Pyometra in a tiger (Panthera tigris)

Background: Captive tigers can live a long life, around 26 years. Among the diseases described some of non-infectious origin are quite common, such as chronic kidney disease, spondylosis, and biliary cysts or tumors. On the other hand, pyometra has been frequently reported in lions, who have a higher risk of developing the disease than tigers and leopards. Pyometra is a disease with few descriptions in tigers and it may be related to the physiological features of the species. The animal is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened. The present report aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of pyometra in a captive tigress. Case: A 7-year-old entire female tiger (Panthera tigris) weighing 140 kg was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia and prostration. For clinical examinations, collection of laboratory and imaging tests, the patient initially underwent dissociative anesthesia to allow catheterization of the cephalic vein and intravenous general anesthesia for orotracheal intubation followed by anesthetic maintenance in isoflurane. On general physical examination, the animal had normal colored mucosa, vital parameters within normal limits, and a body condition score of 6 on a scale of 9. There was no presence of vulvar secretion. The blood count and the biochemical exams showed values within the normal range for the species. The chest X-ray in the right and left views did not demonstrate pulmonary abnormalities. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed distension of the uterine body and horns, which have intraluminal hyperechoic fluid content without flocculation. Based on the imaging exam, the diagnosis was suggestive of pyometra. Exploratory celiotomy was performed via ventral midline, confirming the condition, which was treated by ovariohysterectomy. The surgical technique was performed as described for therapeutic ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli. The histological analysis identified diffuse endometritis associated with follicular cysts. The tiger had complete recovery without any complications. The patient was releasing 13 days after the surgical procedure and in the last contact four months after the surgery, it was in perfect health conditions. Discussion: Pyometra in large exotic felids has been occasionally reported, mainly in animals more than 10 years of age. Although the tigress in the report is estimated to be seven years old. The patient in question started with anorexia and prostration and as there was already a history of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, a possible pyometra was suspected, despite being uncommon in the species. There was not vaginal discharge. The definitive diagnosis was by means of ultrasound examination and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Abdominal surgery for these large felids is complex, due to the intra-abdominal volume the flank approach or by laparoscopic is suggested, however in this case a ventral midline incision was performed without intercurrences and complications in the post-operative period. The surgical technique like that used in small animals was effective for the treatment of pyometra in the tigress with the use of ovariohysterectomy. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli, which has been the most commonly isolated pathogen in pyometra of large felids. It was concluded that, as in bitches with pyometra, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is ideal for the patient's recovery.

Hiperplasia endometrial cística em uma coelha-doméstica (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) / Cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)

Background: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is a hormone-dependent disease induced by systemic increase in progesteronethat can occur in several domestic species, such as the rabbit. This disease may be associated with sex steroid hormones,especially progesterone, and may be asymptomatic, and it is diagnosed using complementary imaging tests such as totalabdominal ultrasound. However, surgical excisional biopsy with histopathological tissue analysis is the gold standard. Thisstudy reports a case of asymptomatic cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a female Miniature Lion Lop rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus domesticus) treated with therapeutic ovariohysterectomy.Case: A domestic, adult, female Miniature Lion Lop rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), aged approximately 5 yearsand weighing 3.2 kg, was referred to specialized care to undergo ovariohysterectomy, an elective procedure. The tutor onlyreported the occurrence of a single episode of vulvar secretion more than 2 years ago, treated with antibiotics, with remissionof clinical signs. In the intraoperative period after celiotomy, the uterine horn and uterine body showed a significant increasein volume, with abnormal color changes and tissue consistency; however, both changes were clinically asymptomatic. Subsequently, biopsy was performed during the ovariohysterectomy procedure. The excised uterus and ovaries were placed in 10%formalin and histopathologically analyzed. The macroscopic histopathological examination of the sectioned tissue revealed aslight amount of brownish fluid inside the uterine horns, in addition to multiple cystic areas in the uterine mucosa. Microscopicexamination revealed marked hyperplasia of well-differentiated endometrial epithelial cells, occasionally forming cystic structuresof different sizes. Moderate congestion, mild multifocal hemorrhage, and mild multifocal inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina...

Estenose esofágica adquirida: relato de caso / Esophageal stenosis acquired: case report / Estenosis esofágica adquirida: informe de un caso

Refluxos gastroesofágicos podem ocorrer por diversos fatores como fármacos anestésicos, pré-disposição de raça, ausência de jejum, idade e sexo. A exposição da mucosa esofágica ao conteúdo gástrico é a principal causa de esofagites, que, por sua vez, podem evoluir para uma estenose do órgão, formando uma faixa circular intraluminal, causando estreitamento e comprometendo o lúmen esofágico. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever um caso de estenose esofágica decorrente de ovariohisterectomia, dando ênfase às possíveis causas, formas de diagnóstico, tratamento e profilaxia da enfermidade. A cadela relatada foi atendida no setor de Clínica Médica de Animais de Companhia do Hospital Veterinário da UFVJM, Campus Unaí no dia 14 de novembro de 2019, aproximadamente um mês após receber o diagnóstico de estenose esofágica, obtido pelo histórico, sinais clínicos, achados radiográficos e, principalmente, por endoscopia esofágica. De acordo com dados da literatura, o animal apresentava diversos fatores que pré-dispõem ao refluxo gastroesofágico e, consequentemente, a estenose esofágica, como o histórico cirúrgico, idade e raça, dentre outros. Receitou-se tratamento clínico com antiácidos e inibidores da bomba de prótons para remissão clínica.

Gastroesophageal reflux may occur during anesthesia due to various factors such as anesthetic drugs, race disposition, absence of fasting, age and gender. Exposure of the esophageal mucosa to gastric contents is the main cause of esophagitis, which in turn may develop into esophageal stricture, forming an intraluminal circular band, causing narrowing and compromising the esophageal lumen. The objective of this work is to describe a case of esophageal stricture resulting from an ovariohysterectomy, emphasizing the possible causes, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of the disease. The bitch of this report was attended of the group of Small Animals Medical Clinic II of UFVJM-Campus Unaí together with the teacher responsible for the discipline attended the reported animal on November 14, 2019, approximately one month of receiving diagnosis of esophageal etricture, obtained through history, signs radiographic findings and mainly by esophageal endoscopy. According to data from the literature, the animal had several factors that predispose to gastroesophageal reflux and consequently sophageal stricture, such as surgical history, age, race and others. Clinical treatment with antacids and proton pump inhibitors was prescribed for clinical remission.

Los reflujos gastroesofágicos pueden producirse durante la anestesia debido a varios factores como los fármacos anestésicos, la predisposición de la raza, la ausencia de ayuno, la edad y el sexo. La exposición de la mucosa esofágica al contenido gástrico es la principal causa de la esofagitis, que a su vez puede evolucionar hacia una estenosis esofágica, formando una banda circular intraluminal, provocando un estrechamiento y comprometiendo la luz esofágica.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir un caso de estenosis esofágica resultante de una ovariohisterectomía, destacando las posibles causas, formas de diagnóstico, tratamiento y profilaxis de la enfermedad. La perra relatada fue atendida en el sector de Clínica Médica de Animales de Compañía del Hospital Veterinario de la UFVJM, Campus Unaí junto con el profesor responsable del sujeto el 14 de noviembre de 2019, aproximadamente un mes después de recibir el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica, obtenido a través de la historia, los signos clínicos, los hallazgos radiográficos y principalmente por la endoscopia esofágica.De acuerdo con los datos de la literatura, el animal presentaba varios factores que predisponen al reflujo gastroesofágico y consecuentemente a la estenosis esofágica, como los antecedentes quirúrgicos, la edad, la raza entre otros. Se prescribió un tratamiento clínico con antiácidos e inhibidores de la bomba de protones para la remisión clínica.

Ovarian pedicle hemostasis techniques in cats

Purpose: To evaluate hemostasis of the ovarian arteriovenous complex (OAVC) in relation to surgical time, practicality and feasibility in three ovariohysterectomy (OH) techniques for queens. Methods: The experiment was performed on 21 female cats aged between six months and seven years, randomly arranged into three groups in a completely randomized design. Group one was spayed using the conventional three-clamp technique, group two using the OAVC knotting technique, and group three using the ovarian pedicle rotation technique. The students t-test and Tukeys test were used to compare the mean surgical times. Results: The conventional technique, which uses thread wires, was more laborious and required longer execution time compared to the other two techniques. The OAVC knotting technique was the fastest and had the least blood loss. Conclusion: The use of techniques that do not use synthetic materials for OAVC hemostasis was proven to be appropriate in castration projects, provided that the surgical team has sufficient training.(AU)

Acquired skin fragility syndrome in a juvenile cat following a routine ovariohysterectomy

Background: Acquired skin fragility syndrome (ASFS) is a rare condition, which is characterized by spontaneous fragility of the skin and an absence of hyperextensibility. Even though the real pathogenesis of ASFS remains unknown that isreported generally with some iatrogenic causes and severe diseases. Thus, based on the clinical findings this is the firstreport of describes the case and treatment of feline acquired skin fragility syndrome following a routine ovariohysterectomy.Case: An 8-month-old domestic shorthair female cat was brought to the Siirt University Animal Health Application andResearch Center for ovariohysterectomy operation. Before the operation physical examination of the animal revealed bodytemperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, the color of mucosas, and lymph nodes were determined normally. Besides, thereis no hematological and biochemical problem detected. The cat had no previous history of several infections or systemicdisease. A routine ovariohysterectomy procedure was applied under general anesthesia and the cat was discharged onthe same day. Three days after that a spontaneously developed cutaneous laceration below the left scapular region wasdetermined by the cat owner. During the clinical examination, it was determined that the cat was sensitive to touch againstthe left scapular area. Multiple spontaneous skin tear was revealed over the left scapular region while shaving for betterinspection but did not obtain any problem with incision line. To identify the underlying cause of skin tearing, hematological and biochemical tests were done but the animal’s results were found within the normal references. Also, rapid bloodtests were performed for feline leukemia virus and immunodeficiency virus, and none of them were positive. Additionally,the skin was not hyperextensible. Although the clinicopathological abnormalities were...

Acquired skin fragility syndrome in a juvenile cat following a routine ovariohysterectomy

Background: Acquired skin fragility syndrome (ASFS) is a rare condition, which is characterized by spontaneous fragility of the skin and an absence of hyperextensibility. Even though the real pathogenesis of ASFS remains unknown that isreported generally with some iatrogenic causes and severe diseases. Thus, based on the clinical findings this is the firstreport of describes the case and treatment of feline acquired skin fragility syndrome following a routine ovariohysterectomy.Case: An 8-month-old domestic shorthair female cat was brought to the Siirt University Animal Health Application andResearch Center for ovariohysterectomy operation. Before the operation physical examination of the animal revealed bodytemperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, the color of mucosas, and lymph nodes were determined normally. Besides, thereis no hematological and biochemical problem detected. The cat had no previous history of several infections or systemicdisease. A routine ovariohysterectomy procedure was applied under general anesthesia and the cat was discharged onthe same day. Three days after that a spontaneously developed cutaneous laceration below the left scapular region wasdetermined by the cat owner. During the clinical examination, it was determined that the cat was sensitive to touch againstthe left scapular area. Multiple spontaneous skin tear was revealed over the left scapular region while shaving for betterinspection but did not obtain any problem with incision line. To identify the underlying cause of skin tearing, hematological and biochemical tests were done but the animals results were found within the normal references. Also, rapid bloodtests were performed for feline leukemia virus and immunodeficiency virus, and none of them were positive. Additionally,the skin was not hyperextensible. Although the clinicopathological abnormalities were...(AU)

Evaluation of post-operative pain and stress in dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy under hospitalization / Avaliação da dor e estresse pós-operatórios em cadelas mantidas em ambiente hospitalar submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva

Surgical procedures in pet animals are usually associated with some degree of stress and pain. Hospitalization is one stress-triggering factor. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of stress and pain during hospitalization of female dogs submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and to investigate the influence of hospitalization on the stress of these animals. Fifteen young adult crossbreed female dogs were divided into two groups: eight animals without surgery (Group 1 - control) and seven animals submitted to surgery (Group 2 - OVH). Pain and stress were evaluated. Visual analogue scale (VAS), simple descriptive pain scale (SDS) and modified Glasgow pain scale (MGPS) were used. Serum cortisol (µg/dL) and glucose (mg/dl) were also measured. No statistical difference was observed for cortisol (µg/dL) between the two groups. Despite the absence of statistical difference between groups and times, mean serum cortisol (µg/dL) values exceeded the normal values for the canine species at various times evaluated. Hyperglycemia was only observed at T4 in the OVH group. It was concluded that the hospitalization of animals was more relevant in the establishment of stress than the surgical procedure and associated pain. The influence of stress was a relevant factor in the results of assessments carried out using the MGPS.(AU)

Os procedimentos cirúrgicos em animais de companhia são geralmente associados a algum grau de dor e estresse e a hospitalização é um dos fatores que predispõem ao estresse. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o grau de estresse e dor durante a internação de cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OVH) e investigar a influência da hospitalização sobre o estresse nestes animais. Quinze cadelas adultas jovens e mestiças foram divididas em dois grupos: oito animais não submetidos à cirurgia (Grupo 1 - controle) e sete animais submetidos à OVH (Grupo 2 - OVH). Dor e estresse foram avaliados. Foram utilizadas a escala visual analógica (EVA), escala descritiva simples (EDS) e escala de dor de Glasgow modificada (EDGM). A glicose (mg/dL) e o cortisol (µg/dL) séricos foram mensurados. Não houve diferença estatística do cortisol (µg/dL) entre os grupos. Entretanto, os valores médios de cortisol (µg/dL) excederam àqueles considerados normais para a espécie canina em vários períodos avaliados. A hiperglicemia foi observada em T4 no grupo OVH. Concluiu-se que a hospitalização dos animais foi mais relevante na ocorrência do estresse do que o procedimento cirúrgico e a dor associada a ele. Desta forma, a influência do estresse foi um fator relevante nos resultados das avaliações realizadas com a escala de dor de Glasgow modificada.(AU)

Evaluation of post-operative pain and stress in dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy under hospitalization / Avaliação da dor e estresse pós-operatórios em cadelas mantidas em ambiente hospitalar submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva

Surgical procedures in pet animals are usually associated with some degree of stress and pain. Hospitalization is one stress-triggering factor. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of stress and pain during hospitalization of female dogs submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and to investigate the influence of hospitalization on the stress of these animals. Fifteen young adult crossbreed female dogs were divided into two groups: eight animals without surgery (Group 1 - control) and seven animals submitted to surgery (Group 2 - OVH). Pain and stress were evaluated. Visual analogue scale (VAS), simple descriptive pain scale (SDS) and modified Glasgow pain scale (MGPS) were used. Serum cortisol (µg/dL) and glucose (mg/dl) were also measured. No statistical difference was observed for cortisol (µg/dL) between the two groups. Despite the absence of statistical difference between groups and times, mean serum cortisol (µg/dL) values exceeded the normal values for the canine species at various times evaluated. Hyperglycemia was only observed at T4 in the OVH group. It was concluded that the hospitalization of animals was more relevant in the establishment of stress than the surgical procedure and associated pain. The influence of stress was a relevant factor in the results of assessments carried out using the MGPS.(AU)

Os procedimentos cirúrgicos em animais de companhia são geralmente associados a algum grau de dor e estresse e a hospitalização é um dos fatores que predispõem ao estresse. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o grau de estresse e dor durante a internação de cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OVH) e investigar a influência da hospitalização sobre o estresse nestes animais. Quinze cadelas adultas jovens e mestiças foram divididas em dois grupos: oito animais não submetidos à cirurgia (Grupo 1 - controle) e sete animais submetidos à OVH (Grupo 2 - OVH). Dor e estresse foram avaliados. Foram utilizadas a escala visual analógica (EVA), escala descritiva simples (EDS) e escala de dor de Glasgow modificada (EDGM). A glicose (mg/dL) e o cortisol (µg/dL) séricos foram mensurados. Não houve diferença estatística do cortisol (µg/dL) entre os grupos. Entretanto, os valores médios de cortisol (µg/dL) excederam àqueles considerados normais para a espécie canina em vários períodos avaliados. A hiperglicemia foi observada em T4 no grupo OVH. Concluiu-se que a hospitalização dos animais foi mais relevante na ocorrência do estresse do que o procedimento cirúrgico e a dor associada a ele. Desta forma, a influência do estresse foi um fator relevante nos resultados das avaliações realizadas com a escala de dor de Glasgow modificada.(AU)

Evaluation of post-operative pain and stress in dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy under hospitalization / Avaliação da dor e estresse pós-operatórios em cadelas mantidas em ambiente hospitalar submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva

Surgical procedures in pet animals are usually associated with some degree of stress and pain. Hospitalization is one stress-triggering factor. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of stress and pain during hospitalization of female dogs submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and to investigate the influence of hospitalization on the stress of these animals. Fifteen young adult crossbreed female dogs were divided into two groups: eight animals without surgery (Group 1 - control) and seven animals submitted to surgery (Group 2 - OVH). Pain and stress were evaluated. Visual analogue scale (VAS), simple descriptive pain scale (SDS) and modified Glasgow pain scale (MGPS) were used. Serum cortisol (g/dL) and glucose (mg/dl) were also measured. No statistical difference was observed for cortisol (g/dL) between the two groups. Despite the absence of statistical difference between groups and times, mean serum cortisol (g/dL) values exceeded the normal values for the canine species at various times evaluated. Hyperglycemia was only observed at T4 in the OVH group. It was concluded that the hospitalization of animals was more relevant in the establishment of stress than the surgical procedure and associated pain. The influence of stress was a relevant factor in the resu

Os procedimentos cirúrgicos em animais de companhia são geralmente associados a algum grau de dor e estresse e a hospitalização é um dos fatores que predispõem ao estresse. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o grau de estresse e dor durante a internação de cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OVH) e investigar a influência da hospitalização sobre o estresse nestes animais. Quinze cadelas adultas jovens e mestiças foram divididas em dois grupos: oito animais não submetidos à cirurgia (Grupo 1 - controle) e sete animais submetidos à OVH (Grupo 2 - OVH). Dor e estresse foram avaliados. Foram utilizadas a escala visual analógica (EVA), escala descritiva simples (EDS) e escala de dor de Glasgow modificada (EDGM). A glicose (mg/dL) e o cortisol (g/dL) séricos foram mensurados. Não houve diferença estatística do cortisol (g/dL) entre os grupos. Entretanto, os valores médios de cortisol (g/dL) excederam àqueles considerados normais para a espécie canina em vários períodos avaliados. A hiperglicemia foi observada em T4 no grupo OVH. Concluiu-se que a hospitalização dos animais foi mais relevante na ocorrência do estresse do que o procedimento cirúrgico e a dor associada a ele. Desta forma, a influência do estresse foi um fator relevante nos resultados das avaliaçõ

Risk factors associated with mammary tumors in female dogs / Fatores de risco para tumores mamários em cadelas de Uberlândia e Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais

Mammary tumors in female dogs are the most frequent and corresponds to half of the canine tumors. The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of mammary tumors in female dogs and to evaluate the macroscopic characteristics of these neoformations, using 386 dogs from the "Outubro Rosa Pets" events done within the cities of Uberlândia and Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in 2015 (n=194), 2016 (n=105) and 2017 (n=87). For the determination of risk factors, the binary logistic regression test (P<0.05) was performed. The occurrence of mammary tumors was 23.6% (91/386). The significant risk factors identified were increased age (P<0.001), overweight (P=0.048) and non-castration (P<0.001) with a chance of, respectively, 1.6, 2.3 and 9.3 times for the development of mammary tumors. In dogs with mammary tumors (n=91), 153 lesions were present, of which 39 female dogs had two or more lesions (42.8%). Most of the lesions were at the caudal abdominal (M4) and inguinal (M5) mammary glands (60.13%, 92/153). Relative to the size of the lesions, it was observed that in 78% of the female dogs the lesions were determined asT1 (<3cm), 16.5% were T2 (3-5cm) and 5.5% T3 (>5cm). At least 15.4% (14/91) of the dogs had one of the regional lymph nodes increased. In conclusion, the occurrence of mammary tumors in the evaluated population was 23.6% and that age, overweight and non-realization of ovariohysterectomy are risk factors associated with the development of mammary tumors.(AU)

Em cadelas os tumores mamários são os mais frequentes e correspondem a aproximadamente metade dos tumores em cães. Este estudo teve os objetivos de determinar os fatores de risco envolvidos na ocorrência de tumores mamários em cadelas e avaliar as características macroscópicas destas neoformações, utilizando 386 cadelas do evento "Outubro Rosa Pets" nos municípios de Uberlândia e Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em 2015 (n=194), 2016 (n=105) e 2017 (n=87). Para a determinação dos fatores de risco utilizou-se o teste de Regressão logística binária (P<0,05). A ocorrência de tumores mamários foi de 23,6% (91/386). Os fatores de risco significativos identificados foram aumento da idade (P<0,001), sobrepeso (P=0,048) e não-castração (P<0,001) com a chance de, respectivamente, 1,6, 2,3 e 9,3 vezes de desenvolvimento de tumores mamários. Nas cadelas com tumores mamários (n=91), constatou-se a presença de 153 lesões, sendo que 39 cadelas apresentaram duas ou mais lesões (42,8%). A maioria das lesões localizaram-se nas mamas abdominais caudais (M4) e inguinais (M5) (60,13%; 92/153). Em relação ao tamanho das lesões, observou-se que 78% das cadelas eram T1 (<3cm), 16,5% T2 (3-5cm) e 5,5% T3 (>5cm). Pelo menos 15,4% (14/91) das cadelas apresentaram um dos linfonodos regionais aumentados. Conclui-se que a ocorrência dos tumores mamários na população avaliada foi de 23,6% e que a idade, sobrepeso e não ovariohisterectomia são fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de tumores mamários.(AU)

Risk factors associated with mammary tumors in female dogs / Fatores de risco para tumores mamários em cadelas de Uberlândia e Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais

Mammary tumors in female dogs are the most frequent and corresponds to half of the canine tumors. The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of mammary tumors in female dogs and to evaluate the macroscopic characteristics of these neoformations, using 386 dogs from the "Outubro Rosa Pets" events done within the cities of Uberlândia and Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in 2015 (n=194), 2016 (n=105) and 2017 (n=87). For the determination of risk factors, the binary logistic regression test (P<0.05) was performed. The occurrence of mammary tumors was 23.6% (91/386). The significant risk factors identified were increased age (P<0.001), overweight (P=0.048) and non-castration (P<0.001) with a chance of, respectively, 1.6, 2.3 and 9.3 times for the development of mammary tumors. In dogs with mammary tumors (n=91), 153 lesions were present, of which 39 female dogs had two or more lesions (42.8%). Most of the lesions were at the caudal abdominal (M4) and inguinal (M5) mammary glands (60.13%, 92/153). Relative to the size of the lesions, it was observed that in 78% of the female dogs the lesions were determined asT1 (<3cm), 16.5% were T2 (3-5cm) and 5.5% T3 (>5cm). At least 15.4% (14/91) of the dogs had one of the regional lymph nodes increased. In conclusion, the occurrence of mammary tumors in the evaluated population was 23.6% and that age, overweight and non-realization of ovariohysterectomy are risk factors associated with the development of mammary tumors.(AU)

Em cadelas os tumores mamários são os mais frequentes e correspondem a aproximadamente metade dos tumores em cães. Este estudo teve os objetivos de determinar os fatores de risco envolvidos na ocorrência de tumores mamários em cadelas e avaliar as características macroscópicas destas neoformações, utilizando 386 cadelas do evento "Outubro Rosa Pets" nos municípios de Uberlândia e Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em 2015 (n=194), 2016 (n=105) e 2017 (n=87). Para a determinação dos fatores de risco utilizou-se o teste de Regressão logística binária (P<0,05). A ocorrência de tumores mamários foi de 23,6% (91/386). Os fatores de risco significativos identificados foram aumento da idade (P<0,001), sobrepeso (P=0,048) e não-castração (P<0,001) com a chance de, respectivamente, 1,6, 2,3 e 9,3 vezes de desenvolvimento de tumores mamários. Nas cadelas com tumores mamários (n=91), constatou-se a presença de 153 lesões, sendo que 39 cadelas apresentaram duas ou mais lesões (42,8%). A maioria das lesões localizaram-se nas mamas abdominais caudais (M4) e inguinais (M5) (60,13%; 92/153). Em relação ao tamanho das lesões, observou-se que 78% das cadelas eram T1 (<3cm), 16,5% T2 (3-5cm) e 5,5% T3 (>5cm). Pelo menos 15,4% (14/91) das cadelas apresentaram um dos linfonodos regionais aumentados. Conclui-se que a ocorrência dos tumores mamários na população avaliada foi de 23,6% e que a idade, sobrepeso e não ovariohisterectomia são fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de tumores mamários.(AU)

Surgical casuistic in dogs at a Veterinary Hospital - Piauí State Federal University / Casuística cirúrgica em cães de um Hospital Veterinário - Universidade Federal do Piauí

The objective of this report was to record surgical procedures performed in 241 dogs in a teaching veterinary hospital. There were 40 elective surgical procedures (16.6%) and 201 therapeutic surgical procedures (83.4%). The most frequent procedure was ovariohysterectomy (OH), 65% (26/40) and 24.38% (49/201), respectively, for elective and therapeutic surgical procedures. Among therapeutic surgical procedures were registered fracture reduction (16.91%, 34/201), mastectomies (13.93%, 28/201), drainage of the otohematoma (12.94%; 26/201) and ophthalmic surgical procedures (5.47%, 11/201). The high percentage of therapeutic surgical procedures conducted demonstrates the complexity of the cases attended daily in a teaching veterinary hospital.(AU)

O presente relato tem o objetivo de registrar procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados em 241 cães em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário. Foram realizados 40 procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos (16,6%) e 201 procedimentos cirúrgicos terapêuticos (83,4%). Em ambos os casos, o procedimento mais frequente foi ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH), 65% (26/40) e 24,38% (49/201) respectivamente para procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos e terapêuticos. Entre os procedimentos cirúrgicos terapêuticos foram registradas redução de fraturas (16,91%; 34/201), mastectomias (13,93%; 28/201), drenagem de otohematomas (12,94%; 26/201) e procedimentos cirúrgicos oftálmicos (5,47%; 11/201). A alta porcentagem de procedimentos cirúrgicos terapêuticos demonstra a complexidade dos casos atendidos diariamente em um Hospital Escola.(AU)

Surgical casuistic in dogs at a Veterinary Hospital - Piauí State Federal University / Casuística cirúrgica em cães de um Hospital Veterinário - Universidade Federal do Piauí

The objective of this report was to record surgical procedures performed in 241 dogs in a teaching veterinary hospital. There were 40 elective surgical procedures (16.6%) and 201 therapeutic surgical procedures (83.4%). The most frequent procedure was ovariohysterectomy (OH), 65% (26/40) and 24.38% (49/201), respectively, for elective and therapeutic surgical procedures. Among therapeutic surgical procedures were registered fracture reduction (16.91%, 34/201), mastectomies (13.93%, 28/201), drainage of the otohematoma (12.94%; 26/201) and ophthalmic surgical procedures (5.47%, 11/201). The high percentage of therapeutic surgical procedures conducted demonstrates the complexity of the cases attended daily in a teaching veterinary hospital.(AU)

O presente relato tem o objetivo de registrar procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados em 241 cães em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário. Foram realizados 40 procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos (16,6%) e 201 procedimentos cirúrgicos terapêuticos (83,4%). Em ambos os casos, o procedimento mais frequente foi ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH), 65% (26/40) e 24,38% (49/201) respectivamente para procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos e terapêuticos. Entre os procedimentos cirúrgicos terapêuticos foram registradas redução de fraturas (16,91%; 34/201), mastectomias (13,93%; 28/201), drenagem de otohematomas (12,94%; 26/201) e procedimentos cirúrgicos oftálmicos (5,47%; 11/201). A alta porcentagem de procedimentos cirúrgicos terapêuticos demonstra a complexidade dos casos atendidos diariamente em um Hospital Escola.(AU)

Acute phase proteins in bitches subjected to conventional and minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy / Proteínas de fase aguda em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia convencional e minimamente invasiva

The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the possible inflammatory changes by screening acute phase proteins concentrations in healthy bitches subjected to ovariohysterectomy. Minimally invasive and conventional (laparotomy) ovariohysterectomies were performed in 17 client-owned adult female mixed breed dogs. Nine animals were subjected to minimally invasive and eight animals to conventional ovariohysterectomy. Blood samples were taken before surgery, 24, 48 hours, and seven days postoperatively. Serum C-reactive concentration was determined by a commercial ELISA kit and serum haptoglobin concentration was measured via hemoglobin binding assay, both previously validated for use in dogs. As the data did not meet the normal distribution criteria, the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis was performed to compare quantitative variables between groups. One-way ANOVA and the Friedman test were used for multiple comparisons between time points, with a P<0.05 considered significant. C-reactive protein concentration was significantly different (P<0.0001) at 24 hours postoperatively between groups. There was no significant difference in haptoglobin concentration between groups. C-reactive protein and haptoglobin concentrations were significantly different at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively for minimally invasive and conventional ovariohisterectomies. These findings provided an overview of the short-term inflammatory effects produced by minimally invasive and conventional ovariohysterectomies.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar o efeito inflamatório, por meio da determinação de proteínas de fase aguda, produzido por dois protocolos cirúrgicos distintos de ovariohisterectomia em cadelas. Para tanto, foram determinadas as concentrações de proteína C reativa (CRP) e haptoglobina (Hp) de 17 cadelas, sem raça definida, adultas, sendo nove animais submetidos à ovariohisterectomia pela técnica convencional por laparotomia e oito a ovariohisterectomia pela técnica minimamente invasiva. Para avaliar a resposta de fase aguda causada pelo trauma cirúrgico, amostras de sangue foram obtidas antes dos procedimentos cirúrgicos e em quatro momentos distintos após as cirurgias (24, 48 horas e sete dias) para as dosagens de CRP e Hp, com kit comercial ELISA e via ensaio de ligação com a hemoglobina, respectivamente, validados para o uso em cães. Como não houve distribuição normal dos dados, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskall-Wallis para comparação das variáveis quantitativas entre os dois grupos. Os testes de Friedman e One-way ANOVA foram usados para comparações múltiplas entre os momentos avaliados, sendo considerado P<0,05 como significante. Houve diferença significativa (P<0,0001) para as concentrações de CRP 24 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico entre os dois protocolos utilizados. Não houve diferença significativa para as concentrações de Hp entre os dois protocolos cirúrgicos. Foram evidenciadas alterações significativas para as concentrações de CRP e Hp 24 e 48 horas após as ovariohisterectomias, independentemente da técnica cirúrgica utilizada. As concentrações de CRP e Hp demonstraram o efeito inflamatório imediato induzido pela ovariohisterectomia convencional e minimamente invasiva.(AU)

Acute phase proteins in bitches subjected to conventional and minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy / Proteínas de fase aguda em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia convencional e minimamente invasiva

The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the possible inflammatory changes by screening acute phase proteins concentrations in healthy bitches subjected to ovariohysterectomy. Minimally invasive and conventional (laparotomy) ovariohysterectomies were performed in 17 client-owned adult female mixed breed dogs. Nine animals were subjected to minimally invasive and eight animals to conventional ovariohysterectomy. Blood samples were taken before surgery, 24, 48 hours, and seven days postoperatively. Serum C-reactive concentration was determined by a commercial ELISA kit and serum haptoglobin concentration was measured via hemoglobin binding assay, both previously validated for use in dogs. As the data did not meet the normal distribution criteria, the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis was performed to compare quantitative variables between groups. One-way ANOVA and the Friedman test were used for multiple comparisons between time points, with a P<0.05 considered significant. C-reactive protein concentration was significantly different (P<0.0001) at 24 hours postoperatively between groups. There was no significant difference in haptoglobin concentration between groups. C-reactive protein and haptoglobin concentrations were significantly different at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively for minimally invasive and conventional ovariohisterectomies. These findings provided an overview of the short-term inflammatory effects produced by minimally invasive and conventional ovariohysterectomies.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar o efeito inflamatório, por meio da determinação de proteínas de fase aguda, produzido por dois protocolos cirúrgicos distintos de ovariohisterectomia em cadelas. Para tanto, foram determinadas as concentrações de proteína C reativa (CRP) e haptoglobina (Hp) de 17 cadelas, sem raça definida, adultas, sendo nove animais submetidos à ovariohisterectomia pela técnica convencional por laparotomia e oito a ovariohisterectomia pela técnica minimamente invasiva. Para avaliar a resposta de fase aguda causada pelo trauma cirúrgico, amostras de sangue foram obtidas antes dos procedimentos cirúrgicos e em quatro momentos distintos após as cirurgias (24, 48 horas e sete dias) para as dosagens de CRP e Hp, com kit comercial ELISA e via ensaio de ligação com a hemoglobina, respectivamente, validados para o uso em cães. Como não houve distribuição normal dos dados, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskall-Wallis para comparação das variáveis quantitativas entre os dois grupos. Os testes de Friedman e One-way ANOVA foram usados para comparações múltiplas entre os momentos avaliados, sendo considerado P<0,05 como significante. Houve diferença significativa (P<0,0001) para as concentrações de CRP 24 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico entre os dois protocolos utilizados. Não houve diferença significativa para as concentrações de Hp entre os dois protocolos cirúrgicos. Foram evidenciadas alterações significativas para as concentrações de CRP e Hp 24 e 48 horas após as ovariohisterectomias, independentemente da técnica cirúrgica utilizada. As concentrações de CRP e Hp demonstraram o efeito inflamatório imediato induzido pela ovariohisterectomia convencional e minimamente invasiva.(AU)

Early-age neutering in dogs and cats: advantages and disadvantages / Castração precoce em cães e gatos: vantagens e desvantagens

Prepubertal gonadectomy is defined as the surgical sterilization of immature male and female animalsaging from 6-to-14 weeks, and it is a less invasive, less traumatic surgery when performed prior to puberty thanin adult animals. In dogs, growth plate closure is delayed when surgery is performed prior to puberty, but thedelay is significantly longer when neutering is done at 7 weeks as compared to 7 months. External genitalia donot develop fully: penile and preputial immaturity and decreased radiodensity of the os penis are frequentlyobserved. Vulvar development is also often insufficient in bitches gonadectomised at 7 weeks. Heat productionis 28% lower in neutered compared to intact cats. A decrease in urethral diameter has been observed in neuteredfemale but not male cats. Effects of prepuberal gonadectomy on behaviour vary depending on species and sex. Ingeneral, excitability and degree of activity are increased in males and females gonadectomised at 7 weeks or 7months, and when surgery is done at 7 weeks animals are found to be more excitable if compared to thosegonadectomised at 7 months. Incidence of urinary incontinence in the canine population may increasesignificantly when gonadectomy is done prior to 3 months of age. The most important anesthetic and surgicalconsiderations concern fasting, the use of a warm environment, the use of short-acting inducing drugs, of volatileanesthesia. Prepubertal neutering is probably an acceptable technique for dogs and cats, although it carries some(minor) risks which should be explained in details whenever using it for client-owned animals.(AU)

Early-age neutering in dogs and cats: advantages and disadvantages / Castração precoce em cães e gatos: vantagens e desvantagens

Prepubertal gonadectomy is defined as the surgical sterilization of immature male and female animalsaging from 6-to-14 weeks, and it is a less invasive, less traumatic surgery when performed prior to puberty thanin adult animals. In dogs, growth plate closure is delayed when surgery is performed prior to puberty, but thedelay is significantly longer when neutering is done at 7 weeks as compared to 7 months. External genitalia donot develop fully: penile and preputial immaturity and decreased radiodensity of the os penis are frequentlyobserved. Vulvar development is also often insufficient in bitches gonadectomised at 7 weeks. Heat productionis 28% lower in neutered compared to intact cats. A decrease in urethral diameter has been observed in neuteredfemale but not male cats. Effects of prepuberal gonadectomy on behaviour vary depending on species and sex. Ingeneral, excitability and degree of activity are increased in males and females gonadectomised at 7 weeks or 7months, and when surgery is done at 7 weeks animals are found to be more excitable if compared to thosegonadectomised at 7 months. Incidence of urinary incontinence in the canine population may increasesignificantly when gonadectomy is done prior to 3 months of age. The most important anesthetic and surgicalconsiderations concern fasting, the use of a warm environment, the use of short-acting inducing drugs, of volatileanesthesia. Prepubertal neutering is probably an acceptable technique for dogs and cats, although it carries some(minor) risks which should be explained in details whenever using it for client-owned animals.

Avaliação paramétrica em cadelas submetidas a ovário-histerectomia pré-tratadas com cetoprofeno e flunixin meglumine / Parametric evaluation in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy premedicate with ketoprofen and flunixin meglumine

Avaliou-se a frequência cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, saturação periférica dehemoglobina e temperatura retal de cães pré-tratados com cetoprofeno e flunixin meglumine. Vinte cadelas para realizar ovário-histerectomia foram distribuídas em dois grupos de 10 animais. O grupo I recebeu 1,0 mg/kg de cetoprofeno e o II 1,1mg/kg de flunixin meglumine. Ambos administrados por via intravenosa, diluídos em 10 ml de solução salina, 3 minutos antes da incisão cutânea. O protocolo anestésico foi a acepromazina (0,1 mg/kg) como medicação pré-anestésica. A indução anestésica com midazolam (0,5 mg/kg) e cetamina (2,0 mg/kg), via intravenosa e manutenção anestésica com isoflurano. A análise paramétrica de saturação periférica de hemoglobina mostrou de maneira uniforme durante todo o procedimento. Os valores médios da pressão arterial sistólica, temperatura, frequência cardíaca erespiratória mostraram-se dentro de valores normais. O cetoprofeno e flunixin meglumine contribuempara manter os valores paramétricos normais em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia com oprotocolo anestésico usado nesse experimento.

The heart rate and respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, peripheral hemoglobin saturation and rectal temperature were evaluated of dogs pretreated with ketoprofen and flunixinmeglumine. Twenty dogs to perform ovariohysterectomy were divided into two groups of ten animals. Group I received 1.0 mg / kg of ketoprofen and II 1.1 mg / kg of flunixin meglumine. Both administeredintravenously, dissolved in 10 ml of saline for 3 minutes before the skin incision. The anesthetic protocol was acepromazine (0.1 mg / kg) as premedication. Anesthetic induction with midazolam (0.5 mg / kg) and ketamine (2.0 mg / kg) intravenously and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. The parametric analysis of peripheral hemoglobin saturation showed uniformly throughout the procedure. The meansystolic blood pressure, temperature, heart rate and breathing were within normal values. The ketoprofen and flunixin meglumine help maintain normal parametric values in bitches submitted toovariohysterectomy with the anesthetic protocol used in this experiment.

Comparison of morphine, ketoprofen and Arnica montana 6x and 30x per oral transmucosal or subcutaneous route for control of postoperative pain in cats subjected to hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

ABSTRACT: The postoperative analgesic effect of Arnica montana (Arnica) was compared to morphine and ketoprofen in 50 cats following hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (HSO). Cats were randomly allocated to five groups (n=10) and were treated 30 minutes before surgery and over 72 hours with 1ml of Arnica 30x per subcutaneous (SC) route (GA30SC); Arnica 30x per oral transmucosal route (P.O.) (GA30PO); Arnica 6x P.O. (GA6PO); morphine 0.1mg kg-1 SC (GM) SID or ketoprofen 2mg kg-1 SC (GK) before and 1mg kg-1 after surgery. Sedation and postoperative pain were assessed by means of a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS) and variable count scale (VCS) and hyperalgesia using an esthesiometer. Whenever the VAS and VCS scores attained 33% of the maximum value, rescue analgesia was performed with morphine 0.3mg kg-1 per the intramuscular (IM) route. Other variables assessed were vomiting, defecation, urination, body weight and wound healing. Vomiting only occurred in animals treated with morphine. The groups did not differ in defecation, urination, body weight or wound healing. Hyperalgesia was detected only on the occasions that the criterion for rescue analgesia was met. One animal in GK and one in GM required rescue analgesia, differing from groups GA30SC, GA30PO and GA6PO, in which 4, 4 and 5 animals, respectively, required rescue analgesia. It can be concluded that ketoprofen and morphine were more efficacious than Arnica and that there was no difference among the various potencies and routes of administration of Arnica for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing HSO.

RESUMO: Comparou-se o efeito analgésico de Arnica em relação à morfina ou cetoprofeno, no período pós-operatório, de 50 gatas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia (OSH). As gatas foram divididas em cinco grupos (n=10) e tratadas aleatoriamente 30 minutos antes da cirurgia por 72 horas com 1ml de Arnica 30D por via subcutânea (SC) (GA30SC); Arnica 30D por via oral (VO) (GA30VO); Arnica 6D VO (GA6VO); 0,1mg kg-1 de morfina SC (GM) TID ou 2mg kg-1 de cetoprofeno SC (GC) antes e 1mg kg-1 após a cirurgia SID. Foram avaliadas a sedação e a dor pós-operatória, por meio de escala analógica visual (EAV), escala de contagem variável (ECV) e hiperalgesia, esta última pelo estesiômetro. Quando os escores da ECV e EAV atingiram 33% do valor máximo, realizou-se resgate analgésico com 0,3mg kg-1 de morfina por via intramuscular (IM). Observou-se ocorrência de vômito, defecação, micção, alteração de peso e a cicatrização. Exceto nos animais tratados com morfina, não houve vômito. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para defecação, micção, peso e cicatrização. A hiperalgesia foi observada apenas nos momentos do resgate analgésico. Um animal de GC e um de GM receberam resgate analgésico, o que diferiu dos grupos GA30SC, GA30VO e GA6VO, onde, respectivamente, 4, 4 e 5 animais necessitaram resgate analgésico. Conclui-se que o cetoprofeno e a morfina foram mais eficazes que a Arnica e que, quanto à Arnica, não houve diferença nem entre as dinamizações e entre as vias SC e oral para analgesia de gatas submetidas à OSH.

Comparison of morphine, ketoprofen and Arnica montana 6x and 30x per oral transmucosal or subcutaneous route for control of postoperative pain in cats subjected to hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy / Comparação de morfina, cetoprofeno e Arnica montana 6x e 30x por via transmucosa oral ou subcutânea para control e de dor pós-operatória em gatas submetidas à histerectomia e ooforectomia bilateral

The postoperative analgesic effect of Arnica montana (Arnica) was compared to morphine and ketoprofen in 50 cats following hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (HSO). Cats were randomly allocated to five groups (n=10) and were treated 30 minutes before surgery and over 72 hours with 1ml of Arnica 30x per subcutaneous (SC) route (GA30SC); Arnica 30x per oral transmucosal route (P.O.) (GA30PO); Arnica 6x P.O. (GA6PO); morphine 0.1mg kg-1 SC (GM) SID or ketoprofen 2mg kg-1 SC (GK) before and 1mg kg-1 after surgery. Sedation and postoperative pain were assessed by means of a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS) and variable count scale (VCS) and hyperalgesia using an esthesiometer. Whenever the VAS and VCS scores attained 33% of the maximum value, rescue analgesia was performed with morphine 0.3mg kg-1 per the intramuscular (IM) route. Other variables assessed were vomiting, defecation, urination, body weight and wound healing. Vomiting only occurred in animals treated with morphine. The groups did not differ in defecation, urination, body weight or wound healing. Hyperalgesia was detected only on the occasions that the criterion for rescue analgesia was met. One animal in GK and one in GM required rescue analgesia, differing from groups GA30SC, GA30PO and GA6PO, in which 4, 4 and 5 animals, respectively, required rescue analgesia. It can be concluded (AU)

Comparou-se o efeito analgésico de Arnica em relação à morfina ou cetoprofeno, no período pós-operatório, de 50 gatas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia (OSH). As gatas foram divididas em cinco grupos (n=10) e tratadas aleatoriamente 30 minutos antes da cirurgia por 72 horas com 1ml de Arnica 30D por via subcutânea (SC) (GA30SC); Arnica 30D por via oral (VO) (GA30VO); Arnica 6D VO (GA6VO); 0,1mg kg-1 de morfina SC (GM) TID ou 2mg kg-1 de cetoprofeno SC (GC) antes e 1mg kg-1 após a cirurgia SID. Foram avaliadas a sedação e a dor pós-operatória, por meio de escala analógica visual (EAV), escala de contagem variável (ECV) e hiperalgesia, esta última pelo estesiômetro. Quando os escores da ECV e EAV atingiram 33% do valor máximo, realizou-se resgate analgésico com 0,3mg kg-1 de morfina por via intramuscular (IM). Observou-se ocorrência de vômito, defecação, micção, alteração de peso e a cicatrização. Exceto nos animais tratados com morfina, não houve vômito. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para defecação, micção, peso e cicatrização. A hiperalgesia foi observada apenas nos momentos do resgate analgésico. Um animal de GC e um de GM receberam resgate analgésico, o que diferiu dos grupos GA30SC, GA30VO e GA6VO, onde, respectivamente, 4, 4 e 5 animais necessitaram resgate analgésico. Conclui-se que o cetoprofeno e a morfina foram mais eficazes que a Arnica e que, quanto à Ar(AU)