Canine hypothyroidism with neurological disorders

Background: Hypothyroidism is characterized by hypofunction of the thyroid gland. It results in deficient production of thyroid hormones. Neurological disorders resulting from hypothyroidism are rare, which highlights the importance of this study. This study reports a case of hypothyroidism in a dog with neurological clinical signs, that was treated at the Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz's Veterinary Hospital (HV-UESC). Case: A 4-year-old male intact Dogo Argentino breed dog, weighing 64 kg, presenting obesity, anorexia, prostration, walking in circles, and chronic dermatopathy was presented at HV-UESC. Upon physical examination, the animal presented a deficit of proprioception in the 4 limbs, with preserved superficial and deep pain. No alteration was observed in the ears, that could explained the clinical signs. In terms of dermatopathy, the animal presented symmetrical alopecia in the lateral region of the thighs and tail. Blood samples were collected for a complete blood count and biochemical tests of urea, creatinine, ALT, AST and cholesterol. Imaging radiography and ultrasonography were performed, which ruled out thoracic and abdominal changes that could be related to the case. Prior to receiving the blood test results, idiopathic encephalitis was suspected and enrofloxacin and prednisone were prescribed for 7 days. During the medication period, previous exams were provided, which indicated only increased cholesterol (500 mg/dL). The animal showed no improvement with the prescribed medication. In view of the clinical signs presented by the patient and the results of the additional tests, hormonal disease was suspected, compatible with hypothyroidism. Thus, hormonal tests of total T4, free T4, and TSH were requested, leading to verification of reduced total T4 (0.3 ng/dL) and free T4 (0.15 ng/dL) levels, and confirming the dysfunction of the thyroid gland. The previous treatment was suspended and thyroid hormone replacement was initiated. After 3 days of treatment, the neurological signs regressed and the animal became more active; after 30 days, the areas of alopecia decreased. Although the patient did not receive the recommended clinical follow-up for such cases, it was possible to establish the ideal levothyroxine dosage for the dog after appropriate adjustments, which permitted thyroid hormone levels to return to normal. Discussion: This report refers to a case of hypothyroidism in a giant dog breed. The dog in the report showed clinical signs of a dermatological, metabolic, and neurological nature, which is consistent with a lack of thyroid hormone. The main signs presented by the animal were neurological, such as walking in circles and a deficit of proprioception in the four limbs. These clinical signs are rarely mentioned in the literature associated with hypothyroidism. Laboratory abnormalities are correlated with the severity and chronicity of the disease. The animal showed a decrease in total T4 and free T4, which is to be expected in a hypothyroid animal. As a result, levothyroxine replacement treatment was initiated. The dose used for the dog, which is the recommended dose in the literature, greatly increased its total T4 levels. As a result, the dose was readjusted after a new clinical evaluation. The rate of metabolism and absorption of levothyroxine varies widely and is independent of weight. The patient showed quickly improvement in neurological signs, activity level, and serum cholesterol rate. Regarding dermatological signs and body condition, there was a more gradual improvement. This corroborates what is mentioned in the literature, which indicates that improvements can take many months

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...(AU)

Neurite idiopática do nervo trigêmeo em um cão / Idiopathic neuritis of the trigeminal nerve in a dog

Background: Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy whose clinical signs include inability to close themouth. A neurological examination reveals mainly flaccid paralysis of the masticatory muscles, which may be accompaniedby atony/hypotonia of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Altered sensitivity may also be present in very rare cases.This article reports a case of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy with involvement of the motor and sensory nerve fibers in adog, describing the clinical symptoms, neurological findings, exclusion of other diseases, and evolution of the condition.Case: A 5-year-old bitch showing signs of difficulty in picking up food, swallowing water, and hypersalivation was takento a veterinary clinic. According to her owner, these signs had started spontaneously 2 days earlier. A physical examinationof the animal revealed only a persistently open mouth, although the mouth opening and closing movements could be performed manually by manipulating the jaw. The patient showed swallowing ability, and her tongue movements were intact.The neurological examination revealed that the animal also presented bilateral absence of nasal sensitivity and absenceof palpebral reflex. The animal’s blood test results showed changes only in the CK and AST levels, which were 1,182.60U/L (reference: 1.5 to 28.4 U/L) and 87.1 IU/L (reference: 6.2 to 13 IU/L), respectively. The animal tested negative fordistemper, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. Abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography were performedto investigate neoplasia, as well as radiography of the temporomandibular joints, and none of these imaging tests revealedany alterations. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was also within the normal range of reference parameters. In view ofthe possibility of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy, prednisolone...

Neurite idiopática do nervo trigêmeo em um cão / Idiopathic neuritis of the trigeminal nerve in a dog

Background: Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy whose clinical signs include inability to close themouth. A neurological examination reveals mainly flaccid paralysis of the masticatory muscles, which may be accompaniedby atony/hypotonia of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Altered sensitivity may also be present in very rare cases.This article reports a case of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy with involvement of the motor and sensory nerve fibers in adog, describing the clinical symptoms, neurological findings, exclusion of other diseases, and evolution of the condition.Case: A 5-year-old bitch showing signs of difficulty in picking up food, swallowing water, and hypersalivation was takento a veterinary clinic. According to her owner, these signs had started spontaneously 2 days earlier. A physical examinationof the animal revealed only a persistently open mouth, although the mouth opening and closing movements could be performed manually by manipulating the jaw. The patient showed swallowing ability, and her tongue movements were intact.The neurological examination revealed that the animal also presented bilateral absence of nasal sensitivity and absenceof palpebral reflex. The animals blood test results showed changes only in the CK and AST levels, which were 1,182.60U/L (reference: 1.5 to 28.4 U/L) and 87.1 IU/L (reference: 6.2 to 13 IU/L), respectively. The animal tested negative fordistemper, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. Abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography were performedto investigate neoplasia, as well as radiography of the temporomandibular joints, and none of these imaging tests revealedany alterations. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was also within the normal range of reference parameters. In view ofthe possibility of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy, prednisolone...(AU)

Efeitos dos colírios a base de cloridrato de dorzolamida a 2% e latanoprosta a 0, 005% sobre a superfície ocular de coelhos / Effects of 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride and 0.005% latanoprost solutions on the eye surface of rabbits

Background: The glaucoma is a progressive optical neuropathy generally associated to the increase of the intraocular pressure (IOP). It is a disease of difficult therapeutic conduct and potential cause of blindness. The dorzolamide at 2% and the latanoprost at 0.005% are topical antiglaucoma drugs that cause significant reduction of the IOP. We decided to evaluate the local adverse effects of the dorzolamide at 2% and of the latanoprost at 0.005% in rabbits treated during 120 days. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen adult male rabbits were used in this study. They were randomly distributed into 3 groups (G) [n = 6]. Each animal received topical treatment in both eyes: GI (latanoprost at 0.005%, SID); GII (dorzolamide at 2%, TID) and GIII (ultra-pure water, TID) during 120 days. Ophthalmological evaluation was carried out through daily clinical examination, and at the end of the 120 days of treatment, it was verified clinical-ophthalmological alterations in the eyelids. The measurement of ECC was performed in triplicate, obtaining the lowest value among them as a result. They were carried out at the same time, in the morning between 9 and 10 am in order to avoid the effects of daytime ECC variation related to corneal hydration. In animals from group I, changes were observed in two eyes. Conjunctival hyperemia and ocular secretion, both in mild degree, were evidenced, respectively, in 13.75% and 9.1% of the observations. Conjunctival hyperemia was characterized from the 16th day and lasted until the final time (120 days). The animals from GII, treated with dorzolamide at 2%, presented the highest number of ophthalmological alterations. At the end of the experiment, conjunctival and eyelid changes and presence of ocular secretion, both ranging from mild to moderate, were observed in 60% and 16.32% of eyes, respectively. The animals from control group, GIII, did not present ophthalmological alterations. Discussion: Clinical signs observed in eyes...

Chronic renal failure in equine due to ascending pyelonephritis predisposed by cauda equina syndrome: case report / Insuficiência renal crônica em equino devido à pielonefrite ascendente predisposta por síndrome da cauda equina: relato de caso

Descreve-se o caso de uma égua, da raça Campeiro, utilizada como doadora de embriões, que apresentava quadros de cistite recorrente e incontinência urinária. Os sinais clínicos evoluíram para emagrecimento progressivo, anorexia, apatia e isolamento do plantel. Ao exame físico, foi identificada hipotonia da cauda, hipoalgesia da região perineal, flacidez retal e vesical, compatíveis com sinais relacionados à síndrome da cauda equina. Exames complementares laboratoriais, exame ultrassonográfico e necropsia confirmaram o diagnóstico de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), a qual foi atribuida à pielonefrite ascendente. O exame de urocultura demonstrou crescimento de bactérias do gêneroStreptococcus sp. Este é um caso raro em equinos em que a disfunção de neurônio motor inferior propiciou o desenvolvimento de processo infeccioso no trato urinário, progredindo para um quadro crônico renal incompatível com a vida.(AU)

Descreve-se o caso de uma égua, da raça Campeiro, utilizada como doadora de embriões, que apresentava quadros de cistite recorrente e incontinência urinária. Os sinais clínicos evoluíram para emagrecimento progressivo, anorexia, apatia e isolamento do plantel. Ao exame físico, foi identificada hipotonia da cauda, hipoalgesia da região perineal, flacidez retal e vesical, compatíveis com sinais relacionados à síndrome da cauda equina. Exames complementares laboratoriais, exame ultrassonográfico e necropsia confirmaram o diagnóstico de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), a qual foi atribuida à pielonefrite ascendente. O exame de urocultura demonstrou crescimento de bactérias do gênero Streptococcus sp. Este é um caso raro em equinos em que a disfunção de neurônio motor inferior propiciou o desenvolvimento de processo infeccioso no trato urinário, progredindo para um quadro crônico renal incompatível com a vida.(AU)

Chronic renal failure in equine due to ascending pyelonephritis predisposed by cauda equina syndrome: case report / Insuficiência renal crônica em equino devido à pielonefrite ascendente predisposta por síndrome da cauda equina: relato de caso

Descreve-se o caso de uma égua, da raça Campeiro, utilizada como doadora de embriões, que apresentava quadros de cistite recorrente e incontinência urinária. Os sinais clínicos evoluíram para emagrecimento progressivo, anorexia, apatia e isolamento do plantel. Ao exame físico, foi identificada hipotonia da cauda, hipoalgesia da região perineal, flacidez retal e vesical, compatíveis com sinais relacionados à síndrome da cauda equina. Exames complementares laboratoriais, exame ultrassonográfico e necropsia confirmaram o diagnóstico de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), a qual foi atribuida à pielonefrite ascendente. O exame de urocultura demonstrou crescimento de bactérias do gêneroStreptococcus sp. Este é um caso raro em equinos em que a disfunção de neurônio motor inferior propiciou o desenvolvimento de processo infeccioso no trato urinário, progredindo para um quadro crônico renal incompatível com a vida.(AU)

This report describes the case of a mare, of the Campeiro breed, used as an embryo donor, which had recurrent cystitis and urinary incontinence crisis. Clinical signs evolved to progressive weight loss, anorexia, apathy, and isolation from the group. Physical examination showed tail hypotonia, perineal hypalgesia, rectal and bladder sagging compatible with signs related to cauda equina syndrome. Complementary laboratory and sonographic assessment, and necropsy confirmed the diagnosis of chronic renal failure (CRF), which was attributed to the ascending pyelonephritis. The examination of urine culture showed growth of bacteria of the genus Streptococcus sp. This is a rare case in the equine species where the lower motor neuron dysfunction led the development of infectious process in the urinary tract, progressing to renal chronic condition incompatible with life.(AU)

Unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis in a dog

Background: A spayed-female mixed breed dog was presented due to 2 years reduced visual acuity in the left eye. The investigation revealed corneal melanosis, keratoconjunctivis sicca and loss of facial sensation in the same side. The aim of this report is to describe an unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis and keratitis as consequence of corneal innervation loss was established. Unilateral sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis is a very rare lesion in dogs and causes are unclear. Case: A 5-year-old spayed-female mixed breed dog was presented with a history of two years reduced visual acuity in the left eye. The Schirmer tear test values (without use of topical anesthetic) were 11 and 17 mm/min in the left and right eye respectively. Fluorescein tests were negative for both eyes. All postural reactions and spinal reflexes were normal. Cranial nerve evaluation identified symmetrical facial muscles (temporalis, masseter), indicating no muscle atrophy and normal motor nucleus of the fifth nerve. Absent sensation at the upper and lower lips margins, cornea, eyelids (medial and lateral canthi) and sensation in left nasal side were noted. No palpebral reflex was noticed, but there was spontaneous blinking of eyelids, which indicated normal facial nerve function. All other cranial nerve reflexes including menace response, oculocephalic, and gag reflexes were normal. The owner declined further workup, including cerebrospinal fluid analysis and images studies. According to the clinical presentation and neurological findings, presumptive diagnosis of unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis was established. The dog was observed over 18 months without any clinical improvement. The Schirmer tear test showed same values (12 mm/min) and the melanosis remained unchanged.Discussion: Lesions that affected trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion, or trigeminal tract in the pons and medulla caused facial hypoalgesia or analgesia...

Unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis in a dog

Background: A spayed-female mixed breed dog was presented due to 2 years reduced visual acuity in the left eye. The investigation revealed corneal melanosis, keratoconjunctivis sicca and loss of facial sensation in the same side. The aim of this report is to describe an unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis and keratitis as consequence of corneal innervation loss was established. Unilateral sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis is a very rare lesion in dogs and causes are unclear. Case: A 5-year-old spayed-female mixed breed dog was presented with a history of two years reduced visual acuity in the left eye. The Schirmer tear test values (without use of topical anesthetic) were 11 and 17 mm/min in the left and right eye respectively. Fluorescein tests were negative for both eyes. All postural reactions and spinal reflexes were normal. Cranial nerve evaluation identified symmetrical facial muscles (temporalis, masseter), indicating no muscle atrophy and normal motor nucleus of the fifth nerve. Absent sensation at the upper and lower lips margins, cornea, eyelids (medial and lateral canthi) and sensation in left nasal side were noted. No palpebral reflex was noticed, but there was spontaneous blinking of eyelids, which indicated normal facial nerve function. All other cranial nerve reflexes including menace response, oculocephalic, and gag reflexes were normal. The owner declined further workup, including cerebrospinal fluid analysis and images studies. According to the clinical presentation and neurological findings, presumptive diagnosis of unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis was established. The dog was observed over 18 months without any clinical improvement. The Schirmer tear test showed same values (12 mm/min) and the melanosis remained unchanged.Discussion: Lesions that affected trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion, or trigeminal tract in the pons and medulla caused facial hypoalgesia or analgesia...(AU)

Megaesophagus secondary to feline dysautonomia (Key-Gaskell Syndrome) in a cat / Megaesôfago secundário a disautonomia felina (Síndrome de Key-Gaskell) em um gato

Background: Feline dysautonomia is a rare autonomic neuropathy of unknown cause, that has already been reported in Europe, the United States and Brazil. Cats usually show nonspecific clinical signs that are associated with autonomic dysfunction of the nervous system. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs and imaging tests, and confirmed by necropsy and histopathological findings. The prognosis is poor and there is no definitive treatment. The aim of this report is to describe a case of feline dysautonomia with emphasis in the clinical, diagnostic imaging and histopathological findings. Feline dysautonomia must always be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of megaesophagus in cats.Case: A mixed-breed young male cat was evaluated for anorexia, regurgitation, bilateral nasal discharge and dyspnoea for 24 h. The animal was dehydrated and had pale mucous membranes, abdominal distension and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The neurological examination was normal. Abdominal ultrasound showed a distended bladder and normal intestinal motility. Chest radiography and esophageal contrast study exhibited megaesophagus in the intrathoracic region. Blood work showed mild neutrophilic leukocytosis and the presence of toxic neutrophils. The cat remained hospitalized for supportive care, including fluidtherapy, broad spectrum antibiotics, antiemetic and mucosal protective drugs. [...]

Megaesophagus secondary to feline dysautonomia (Key-Gaskell Syndrome) in a cat / Megaesôfago secundário a disautonomia felina (Síndrome de Key-Gaskell) em um gato

Background: Feline dysautonomia is a rare autonomic neuropathy of unknown cause, that has already been reported in Europe, the United States and Brazil. Cats usually show nonspecific clinical signs that are associated with autonomic dysfunction of the nervous system. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs and imaging tests, and confirmed by necropsy and histopathological findings. The prognosis is poor and there is no definitive treatment. The aim of this report is to describe a case of feline dysautonomia with emphasis in the clinical, diagnostic imaging and histopathological findings. Feline dysautonomia must always be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of megaesophagus in cats.Case: A mixed-breed young male cat was evaluated for anorexia, regurgitation, bilateral nasal discharge and dyspnoea for 24 h. The animal was dehydrated and had pale mucous membranes, abdominal distension and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The neurological examination was normal. Abdominal ultrasound showed a distended bladder and normal intestinal motility. Chest radiography and esophageal contrast study exhibited megaesophagus in the intrathoracic region. Blood work showed mild neutrophilic leukocytosis and the presence of toxic neutrophils. The cat remained hospitalized for supportive care, including fluidtherapy, broad spectrum antibiotics, antiemetic and mucosal protective drugs. [...](AU)

Facial paralysis secondary to hypothyroidism in a dog / Paralisia facial secundária a hipotireoidismo em cão

Background: Secondary neurological disorders hypothyroidism is unusual in dogs, especially when compared with other clinical signs, such as lethargy, weight gain and dermatological alterations. When manifested, these signals refer to the peripheral or central nervous system and the most common include: vestibular disease, seizures, laryngeal paralysis, polyneuropathy and paralysis of the facial nerve. Several reports of neurological disorders associated with hypothyroidism are found in literature, basically international. In the national literature, however, there are few reports on the subject. Thus, the aim of this study was to report a case of facial paralysis associated with hypothyroidism in a dog. Case: A male canine, the boxer race, with 7-year-old were referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UFSM with a history of difficult water and food intake and asymmetry of the face for seven days. On neurological examination, the animal found itself alert and locomotion, postural reactions and segmental reflexes without changes. In the evaluation of the cranial nerves, there was a menace response absent the right side, however with preserved vision, palpebral and lip ptosis of the right side and reflection palpebral absent on the same side. Opposite the historical, clinical, neurological and laboratory test findings, the diagnosis was facial paralysis secondary [...]

Facial paralysis secondary to hypothyroidism in a dog / Paralisia facial secundária a hipotireoidismo em cão

Background: Secondary neurological disorders hypothyroidism is unusual in dogs, especially when compared with other clinical signs, such as lethargy, weight gain and dermatological alterations. When manifested, these signals refer to the peripheral or central nervous system and the most common include: vestibular disease, seizures, laryngeal paralysis, polyneuropathy and paralysis of the facial nerve. Several reports of neurological disorders associated with hypothyroidism are found in literature, basically international. In the national literature, however, there are few reports on the subject. Thus, the aim of this study was to report a case of facial paralysis associated with hypothyroidism in a dog. Case: A male canine, the boxer race, with 7-year-old were referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UFSM with a history of difficult water and food intake and asymmetry of the face for seven days. On neurological examination, the animal found itself alert and locomotion, postural reactions and segmental reflexes without changes. In the evaluation of the cranial nerves, there was a menace response absent the right side, however with preserved vision, palpebral and lip ptosis of the right side and reflection palpebral absent on the same side. Opposite the historical, clinical, neurological and laboratory test findings, the diagnosis was facial paralysis secondary [...](AU)

AVALIAÇÃO DOS EFEITOS ANTINOCICEPTIVOS E ANTIOXIDANTE DA AMANTADINA EM MODELO DE NEUROPATIA PERIFÉRICA INDUZIDA PELA QUIMIOTERAPIA EM RATOS.

Amantadina é um antagonista não competitivo dos receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA amplamente utilizada no tratamento do Parkinson e como antiviral, com possível efeito analgésico em algumas enfermidades. Estudos recentes demonstraram que esse fármaco inibe a neuroinflamação, exercendo uma função de neuroproteção. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos antinociceptivo e antioxidante da amantadina em ratos após indução de dor neuropática periférica com sulfato de vincristina. Foram utilizados 64 ratos igualmente divididos em oito grupos (n=8): G1: Os animais não receberão nenhum fármaco (Naive), G2: Animais receberam 0,2ml de solução salina via IP, G3: Animais receberam vincristina (0,05mg/kg/IP), G4, G5, G6, G7 e G8: Animais receberam vincristina (0,05mg/kg/IP) e uma hora depois, receberam amantadina nas doses 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125mg/kg/VO, respectivamente, durante oito dias consecutivos. Após o tratamento os animais foram eutanasiados com sobredose de propofol 150mg/kg, via intravenosa, logo após foi coletado 9mm da medula espinal. Foi utilizado o analgesímetro digital para avaliação do limiar nociceptivo mecânico. Através da amostra colhida, a função antioxidante das enzimas catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi analisada por meio da mensuração da reação enzimática e imunohistoquímica. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste Bartlett's, os dados, então, foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Bonferroni para comparação das médias e para as variáveis sem distribuição normal foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis (P<0,05). Foi visto que a dor neuropática foi instituída com a administração do sulfato de vincristina como o protoloco mencionado e a amantadina aumentou significativamente o limiar mecânico dos animais, porém sem diferença entre as doses utilizadas. Em relação à atividade da CAT e SOD, a amantadina não interferiu na ativação de CAT e SOD. Conclui-se que a amantadina teve efeito inibidor da neuropatia periférica, porém seu efeito neuroprotetor não age pelas vias de antioxidativas da catalase e da superóxido dismutase

Amantadine is a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA-type glutamatergic receptors widely used in the treatment of Parkinson's and as an antiviral, with possible analgesic effect in some diseases. Recent studies have shown that this drug inhibits neuroinflammation, exercising a function of neuroprotection. The objective was to evaluate the antinociceptive and antioxidant effects of amantadine in rats after induction of peripheral neuropathic pain with vincristine sulfate. 64 rats were equally divided into eight groups: G1: Animals will not receive any drugs (Naive), G2: Animals received 0.2 ml of saline via IP, G3: Animals received vincristine (0.05mg / kg / IP), G4, G5, G6, G7 and G8: Animals received vincristine (0.05mg / kg / IP) and one hour later, received amantadine in doses 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125mg / kg / VO, respectively, for eight days . After treatment, the animals were euthanized with an overdose of propofol 150mg / kg, intravenously, just after 9mm of the spinal cord was collected. A digital analgesometer was used to assess the mechanical nociceptive threshold. Through the collected sample, the antioxidant function of the enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was analyzed by measuring the enzymatic and immunohistochemical reaction. The results were submitted to the Bartlett's test, the data were then subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni test to compare the means and for the variables without normal distribution, the KruskalWallis test (P <0, 05). It was seen that neuropathic pain was instituted with the administration of vincristine sulfate as the aforementioned protoloco and amantadine significantly increased the mechanical threshold of the animals, but without difference between the doses used. Regarding the activity of CAT and SOD, amantadine did not interfere with the activation of CAT and SOD. It is concluded that amantadine had an inhibitory effect on peripheral neuropathy, but its neuroprotective effect does not act through the SOD AND CAT pathways.

Sensory-motor neuropathy due to vincristine treatment in a dog

Background: Peripheral neuropathies secondary to chemotherapy drugs, especially when it comes to the use of vincristine, are common in humans, but rare in dogs. Neurologic manifestation depends on the kind of axonal fibers involved. When motor fibers are affected, weakness and ataxia are observed. Sensory fibers involvement, which can lead to hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia or paresthesia was reported experimentally in rats, and is common in humans but were never reported in dogs. Thus, this report aims at describing a mixed neuropathy, with sensory and motor involvement, in a dog after vincristine treatment. Case: A one year old mixed breed dog, rescued from the street, was presented with multiple nodular and ulcerated lesions, disseminated on the head, gums, flank and limbs, with progressive worsening in the last two months. Cytology of two subcutaneous and one gum nodule revealed an intense concentration of neutrophils and round cells with abnormally clumped chromatin patterns, prominent nucleoli and multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles, compatible with TVT. Treatment was initiated with a weekly administration of vincristine (0,75 mg/m2 ) combined with anti-emetic (maropitant) and H1 receptor inhibitor (ranitidine). Fast remission of the cutaneous lesions occurred. However, after the second chemo session, generalized hyperesthesia, mild ataxia, intermittent collapse and vomiting were...(AU)

Sensory-motor neuropathy due to vincristine treatment in a dog

Background: Peripheral neuropathies secondary to chemotherapy drugs, especially when it comes to the use of vincristine, are common in humans, but rare in dogs. Neurologic manifestation depends on the kind of axonal fibers involved. When motor fibers are affected, weakness and ataxia are observed. Sensory fibers involvement, which can lead to hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia or paresthesia was reported experimentally in rats, and is common in humans but were never reported in dogs. Thus, this report aims at describing a mixed neuropathy, with sensory and motor involvement, in a dog after vincristine treatment. Case: A one year old mixed breed dog, rescued from the street, was presented with multiple nodular and ulcerated lesions, disseminated on the head, gums, flank and limbs, with progressive worsening in the last two months. Cytology of two subcutaneous and one gum nodule revealed an intense concentration of neutrophils and round cells with abnormally clumped chromatin patterns, prominent nucleoli and multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles, compatible with TVT. Treatment was initiated with a weekly administration of vincristine (0,75 mg/m2 ) combined with anti-emetic (maropitant) and H1 receptor inhibitor (ranitidine). Fast remission of the cutaneous lesions occurred. However, after the second chemo session, generalized hyperesthesia, mild ataxia, intermittent collapse and vomiting were...

Associação entre neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular diabética e a ocorrência de hipotensão arterial em cães no período perioperatório

A diabetes mellitus é uma das principais causas da neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular em humanos, e está relacionada a instabilidade hemodinâmica durante a anestesia. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar a presença de complicações cardiovasculares e diagnosticar a presença desta neuropatia em cães diabéticos por meio da análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca. Foram incluídos no estudo 31 cães, entre 8 e 12 anos, sendo 17 diabéticos (GD) e 14 não portadores da afecção, considerados hígidos (GC). Todos os animais foram submetidos a análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, por meio de software específico, durante 15 minutos após exame físico. Ato contínuo, os cães receberam o mesmo protocolo anestésico para cirurgia de facoemulsificação e os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios foram registrados a cada 10 minutos até o término do procedimento cirúrgico. Os cães diabéticos apresentaram complicações cardiovasculares durante a anestesia, tais como, hipotensão e bradicardia. Diferença significativa foi encontrada na pressão arterial entre os grupos, onde 40% dos animais diabéticos necessitaram de fármacos vasotivos. Entretanto, não houve diferença nos parâmetros da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca avaliados pelo método linear (domínio do tempo e frequência) e não linear (entropia aproximada, índice cardiovagal e índice cardiossimpático). Desta forma, não podemos afirmar que a presença de instabilidade hemodinâmica observada nos cães diabéticos seja causada pela neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the main causes of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in humans and is associated with hemodynamic instability during anesthesia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular complications and to attempt to diagnose this neuropathy in diabetic dogs by analyzing heart rate variability. 31 dogs aged from 8 to 12 years old were included in this study, out of which 17 were diabetic (diabetic group DG) and 14 were considered healthy (control group CG). The animals were submitted to a heart rate variability analysis with a specific software for 15 minutes after physical examination. Subsequently, all dogs received the same anesthetic protocol to undergo phacoemulsification surgery and cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded every 10 minutes up to the end of the surgical procedure. Diabetic dogs showed cardiovascular complications during anesthesia such as hypotension and bradycardia. A significant difference between groups was found in blood pressure, as 40% of diabetic dogs needed vasoactive drugs. However, there were no significant differences between groups in heart rate variability parameters obtained through both linear (time and frequency domains) and non-linear (approximate entropy, cardiac vagal index and cardiac sympathetic index) methods. Therefore, it was not possible to confirm that the hemodynamic instability seen in diabetic dogs is caused by cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy.

Clinical and pathological aspects of multicentric hemangiosarcoma in a Pinscher dog / Sinais neurológicos multifocais devido ao hemangiossarcoma multicêntrico em um cão Pinscher: aspectos clínicos e patológicos

A 3-year-old female Pinscher dog was presented with a history of lameness and pain in hind limbs for one week which acutely progressed to non-ambulatory paraparesis. The dog had been apathetic and anorexic during the six days prior to presentation. The neurological findings were compatible with upper motor neuron signs to the left hind limb due to a spinal cord compressive mass on the twelfth thoracic vertebral body. On the other hand, signs of lower motor neurons to the right hind limb were due to a mass with a pathological fracture in the right proximal femur, compressing the sciatic nerve. A histopathological analysis of all organs revealedthe proliferation of endothelial cells showingin filtrative growth and organization into vascular structures with a solid pattern. In addition, immunohistochemycal analysis revealed low proliferation index and citoplasmatic positivity for CD-31, confirming the vascular nature of the neoplasm. Clinical, histopathological and immunophenotipical findings were consistent with hemangiosarcoma.(AU)

Uma cadela Pinscher de três anos de idade foi atendida em Hospital Veterinário Escola com histórico de dor nos membros pélvicos com progressão aguda para paraparesia não ambulatória. O animal estava apático e anoréxico há seis dias. Os achados neurológicos foram compatíveis com sinais de lesão de neurônios motores superiores para o membro pélvico esquerdo devido a uma massa no 12º corpo vertebral comprimindo a medula espinhal. Por outro lado, foram observados sinais de lesão de neurônios motores inferiores para o membro pélvico direito devido a uma fratura patológica no colo proximal do fêmur direito que comprimiu o nervo isquiático. Análises histopatológicas de todos os órgãos revelaram proliferação de células endoteliais com crescimento infiltrativo e organização sólida em estruturas vasculares. Adicionalmente, a análise imuno-histoquímica revelou baixa proliferação e marcação citoplasmática positiva para CD-31, confirmando a natureza vascular da neoplasia. Os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos foram consistentes com hemangiossarcoma.(AU)

About a case of blindness following scorpion envenomation

The author reports a case of blindness occurred after three scorpion stings in a young woman from the region Ouargla, Algeria. The absence of signs of neurological and cardiovascular envenomation and the functional examinations of eyes is likely to be the consequence of a toxic neuropathy. Two months later, blindness persists and functional prognosis remains reserved.(AU)