Influence of Phytase with Or without Organic Acid (Sodium Di-Formate) Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Response, Protein and Mineral Digestibility in Starter Phase of Broilers

This experiment was planned to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation with or without organic acid (OA) on performance, protein, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and sodium (Na) digestibility and carcass parameters in broiler chickens fed low Ca and low P diets in comparison to a high Ca and high P diet with standard specifications. For this purpose, two iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were prepared in such a way that one diet had high Ca (9.80) and high P (4.50) and second diet had low Ca (8.50) and low P (2.40), respectively. Low Ca and low P diet was further supplemented with enzyme phytase @ 500 FTU/kg, and phytase @ 500 FTU/kg + organic acid (1 kg/ton). Rations were offered to seven replicates of ten birds each, from day 1 to 21. Results revealed that the experimental treatments had no effect on feed intake and growth performance of birds (p>0.05). Carcass parameter results showed highest thigh meat yield % and liver weight % in the birds fed diet with low Ca & P and supplemented with enzymes phytase (p<0.05). Fecal P and Na digestiblities were high (p<0.05) in experimental broilers fed low Ca low P with enzyme phytase supplementation as compared to the diet without phytase supplementation. It is concluded that phytase and OA supplementation in the starter diet with low Ca and low P level did not influence intake, growth and feed conversion of the broilers. However, thigh meat yield percent and mineral digestiblities (P and Na) increased in the broilers that received the diet with low Ca and low P level and supplemented with enzyme phytase.(AU)

Meta-Analysis of Butyric Acid: a Performance-Enhancing Additive to Replace Antibiotics for Broiler Chickens

Butyric acid has been studied and utilized intensively in broiler chicken production in order to substitute growth-promoting antibiotics. However, the comprehensive literature on this topic makes it difficult to understand overall results, since there is a noticeable number of studies with conflicting conclusions. Although several research studies have shown that butyric acid may increment broiler chicken's performance, several other studies show the opposite. This work aimed to organize information to understand, through a meta-analysis, whether butyric acid can be used as a performance-enhancing additive for broiler chickens, and whether it can replace growth-promoting antibiotics. It was clear from the results that the effect of butyric acid depends on the microbiological challenge that broilers receive. When broilers are raised without health challenge, butyric acid and even antibiotics do not influence growth performance. However, when broilers are challenged, butyric acid provided an increase in weight gain and a significant improvement in feed conversion, matching the results of antibiotics. We conclude that butyric acid improves broiler performance and can be used to replace growth-promoting antibiotics.(AU)

Acidifiers blend on digestibility, blood metabolites and performance of nursery piglets / [Acidificantes na digestibilidade, nos parâmetros sanguíneos e no desempenho de leitões na fase de creche]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of two acidifiers blend (with different protection levels) on the acidification potential in vitro, apparent total tract digestibility of diet nutrients, blood metabolites, and average daily gain of nursery piglets. Two commercial acidifiers blend additives (AC1 and AC2) were evaluated. The acidification potential of the two acidifiers blend added to the diet were tested by buffering capacity and initial pH in vitro. For the evaluation of apparent digestibility of diet nutrients, blood metabolites and average daily gain, two experiments were carried out. The AC2 acidifier had a greater effect on the initial reduction in pH and a lower linear buffering rate of the diet. The use of acidifiers did not improve the nutrient digestibility of the diets and had no effect on the blood metabolite concentrations of urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, and lactate. Although the inclusion of acidifiers in the diets did not affect the apparent total tract digestibility of the diet nutrients the inclusion of the AC2 acidifier at different levels showed a negative quadratic effect on the average daily gain, with the best inclusion level being 0.26%.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de dois acidificantes (com diferentes níveis de proteção) sobre o potencial de acidificação in vitro, a digestibilidade aparente do trato total dos nutrientes da dieta, os metabólitos sanguíneos e o ganho médio diário de leitões. Foram avaliados dois acidificantes comerciais (AC1 e AC2). O potencial de acidificação dos acidificantes adicionados às dietas foi testado quanto à capacidade tamponante e ao pH inicial in vitro. Para avaliação da digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta, dos metabólitos sanguíneos e do ganho médio diário, foram realizados dois experimentos. O acidificante AC2 teve maior efeito na redução inicial do pH e menor taxa linear de tamponamento linear da dieta. O uso de acidificantes não melhorou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes das dietas e não teve efeito sobre as concentrações dos metabólitos sanguíneos de ureia, proteína total, albumina, globulina e lactato. Embora a inclusão de acidificantes nas dietas não tenha afetado a digestibilidade aparente do trato total dos nutrientes da dieta, a inclusão do acidificante AC2 em diferentes níveis apresentou efeito quadrático negativo no ganho médio diário, com o melhor nível de inclusão sendo 0,26%.

Effects of the Inclusion of Dietary Organic Acid Supplementation with Anti-Coccidium Vaccine on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Fecal Microbial, and Chicken Fecal Noxious Gas Emissions

A total of 792 conventional healthy 1-day-old Ross 308 broilers chicks (mixed gender) with average body weight of 42.30±1.14 g (mean ± SD) were used in the experiment, which lasted for 35 days. Chicks were randomly allotted into one of four treatment diets, each one having 11 replicate cages with 18 birds each, being fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diets. Dietary treatments were CON (basal diet with unvaccinated birds); OA = CON + 0.1% organic acids; ACB = CON + anti-coccidium vaccine; OAACV = CON + 0.1% organic acid + anti-coccidium vaccine. Significant results were observed, with improved body weight (p=0.059; 0.064; 0.034) during days 1-7, 8-21, and overall, respectively. Significant effects were also observed on the feed conversion ratio (p=0.037) through the overall experiment, with no effects on feed intake on OAACV as compared to other treatment groups. Total track digestibility of dry matter (p=0.049) improved significantly in the OAACV treatment group. Additionally, beneficial effects were observed in the OAACV treatment group, with improvements in fecal microbial population (increased lactobacillus) and reduced NH3 gas emissions. Broilers fed the OAACV treatment tended to display reduced drip loss in the meat samples analyzed on days 5 and 7 (p=0.067, 0.072). In summary, our findings revealed that dietary inclusion of organic acid supplementation with anti-coccidium had a beneficial effect on broilers affected by coccidian infection, also improving growth performance, digestibility, fecal Lactobacillus counts, and reducing NH3.(AU)

Citric acid minimizes oxidative stress in Amazonian fish (Colossoma macropomum) when fed plant protein-based diets

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of citric acid in plant protein based-diets offered to juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing different levels of citric acid (0, 10, 20, and 30 g.kg−1) were formulated. Fish (n = 160; 27.56±1.03 g) were randomly distributed in 310-L water tanks (n = 16), with four replicates per treatment. After the experimental period (80 days), animals were anesthetized, and blood was collected for cell count. They were euthanized and dissected to remove livers for subsequent oxidative stress analyses. No significant differences were observed in the levels of thrombocytes, total leukocytes, lymphocytes, positive granular leukocytes, and immature leukocytes among the experimental treatments. However, there were fewer monocytes and neutrophils in fish fed the diet containing 30 g.kg−1 of citric acid. All citric acid diets increased glutathione concentration and reduced lipid peroxidation levels in livers. Therefore, citric acid acts as a potent antioxidant in juvenile tambaqui fed plant protein-based diets and, thus, can improve their maintenance conditions in production systems.

Effects of the Inclusion of Dietary Organic Acid Supplementation with Anti-Coccidium Vaccine on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Fecal Microbial, and Chicken Fecal Noxious Gas Emissions

A total of 792 conventional healthy 1-day-old Ross 308 broilers chicks (mixed gender) with average body weight of 42.30±1.14 g (mean ± SD) were used in the experiment, which lasted for 35 days. Chicks were randomly allotted into one of four treatment diets, each one having 11 replicate cages with 18 birds each, being fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diets. Dietary treatments were CON (basal diet with unvaccinated birds); OA = CON + 0.1% organic acids; ACB = CON + anti-coccidium vaccine; OAACV = CON + 0.1% organic acid + anti-coccidium vaccine. Significant results were observed, with improved body weight (p=0.059; 0.064; 0.034) during days 1-7, 8-21, and overall, respectively. Significant effects were also observed on the feed conversion ratio (p=0.037) through the overall experiment, with no effects on feed intake on OAACV as compared to other treatment groups. Total track digestibility of dry matter (p=0.049) improved significantly in the OAACV treatment group. Additionally, beneficial effects were observed in the OAACV treatment group, with improvements in fecal microbial population (increased lactobacillus) and reduced NH3 gas emissions. Broilers fed the OAACV treatment tended to display reduced drip loss in the meat samples analyzed on days 5 and 7 (p=0.067, 0.072). In summary, our findings revealed that dietary inclusion of organic acid supplementation with anti-coccidium had a beneficial effect on broilers affected by coccidian infection, also improving growth performance, digestibility, fecal Lactobacillus counts, and reducing NH3.

Effect of a Combination of Propionic-Acetic Acid on Body Weight, Relative Weight of Some Organs, Lactic Acid Bacteria and Intestinal pH of Neonatal Broilers

This study was designed to determine the effect of a combination of propionic-acetic acid on body weight, the relative weight of some organs, lactic acid bacteria, and intestinal pH of neonatal broilers. A total of 60 1-day-old Ross 308® broiler chickens were randomly placed in metabolic cages to two treatments, three replicates, and ten birds per replicates. The treatments consisted of a control diet (CD) and CD + 0.03% of propionic acid and acetic acid in the drinking water at a rate of 4 ml/L of water. The combination of organic acids depressed the body weight in neonatal broilers (p 0.05) and increased the relative weight (p 0.05) of gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine, and liver; also acidified the cecum with a significant decrease (p 0.05) of the pH. Also, these organic acids increased (p 0.05) the count of green bacilli with a white halo in the small intestine and decreased (p 0.05) the proliferation of irregular flat green bacilli in the cecum, although for both intestinal portions, the total lactic acid bacteria count was not different (p>0.05) between treatments. The combined use in the diet and drinking water of the propionic and acetic organic acids, respectively, reduced the bodyweight of neonatal broilers (10 days) and the cecal pH, as well as modified the relative weights of some digestive organs and the growth of some morphological groups of lactic acid bacteria.(AU)

Effect of a Combination of Propionic-Acetic Acid on Body Weight, Relative Weight of Some Organs, Lactic Acid Bacteria and Intestinal pH of Neonatal Broilers

This study was designed to determine the effect of a combination of propionic-acetic acid on body weight, the relative weight of some organs, lactic acid bacteria, and intestinal pH of neonatal broilers. A total of 60 1-day-old Ross 308® broiler chickens were randomly placed in metabolic cages to two treatments, three replicates, and ten birds per replicates. The treatments consisted of a control diet (CD) and CD + 0.03% of propionic acid and acetic acid in the drinking water at a rate of 4 ml/L of water. The combination of organic acids depressed the body weight in neonatal broilers (p 0.05) and increased the relative weight (p 0.05) of gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine, and liver; also acidified the cecum with a significant decrease (p 0.05) of the pH. Also, these organic acids increased (p 0.05) the count of green bacilli with a white halo in the small intestine and decreased (p 0.05) the proliferation of irregular flat green bacilli in the cecum, although for both intestinal portions, the total lactic acid bacteria count was not different (p>0.05) between treatments. The combined use in the diet and drinking water of the propionic and acetic organic acids, respectively, reduced the bodyweight of neonatal broilers (10 days) and the cecal pH, as well as modified the relative weights of some digestive organs and the growth of some morphological groups of lactic acid bacteria.

Sodium butyrate in post-hatch feed for broiler chicks / [Uso de butirato de sódio em rações pós-eclosão para pintos de corte]

This study was designed to determine adequate levels for sodium butyrate inclusion in pre-hatching and pre-starter feed in order to minimize the negative effects of post-hatch delayed placement on broiler chicks. Newly-hatched chicks were allotted in a completely randomized design, with five treatments, each comprising five replicates of ten birds each. Five dietetic levels of sodium butyrate (control, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100 and 0.200%) were used in the pre-starter feed offered to the chicks in the transporting box and during the pre-starter phase. Performance, yolk sac retraction, plasma glucose concentration, weight and histomorphometry of the small intestine were evaluated after 24 hours of feed access and at 7 days of age. A metabolic trial was performed when the chicks were seven to ten days of age. Supplementation of 0.1% sodium butyrate increased the development of broiler chicks' intestinal villi at seven days of age but was not able to improve performance in the pre-starter phase. Supplementation with sodium butyrate in a diet offered in the transportation box does not improve broiler performance in the pre-starter phase. Supplementation of up to 0.16% is recommended, in order to improve the metabolizability of the ether extract for broilers at seven days of age.(AU)

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, encontrar níveis adequados de inclusão de butirato de sódio em ração pós-eclosão e pré-inicial, buscando minimizar os efeitos negativos do jejum de pintos de corte. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições de 10 aves cada. Foram utilizadas cinco suplementações de butirato de sódio (controle; 0,05; 0,075; 0,100 e 0,200%) na ração pré-inicial, fornecidas aos pintos na caixa de transporte e durante a fase pré-inicial. Após 24 horas de acesso ao alimento e aos sete dias de idade, foram avaliados desempenho, retração do saco vitelino, concentração de glicose plasmática, peso e histomorfometria do intestino delgado. De sete a 10 dias de idade, realizou-se ensaio de metabolizabilidade. A suplementação de 0,10% de butirato de sódio aumentou o desenvolvimento das vilosidades intestinais dos pintos de corte aos sete dias de idade, mas não foi capaz de melhorar o desempenho na fase pré-inicial. A suplementação com butirato de sódio em dieta oferecida na caixa de transporte não melhora o desempenho dos frangos na fase pré-inicial. Recomenda-se suplementação de até 0,16%, a fim de melhorar a metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo para frangos de corte aos sete dias de idade.(AU)

Dietary supplementation with probiotic and butyrate in the shrimp nursery in biofloc / Suplementação dietética com probiótico e butirato no berçário do camarão em bioflocos

This study aimed to evaluate the combined and isolated effect of sodium butyrate and the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum on the performance and midgut microbiological parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae reared on biofloc technology, as well as the water quality of the system. Feed additives were added at the concentrations of 200 mL of probiotic (1.0x107 CFU mL-1) and 2.0% of organic salt (w/w) in the diet, as follows: 1) Probiotic; 2) Butyrate; 3) Probiotic+Butyrate; 4) Control. Each treatment was composed of three replicates. Biometric measurements were performed once a week, as well as analysis of water quality. At the end of the experiment, statistical difference was observed in the counts of lactic acid bacteria from the intestinal tract of shrimp fed diets containing probiotic. Therefore, while the addition of probiotic and sodium butyrate had no effect on the productive parameters of shrimp or water quality, the inclusion of the probiotic L. plantarum in the diet did increase the counts of lactic acid bacteria in the intestine of L. vannamei without altering the counts of Vibrio spp. or total heterotrophic bacteria in the intestine.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito conjunto e isolado do sal orgânico butirato de sódio e do probiótico Lactobacillus plantarum para pós-larvas do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei cultivado em tecnologia de bioflocos sobre os parâmetros zootécnicos, microbiológicos e histológicos, além da qualidade da água do sistema. Os aditivos alimentares foram adicionados nas concentrações de 200 mL de probiótico (1,0x107 UFC mL-1) e 2,0% do sal orgânico (p/p) na ração, com o seguinte delineamento: 1) Probiótico; 2) Butirato; 3) Probiótico+Butirato; 4) Controle, e cada tratamento foi composto por três réplicas. Biometrias foram realizadas uma vez por semana e, da mesma forma, foram feitas análises dos parâmetros de qualidade de água das unidades experimentais. Ao final do experimento, os resultados mostraram diferença estatística nas contagens de bactérias ácido lácticas do trato intestinal dos camarões alimentados com as dietas contendo probiótico. Conclui-se que a adição de probiótico e o butirato de sódio não influenciaram nos parâmetros produtivos dos camarões nem os parâmetros de qualidade de água, mas a inclusão do probiótico L. plantarum na dieta aumentou as contagens de bactérias ácido lácticas no intestino do camarão L. vannamei, contudo sem alterar as contagens de Vibrio spp. e bactérias heterotróficas totais no intestino.

Dietary supplementation with probiotic and butyrate in the shrimp nursery in biofloc / Suplementação dietética com probiótico e butirato no berçário do camarão em bioflocos

This study aimed to evaluate the combined and isolated effect of sodium butyrate and the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum on the performance and midgut microbiological parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae reared on biofloc technology, as well as the water quality of the system. Feed additives were added at the concentrations of 200 mL of probiotic (1.0x107 CFU mL-1) and 2.0% of organic salt (w/w) in the diet, as follows: 1) Probiotic; 2) Butyrate; 3) Probiotic+Butyrate; 4) Control. Each treatment was composed of three replicates. Biometric measurements were performed once a week, as well as analysis of water quality. At the end of the experiment, statistical difference was observed in the counts of lactic acid bacteria from the intestinal tract of shrimp fed diets containing probiotic. Therefore, while the addition of probiotic and sodium butyrate had no effect on the productive parameters of shrimp or water quality, the inclusion of the probiotic L. plantarum in the diet did increase the counts of lactic acid bacteria in the intestine of L. vannamei without altering the counts of Vibrio spp. or total heterotrophic bacteria in the intestine.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito conjunto e isolado do sal orgânico butirato de sódio e do probiótico Lactobacillus plantarum para pós-larvas do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei cultivado em tecnologia de bioflocos sobre os parâmetros zootécnicos, microbiológicos e histológicos, além da qualidade da água do sistema. Os aditivos alimentares foram adicionados nas concentrações de 200 mL de probiótico (1,0x107 UFC mL-1) e 2,0% do sal orgânico (p/p) na ração, com o seguinte delineamento: 1) Probiótico; 2) Butirato; 3) Probiótico+Butirato; 4) Controle, e cada tratamento foi composto por três réplicas. Biometrias foram realizadas uma vez por semana e, da mesma forma, foram feitas análises dos parâmetros de qualidade de água das unidades experimentais. Ao final do experimento, os resultados mostraram diferença estatística nas contagens de bactérias ácido lácticas do trato intestinal dos camarões alimentados com as dietas contendo probiótico. Conclui-se que a adição de probiótico e o butirato de sódio não influenciaram nos parâmetros produtivos dos camarões nem os parâmetros de qualidade de água, mas a inclusão do probiótico L. plantarum na dieta aumentou as contagens de bactérias ácido lácticas no intestino do camarão L. vannamei, contudo sem alterar as contagens de Vibrio spp. e bactérias heterotróficas totais no intestino.(AU)

Effects of easy soluble carbohydrate and bacterial inoculant supplementations on silage quality of frosted maize / Efeitos da suplementação por carboidrato solúvel e de inoculantes bacterianos sobre a qualidade da silagem de milho coberto por geada

The present experiments were conducted to assess the effects of barley, Lactobacillus bacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and enzyme mixture supplementations on chemical composition and some quality parameters of naturally frosted maize silage. The treatments were as follows; T1: Control (no supplementation, C); T2: barley 20 g kg-1, B20; T3: barley 40 g kg-1, B40; T4: 1.5 g ton-1, a mixture of LAB; and T5: 2 g ton1, a mixture LAB+enzyme, LEN. Barley supplementation to frosted maize increased dry matter (DM) (p < 0.01). The pH value was higher in LAB group (p < 0.01). Treatments supplemented LAB and LEN significantly reduced crude protein contents (p < 0.001). Lactic acid contents decreased in all treatments as compared to control group and ranged between 2.46 and 5.40% DM (p < 0.05). The metabolisable energy content was significantly higher in B40 than in B20, LAB and LEN groups. Mean Fleig points showed with an “excellent” quality silage. In conclusion, supplementation of barley, LEN and inoculation of LAB to frosted maize had a good quality silage. The LEN supplementation may be used for efficient ensiling of frosted maize due to their ability to keep its quality in low DM crop maize silage.(AU)

Os presentes experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos da cevada com a bactéria Lactobacillus e bactéria ácido lática (LAB) e suplementos de mistura enzimática sobre a composição química e alguns parâmetros de qualidade da silagem de milho cobertos por geada. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes; T1: Controle (sem suplementadão, C); T2: cevada 20 g kg-1, B20; T3: cevada 40g kg-1, B40; T4: 1,5 g ton-1, uma mistura de LAB; e T5: 2 g ton-1, com mistura de LAB+enzima, LEN. A suplementação de cevada para o milho aumentou a matéria seca (MS) (p < 0,01). O valor do pH foi maior no grupo LAB (p < 0,01). Os tratamentos complementados com LAB e LEN reduziram significativamente os conteúdos de proteínas brutas (p < 0,001). O teor de ácido láctico diminuiu em todos os tratamentos em comparação com o grupo controle e variou entre 2,46 e 5,40% de DM (p < 0,05). O teor de energia metabolizável foi significativamente maior em B40 do que nos grupos B20, LAB e LEN. Os pontos médios do Fleig mostraram uma silagem de “excelente” qualidade. Em conclusão, a suplementação por cevada, LEN e LAB em milho fosco apresentou silagem de boa qualidade. A suplementação com LEN pode ser utilizada para ensilagem eficiente de milho coberto por geada, devido a sua capacidade de manter sua qualidade em baixa MS.(AU)

Effects of easy soluble carbohydrate and bacterial inoculant supplementations on silage quality of frosted maize / Efeitos da suplementação por carboidrato solúvel e de inoculantes bacterianos sobre a qualidade da silagem de milho coberto por geada

The present experiments were conducted to assess the effects of barley, Lactobacillus bacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and enzyme mixture supplementations on chemical composition and some quality parameters of naturally frosted maize silage. The treatments were as follows; T1: Control (no supplementation, C); T2: barley 20 g kg-1, B20; T3: barley 40 g kg-1, B40; T4: 1.5 g ton-1, a mixture of LAB; and T5: 2 g ton1, a mixture LAB+enzyme, LEN. Barley supplementation to frosted maize increased dry matter (DM) (p < 0.01). The pH value was higher in LAB group (p < 0.01). Treatments supplemented LAB and LEN significantly reduced crude protein contents (p < 0.001). Lactic acid contents decreased in all treatments as compared to control group and ranged between 2.46 and 5.40% DM (p < 0.05). The metabolisable energy content was significantly higher in B40 than in B20, LAB and LEN groups. Mean Fleig points showed with an “excellent” quality silage. In conclusion, supplementation of barley, LEN and inoculation of LAB to frosted maize had a good quality silage. The LEN supplementation may be used for efficient ensiling of frosted maize due to their ability to keep its quality in low DM crop maize silage.

Os presentes experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos da cevada com a bactéria Lactobacillus e bactéria ácido lática (LAB) e suplementos de mistura enzimática sobre a composição química e alguns parâmetros de qualidade da silagem de milho cobertos por geada. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes; T1: Controle (sem suplementadão, C); T2: cevada 20 g kg-1, B20; T3: cevada 40g kg-1, B40; T4: 1,5 g ton-1, uma mistura de LAB; e T5: 2 g ton-1, com mistura de LAB+enzima, LEN. A suplementação de cevada para o milho aumentou a matéria seca (MS) (p < 0,01). O valor do pH foi maior no grupo LAB (p < 0,01). Os tratamentos complementados com LAB e LEN reduziram significativamente os conteúdos de proteínas brutas (p < 0,001). O teor de ácido láctico diminuiu em todos os tratamentos em comparação com o grupo controle e variou entre 2,46 e 5,40% de DM (p < 0,05). O teor de energia metabolizável foi significativamente maior em B40 do que nos grupos B20, LAB e LEN. Os pontos médios do Fleig mostraram uma silagem de “excelente” qualidade. Em conclusão, a suplementação por cevada, LEN e LAB em milho fosco apresentou silagem de boa qualidade. A suplementação com LEN pode ser utilizada para ensilagem eficiente de milho coberto por geada, devido a sua capacidade de manter sua qualidade em baixa MS.

Use of Organic Acids and A Competitive Exclusion Product as Growth Promoter and Salmonella Enteritidis Control in Commercial Turkeys

It is estimated that Salmonella causes one million illnesses in the United States annually, with 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths. There are various serotypes of this bacterium, and the serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis are commonly isolated from outbreaks and, in most cases, present resistance to the antibiotics utilized in clinical medicine. One of the current theories to explain the emergence of bacterial resistance is the continuous use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feeds. Despite the lack of evidences that antibiotic growth promoters cause bacterial resistance, the poultry industry has explored strategies to reduce or to eliminate the use of antibiotic growth promoters in the production chain, including the improvement of biosecurity programs, use of vaccines, genetic selection, and the feeding of other additives, such as organic acid blends (OAB) and competitive exclusion (CE) products. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of the continuous dietary supplementation of an OAB and a CE product on the growth performance, pH of the crop and cecal contents, control of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the cecal content, and acute-phase protein serum levels in starter commercial turkeys. The additives promoting similar results as antibiotics under controlled experimental conditions should be further evaluated on commercial farms to allow their utilization under practical conditions. Supplementing commercial turkey diets with the evaluated OAB and CE product may reduce SE load. Serum OVT and AGP levels can be used as effective and fast indicators of infection, including that by SE.(AU)

Use of Organic Acids and A Competitive Exclusion Product as Growth Promoter and Salmonella Enteritidis Control in Commercial Turkeys

It is estimated that Salmonella causes one million illnesses in the United States annually, with 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths. There are various serotypes of this bacterium, and the serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis are commonly isolated from outbreaks and, in most cases, present resistance to the antibiotics utilized in clinical medicine. One of the current theories to explain the emergence of bacterial resistance is the continuous use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feeds. Despite the lack of evidences that antibiotic growth promoters cause bacterial resistance, the poultry industry has explored strategies to reduce or to eliminate the use of antibiotic growth promoters in the production chain, including the improvement of biosecurity programs, use of vaccines, genetic selection, and the feeding of other additives, such as organic acid blends (OAB) and competitive exclusion (CE) products. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of the continuous dietary supplementation of an OAB and a CE product on the growth performance, pH of the crop and cecal contents, control of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the cecal content, and acute-phase protein serum levels in starter commercial turkeys. The additives promoting similar results as antibiotics under controlled experimental conditions should be further evaluated on commercial farms to allow their utilization under practical conditions. Supplementing commercial turkey diets with the evaluated OAB and CE product may reduce SE load. Serum OVT and AGP levels can be used as effective and fast indicators of infection, including that by SE.

ANACARDATO DE CÁLCIO E SUAS ASSOCIAÇÕES COM ÁCIDO CÍTRICO NA ALIMENTAÇÃO DE POEDEIRAS COMERCIAIS

Objetivou-se avaliar, nesta tese, o efeito da inclusão na ração das poedeiras do anacardato de cálcio (ANC), associado ou não ao ácido cítrico (AC), sobre o desempenho, qualidade interna e externa dos ovos frescos, perfil bioquímico sérico, peroxidação lipídica do soro e gemas bem como atividade enzimática, peroxidação lipídica do fígado e tecidos do sistema reprodutor (ovário, magno e útero). Para isso, 432 poedeiras com peso médio de (1,440 ± 100 g), da linhagem comercial Hy-Line W-36, no período de 63 a 75 semanas de idade, foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado de nove tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em: T1 ração sem adição de antioxidantes; T2 ração com adição de 0,25% de ANC; T3 ração com 0,25% de ANC associado a 0,25% de AC; T4 ração com 0,50% de ANC; T5 ração com 0,50% de ANC associado a 0,25% de AC; T6 ração com 0,50% de ANC associado a 0,50% de AC; T7 ração com 0,75% de ANC; T8 ração com 0,75% de ANC associado a 0,25% de AC; T9 ração com 0,75% de ANC associado a 0,50% de AC. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho, porcentagem de gema, albúmen e casca, densidade específica, unidades Haugh e espessura da casca dos ovos, pH e pesos relativos dos órgãos e segmentos do trato gastrointestinal, desenvolvimento do sistema reprodutor e parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue. No entanto, tratamentos com 0,75% ANC e suas associações com o AC (0,25 e 0,50) apresentaram aumento da pigmentação das gemas. Para os valores de oxidação lipídica das gemas, as aves que receberam doses isoladas de ANC (0,50% e 0,75%) apresentam menor oxidação; já as aves que receberam ração sem adição de antioxidantes 0,25% de ANC; 0,50% de ANC + 0,25% de AC e 0,75% de ANC + 0,25% de AC apresentaram efeito pró-oxidante. Observou-se ainda menores concentrações de malonaldéido (MDA) no soro sanguíneo das aves que consumiram ração com dose isolada de ANC (0,75 e 0,50%) e associados a 0,50% de AC. Para atividade enzimática nos órgãos, observou-se efeito significativo dos tratamentos nas variáveis CAT do fígado e magno. No caso em que as aves que receberam doses isoladas de ACN (0,50 e 0,75) e as associações com o AC nas doses de (0,25 e 0,50), elas apresentam menor atividade enzimática no fígado e maior atividade enzimática no magno. Para SOD, observou-se efeito significativo dos tratamentos nos tecidos do ovário, magno e útero; a atividade enzimática, no ovário, apresentou maiores valores para aves alimentadas com ração sem adição de antioxidantes e 0,25% de ANC e menor oxidação para as aves que consumiram ração contendo 0,50% de ANC associado AC (0,25 e 0,50%) e 0,75% de ANC associados a AC (0,25 e 0,50%). No magno e útero, as aves que consumiram ração sem adição de antioxidantes apresentaram maiores valores da SOD. Desta forma, doses isoladas de ANC ou associadas com o AC podem ser adicionadas na ração de poedeiras leves até o nível de 0,75%, sem que ocorram alterações no desempenho, qualidade dos ovos e bioquímico sérico no período de 63 a 75 semanas de idade. Contudo, a atividade antioxidante nos tecidos do fígado, sistema reprodutivo e a qualidade dos ovos pode ser melhorada com a redução lipídica das gemas quando se acrescenta nas rações doses isoladas de ANC (0,50 e 0,75). Se o objetivo for a pigmentação das gemas recomenda-se a utilização de 0,75% de ANC.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of calcium anacardate (ANC) associated or not with citric acid (CA) in the diet of laying hens on performance, internal and external quality of fresh eggs, serum biochemical profile, serum lipid peroxidation and yolks as well as enzymatic activity and lipid peroxidation of the liver and tissues of the reproductive system (ovary, magnum and uterus). For this, two experiments were carried out using 432 laying hens with an average weight of (1450 ± 100g) of the commercial strain Hy-Line W-36 in the period from 63 to 75 weeks of age. Distributed in a completely randomized design with nine treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of: T1 ration without addition of antioxidant; T2 ration with the addition of 0.25% of ANC; T3 diet with 0.25% ANC associated with 0.25% AC; T4 ration with 0.50% of ANC; T5 diet with 0.50% ANC associated with 0.25% AC; T6 diet with 0.50% ANC associated with 0.50% AC; T7 ration with 0.75% of ANC; T8 diet with 0.75% ANC associated with 0.25% AC; T9 diet with 0.75% ANC associated with 0.50% AC. There was no significant effect of treatments on laying hens performance, pH, relative weight of the gastrointestinal tract; gizzard; liver and reproductive system, percentage of yolk, albumen and shell, specific gravity, Haugh units, shell thickness, Cr, ALT, AST, COL.Total and TAG. However, treatments with 0.75% ANC and its association with AC (0.25 and 0.50) showed an increase in bud pigmentation. For the values of lipid oxidation of the yolks, the birds that received isolated doses of ANC (0.50% and 0.75%) presented lower oxidation, whereas the birds that received feed without the addition of antioxidants; 0.25% ANC; 0.50% of ANC + 0.25% of AC and 0.75% of ANC + 0.25% of AC showed a pro-oxidant effect. Even lower concentrations of Malonaldehyde (MDA) were observed in the blood serum of birds that consumed rations with an isolated dose of ANC (0.75 and 0.50%) and associated with 0.50% of AC. For enzymatic activity in the organs, there was a significant effect of the treatments on the liver and magnum CAT variables. Where birds that received isolated doses of ACN (0.50 and 0.75) and associations with AC at doses of (0.25 and 0.50) have lower enzymatic activity in the liver and higher enzymatic activity in the magnum. For SOD, there was a significant effect of treatments on the ovary, magnum and uterus tissues, the enzymatic activity in the ovary showed higher values for birds fed with ration without addition of antioxidant and 0.25% of ANC and lower oxidation for birds who consumed rations containing 0.50% of ANC associated with AC (0.25 and 0.50%) and 0.75% of ANC associated with AC (0.25 and 0.50%). In the magnum and uterus, birds that consumed feed without the addition of antioxidants had higher SOD values. In this way, the use of isolated doses of ANC or associated with AC can be added to the diet of laying hens up to the level of 0.75%, without changes in performance, egg quality and serum biochemistry in the period from 63 to 75 weeks old. However, the antioxidant activity in the tissues of the liver and reproductive system and the quality of the eggs can be improved with the lipid reduction of the yolks when isolated doses of ANC (0.50 and 0.75) are added to the diets or if the objective is to pigmentation of the yolks, the use of 0.75% ANC is recommended.

Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide and a Blend of Organic Acids on Broiler Live Performance, Carcass Traits, and Serum Parameters

ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary supplementation levels of zinc oxide and of an organic acid blend on broiler performance, carcass traits, and serum parameters. A total of 2400 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, with average initial body weight 44.21±0.19g, was distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Six treatments, consisting of diets containing two zinc oxide levels (0 and 0.01% of the diet) and three organic acid blend levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30%) were applied, with eight replicates of 50 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied ad libitum for 42 days. There were significant performance differences among birds fed the different zinc oxide and organic acid blend levels until 42 d of age (p 0.01). The result of this experiment showed that the organic acid blend did not affect feed intake, but zinc oxide increased feed intake. Carcass traits were not influenced by the experimental supplements. Zinc oxide supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase level (p 0.01). The organic acid blend reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p 0.05). No interactions were found between zinc oxide and the organic acid blend for none of the evaluated parameters. We concluded that zinc oxide and the evaluated organic acid blend improve broiler performance.

Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide and a Blend of Organic Acids on Broiler Live Performance, Carcass Traits, and Serum Parameters

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary supplementation levels of zinc oxide and of an organic acid blend on broiler performance, carcass traits, and serum parameters. A total of 2400 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, with average initial body weight 44.21±0.19g, was distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Six treatments, consisting of diets containing two zinc oxide levels (0 and 0.01% of the diet) and three organic acid blend levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30%) were applied, with eight replicates of 50 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied ad libitum for 42 days. There were significant performance differences among birds fed the different zinc oxide and organic acid blend levels until 42 d of age (p 0.01). The result of this experiment showed that the organic acid blend did not affect feed intake, but zinc oxide increased feed intake. Carcass traits were not influenced by the experimental supplements. Zinc oxide supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase level (p 0.01). The organic acid blend reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p 0.05). No interactions were found between zinc oxide and the organic acid blend for none of the evaluated parameters. We concluded that zinc oxide and the evaluated organic acid blend improve broiler performance.

Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide and a Blend of Organic Acids on Broiler Live Performance, Carcass Traits, and Serum Parameters

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary supplementation levels of zinc oxide and of an organic acid blend on broiler performance, carcass traits, and serum parameters. A total of 2400 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, with average initial body weight 44.21±0.19g, was distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Six treatments, consisting of diets containing two zinc oxide levels (0 and 0.01% of the diet) and three organic acid blend levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30%) were applied, with eight replicates of 50 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied ad libitum for 42 days. There were significant performance differences among birds fed the different zinc oxide and organic acid blend levels until 42 d of age (p 0.01). The result of this experiment showed that the organic acid blend did not affect feed intake, but zinc oxide increased feed intake. Carcass traits were not influenced by the experimental supplements. Zinc oxide supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase level (p 0.01). The organic acid blend reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p 0.05). No interactions were found between zinc oxide and the organic acid blend for none of the evaluated parameters. We concluded that zinc oxide and the evaluated organic acid blend improve broiler performance.(AU)

Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide and a Blend of Organic Acids on Broiler Live Performance, Carcass Traits, and Serum Parameters

ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary supplementation levels of zinc oxide and of an organic acid blend on broiler performance, carcass traits, and serum parameters. A total of 2400 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, with average initial body weight 44.21±0.19g, was distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Six treatments, consisting of diets containing two zinc oxide levels (0 and 0.01% of the diet) and three organic acid blend levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30%) were applied, with eight replicates of 50 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied ad libitum for 42 days. There were significant performance differences among birds fed the different zinc oxide and organic acid blend levels until 42 d of age (p 0.01). The result of this experiment showed that the organic acid blend did not affect feed intake, but zinc oxide increased feed intake. Carcass traits were not influenced by the experimental supplements. Zinc oxide supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase level (p 0.01). The organic acid blend reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p 0.05). No interactions were found between zinc oxide and the organic acid blend for none of the evaluated parameters. We concluded that zinc oxide and the evaluated organic acid blend improve broiler performance.