, sem secreções, com presença de tecido de granulação até 30 dias de pós-operatório, com completa queratinização da lesão no 360 dia d

Fresado de la falange distal como tratamiento de la osteítis en bubalinos: relato de caso / Milling of the distal phalanx as treatment for osteitis in a water buffalo: case report / Fresamento da falange distal como tratamento de osteíte em bubalino: Relato de caso

En este relato de caso se describe el tratamiento quirúrgico de la osteítis séptica de la falange distal de una búfala de siete meses de edad. Con un tiempo de evolución desconocido, en el momento de ser atendido, el animal manifestaba claudicación de apoyo del miembro anterior izquierdo, evidente al caminar, con presencia de una fístula purulenta emergente dela región bulbar de la una lateral, aumento del volumen y temperatura local, con gran sensibilidad dolorosa a la manipulación. El examen radiográfico reveló osteólisis de la falange distal lateral del miembro anterior izquierdo, indicando una osteítis séptica Después del tratamiento con penicilina y sulfa, sin respuesta satisfactoria, se optó por la cirugía. Se realizó el fresado de la falange distal afectada con el animal tranquilizado en decúbito lateral, con anestesia local, procedimiento durante el cual, perforándose la suela y fresando la falange distal, se retiró el tejido óseo afectado. En el postoperatorio se realizó tratamiento local con apósito protector, y por vía sistémica se medicó al animal con penicilina y enrofloxacina. La claudicación presentó una regresión gradual, despareciendo a los 30 días del fresado. Las alteraciones locales observadas al examen clínico desaparecieron al séptimo día de la cirugía. La lesión quirúrgica presentó regresión satisfactoria, sin secreciones, con presencia de tejido de granu

This report describes the surgical treatment of distal phalanx septic osteitis in a seven-month old buffalo. The animal was presented with severe support lameness of the left forelimb, a suppurate fistula on the heel of the lateral claw, increased volume and temperature in the affected area which was painful at manipulation. The radiographic examination revealed osteolysis in the distal lateral phalanx of the limbo Surgery became necessary as treatment with penicillin and sulfa did not bring satisfactory results. Milling of the affected phalanx was performed after the animal received a tranquilizer and regional anesthesia, and was placed in lateral decubitus. A boring miller and an angle cutter were used to drill the sole and remove the affected bone tissue. In the postoperative period, a protective bandage was placed and systemic antibiotics, penicillin and enrofloxacin, were given. The lameness degree was reduced and disappeared on the 30th day after surgery. After the 7th day, local alterations were no longer found during the clinical exam. Healing of the surgical lesion was satisfactory, without secretions, and healthy granulation tissue was present until the 30th day after surgery, the lesion being fully keratinized on the 36th day. The locomotor function was fully recovered twenty nine months later and the animal was still in the herd. The use of milling as a surgical tre

Neste relato de caso, descreve-se o tratamento cirúrgico da osteíte séptica da falange distai de uma búfala de sete meses de idade. Com tempo de evolução desconhecido, o animal foi atendido manifestando claudicação de apoio do membro anterior esquerdo, evidente ao passo, com presença de fístula purulenta emergente da região bulbar da unha lateral, aumento de volume e temperatura local desta região, com grande sensibilidade dolorosa à manipulação. O exame radiográfico revelou osteólise da falange distai lateral do membro anterior esquerdo, indicativo de osteíte séptica. Após tratamento com penicilina e sulfa, sem resposta satisfatória, optou-se pela cirurgia. O fresamento da falange distai acometida foi realizado como animal tranquilizado em decúbito lateral, com anestesia regional, procedimento pelo qual, perfurando-se a sola e fresando-se a falange distai, retirou-se o tecido ósseo afetado. No pós-operatório foi realizado tratamento local com penso protetor e, por via sistêmica, o animal foi medicado com penicilina e enrofloxacina. A claudicação regrediu gradativamente e desapareceu no 30" dia após o fresarnento. As alterações locais observadas ao exame clínico desapareceram sete dias após a cirurgia. A lesão cirúrgica regrediu satisfatoriamente, sem secreções, com presença de tecido de granulação até 30 dias de pós-operatório, com completa queratinização da lesão no 360 dia d