Exame clínico andrológico em búfalos: particularidades e mercado / Clinical andrological examination in buffaloes: particularities and market

A bubalinocultura tem expandido mundialmente com grande importância socioeconômica na produção de leite, carne e na tração animal. No entanto, algumas características como: a sazonalidade, poucos reprodutores com genética superior para ser multiplicada e reduzido número de touros com sucesso de coleta constante de sêmen nas Centrais, dificultam a obtenção de maiores índices reprodutivos a nível de Brasil. Neste contexto, a eficiência reprodutiva do rebanho possui papel de destaque, consequentemente, o touro bubalino e a realização do exame andrológico são essenciais para o desenvolvimento da bubalinocultura. Apesar da realização de pesquisas ao longo dos anos relacionadas à andrologia em búfalos, na prática a campo ainda existe uma lacuna referente aos aspectos reprodutivos nessa espécie, fazendo com que haja uma demanda por conhecimento específico. Diante disso, objetivou-se abordar alguns dos principais aspectos da andrologia na espécie bubalina, para auxiliar o Médico Veterinário no atendimento clínico e andrológico visando alcançar uma boa eficiência reprodutiva.(AU)

Buffalo farming has expanded worldwide with great socioeconomic importance in the production of milk, meat and animal traction. However, some characteristics such as: seasonality, few sires with superior genetics to be multiplied and reduced number of bulls with constant semen collection success in the Centrals, make it difficult to obtain higher reproductive rates in Brazil. In this context, the reproductive efficiency of the herd plays a prominent role, consequently, the buffalo bull and the performance of the andrological examination are essential for the development of buffalo breeding. Despite conducting research over the years related to andrology in buffaloes, in field practice there is still a gap regarding reproductive aspects in this species, causing a demand for specific knowledge. In view of this, the objective was to address some of the main aspects of andrology in the buffalo species, to assist the veterinarian in clinical and andrological care in order to achieve good reproductive efficiency.(AU)

Atualizações no controle do ciclo estral em ovinos / Updates on the control of the estrous cycle in sheep

Nos últimos anos, observou-se um aumento no tamanho do rebanho ovino no país, indicando uma retomada na ovinocultura. Para melhorar a eficiência reprodutiva desses animais, a utilização de biotécnicas tem se mostrado uma ferramenta importante. Dentre essas biotécnicas, destacam-se os protocolos de sincronização do ciclo estral, os quais frequentemente utilizam progesterona associada a gonadotrofinas ou análogos da prostaglandina em duas aplicações. Este artigo tem como objetivo revisar os protocolos de sincronização utilizados em ovinos e apresentar atualizações relevantes sobre os mesmos.(AU)

In recent years, there has been an increase in the size of the sheep herd in the country, indicating a recovery in sheep farming. To improve the reproductive efficiency of these animals, the use of biotechniques has been shown to be an important tool. Among these biotechniques, estrous cycle synchronization protocols stand out, which frequently use progesterone associated with gonadotropins or prostaglandin analogues in two applications. This article aims to review the synchronization protocols used in sheep and present relevant updates about them.(AU)

Taxa de recuperação embrionária em éguas Mangalarga Marchador inseminadas com sêmen refrigerado / Embryonic recovery rate in Mangalarga Marchador mares inseminated with refrigerated semen

O acompanhamento reprodutivo da espécie equina tem sido cada vez mais aplicado na aplicade de diversos países, resultando em melhores índices reprodutivos para a espécie e em animais de linhagens selecionadas. Nos programas de transferência de embrião, a taxa de recuperação embrionária consiste em um parâmetro essencial a fim de verificar o sucesso da técnica. Por conseguinte, este trabalho propõe-se a avaliar as taxas de recuperação embrionária de éguas doadoras submetidas à inseminação artificial com sêmen refrigerado de maneira a complementar os dados relacionados ao assunto. Conforme os dados coletados durante a estação de monta de agosto de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019, obteve-se 129 lavados uterinos provenientes de 20 éguas e 83 embriões recuperados. Desse modo, a taxa de recuperação embrionária obtida foi de 64,34%. Diante dos dados apresentados neste estudo, conclui-se que a aplicabilidade da técnica de recuperação embrionária visando o uso do sêmen refrigerado na inseminação artificial de éguas se mostra promissora, pois permite o transporte de material genético de alto valor entre propriedades sem interferir drasticamente nos índices dos programas de reprodução.

The reproductive monitoring of the equine species has been increasingly applied in several countries, resulting in better reproductive rates for the species and in animals from selected strains. In embryo transfer programs, the embryo recovery rate is an essential parameter to verify the technique success. Therefore, the present work proposes to evaluate the embryo recovery rates of donor mares submitted to artificial insemination with refrigerated semen to complement the data related to the subject. According to the data collected during the breeding season for the period from August 2018 to February 2019, 129 uterine washes were obtained from 20 mares and 83 recovered embryos. Thus, the embryonic recovery rate obtained was 64.34%. Given the data presented in this study, it is concluded that the applicability of the embryonic recovery technique aiming at the use of refrigerated semen in artificial insemination of mares is promising, as it allows the transport of high-value genetic material between properties without interfering dramatically in breeding program indexes.

Reprodução ex situ de felinos silvestres e seus desafios / Challenges of ex situ reproduction in wild cats

A reprodução ex situ de felinos silvestres assegura a sobrevivência das espécies ameaçadas por meio do estabelecimento e manutenção de populações viáveis em cativeiro. O conhecimento da biologia reprodutiva básica é essencial para o desenvolvimento de planos de manejo reprodutivo (PMRs) eficientes, seja pela reprodução natural ou pela aplicação de técnicas de reprodução assistida (TRAs). Os PMRs visam garantir a representatividade das espécies quanto à variabilidade genética e demográfica baseada nos studbooks. Entretanto, o pareamento de animais selecionados pelos PMRs deve levar em conta, além de fatores genéticos e demográficos, fatores comportamentais e o fenótipo dos animais, uma vez que pode haver consequências negativas caso descendentes de gerações futuras sejam reintroduzidos na natureza. As TRAs estão cada vez mais sendo desenvolvidas para auxiliar na manutenção de populações geneticamente viáveis ex situ que possam contribuir geneticamente com populações in situ. A criopreservação de sêmen e a inseminação artificial (IA) são as TRAs utilizadas atualmente pelos PMR nacionais e internacionais, no entanto, são muitos os desafios para que as populações cativas se reproduzam de maneira adequada visando a manutenção de uma população viável que possa contribuir com populações de vida livre no futuro.(AU)

Reproductive management plans are essential to ensure that imperiled populations maintain adequate genetic and demographic variability and remain representative of the species as a whole. Basic reproductive biology knowledge is essential for the development of efficient reproductive management plans (PMPs), either through natural breeding or through assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). The PMPs aim to ensure the representativeness of the species in terms of genetic and demographic variability based on studbooks. However, the specific animal pairings should be maintaining adequate genetic, behavioral and the phenotype of the animals, ensuring proper reintroduction of animals into the wild. ARTs have been explored as a means to enhance the conservation of endangered species, focused on maintaining genetic diversity through enhanced animal propagation. Semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination (AI) are used by national and international PMRs, however, there are many challenges for captive populations reproduction in order to maintain a viable population that can contribute for freeliving populations in the future.(AU)

Surgical sterilization of free-ranging capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris): "Passos Nunes" uterine horn ligature

Capybaras are the primary hosts of Amblyomma sculptum tick, vectors of Rickettsia rickettsia bacteria, and the zoonotic agent of Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF). In this context, contraceptive methods have been suggested for population control in order to reduce the number of free-ranging capybaras cohabiting with humans in urban and rural areas and acting as disease amplifiers. To maintain the group's expected behavior and social hierarchy, sterilization techniques that preserve the gonads are recommended. On 126 female capybaras in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, a new surgical technique named "Passos Nunes" uterine horn ligature was performed after adequate general anesthesia. It achieved effective surgical sterilization, with an incision length of about 3 cm in the periumbilical linea alba, cranial to the pubis. After entering the abdominal cavity, the urinary bladder is pulled laterally to access the uterine horns and the cervix. The uterine horn is folded up, forming a strap; the distal portion of the strap is ligated and its distal end sectioned. The exact process is performed on the opposite horn. After the surgical procedure, the musculature is sutured in a sultan pattern and the subcutaneous tissue with a horizontal mattress pattern. The skin is sutured in a separate simple format, using nylon 2.0 for all steps. The wide exposure of the uterine horns facilitates the confirmation of pregnancy, allowing the surgeon to choose between salpingo hysterectomy or ligature of the uterine horns. The present study presents a new technique of surgical sterilization that can be used in female free-ranging mammals in which maintenance of the gonads is recommended, and births of offspring should not occur.(AU)

A condição sexual influencia no desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de bovinos cruzados Angus X Nelore? / Does the sexual condition influence the performance and carcass yield of Angus X Nelore crossed cattle? / Influye la condición sexual en el rendimiento y rendimiento en carcasa del ganado cruzado Angus X Nelore?

O presente trabalho consistiu num estudo de caso dentro de um confinamento comercial, para avaliar o efeito da condição sexual (CS) sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça (RC) no cruzamento Angus x Nelore. Foram registrados dados de 33 lotes com n° de animais/lote variados, ao todo, foram 3049 bovinos (1674 M e 1402 F). Os animais foram apartados por peso e sexo, buscando a homogeneização dos lotes, sendo as fêmeas com peso médio (PM) de 350 kg e os machos de 400 kg. O PM dos bovinos Angus x Nelore apresentaram diferença significativa entre machos e fêmeas durante todas as pesagens, sendo a média de peso maior para os animais machos. A CS se mostrou influente, também, no consumo de matéria seca e no consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais, onde as fêmeas Angus x Nelore apresentaram médias maiores para ambos os casos, comparados com os machos igualmente confinados. Machos tiveram maiores médias para ganho de peso diário e ganho de peso total por arroba, já para ganho diário de carcaça, as fêmeas apresentaram média superior por Kg/cabeça comparado aos machos. Ao considerar as eficiências produtivas, o estudo apontou diferença significativa apenas para a média de eficiência biológica, onde as fêmeas foram menos eficientes biologicamente em relação a quantidade de dieta usada para produzir uma @ de carcaça, uma vez que consumiram mais e ganharam menos, embora a eficiência alimentar entre os animais machos e fêmeas tenha se mantido indiferente estatisticamente. O RC total foi superior nos machos Angus x Nelore. Contudo, a CS foi um fator influenciador no desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de bovinos cruzados Angus x Nelore dentro do confinamento comercial estudado.

The present work consisted of a case study within a commercial confinement, to evaluate the effect of sexual condition (SC) on carcass performance and yield (CR) in the Angus x Nellore crossing. Data from 33 lots with varied number of animals/lots were recorded, in all, were 3049 cattle. The animals were apart by weight and sex, seeking the homogenization of the lots, being the females with average weight (PM) of 350 kg and males of 400 kg. The PM of Angus x Nellore cattle showed a significant difference between males and females during all weighing´s, with the mean weight higher for male animals. SC was also influential in dry matter intake and total digestible nutrient intake, where Angus x Nellore females presented higher means for both cases, compared with equally confined males. Males had higher averages for daily medium gain (GMD) and total weight gain per art (GPT@) already for daily carcass gain (GDC), females presented higher average per Kg/head compared to males. When considering the productive efficiencies, the study showed a significant difference only for the average biological efficiency, where females were less biologically efficient in relation to the amount of diet used to produce carcass @ since they consumed more and gained less, although feed efficiency between male and female animals remained statistically indifferent. Total CR was higher in Angus x Nelores males. However, SC was an influencing factor in the performance and carcass yield of Angus x Nellore crossed cattle within the commercial feedlot studied.

El presente trabajo consistió en un estudio de caso dentro de un confinamiento comercial, para evaluar el efecto de la condición sexual (CS) sobre el rendimiento y el rendimiento en canal (RC) en el cruce Angus x Nellore. Se registraron datos de 33 lotes con diferente número de animales/lote, en total hubo 3049 bovinos (1674 M y 1402 F). Los animales se separaron por peso y sexo, buscando homogeneizar los lotes, con hembras de 350 kg y machos de 400 kg. El PM del ganado Angus x Nellore mostró una diferencia significativa entre machos y hembras durante todos los pesajes, siendo el peso medio mayor para los machos. CS también influyó en el consumo de materia seca y en el consumo de nutrientes digestibles totales, donde las hembras Angus x Nellore mostraron promedios más altos para ambos casos, en comparación con los machos igualmente confinados. Los machos tuvieron promedios más altos de ganancia promedio diaria y ganancia de peso total por arroba, mientras que para la ganancia diaria de canal, las hembras tuvieron un promedio más alto por kg/cabeza en comparación con los machos. Al considerar las eficiencias productivas, el estudio mostró una diferencia significativa solo para la eficiencia biológica media, donde las hembras fueron menos eficientes biológicamente en relación a la cantidad de dieta utilizada para producir una @ canal, ya que consumieron más y ganaron menos, aunque la eficiencia alimenticia entre animales machos y hembras permaneció estadísticamente indiferente. La RC total fue mayor en los machos Angus x Nellore. Sin embargo, la CS fue un factor que influyó en el rendimiento y rendimiento en canal de los bovinos mestizos Angus x Nellore dentro del confinamiento comercial estudiado.

Maximização da produção de aves selvagens por meio da incubação artificial e manejo de posturas / Maximizing production in wild birds through artificial incubation and layer management

Apesar dos princípios fisiológicos que regem a postura e incubação de ovos em aves serem os mesmos, nos deparamos com duas realidades bem distintas no que se refere a esses pontos quando comparamos aves domésticas e selvagens. Tanto zoológicos quanto criadores de aves selvagens (comerciais e conservacionistas) geralmente contratam profissionais polivalentes para cuidarem de diferentes questões que englobam desde sanidade e manejo geral dos animais até mesmo nutrição. A consequência mais aparente de tal estratégia é a dificuldade de acesso desses profissionais e instituições a metodologias mais recentes de manejo reprodutivo e de incubação dos ovos. Além disso, técnicos dessas instituições lidam com uma diversidade enorme de grupos e espécies aviárias, circunstância que também dificulta a implementação de determinadas técnicas de manejo e incubação. Por outro lado, na avicultura industrial observa-se um corpo técnico extremamente especializado com imenso volume conhecimento em ambas as áreas (postura e incubação), que atrelado a uma tecnologia de ponta nas diversas segmentações da indústria resulta no incremento dos resultados. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é expor alguns conceitos e metodologias que são rotineiramente utilizadas dentro desses tópicos na avicultura industrial que já são (em alguns criadores de outros países) ou podem ser incluídas no manejo cotidiano de aves selvagens.

Although the physiological principles that govern egg laying and incubation in birds are the same, we are faced with two very different realities with regard to these points when comparing domestic and wild birds. Both zoos and bird breeders (commercial and conservationist) usually hire multi-skilled professionals to take care of several issues ranging from health and general management to nutrition. The most apparent consequence of such a strategy is the difficulty these professionals and institutions have in accessing more recent methodologies for reproductive management and egg incubation. Additionally, employees from these institutions deal with an enormous diversity of avian groups and species, a situation that also hinders the implementation of certain management and incubation techniques. On the other hand, in poultry industrial poultry there is extremely specialized personnel with immense knowledge in both areas (posture and incubation), which, together with cutting-edge technology in its various industry sectors, provide optimization of results. In this context, the goal of this material is to show some concepts and methodologies that are routinely used in industrial poultry farming and that are already (in some breeders in other countries) or can be included in the daily management of wild birds.

Weaning weight and optimization of reproductive efficiency in Nellore females subjected to timed artificial insemination

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timed artificial insemination (TAI) on pregnancy rates, reproductive efficiency, and mean weaning weight of calves at the end of breeding season in Nellore females. In this work, 744 Nellore females were divided into two groups: in group I (n = 396), the females were subjected to natural service during the breeding season, which lasts for 180 days. In group II (n = 348), a hormonal protocol was performed for synchronization of ovulation, and the females were subjected to TAI. Afterwards, these latter females were then serviced by a cleanup bull until the end of the breeding season. The group II obtained a higher pregnancy rate as well as higher reproductive efficiency compared with group I. The weaning weight of group II calves was greater than that of group I. The use of TAI combined with cleanup bulls enables higher pregnancy rates and a better reproductive efficiency in relation to the use of only natural service. In addition, weaning calves born from TAI are heavier than calves born from natural service.(AU)

Biometria testicular e sua influência no comportamento sexual de búfalos (Bubalus buballis) / Testicular parameters and its influence in buffaloes (Bubalus buballis) sexual behaviour

Background: Brazil is one of the greatest bovine meat exporter in the world. However, the technologies applied at buffalo’s reproduction is not specific for this specie, adapted technics were established from the cattle breed. When the animalshows weight gain, gonadal and behavioral physiology fallow this tendency and the reproductive status become good andsatisfactory. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the reproduction characteristics of male buffaloes and its testicularparameters with sexual behavior.Materials, Methods & Results: Seven males Murrah breed with 67.29 ± 11.4 months of age were maintained at confinement for artificial shading. The testicular parameter was performed in restraint trunk and the sexual behavior evaluationwas done with an estrus female. The sexual behavior was performed with an estrous female as a dummy. The testicularbiometry was measured at the beginning and at the end of the experimental design, with the follow parameters: length,width, depth/thickness, scrotal circumference and the total volume. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance,and the means was compared with the Student-Newman-Keuls test, with significance difference P < 0.05 between themedians. The differences in the parameters were scrotal circumference (23.36 cm vs 24.86 cm), testicular length (8.71 cmvs 9.77 cm), right testicular width (8.57 cm vs 9.53 cm) and testicular volume (1.627.40 cm3 vs 2.149,68 cm3), respectively.The sexual behavior showed an increase in the Flehmen reflex, mounts...

Biometria testicular e sua influência no comportamento sexual de búfalos (Bubalus buballis) / Testicular parameters and its influence in buffaloes (Bubalus buballis) sexual behaviour

Background: Brazil is one of the greatest bovine meat exporter in the world. However, the technologies applied at buffalos reproduction is not specific for this specie, adapted technics were established from the cattle breed. When the animalshows weight gain, gonadal and behavioral physiology fallow this tendency and the reproductive status become good andsatisfactory. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the reproduction characteristics of male buffaloes and its testicularparameters with sexual behavior.Materials, Methods & Results: Seven males Murrah breed with 67.29 ± 11.4 months of age were maintained at confinement for artificial shading. The testicular parameter was performed in restraint trunk and the sexual behavior evaluationwas done with an estrus female. The sexual behavior was performed with an estrous female as a dummy. The testicularbiometry was measured at the beginning and at the end of the experimental design, with the follow parameters: length,width, depth/thickness, scrotal circumference and the total volume. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance,and the means was compared with the Student-Newman-Keuls test, with significance difference P < 0.05 between themedians. The differences in the parameters were scrotal circumference (23.36 cm vs 24.86 cm), testicular length (8.71 cmvs 9.77 cm), right testicular width (8.57 cm vs 9.53 cm) and testicular volume (1.627.40 cm3 vs 2.149,68 cm3), respectively.The sexual behavior showed an increase in the Flehmen reflex, mounts...(AU)

Effects of the bull on conception rate of dairy cows in different seasons and according to AI type

Background: Reproductive efficiency is one of the most important factors affecting the performance dairy cattle, and fixedtime artificial insemination (TAI) is an important biotechnology factor employed in bovine livestock. The achievement of satisfactory results in TAI protocols depends of several factors, such as health and body condition, milk yield, environmental temperatures, ovulation time, semen manipulation, as well as semen quality. The goal of this study was to evaluate the conception rate of heifers and multiparous cows based on different Holstein bulls used for artificial insemination (AI). The effects of the type of management AI, animal category, and season of the year were also examined.Materials, Methods & Results: A three-year database on the reproductive management of a dairy farm was formed. All the cows and heifers were of the Holstein breed, in semi-intensive nutritional management, milked twice a day, and received a total mix ration. After 45 days in milk, when cows were observed twice daily with estrus signs, posterior artificial insemination occurred 12 h after estrus visualization was made. However, cows that were not observed in estrus were submitted to a timed artificial insemination (TAI). In this study, these fixed factors were considered: bulls utilized for the AI (totalizing 10 animals with at least 100 inseminations in each season, denoted by the letter B and a number - B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10); the season of the insemination (spring/summer being from November to April and autumn/winter from May to October), category animal (heifers, animals that never have been calved, or multiparous, animals that have already given birth more than once), and the type of AI (which included TAI using a protocol for synchronization, but cows having not necessarily shown estrus signs at the AI; ETAI: using protocol of synchronization, cows showing estrus signs at the AI;[...]

Effects of the bull on conception rate of dairy cows in different seasons and according to AI type

Background: Reproductive efficiency is one of the most important factors affecting the performance dairy cattle, and fixedtime artificial insemination (TAI) is an important biotechnology factor employed in bovine livestock. The achievement of satisfactory results in TAI protocols depends of several factors, such as health and body condition, milk yield, environmental temperatures, ovulation time, semen manipulation, as well as semen quality. The goal of this study was to evaluate the conception rate of heifers and multiparous cows based on different Holstein bulls used for artificial insemination (AI). The effects of the type of management AI, animal category, and season of the year were also examined.Materials, Methods & Results: A three-year database on the reproductive management of a dairy farm was formed. All the cows and heifers were of the Holstein breed, in semi-intensive nutritional management, milked twice a day, and received a total mix ration. After 45 days in milk, when cows were observed twice daily with estrus signs, posterior artificial insemination occurred 12 h after estrus visualization was made. However, cows that were not observed in estrus were submitted to a timed artificial insemination (TAI). In this study, these fixed factors were considered: bulls utilized for the AI (totalizing 10 animals with at least 100 inseminations in each season, denoted by the letter B and a number - B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10); the season of the insemination (spring/summer being from November to April and autumn/winter from May to October), category animal (heifers, animals that never have been calved, or multiparous, animals that have already given birth more than once), and the type of AI (which included TAI using a protocol for synchronization, but cows having not necessarily shown estrus signs at the AI; ETAI: using protocol of synchronization, cows showing estrus signs at the AI;[...](AU)

Manejo reprodutivo de quero-quero, Vanellus chilensis (molina, 1782), sob cuidados humanos / Reproductive management of quero-quero, Vanellus chilensis (molina, 1782), under human care

Pertencente à família Charadriidae, o quero-quero (Vanellus chilensis) ocorre da América Central até a América do Sul, sendo bastante tolerante a locais antropizados. Em cativeiro, os filhotes da espécie ainda não são mantidos sem os cuidados parentais, desta forma o presente trabalho propôs criar um protocolo de manejo sob cuidados humanos para estes filhotes. Para este estudo, foi comparado o desenvolvimento de filhotes neste novo protocolo com o de filhotes em vida livre, utilizando um total de treze filhotes. A alimentação sob cuidados humanos foi composta por ração MegaZoo® O-20, ovo cozido e larvas de besouro tenébrio (Tenebrio mollitor) vivas. Como resultado, os filhotes em cativeiro alcançaram uma maior massa corporal e um melhor índice de sobrevivência. Tais discrepâncias foram decorrentes da ausência de predadores, da dieta e da pouca atividade encontrada no ambiente sob cuidados humanos. Pode-se concluir que o manejo sugerido no presente trabalho obteve êxito na manutenção dos filhotes sob cuidados humanos, porém necessita de trabalhos complementares voltados a um melhor condicionamento e ambientação dos filhotes.(AU)

Belonging to the Charadriidae family, the southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) occurs from Central to South America, being quite tolerant of anthropized sites. Under captivity, the chick of the species are still not kept without parental care, in this way the present work proposed to create a protocol of management under human care for these chicks. For this study, we compared the development of chicks in this new protocol with free-living chicks, using a total of thirteen chicks. Feeding under human care was composed of MegaZoo® O-20 ration, boiled egg and live beetle larvae (Tenebrio mollitor). As a result, chicks in captivity achieved a higher body mass and a better survival rate. Such discrepancies were due to the absence of predators, diet and low activity found in the environment under human care. In general, it can be concluded that the present work succeed in keep the chicks under human care, but complementary work are needed aimeing at better conditioning and setting of the chicks.(AU)

Manejo reprodutivo de quero-quero, Vanellus chilensis (molina, 1782), sob cuidados humanos / Reproductive management of quero-quero, Vanellus chilensis (molina, 1782), under human care

Pertencente à família Charadriidae, o quero-quero (Vanellus chilensis) ocorre da América Central até a América do Sul, sendo bastante tolerante a locais antropizados. Em cativeiro, os filhotes da espécie ainda não são mantidos sem os cuidados parentais, desta forma o presente trabalho propôs criar um protocolo de manejo sob cuidados humanos para estes filhotes. Para este estudo, foi comparado o desenvolvimento de filhotes neste novo protocolo com o de filhotes em vida livre, utilizando um total de treze filhotes. A alimentação sob cuidados humanos foi composta por ração MegaZoo® O-20, ovo cozido e larvas de besouro tenébrio (Tenebrio mollitor) vivas. Como resultado, os filhotes em cativeiro alcançaram uma maior massa corporal e um melhor índice de sobrevivência. Tais discrepâncias foram decorrentes da ausência de predadores, da dieta e da pouca atividade encontrada no ambiente sob cuidados humanos. Pode-se concluir que o manejo sugerido no presente trabalho obteve êxito na manutenção dos filhotes sob cuidados humanos, porém necessita de trabalhos complementares voltados a um melhor condicionamento e ambientação dos filhotes.

Belonging to the Charadriidae family, the southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) occurs from Central to South America, being quite tolerant of anthropized sites. Under captivity, the chick of the species are still not kept without parental care, in this way the present work proposed to create a protocol of management under human care for these chicks. For this study, we compared the development of chicks in this new protocol with free-living chicks, using a total of thirteen chicks. Feeding under human care was composed of MegaZoo® O-20 ration, boiled egg and live beetle larvae (Tenebrio mollitor). As a result, chicks in captivity achieved a higher body mass and a better survival rate. Such discrepancies were due to the absence of predators, diet and low activity found in the environment under human care. In general, it can be concluded that the present work succeed in keep the chicks under human care, but complementary work are needed aimeing at better conditioning and setting of the chicks.

Sistemas de manejo para maximização da eficiência reprodutiva em bovinos de corte nos trópicos / Management systems to maximize the reproductive efficiency in beef cattle in the tropics / Sistemas de gestión para maximizar la eficiencia reproductiva en ganado de carne em las zonas tropicales

Na bovinocultura de corte, a reprodução pode ser considerada o principal pilar de sustentação da cadeia, visto que produz a matéria-prima elementar dessa indústria: o bezerro, determinando diretamente a eficiência da produção animal e garantindo o sucesso dos sistemas de produção. Desta forma, a alta eficiência reprodutiva do rebanho, atrelada a elevados índices de produção, devem ser metas consolidadas dentre os criadores. O Brasil é um país com grande potencial para produção de carne bovina, no entanto, ainda apresenta baixa eficiência produtiva e reprodutiva, com índices reprodutivos muito baixos e insatisfatórios, além de um manejo muitas vezes precário, com pouco ou nenhum controle acerca das diferentes fases que envolvem o ano reprodutivo, como seleção dos reprodutores, estação de monta, estação de parição e processo de desmama. Neste contexto, o planejamento reprodutivo em uma propriedade e a inclusão de estratégias de manejo que maximizem a eficiência reprodutiva, torna-se crucial e de suma importância para a melhoria do desempenho produtivo e, consequentemente, da lucratividade na criação de rebanhos comerciais. A adoção de um adequado manejo reprodutivo, assim como sanitário e nutricional, também está intimamente atrelada à máxima exploração do potencial genético dos animais. Diante da grande importância da reprodução na cadeia produtiva da carne bovina, esta revisão visou reunir e apresentar as principais e mais eficientes estratégias de manejo adotadas para maximização do desempenho reprodutivo e produtivo em rebanhos de corte.(AU)

In beef cattle, the reproduction can be considered the main pillar of the chain support, since it produces the basic raw material of the industry: the calf, directly determining the efficiency of animal production and ensuring the success of the production systems. Thus, high reproductive efficiency of the herd, linked at high production rates must be consolidated targets among creators. Brazil is a country with great potential for beef production, however, still has a low productive and reproductive efficiency, with very low and unsatisfactory reproductive rates, plus a handling often precarious, with little or no control on the different phases involving the reproductive year, as selection of breeding, breeding season, calving season and weaning process. In this context, the reproductive planning on a property and the inclusion of management strategies that maximize reproductive efficiency, it is crucial and very important for improving growth performance and hence profitability in the creation of commercial herds. The adoption of an adequate reproductive management, as well as health and nutrition, is also closely linked to the maximum exploitation of the genetic potential of the animals. Due the great importance of reproduction in the production chain of beef, this review aimed to gather and present the main and most effective management strategies adopted to maximize the reproductive and productive performance in beef cattle herds.(AU)

En la producción de ganado de carne, la reproducción puede ser considerado como el pilar principal del soporte de la cadena, ya que produce la materia prima básica de la industria: el becerro, determinando directamente la eficiencia de la producción animal y garantizar el éxito de los sistemas de producción. Por lo tanto, una alta eficiencia reproductiva del rebaño, vinculado a altas tasas de producción debe consolidarse objetivos entre los creadores. Brasil es un país con un gran potencial para la producción de carne, sin embargo, todavía tiene una eficiencia productiva y reproductiva baja, con tasas de reproducción muy baja y poco satisfactorios, además de un manejo a menudo precaria, con poco o ningún control sobre las diferentes fases que implican el año reproductiva, como la selección de crianza, estación de cría, época de parto y el proceso de destete. En este contexto, la planificación reproductiva en una propiedad y la inclusión de estrategias de gestión que maximicen la eficiencia reproductiva, es crucial y muy importante para mejorar el rendimiento del crecimiento y por lo tanto la rentabilidad en la creación de los rebaños comerciales. La adopción de un manejo reproductivo adecuado, así como la salud y la nutrición, está también estrechamente vinculados a la explotación máxima del potencial genético de los animales. Debido a la gran importancia de la reproducción en la cadena de producción de carne de vacuno, esta revisión tuvo como objetivo reunir y presentar los principales y más efectivas estrategias de gestión adoptadas para maximizar el rendimiento reproductivo y productivo en los rebaños de ganado vacuno.(AU)

Sistemas de manejo para maximização da eficiência reprodutiva em bovinos de corte nos trópicos / Management systems to maximize the reproductive efficiency in beef cattle in the tropics / Sistemas de gestión para maximizar la eficiencia reproductiva en ganado de carne em las zonas tropicales

Na bovinocultura de corte, a reprodução pode ser considerada o principal pilar de sustentação da cadeia, visto que produz a matéria-prima elementar dessa indústria: o bezerro, determinando diretamente a eficiência da produção animal e garantindo o sucesso dos sistemas de produção. Desta forma, a alta eficiência reprodutiva do rebanho, atrelada a elevados índices de produção, devem ser metas consolidadas dentre os criadores. O Brasil é um país com grande potencial para produção de carne bovina, no entanto, ainda apresenta baixa eficiência produtiva e reprodutiva, com índices reprodutivos muito baixos e insatisfatórios, além de um manejo muitas vezes precário, com pouco ou nenhum controle acerca das diferentes fases que envolvem o ano reprodutivo, como seleção dos reprodutores, estação de monta, estação de parição e processo de desmama. Neste contexto, o planejamento reprodutivo em uma propriedade e a inclusão de estratégias de manejo que maximizem a eficiência reprodutiva, torna-se crucial e de suma importância para a melhoria do desempenho produtivo e, consequentemente, da lucratividade na criação de rebanhos comerciais. A adoção de um adequado manejo reprodutivo, assim como sanitário e nutricional, também está intimamente atrelada à máxima exploração do potencial genético dos animais. Diante da grande importância da reprodução na cadeia produtiva da carne bovina, esta revisão visou reunir e apresentar as principais e mais eficientes estratégias de manejo adotadas para maximização do desempenho reprodutivo e produtivo em rebanhos de corte.

In beef cattle, the reproduction can be considered the main pillar of the chain support, since it produces the basic raw material of the industry: the calf, directly determining the efficiency of animal production and ensuring the success of the production systems. Thus, high reproductive efficiency of the herd, linked at high production rates must be consolidated targets among creators. Brazil is a country with great potential for beef production, however, still has a low productive and reproductive efficiency, with very low and unsatisfactory reproductive rates, plus a handling often precarious, with little or no control on the different phases involving the reproductive year, as selection of breeding, breeding season, calving season and weaning process. In this context, the reproductive planning on a property and the inclusion of management strategies that maximize reproductive efficiency, it is crucial and very important for improving growth performance and hence profitability in the creation of commercial herds. The adoption of an adequate reproductive management, as well as health and nutrition, is also closely linked to the maximum exploitation of the genetic potential of the animals. Due the great importance of reproduction in the production chain of beef, this review aimed to gather and present the main and most effective management strategies adopted to maximize the reproductive and productive performance in beef cattle herds.

En la producción de ganado de carne, la reproducción puede ser considerado como el pilar principal del soporte de la cadena, ya que produce la materia prima básica de la industria: el becerro, determinando directamente la eficiencia de la producción animal y garantizar el éxito de los sistemas de producción. Por lo tanto, una alta eficiencia reproductiva del rebaño, vinculado a altas tasas de producción debe consolidarse objetivos entre los creadores. Brasil es un país con un gran potencial para la producción de carne, sin embargo, todavía tiene una eficiencia productiva y reproductiva baja, con tasas de reproducción muy baja y poco satisfactorios, además de un manejo a menudo precaria, con poco o ningún control sobre las diferentes fases que implican el año reproductiva, como la selección de crianza, estación de cría, época de parto y el proceso de destete. En este contexto, la planificación reproductiva en una propiedad y la inclusión de estrategias de gestión que maximicen la eficiencia reproductiva, es crucial y muy importante para mejorar el rendimiento del crecimiento y por lo tanto la rentabilidad en la creación de los rebaños comerciales. La adopción de un manejo reproductivo adecuado, así como la salud y la nutrición, está también estrechamente vinculados a la explotación máxima del potencial genético de los animales. Debido a la gran importancia de la reproducción en la cadena de producción de carne de vacuno, esta revisión tuvo como objetivo reunir y presentar los principales y más efectivas estrategias de gestión adoptadas para maximizar el rendimiento reproductivo y productivo en los rebaños de ganado vacuno.

Timed artificial insemination: current challenges and recent advances in reproductive efficiency in beef and dairy herds in Brazil

Beef and dairy productivity depends directly on the reproductive efficiency and genetic gain of the herd, which can be related to the appropriate use of biotechnologies, such as timed artificial insemination (TAI). When considering variations in synchronizations protocols, longer or shorter periods of progesterone (P4) device treatment could provide benefits to fertility. However, our studies evidenced that protocols with six (J-synch), seven, eight and nine days of P4 device treatment had similar pregnancy per AI (P/AI). In cyclic cows, the early prostaglandin (PGF) administration, moving from the day of P4 device removal to two days earlier, which results in four handlings of cows, or the administration of one extra dose of PGF at the onset of the protocol and a single PGF on the day of P4 device removal (three handlings) are both efficient to induce early luteolysis, reducing serum P4 concentrations and, therefore, stimulating LH pulsatility, which improves growth of the dominant follicle and results greater P/AI when compared with protocols with the administration of PGF only on the day of P4 device removal. Resynchronization is another valuable tool to reduce the interval between AI. Traditional Resynch is initiated at pregnancy diagnosis (28 to 32 days after TAI) and the interval between AI is around 40 days; Resynch 22 and Resynch 14 respectively initiates 22 and 14 days after the previous AI in all cows (unknown status of pregnancy) and reduces the interval between AI to 32 and 24 days. The novelty about Resynch 14 is the need to use of Doppler ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis [evaluation of corpus luteum (CL) vascularization].

Timed artificial insemination: current challenges and recent advances in reproductive efficiency in beef and dairy herds in Brazil

Beef and dairy productivity depends directly on the reproductive efficiency and genetic gain of the herd, which can be related to the appropriate use of biotechnologies, such as timed artificial insemination (TAI). When considering variations in synchronizations protocols, longer or shorter periods of progesterone (P4) device treatment could provide benefits to fertility. However, our studies evidenced that protocols with six (J-synch), seven, eight and nine days of P4 device treatment had similar pregnancy per AI (P/AI). In cyclic cows, the early prostaglandin (PGF) administration, moving from the day of P4 device removal to two days earlier, which results in four handlings of cows, or the administration of one extra dose of PGF at the onset of the protocol and a single PGF on the day of P4 device removal (three handlings) are both efficient to induce early luteolysis, reducing serum P4 concentrations and, therefore, stimulating LH pulsatility, which improves growth of the dominant follicle and results greater P/AI when compared with protocols with the administration of PGF only on the day of P4 device removal. Resynchronization is another valuable tool to reduce the interval between AI. Traditional Resynch is initiated at pregnancy diagnosis (28 to 32 days after TAI) and the interval between AI is around 40 days; Resynch 22 and Resynch 14 respectively initiates 22 and 14 days after the previous AI in all cows (unknown status of pregnancy) and reduces the interval between AI to 32 and 24 days. The novelty about Resynch 14 is the need to use of Doppler ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis [evaluation of corpus luteum (CL) vascularization].(AU)

Desafios e atualidades no emprego de técnicas de reprodução assistida em aves selvagens / Challenges and current developments in the use of assisted reproduction techniques in wild birds

As aves são únicas entre os vertebrados e durante seu processo evolutivo sofreram inúmeras adaptaçõesque culminaram em algumas particularidades em sua fisiologia reprodutiva. Consequentemente, algumastécnicas de reprodução assistida (TRAs) comumente empregadas na conservação de mamíferos ainda não sãoaplicáveis às aves, por exemplo o congelamento de oócitos e embriões devido à grande quantidade de vitelo, e acriopreservação de sêmen que resulta em baixas taxas de fecundidade (<2%). Portando, novas abordagens têmsido utilizadas com o intuito de melhorar o desempenho reprodutivo, com o intuito de melhorar a variabilidadegenética das populações cativas de espécies de aves ameaçadas. Dessa maneira, nosso objetivo é descreveralgumas singularidades reprodutivas atribuídas as aves selvagens, apontando os desafios e as principais técnicasde reprodução assistida exploradas na conservação deste grupo.(AU)

Birds are unique among vertebrates since they undergone several adaptations during the evolutionaryprocess that ended up in some peculiarities in their reproductive physiology. Therefore, assisted reproductiontechniques (ARTs) usually employed in mammal conservation are not applicable in avian species as for example,oocyte and embryo freezing (due to the large amounts of egg yolk) and semen cryopreservation (which culminatein reduced post-thawing fertility < 2%). Such circumstances demand new approaches aiming to improvereproductive performance in captivity and, in turn, to increase genetic variability of ex situ populations ofendangered birds. Thus, our goal is to describe some reproductive features exhibited by wild birds, highlightingchallenges and techniques used in the preservation of these vertebrates.(AU)

Desafios e atualidades no emprego de técnicas de reprodução assistida em aves selvagens / Challenges and current developments in the use of assisted reproduction techniques in wild birds

As aves são únicas entre os vertebrados e durante seu processo evolutivo sofreram inúmeras adaptaçõesque culminaram em algumas particularidades em sua fisiologia reprodutiva. Consequentemente, algumastécnicas de reprodução assistida (TRAs) comumente empregadas na conservação de mamíferos ainda não sãoaplicáveis às aves, por exemplo o congelamento de oócitos e embriões devido à grande quantidade de vitelo, e acriopreservação de sêmen que resulta em baixas taxas de fecundidade (<2%). Portando, novas abordagens têmsido utilizadas com o intuito de melhorar o desempenho reprodutivo, com o intuito de melhorar a variabilidadegenética das populações cativas de espécies de aves ameaçadas. Dessa maneira, nosso objetivo é descreveralgumas singularidades reprodutivas atribuídas as aves selvagens, apontando os desafios e as principais técnicasde reprodução assistida exploradas na conservação deste grupo.

Birds are unique among vertebrates since they undergone several adaptations during the evolutionaryprocess that ended up in some peculiarities in their reproductive physiology. Therefore, assisted reproductiontechniques (ARTs) usually employed in mammal conservation are not applicable in avian species as for example,oocyte and embryo freezing (due to the large amounts of egg yolk) and semen cryopreservation (which culminatein reduced post-thawing fertility – < 2%). Such circumstances demand new approaches aiming to improvereproductive performance in captivity and, in turn, to increase genetic variability of ex situ populations ofendangered birds. Thus, our goal is to describe some reproductive features exhibited by wild birds, highlightingchallenges and techniques used in the preservation of these vertebrates.