Effects of Supplementation of Zinc, Manganese, or Copper and Different Phytase Levels in Serum and Bone Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases of Broiler Chicks

The knowledge of biological trace minerals and phytase requirements for modern broiler genotypes is not established and the pressure to reduce their usage in animal feeding due to environmental issues is increasing. Here, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) of the tibia and serum of broilers fed with diets containing various levels of phytase and reduced levels of zinc, manganese, and copper was evaluated. The experiment was performed using 1,200 male Cobb broilers raised according to standard commercial husbandry techniques. Data were analyzed as a 4×3 factorial arrangement with four concentrations of zinc (0.34, 0.49, 0.64, and 0.79 ppm), manganese (0.18, 0.43, 0.68, and 0.93 ppm), or copper (0.09, 0.12, 0.15, and 0.18 ppm) and three concentrations of phytase (0, 500, and 1,000 FTU/kg) for age periods of 1-21 and 36-42 days. While the dietary supplementation with copper did not induce a significant effect in bone tissue biochemical markers, serum TRAP activity of 42-day old broilers increased with higher copper levels. Increasing dietary zinc levels linearly increased ALP activity in tibia growth, suggesting that zinc is essential for longitudinal bone growth. Phytase significantly promoted the increase of TRAP and ALP activities, suggesting that manganese increased growth plate activity, accelerated calcification, and remodeled the newly formed tissue into trabecular bone. Although not every enzymatic activity was affected by the treatments, the phytase use, along with trace minerals, improved the animal response to the rapid growth required nowadays and provided the nutrients for adequate bone metabolism.(AU)

Influence of Phytase with Or without Organic Acid (Sodium Di-Formate) Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Response, Protein and Mineral Digestibility in Starter Phase of Broilers

This experiment was planned to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation with or without organic acid (OA) on performance, protein, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and sodium (Na) digestibility and carcass parameters in broiler chickens fed low Ca and low P diets in comparison to a high Ca and high P diet with standard specifications. For this purpose, two iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were prepared in such a way that one diet had high Ca (9.80) and high P (4.50) and second diet had low Ca (8.50) and low P (2.40), respectively. Low Ca and low P diet was further supplemented with enzyme phytase @ 500 FTU/kg, and phytase @ 500 FTU/kg + organic acid (1 kg/ton). Rations were offered to seven replicates of ten birds each, from day 1 to 21. Results revealed that the experimental treatments had no effect on feed intake and growth performance of birds (p>0.05). Carcass parameter results showed highest thigh meat yield % and liver weight % in the birds fed diet with low Ca & P and supplemented with enzymes phytase (p<0.05). Fecal P and Na digestiblities were high (p<0.05) in experimental broilers fed low Ca low P with enzyme phytase supplementation as compared to the diet without phytase supplementation. It is concluded that phytase and OA supplementation in the starter diet with low Ca and low P level did not influence intake, growth and feed conversion of the broilers. However, thigh meat yield percent and mineral digestiblities (P and Na) increased in the broilers that received the diet with low Ca and low P level and supplemented with enzyme phytase.(AU)

High Doses of Phytase Alleviate the Negative Effects of Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalance on Growth Performance and Bone Mineralization in Broiler Chickens

This study investigated the effect of calcium (Ca) and phytase interaction on growth performance and bone quality in 1-42-day-old broiler chickens. A total of 624 female one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were allotted to 13 treatments with four replicates and 12 birds per replicate. A 2 × 6 factorial experiment was designed to test the combinations of 0.50% and 1.00% Ca with 0, 500, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000, and 10,000 FTU/kg phytase in the basal diet (0.25% non-phytate phosphorus, NPP). The control diet contained adequate Ca and phosphorus (P). Dietary Ca, phytase, and their interaction affected growth performance and bone mineralization of broilers at 1-42 days of age (p<0.05). The broilers fed with 1.00% Ca had lower body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) compared with the birds fed with 0.50% Ca (p<0.05). The BWG, FI, leg bone weight, and ash weight of the broilers fed with 0.25% NPP were lower than those of birds fed with the control diet (p<0.05). The addition of 500-10,000 FTU/kg phytase improved growth rate and leg bone quality, especially at 1.00% Ca (p<0.05). No differences were observed in growth performance and bone quality of 42-day-old broilers fed with 1.00% Ca + 2,500-10,000 FTU/kg phytase and the control diet (p>0.05). These data indicated that high doses of phytase (2,500-10,000 FTU/kg) alleviate the negative effects of Ca and P imbalance (Ca-to-NPP ratio = 4.0) on growth performance and bone mineralization of broiler chickens.(AU)

Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of plant-based feedstuffs and phytase supplementation in broiler chicken diets / [Digestibilidade ileal estandardizada de aminoácidos de alimentos de origem vegetal e suplementação de fitase em dietas para frangos de corte]

The objective was to determine the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) in soybean meal (SBM), corn + SBM, wheat + SBM and a protein free diet (PFD) associated with phytase. A total of 672 Cobb 500 (493±10g) male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with twelve treatments (PFD, PFD + SBM, PFD + corn + SBM and PFD + wheat + SBM, supplemented with 0, 500 and 1000 FTU), eight replicates and seven birds per cage from 14 to 23 days. Phytase supplementation at 500 FTU increased the SIAAD of methionine in SBM (P<0.05) and threonine in corn + SBM (P<0.05). There was no significant effect (P>0.05) for the SIAAD of methionine, arginine and histidine in wheat + SBM as the phytase supplementation. However, the SIAAD of lysine, threonine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, valine, cystine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine and tyrosine differed (P<0.05). In general, the SIAAD for SBM, corn + SBM and wheat + SBM are 90.32, 88.65 and 83.97% (0 FTU); 91.31, 88.81 and 88.36% (500 FTU); and 91.36, 87.09 and 87.87% (1000 FTU). In conclusion, the efficacy of phytase for improve the SIAAD vary according to the feedstuff and level of supplementation.

Objetivou-se determinar a digestibilidade ileal estandardizada dos aminoácidos (SIAAD) do farelo de soja (FS), milho + FS, trigo + FS e uma dieta livre de proteína (PFD) com fitase. Um total de 672 pintos machos (493±10g), Cobb 500, foi distribuído em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com 12 tratamentos (PFD, PFD + FS, PFD + milho + FS e PFD + trigo + FS, suplementados com 0, 500 e 1000 FTU), oito repetições e sete aves por gaiola, no período de 14 a 23 dias. A suplementação de fitase em 500 FTU aumentou o SIAAD da metionina do FS (P<0,05) e da treonina do milho + FS (P<0,05). Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) para o SIAAD de metionina, arginina e histidina no trigo + farelo de soja à medida que os níveis de fitase aumentaram. No entanto, o SIAAD de lisina, treonina, isoleucina, fenilalanina, valina, cistina, alanina, ácido aspártico, ácido glutâmico, glicina, serina e tirosina diferiu (P<0,05). Em geral, a SIAAD do FS, milho + FS e trigo + FS foi de 90,32, 88,65 e 83,97% sem a suplementação de fitase (0 FTU); 91,31, 88,81 e 88,36% (500 FTU); e 91,36, 87,09 e 87,87% (1000 FTU). Em conclusão, a eficácia da suplementação com fitase para aumentar a SIAAD varia de acordo com o alimento e o nível de suplementação.

The effects of 1a(OH)D3 individually or in combination with phytase, and different levels of cholecalciferol on performance, tibia criteria, and plasma minerals of Japanese quails

The aim of studywas to compare efficacy of 1-α(OH)D3alone or in combination with phytase and 1-α(OH)D3in combination of phytase and different concentration of cholecalciferol on performance, tibia parameters,andplasma minerals of quails fed Ca-P deficient diet. A total of 280 mixed sex 5-d-old quails were allocated to 7 treatments with 5 replicates.The vitamin supplement which incorporated to basal diet did not contain cholecalciferol.The dietary treatments were as follows: Ca-P deficient diet (basal diet); basal diet + 500 FTU phytase/kg of diet; basal diet + phytase + 5 µg of 1-α(OH)D3kg-1of diet;basal diet + phytase + 5 µg of 1-α(OH)D3and 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 IU of cholecalciferol kg-1of diet. The highest final body weight and the best feed conversion ratioobtained in the group supplemented with 1,000 IU cholecalciferol kg-1of diet (p < 0.05). Supplementation of 1-α(OH)D3 alone or in combination with phytase and phytase and different concentration of cholecalciferol could improve tibia parameters (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of 1-α(OH)D3alone to Ca-P deficient diet could maximize tibia mineralization, whereas it couldn't maximize performance, performance criteria were maximized by supplementation of 1,000 IU cholecalciferol kg-1of diet.(AU)

Mitsuokella Jalaludinii Supplementation Improved Nutrient Utilization of Broilers Fed Low-Available Phosphorus Diet

Phytase enzyme is supplemented to poultry feed to improve phosphorus (P) availability. Mitsuokella jalaludinii, bacteria isolated from the rumen of cattle, has been reported as a cheaper alternative source of phytase. As much nutrients are trapped within the phytate complex, we hypothesized that the supplementation of M. jalaludinii phytase to poultry feed would enhance nutrient utilization by poultry. In the current study, the efficacy of freeze-dried M. jalaludinii cells (Mj) as feed supplement for broilers fed low-available phosphorus (low-aP) diet was evaluated. Day-old male Cobb raised in battery cages were assigned to three treatment groups [normal-available phosphorus diet with heat-deactivated Mj (DMj); low-aP diet with DMj; and low-aP diet with Mj], each consisting of four replicates (10 birds per replicate) for a 3-weeks feeding period. Feed intake was recorded daily from day 1-21, whereas broilers were weighted at day 1, 7, 14, and 21. Total excreta were collected at day 11-13 and 18-20. At day 21, twelve broilers from each treatment group were slaughtered to collect plasma and tibia. The results showed that Mj significantly enhanced broilers live weight and feed conversion ratio compared to the control groups (p 0.05). Supplementation with Mj have also enhanced the level of P, Ca, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the sera; and Ca and Mn in the tibia at day 18-20 sampling period (p 0.05). As Mj supplementation can enhance nutrient utilization particularly in broilers fed with low-aP diet, it could provide the market with another option in improving broilers growth rate at a lower cost.(AU)

Mitsuokella Jalaludinii Supplementation Improved Nutrient Utilization of Broilers Fed Low-Available Phosphorus Diet

Phytase enzyme is supplemented to poultry feed to improve phosphorus (P) availability. Mitsuokella jalaludinii, bacteria isolated from the rumen of cattle, has been reported as a cheaper alternative source of phytase. As much nutrients are trapped within the phytate complex, we hypothesized that the supplementation of M. jalaludinii phytase to poultry feed would enhance nutrient utilization by poultry. In the current study, the efficacy of freeze-dried M. jalaludinii cells (Mj) as feed supplement for broilers fed low-available phosphorus (low-aP) diet was evaluated. Day-old male Cobb raised in battery cages were assigned to three treatment groups [normal-available phosphorus diet with heat-deactivated Mj (DMj); low-aP diet with DMj; and low-aP diet with Mj], each consisting of four replicates (10 birds per replicate) for a 3-weeks feeding period. Feed intake was recorded daily from day 1-21, whereas broilers were weighted at day 1, 7, 14, and 21. Total excreta were collected at day 11-13 and 18-20. At day 21, twelve broilers from each treatment group were slaughtered to collect plasma and tibia. The results showed that Mj significantly enhanced broilers live weight and feed conversion ratio compared to the control groups (p 0.05). Supplementation with Mj have also enhanced the level of P, Ca, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the sera; and Ca and Mn in the tibia at day 18-20 sampling period (p 0.05). As Mj supplementation can enhance nutrient utilization particularly in broilers fed with low-aP diet, it could provide the market with another option in improving broilers growth rate at a lower cost.

Use of different combinations of enzyme complexes in broiler diets / Utilização de diferentes combinações de complexos enzimáticos em rações para frangos de corte

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of "on top" addition of different enzyme complexes, the enzyme α-galactosidase and three sources of the enzyme phytase available on the market, in broiler diets. In the first experiment, 1260 one-day-old Cobb 500® chicks were distributed into seven treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six replicates and 30 birds/replicate. Treatments consisted of combinations of different enzyme complexes, namely, complex A (phytase, protease, xylanase, ß-glucanase, cellulase, amylase, pectinase), complex B (protease and cellulase) and complex C (xylanase, amylase and protease); isolated α-galactosidase (GAL); and three sources of phytase (P1, P2 and P3) in the diet. The treatments were formulated as follows: T1 - basal diet (BD); T2 - BD + enzyme complex A + enzyme complex B (BDAB); T3 - BDAB + GAL; T4 - BD + complex A + GAL; T5 - BD + complex C + P1 + GAL (BDCG); T6- BDCG + P2; and T7 - BDCG + P3. The following variables were measured in the experimental period of 42 days: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), average final weight (AFW), feed conversion (FC), and carcass yield. Significant differences occurred for AFW, WG and FC in the pre-starter phase. In the second experiment,112 Cobb 500® chicks aged 25 days were distributed into seven treatments in a CRD with four replicates and four birds/replicate. Treatments were the same as in the first experiment. Nutrient digestibility was evaluated in an experimental period of seven days. Differences were found in the metabolism coefficient of ether extract (MCEE). Dietary inclusion of enzyme complexes improves the AFW and WG of chickens from1 to 7 days of age and MCEE in the grower phase.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição "on top" de diferentes complexos enzimáticos, enzima α-galactosidade e três fontes de enzima fitase disponíveis no mercado em dietas para frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento 1260 pintos Cobb 500® com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), sete tratamentos, seis repetições e 30 aves/repetição. Tratamentos consistiram na associação de diferentes complexos enzimáticos: complexo A (fitase, protease, xilanase, ß-glucanase, celulase, amilase, pectinase); complexo B (protease e celulase); e complexo C (xilanase, amilase e protease); α-galactosidase isolada (GAL); e três fontes de fitase (F1, F2 e F3) nas rações. Em que: T1 - ração basal (RB); T2 - RB + complexo enzimático A + complexo enzimático B (RBAB); T3 - RBAB + GAL; T4 - RB + complexo A + GAL; T5 - RB + complexo C + F1 + GAL (RBCG); T6 - RBCG+F2; T7 - RBCG + F3. O período experimental foi de 42 dias. Avaliaram-se: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), peso médio final (PMF), conversão alimentar (CA), e rendimento de carcaça. Foram observadas diferenças significativas para PMF, GP e CA na fase pré-inicial. No segundo experimento 112 pintos Cobb 500® com 25 dias de idade foram distribuídos em DIC, sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e quatro aves/repetição. Os tratamentos foram os mesmos do primeiro experimento. O período experimental foi de sete dias, avaliou-se a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Foram observadas diferenças para coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo (CMEE). A inclusão de complexos enzimáticos nas rações melhora o PMF e GP de frangos de 1 a 7 dias de idade e o CMEE na fase de crescimento.

Use of different combinations of enzyme complexes in broiler diets / Utilização de diferentes combinações de complexos enzimáticos em rações para frangos de corte

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of "on top" addition of different enzyme complexes, the enzyme α-galactosidase and three sources of the enzyme phytase available on the market, in broiler diets. In the first experiment, 1260 one-day-old Cobb 500® chicks were distributed into seven treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six replicates and 30 birds/replicate. Treatments consisted of combinations of different enzyme complexes, namely, complex A (phytase, protease, xylanase, ß-glucanase, cellulase, amylase, pectinase), complex B (protease and cellulase) and complex C (xylanase, amylase and protease); isolated α-galactosidase (GAL); and three sources of phytase (P1, P2 and P3) in the diet. The treatments were formulated as follows: T1 - basal diet (BD); T2 - BD + enzyme complex A + enzyme complex B (BDAB); T3 - BDAB + GAL; T4 - BD + complex A + GAL; T5 - BD + complex C + P1 + GAL (BDCG); T6- BDCG + P2; and T7 - BDCG + P3. The following variables were measured in the experimental period of 42 days: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), average final weight (AFW), feed conversion (FC), and carcass yield. Significant differences occurred for AFW, WG and FC in the pre-starter phase. In the second experiment,112 Cobb 500® chicks aged 25 days were distributed into seven treatments in a CRD with four replicates and four birds/replicate. Treatments were the same as in the first experiment. Nutrient digestibility was evaluated in an experimental period of seven days. Differences were found in the metabolism coefficient of ether extract (MCEE). Dietary inclusion of enzyme complexes improves the AFW and WG of chickens from1 to 7 days of age and MCEE in the grower phase.(AU)

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição "on top" de diferentes complexos enzimáticos, enzima α-galactosidade e três fontes de enzima fitase disponíveis no mercado em dietas para frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento 1260 pintos Cobb 500® com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), sete tratamentos, seis repetições e 30 aves/repetição. Tratamentos consistiram na associação de diferentes complexos enzimáticos: complexo A (fitase, protease, xilanase, ß-glucanase, celulase, amilase, pectinase); complexo B (protease e celulase); e complexo C (xilanase, amilase e protease); α-galactosidase isolada (GAL); e três fontes de fitase (F1, F2 e F3) nas rações. Em que: T1 - ração basal (RB); T2 - RB + complexo enzimático A + complexo enzimático B (RBAB); T3 - RBAB + GAL; T4 - RB + complexo A + GAL; T5 - RB + complexo C + F1 + GAL (RBCG); T6 - RBCG+F2; T7 - RBCG + F3. O período experimental foi de 42 dias. Avaliaram-se: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), peso médio final (PMF), conversão alimentar (CA), e rendimento de carcaça. Foram observadas diferenças significativas para PMF, GP e CA na fase pré-inicial. No segundo experimento 112 pintos Cobb 500® com 25 dias de idade foram distribuídos em DIC, sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e quatro aves/repetição. Os tratamentos foram os mesmos do primeiro experimento. O período experimental foi de sete dias, avaliou-se a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Foram observadas diferenças para coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo (CMEE). A inclusão de complexos enzimáticos nas rações melhora o PMF e GP de frangos de 1 a 7 dias de idade e o CMEE na fase de crescimento.(AU)

Broiler feed formulated with phosphorus, calcium, and energy deficiencies supplemented with exogenous enzymes / Rações para frangos formuladas com deficiências de fósforo, cálcio e energia suplementada com enzimas exógenas

Three experiments were carried out to verify the effects of the enzyme phytase, alone or combined with an enzyme complex, in diets deficient in available phosphorus (AP), calcium (Ca), and metabolizable energy (ME) on broiler performance, ME, and dietary amino acid digestibility. A total of 1,538 male Cobb 500 broilers were allocated to the three experiments, each of which consisted of five treatments: positive control (PC; basal ration); negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 68 kcal kg-¹ ME); negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 101 kcal kg-¹ of ME); NC1 plus phytase; and NC2 plus phytase plus enzymatic complex. Body weight gain (WG) and feed intake were measured from 1-21 days and from 1-42 days, and the corrected feed conversion rate (FCR) for mortality was calculated. In the second and third experiments, the apparent ME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and standar dizeddigestibility of amino acids, respectively, were determined, for the diets supplemented with phytase and the enzymatic complex. In the first experiment, enzyme supplementation increased (p 0.05) AMEn. In the third experiment, both enzyme treatments improved (p < 0.05) the digestibility of amino acids in the supplemented diets compared to the deficient diets. Supplementation with phytase and carbohydrases preserves the performance of broilers fed diets deficient in AP, Ca, and ME and improves amino acid digestibility.

Três experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o efeito da enzima fitase, sozinha ou associada a um complexo enzimático, em dietas de milho-farelo de soja deficientes em fósforo disponível (Pd), cálcio (Ca) e energia metabolizável (EM) no desempenho de frangos de corte, valores de EM e digestibilidade de aminoácidos da dieta. Para ambos os experimentos, 1.538 frangos Cobb 500 machos foram alocados em 5 tratamentos: controle positivo (CP, ração basal), controle negativo 1 (CN1, CP menos 0,15% de Pd,0,16% Ca e 68 kcal kg-¹ EM), negativo controle 2 (CN2, CP menos 0,15% de Pd, 0,16% de Ca e 101 kcal kg-¹ de ME em relação à dieta CP), CN1 mais fitase (CN1 + F) e CN2 mais fitase mais complexo multi enzimático(CN2 + F + E). O ganho de peso corporal e o consumo de ração foram medidos de 1 a 21 dias e de 1 a 42 dias, e a taxa de conversão alimentar (CA) corrigida para mortalidade foi calculada. No segundo e terceiro experimentos, foram analisados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e digestibilidade estandardizada de aminoácidos, respectivamente, em adição à fitase e ao complexo enzimático. No primeiro experimento, a suplementação enzimática aumentou (P 0,05) os valores de EMAn. No terceiro experimento, ambos os tratamentos enzimáticos melhoraram (P < 0,05) a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos nas dietas experimentais, em comparação com as dietas deficientes. A suplementação de fitase e carboidrases preserva o desempenho de frangos alimentados com dietas deficientes em Pd, Ca e EM e melhora a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos.

Broiler feed formulated with phosphorus, calcium, and energy deficiencies supplemented with exogenous enzymes / Rações para frangos formuladas com deficiências de fósforo, cálcio e energia suplementada com enzimas exógenas

Three experiments were carried out to verify the effects of the enzyme phytase, alone or combined with an enzyme complex, in diets deficient in available phosphorus (AP), calcium (Ca), and metabolizable energy (ME) on broiler performance, ME, and dietary amino acid digestibility. A total of 1,538 male Cobb 500 broilers were allocated to the three experiments, each of which consisted of five treatments: positive control (PC; basal ration); negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 68 kcal kg-¹ ME); negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 101 kcal kg-¹ of ME); NC1 plus phytase; and NC2 plus phytase plus enzymatic complex. Body weight gain (WG) and feed intake were measured from 1-21 days and from 1-42 days, and the corrected feed conversion rate (FCR) for mortality was calculated. In the second and third experiments, the apparent ME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and standar dizeddigestibility of amino acids, respectively, were determined, for the diets supplemented with phytase and the enzymatic complex. In the first experiment, enzyme supplementation increased (p < 0.05) WG at 21 days and 42 days relative to the negative controls. Phytase inclusion improved (p < 0.05) FCR at the initial phase compared to the NC1 diet. In the second experiment, enzyme supplementation did not affect(p > 0.05) AMEn. In the third experiment, both enzyme treatments improved (p < 0.05) the digestibility of amino acids in the supplemented diets compared to the deficient diets. Supplementation with phytase and carbohydrases preserves the performance of broilers fed diets deficient in AP, Ca, and ME and improves amino acid digestibility.(AU)

Três experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o efeito da enzima fitase, sozinha ou associada a um complexo enzimático, em dietas de milho-farelo de soja deficientes em fósforo disponível (Pd), cálcio (Ca) e energia metabolizável (EM) no desempenho de frangos de corte, valores de EM e digestibilidade de aminoácidos da dieta. Para ambos os experimentos, 1.538 frangos Cobb 500 machos foram alocados em 5 tratamentos: controle positivo (CP, ração basal), controle negativo 1 (CN1, CP menos 0,15% de Pd,0,16% Ca e 68 kcal kg-¹ EM), negativo controle 2 (CN2, CP menos 0,15% de Pd, 0,16% de Ca e 101 kcal kg-¹ de ME em relação à dieta CP), CN1 mais fitase (CN1 + F) e CN2 mais fitase mais complexo multi enzimático(CN2 + F + E). O ganho de peso corporal e o consumo de ração foram medidos de 1 a 21 dias e de 1 a 42 dias, e a taxa de conversão alimentar (CA) corrigida para mortalidade foi calculada. No segundo e terceiro experimentos, foram analisados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e digestibilidade estandardizada de aminoácidos, respectivamente, em adição à fitase e ao complexo enzimático. No primeiro experimento, a suplementação enzimática aumentou (P <0,05) o ganho de peso (GP) aos 21 dias e 42 dias em relação aos controles negativos. A inclusão de fitase melhorou (P < 0,05) a taxa de conversão alimentar na fase inicial, em comparação com a dieta CN1. No segundo experimento, a suplementação enzimática não afetou (P > 0,05) os valores de EMAn. No terceiro experimento, ambos os tratamentos enzimáticos melhoraram (P < 0,05) a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos nas dietas experimentais, em comparação com as dietas deficientes. A suplementação de fitase e carboidrases preserva o desempenho de frangos alimentados com dietas deficientes em Pd, Ca e EM e melhora a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos.(AU)

Effect of Graded Levels of an Enhanced E coli Phytase with Step-Wise Reduction of Supplemental Inorganic Phosphate on Growth Performance of Broilers Fed Corn-Soy Diet

This study evaluated the potential of incremental doses of an enhanced Escherichia coli-derived phytase to support step-wise reduction of supplemental inorganic phosphate in an all-vegetable broiler diet. Corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0.40/0.80%, 0.35/0.70%, and 0.30/0.60% avP and Ca, respectively from 0-10, 10-25, and 26-42 days posthatch served as experimental control (PC). Three test diets were formulated with 500, 1000, and 1500 FTU/kg of phytase assigned respectively an avP matrix of 0.15, 0.19, and 0.23% and a fixed Ca matrix of 0.15%. An additional diet (PC++) containing extra avP and Ca (+0.05% avP/+0.1% Ca) to that of PC was included to test if avP and Ca were not limiting in PC. Each diet was offered to 16 replicates of straight-run broilers kept in floor pens (30 birds per pen). PC++ had lower (p 0.05; 10 and 25 d) or similar (42 d) BW and toe ash compared with PC confirming the avP and Ca set in PC were sufficient to support optimal growth and bone mineralization. Compared to the PC, diets containing 1000 and 1500 FTU phytase had higher BW (p 0.05) at 10 and 25 d. For the overall period of 0-42 d, FI, BW and FCR did not differ across treatments. Percentage-, but not the absolute-, toe ash at phytase treated groups was significantly (p 0.05) low compared with the PC. The experiment demonstrated that 1500 FTU/kg of enhance E. coli phytase supports optimal BW and FCR of broilers fed corn-soy diet largely void of supplemental inorganic phosphate.(AU)

Effect of Graded Levels of an Enhanced E coli Phytase with Step-Wise Reduction of Supplemental Inorganic Phosphate on Growth Performance of Broilers Fed Corn-Soy Diet

This study evaluated the potential of incremental doses of an enhanced Escherichia coli-derived phytase to support step-wise reduction of supplemental inorganic phosphate in an all-vegetable broiler diet. Corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0.40/0.80%, 0.35/0.70%, and 0.30/0.60% avP and Ca, respectively from 0-10, 10-25, and 26-42 days posthatch served as experimental control (PC). Three test diets were formulated with 500, 1000, and 1500 FTU/kg of phytase assigned respectively an avP matrix of 0.15, 0.19, and 0.23% and a fixed Ca matrix of 0.15%. An additional diet (PC++) containing extra avP and Ca (+0.05% avP/+0.1% Ca) to that of PC was included to test if avP and Ca were not limiting in PC. Each diet was offered to 16 replicates of straight-run broilers kept in floor pens (30 birds per pen). PC++ had lower (p 0.05; 10 and 25 d) or similar (42 d) BW and toe ash compared with PC confirming the avP and Ca set in PC were sufficient to support optimal growth and bone mineralization. Compared to the PC, diets containing 1000 and 1500 FTU phytase had higher BW (p 0.05) at 10 and 25 d. For the overall period of 0-42 d, FI, BW and FCR did not differ across treatments. Percentage-, but not the absolute-, toe ash at phytase treated groups was significantly (p 0.05) low compared with the PC. The experiment demonstrated that 1500 FTU/kg of enhance E. coli phytase supports optimal BW and FCR of broilers fed corn-soy diet largely void of supplemental inorganic phosphate.

The Effects of Sodium Chloride versus Sodium Bicarbonate at the Same Dietary Sodium Concentration on Efficacy of Dietary Phytase and a Carbohydrase-Protease Cocktail in Broilers

A trial was conducted to determine the effect of phytase (PHY) or a carbohydrase/protease cocktail (CPX) on broilers fed diets with two different levels of chloride (0.28% or 0.43%) created by altering dietary salt (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). There were 6 combination dietary treatments (3 enzyme x 2 NaCl treatments) applied to 4 replicate pens. The treatments were as follows: Control diet (CON), CON+PHY and CON+CPX, with 0.5% or 0.25% NaCl. The 0.25% NaCl versions contained 0.35% sodium bicarbonate. The 0.5% salt versions had no sodium bicarbonate. Replicate pen BW, and feed consumption (FC) were measured at 1, 14, and 35 d, and mortality was weighed daily for feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculations. Feed consumption at 14 d tended to be lower (p 0.10) for CON+CPX diets compared to CON and CON+PHY diets. The birds fed CON+CPX diet consumed less feed but exhibited improved FCR in the presence of 0.5% NaCl at 14 d. The birds fed the CON, and CON+PHY diets exhibited higher BW at 14 d (p 0.05) and 35 d (p 0.01) of age than did CON+CPX birds. From 15 d to 35 d, birds fed the CON+CPX diet exhibited poorer BW gain (BWG) in the presence of 0.25% NaCl (p 0.05). In conclusion, Cl, as NaCl versus NaH2CO3, could affect CPX but not PHY feed enzyme function in broilers. Further, it may be suggested that certain feed enzymes may be best utilized at later broiler ages rather than in initial feeds.(AU)

Effects of Phytase Inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets During Early Lay on their Fecal and Egg Characteristics

This study investigated the effects of phytase inclusion in broiler breeder diets on fecal and egg characteristics. A total of 48 female broiler breeders were evaluated in this study from 21 to 31 weeks of age. The dietary treatments were fed from 30 to 31 wks of age, and included a Positive Control (PosCon) diet, containing 3.0% calcium and 0.50% available phosphorus (AvP); a Negative Control (NegCon) diet, with 3.0% calcium and 0.25% AvP; Negative Control diet + 275 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+275), and Negative control diet + 550 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+550). Egg, yolk, albumin, and eggshell weight, albumin height, and eggshell thickness were measured. Fecal parameters included fecal moisture, liquid portion, and mineral content. After 14 d on the experimental diets during the onset of lay, the NegCon+550 diet increased (p 0.01) fecal moisture content. In general, hens fed the highest enzyme level (NegCon+550) excreted fewer (p 0.05) divalent and trivalent cations, which included Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Fecal Na and K levels were not affected by dietary treatments. The NegCon+550 diet increased fecal P when compared with the NegCon and the NegCon+275 diets. The NegCon+550 and PosCon diets exhibited similar fecal P. No significant effects on egg characteristics were observed. It was concluded that during early lay, various signs of fecal changes would probably be observed at phytase dosages above approximately 500 FTU/kg characterized by increased fecal moisture content and excretion of P in broiler breeders.(AU)

Effects of Phytase Inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets During Early Lay on their Fecal and Egg Characteristics

This study investigated the effects of phytase inclusion in broiler breeder diets on fecal and egg characteristics. A total of 48 female broiler breeders were evaluated in this study from 21 to 31 weeks of age. The dietary treatments were fed from 30 to 31 wks of age, and included a Positive Control (PosCon) diet, containing 3.0% calcium and 0.50% available phosphorus (AvP); a Negative Control (NegCon) diet, with 3.0% calcium and 0.25% AvP; Negative Control diet + 275 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+275), and Negative control diet + 550 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+550). Egg, yolk, albumin, and eggshell weight, albumin height, and eggshell thickness were measured. Fecal parameters included fecal moisture, liquid portion, and mineral content. After 14 d on the experimental diets during the onset of lay, the NegCon+550 diet increased (p 0.01) fecal moisture content. In general, hens fed the highest enzyme level (NegCon+550) excreted fewer (p 0.05) divalent and trivalent cations, which included Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Fecal Na and K levels were not affected by dietary treatments. The NegCon+550 diet increased fecal P when compared with the NegCon and the NegCon+275 diets. The NegCon+550 and PosCon diets exhibited similar fecal P. No significant effects on egg characteristics were observed. It was concluded that during early lay, various signs of fecal changes would probably be observed at phytase dosages above approximately 500 FTU/kg characterized by increased fecal moisture content and excretion of P in broiler breeders.

The Effects of Sodium Chloride versus Sodium Bicarbonate at the Same Dietary Sodium Concentration on Efficacy of Dietary Phytase and a Carbohydrase-Protease Cocktail in Broilers

A trial was conducted to determine the effect of phytase (PHY) or a carbohydrase/protease cocktail (CPX) on broilers fed diets with two different levels of chloride (0.28% or 0.43%) created by altering dietary salt (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). There were 6 combination dietary treatments (3 enzyme x 2 NaCl treatments) applied to 4 replicate pens. The treatments were as follows: Control diet (CON), CON+PHY and CON+CPX, with 0.5% or 0.25% NaCl. The 0.25% NaCl versions contained 0.35% sodium bicarbonate. The 0.5% salt versions had no sodium bicarbonate. Replicate pen BW, and feed consumption (FC) were measured at 1, 14, and 35 d, and mortality was weighed daily for feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculations. Feed consumption at 14 d tended to be lower (p 0.10) for CON+CPX diets compared to CON and CON+PHY diets. The birds fed CON+CPX diet consumed less feed but exhibited improved FCR in the presence of 0.5% NaCl at 14 d. The birds fed the CON, and CON+PHY diets exhibited higher BW at 14 d (p 0.05) and 35 d (p 0.01) of age than did CON+CPX birds. From 15 d to 35 d, birds fed the CON+CPX diet exhibited poorer BW gain (BWG) in the presence of 0.25% NaCl (p 0.05). In conclusion, Cl, as NaCl versus NaH2CO3, could affect CPX but not PHY feed enzyme function in broilers. Further, it may be suggested that certain feed enzymes may be best utilized at later broiler ages rather than in initial feeds.

Suplementação de fitase em dietas para tilápias: revisão de literatura

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar revisão de literatura acerca da suplementação de fitase para tilápias. Por meio de consulta de periódicos científicos e livros. Foi realizado levantamento de dados, salientando a importância da utilização da fitase nos regimes intensivos de produção. Observou-se que a utilização da fitase pode promover efeitos positivos quando utilizada em rações formuladas com alimentos de origem vegetal. A fitase catalisa a hidrólise do fitato nos animais monogástricos, que não apresentam a enzima na forma endógena. A suplementação desta enzima beneficia o desenvolvimento dos peixes.(AU)

The present work aimed to perform a literature review about phytase supplementation for tilapia. By consulting scientific journals and books. Data collection was performed, highlighting the importance of the use of phytase in intensive production regimes. It was observed that the use of phytase can promote positive effects when used in diets formulated with foods of plant origin. Phytase catalyzes phytate hidrolysis in monogastric animals, which do not present the enzyme in endogenous form. Suplementation of this enzyme benefits fish development.(AU)

Suplementação de fitase em dietas para tilápias: revisão de literatura

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar revisão de literatura acerca da suplementação de fitase para tilápias. Por meio de consulta de periódicos científicos e livros. Foi realizado levantamento de dados, salientando a importância da utilização da fitase nos regimes intensivos de produção. Observou-se que a utilização da fitase pode promover efeitos positivos quando utilizada em rações formuladas com alimentos de origem vegetal. A fitase catalisa a hidrólise do fitato nos animais monogástricos, que não apresentam a enzima na forma endógena. A suplementação desta enzima beneficia o desenvolvimento dos peixes.

The present work aimed to perform a literature review about phytase supplementation for tilapia. By consulting scientific journals and books. Data collection was performed, highlighting the importance of the use of phytase in intensive production regimes. It was observed that the use of phytase can promote positive effects when used in diets formulated with foods of plant origin. Phytase catalyzes phytate hidrolysis in monogastric animals, which do not present the enzyme in endogenous form. Suplementation of this enzyme benefits fish development.

Influence of dietary 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, individually or in combination with microbial phytase in calcium and phosphorus deficient diets on growth performance and tibia parameter of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

The effect of 1-OH-D3 in calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) deficient diets on Japanese quail growth performance and tibia parameters was investigated. Eight-day-old (n = 160) newly hatched quails were weighed and randomly allocated to 20 groups, each with 4 replicate pens of 8 birds. Treatments were as follows: T1, Ca-P-adequate; T2,Ca-P-deficient; T3, Ca-P-deficient + 500 FTU kg-1 of phytase (Ph); T4, Ca-P-deficient diet + 5 µg kg-1 of 1-OH-D3; T5,Ca-P-deficient + Ph + 5 µg kg-1 of 1-OH-D3. Results showed that quails fed Ca-P-adequate had significantly higher body weight compared with quails fed Ca-P-deficient, Ca-P deficient supplemented with 1-OH-D3 and Ca-P-deficient supplemented with 1-OH-D3 and phytase, but did not differ from Ca-P-deficient diet supplemented with phytase. Quails fed Ca-P deficient were unable to achieve FCR comparable to quails fed Ca-P-adequate (p 0.05). The percentage of bone ash data indicated that quails fed Ca-P-adequate had higher tibia ash compared with other groups except for quails fed Ca-P deficient diet supplemented with combination of 1-OH-D3 and phytase. Quails fed Ca-P-adequate had higher tibia P compared with quails fed Ca-P-deficient. In conclusion, these results indicated that quails fed Ca-P-deficient supplemented with 5 µg kg-1 of 1-OH-D3 in combination of 500 FTU kg-1 of phytase were able to achieve the same tibia ash and Ca compared with quails fed Ca-P-adequate.(AU)