Resumo
Sixty adrenals of 30 dogs were evaluated, divided into three groups, according to age: Group 1 = healthy youngsters (10 animals) - from one to three years old; Group 2 = healthy adults (10 animals) - four to nine years old; and Group 3 = healthy senile animals (10 animals) - older than ten years old. The experimental design was randomized, with a significance of 5%. There was a significant difference (P=0.017) in length between young and elderly dogs. The thickness of the cranial pole showed a significant difference (P=0.001) between young and adults when compared with the elderly group. The thickness of the caudal pole was not significant for adults when compared to elderly and young people. Between elderly and young, the difference was significant (P=0.024). The mean speeds differed between the groups of young and adult animals regarding the left adrenal and its cranial pole. The hardness pattern and its measurements can vary in healthy dogs of different ages, being more rigid in the cranial pole of the left adrenal in young dogs.
Foram avaliadas 60 adrenais de 30 cães, divididos em três grupos, de acordo com a idade: grupo 1 = jovens saudáveis (10 animais) - de um a três anos de vida; grupo 2 = adultos saudáveis (10 animais) - de quatro a nove anos de vida; e grupo 3 = senis saudáveis (10 animais) - a partir de 10 anos de vida. O delineamento experimental foi ao acaso, com significância de 5%. No comprimento, houve diferença significativa (P=0,017) entre os cães jovens e os idosos. A espessura do polo cranial apresentou diferença significativa (P=0,001) entre jovens e adultos quando comparados com o grupo de idosos. A espessura do polo caudal não foi significativa para adultos quando comparadas com idosos e jovens. Entre idosos e jovens, a diferença foi significativa (P=0,024). As médias das velocidades diferiram entre os grupos de animais jovens e adultos quanto à adrenal esquerda e a seu polo cranial. O padrão de dureza e suas medidas podem variar em cães saudáveis de diferentes idades, sendo mais rígidas no polo cranial da adrenal esquerda de cães jovens.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Ultrassonografia/veterinária , Glândulas Suprarrenais , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/veterináriaResumo
ABSTRACT: Objective was to evaluate the accuracy of elastography in the differentiation between normal and cataract lenses One hundred forty-five eyes of 98 dogs were divided into groups according to cataract stage. Forty-twoeyes were submitted to phacoemulsification. Biometric parameters, echogenicity and echotexture patterns of the anterior, posterior and vitreous chambers, lens and retina-choroid-sclera complexes were evaluated by ocular ultrasound in modes A and B. Deformability, and color (blue color = indicated less rigid structures, color red = more rigid structures) of the lenses were evaluated by the elastogram. The shear wave velocity (SWV; m/s) was calculated in three regions of the lens, both in the cortex and in the nucleus. The SWV of nucleus was statistically different between the normal lenses and with cataracts, and between the stages of cataract (P 0.001). Healthy lenses and incipient cataracts had a more rigid nucleus. Mature cataracts presented lowest nuclear rigidity (P 0.001). On cortical region the SWV was significantly higher (P 0.01) in intumescent and incipient cataracts. SWV less than 2.67m/s indicates cataract with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 94%. Values lower than 2.23m/s suggest mature cataract, with sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 76%. SWV greater than 2.66 m/s are associated with normal lenses or incipient cataract, presenting sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 84%. Qualitative method allowed differentiation between healthy and affected lenses and the classification of evolutionary stages. There was a correlation between the degree of stiffness of lens in cortical and nuclear regions (p=00165, r=0.37) and between the balanced saline solution quantitative and surgical time (P 0.01, r=0.73). Degree of stiffness of lens did not correlate with parameters of phacoemulsification. Elastographic proved feasible for evaluating the lens of dogs, characterizing the types of cataracts, and demonstrating increased stiffness of the diseased lenses.
RESUMO: O objetivo foi avaliar a precisão da elastografia na diferenciação entre lentes normais e de catarata. Cento e quarenta e cinco olhos de 98 cães foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o estágio de maturação da catarata. Quarenta e dois olhos foram submetidos à facoemulsificação. Parâmetros biométricos, ecogenicidade e padrões de ecotextura das câmaras anterior, posterior e vítrea, lente e complexos retina-coróide-esclera foram avaliados por ultrassonografia ocular nos modos A e B. A deformabilidade e a coloração (cor azul = indicou estruturas menos rígidas, cor vermelha = estruturas mais rígidas) das lentes foram avaliadas pelo elastograma. A velocidade da onda de cisalhamento (SWV; m/s) foi calculada em três regiões da lente, tanto no córtex quanto no núcleo. A SWV do núcleo foi estatisticamente diferente entre as lentes normais e com catarata e entre os estágios da catarata (P 0,001). Lentes saudáveis e cataratas incipientes tinham um núcleo mais rígido. Cataratas maduras apresentaram menor rigidez nuclear (P 0,001). Na região cortical, a SWV foi significativamente maior (P 0,01) nas cataratas intumescentes e incipientes. Uma SWV menor que 2,67m/s indica catarata com sensibilidade de 72% e especificidade de 94%. Valores inferiores a 2,23m/s sugerem catarata madura, com sensibilidade de 71% e especificidade de 76%. Uma SWV superior a 2,66m/s está associada à catarata normal ou incipiente, apresentando sensibilidade de 94% e especificidade de 84%. O método qualitativo permitiu a diferenciação entre lentes normais de olhos saudáveis e afetadas e a classificação dos estágios evolutivos. A elastografia se mostrara uma ferramenta viável para avaliar as lentes de cães, caracterizando os tipos de catarata e demonstrando maior rigidez das lentes doentes.
Resumo
Objective was to evaluate the accuracy of elastography in the differentiation between normal and cataract lenses One hundred forty-five eyes of 98 dogs were divided into groups according to cataract stage. Forty-twoeyes were submitted to phacoemulsification. Biometric parameters, echogenicity and echotexture patterns of the anterior, posterior and vitreous chambers, lens and retina-choroid-sclera complexes were evaluated by ocular ultrasound in modes A and B. Deformability, and color (blue color = indicated less rigid structures, color red = more rigid structures) of the lenses were evaluated by the elastogram. The shear wave velocity (SWV; m/s) was calculated in three regions of the lens, both in the cortex and in the nucleus. The SWV of nucleus was statistically different between the normal lenses and with cataracts, and between the stages of cataract (P<0.001). Healthy lenses and incipient cataracts had a more rigid nucleus. Mature cataracts presented lowest nuclear rigidity (P<0.001). On cortical region the SWV was significantly higher (P<0.01) in intumescent and incipient cataracts. SWV less than 2.67m/s indicates cataract with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 94%. Values lower than 2.23m/s suggest mature cataract, with sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 76%. SWV greater than 2.66 m/s are associated with normal lenses or incipient cataract, presenting sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 84%. Qualitative method allowed differentiation between healthy and affected lenses and the classification of evolutionary stages. There was a correlation between the degree of stiffness of lens in cortical and nuclear regions (p=00165, r=0.37) and between the balanced saline solution quantitative and surgical time (P<0.01, r=0.73). Degree of stiffness of lens did not correlate with parameters of phacoemulsification. Elastographic proved feasible for evaluating the lens of dogs, characterizing the types of cataracts, and demonstrating increased stiffness of the diseased lenses.(AU)
O objetivo foi avaliar a precisão da elastografia na diferenciação entre lentes normais e de catarata. Cento e quarenta e cinco olhos de 98 cães foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o estágio de maturação da catarata. Quarenta e dois olhos foram submetidos à facoemulsificação. Parâmetros biométricos, ecogenicidade e padrões de ecotextura das câmaras anterior, posterior e vítrea, lente e complexos retina-coróide-esclera foram avaliados por ultrassonografia ocular nos modos A e B. A deformabilidade e a coloração (cor azul = indicou estruturas menos rígidas, cor vermelha = estruturas mais rígidas) das lentes foram avaliadas pelo elastograma. A velocidade da onda de cisalhamento (SWV; m/s) foi calculada em três regiões da lente, tanto no córtex quanto no núcleo. A SWV do núcleo foi estatisticamente diferente entre as lentes normais e com catarata e entre os estágios da catarata (P<0,001). Lentes saudáveis e cataratas incipientes tinham um núcleo mais rígido. Cataratas maduras apresentaram menor rigidez nuclear (P<0,001). Na região cortical, a SWV foi significativamente maior (P<0,01) nas cataratas intumescentes e incipientes. Uma SWV menor que 2,67m/s indica catarata com sensibilidade de 72% e especificidade de 94%. Valores inferiores a 2,23m/s sugerem catarata madura, com sensibilidade de 71% e especificidade de 76%. Uma SWV superior a 2,66m/s está associada à catarata normal ou incipiente, apresentando sensibilidade de 94% e especificidade de 84%. O método qualitativo permitiu a diferenciação entre lentes normais de olhos saudáveis e afetadas e a classificação dos estágios evolutivos. A elastografia se mostrara uma ferramenta viável para avaliar as lentes de cães, caracterizando os tipos de catarata e demonstrando maior rigidez das lentes doentes.(AU)
Assuntos
Masculino , Cães , Catarata/veterinária , Cães , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/veterinária , Ultrassom , FacoemulsificaçãoResumo
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to verify the applicability of B-mode ultrasonography, ARFI elastography and CEUS in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and its Stages in dogs. 24 healthy dogs and 28 with CKD were included. In B-mode, the echogenicity, echotexture and cortico-medullary ratio of the kidneys were verified. By elastography, the shear-wave velocity of the cortical (SWVcort) and medullary (SWVmed) regions were determined and tissue deformity was evaluated. Wash-in, wash-out and peak enhancement (TPic) of the contrast in the renal parenchyma were calculated and homogeneity, presence of filling gaps and distinction of filling phases were evaluated by CEUS. Changes in echogenicity, echotexture and cortico-medullary ratio were observed only in sick patients. There was an increase in SWVcort in CKD, with a cutoff point >2.91m/s. Healthy kidneys were non-deformable and 25% had changes in gray scales. There was an increase in wash-in and TPic, changes in filling characteristics, filling failures and difficulty in distinguishing between the Stages in CEUS in CKD. It was found that dogs with CKD 2, 3 and 4 had greater SWVcort and wash-in values than CKD 1. Elastographic and CEUS changes were observed in dogs with CKD, demonstrating the applicability of ultrasonographic techniques in their diagnosis.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a aplicabilidade da ultrassonografia modo-B, elastografia ARFI e CEUS no diagnóstico da doença renal crônica e seus estágios em cães. Foram incluídos 24 cães saudáveis e 28 com DRC. Pelo modo-B, verificou-se ecogenicidade, ecotextura e relação córtico-medular dos rins. Pela elastografia, foram determinadas as velocidades de cisalhamento das regiões cortical (SWVcort) e medular (SWVmed) e foi avaliada a deformidade tecidual. Calculou-se os temos de wash-in, wash-out e pico de intensidade (TPic) do parênquima renal e avaliou-se homogeneidade, presença de falhas e distinção das fases de preenchimento por contraste por meio de CEUS. Alterações em ecogenicidade, ecotextura e relação córtico-medular foram observadas somente em pacientes doentes. Houve aumento da SWVcort na DRC, com ponto de corte >2.91m/s. Rins saudáveis foram não-deformáveis e 25% apresentou alterações nas escalas de cinza. Houve aumento do wash-in e TPic, alterações nas características de preenchimento, falhas e dificuldade para distinguir as fases de preenchimento do contraste nos rins com DRC. Verificou-se que cães com DRC graus 2, 3 e 4 tiveram valores de SWVcort e wash-in maiores que cães com DRC grau 1. Foram obsrervadas alterações elastográfica e de CEUS em cães com DRC, demonstrando a aplicabilidade destas técnicas ultrassonográficas no seu diagnóstico.
Resumo
The objective of this study was to verify the applicability of B-mode ultrasonography, ARFI elastography and CEUS in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and its Stages in dogs. 24 healthy dogs and 28 with CKD were included. In B-mode, the echogenicity, echotexture and cortico-medullary ratio of the kidneys were verified. By elastography, the shear-wave velocity of the cortical (SWVcort) and medullary (SWVmed) regions were determined and tissue deformity was evaluated. Wash-in, wash-out and peak enhancement (TPic) of the contrast in the renal parenchyma were calculated and homogeneity, presence of filling gaps and distinction of filling phases were evaluated by CEUS. Changes in echogenicity, echotexture and cortico-medullary ratio were observed only in sick patients. There was an increase in SWVcort in CKD, with a cutoff point >2.91m/s. Healthy kidneys were non-deformable and 25% had changes in gray scales. There was an increase in wash-in and TPic, changes in filling characteristics, filling failures and difficulty in distinguishing between the Stages in CEUS in CKD. It was found that dogs with CKD 2, 3 and 4 had greater SWVcort and wash-in values than CKD 1. Elastographic and CEUS changes were observed in dogs with CKD, demonstrating the applicability of ultrasonographic techniques in their diagnosis.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a aplicabilidade da ultrassonografia modo-B, elastografia ARFI e CEUS no diagnóstico da doença renal crônica e seus estágios em cães. Foram incluídos 24 cães saudáveis e 28 com DRC. Pelo modo-B, verificou-se ecogenicidade, ecotextura e relação córtico-medular dos rins. Pela elastografia, foram determinadas as velocidades de cisalhamento das regiões cortical (SWVcort) e medular (SWVmed) e foi avaliada a deformidade tecidual. Calculou-se os temos de wash-in, wash-out e pico de intensidade (TPic) do parênquima renal e avaliou-se homogeneidade, presença de falhas e distinção das fases de preenchimento por contraste por meio de CEUS. Alterações em ecogenicidade, ecotextura e relação córtico-medular foram observadas somente em pacientes doentes. Houve aumento da SWVcort na DRC, com ponto de corte >2.91m/s. Rins saudáveis foram não-deformáveis e 25% apresentou alterações nas escalas de cinza. Houve aumento do wash-in e TPic, alterações nas características de preenchimento, falhas e dificuldade para distinguir as fases de preenchimento do contraste nos rins com DRC. Verificou-se que cães com DRC graus 2, 3 e 4 tiveram valores de SWVcort e wash-in maiores que cães com DRC grau 1. Foram obsrervadas alterações elastográfica e de CEUS em cães com DRC, demonstrando a aplicabilidade destas técnicas ultrassonográficas no seu diagnóstico.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Anormalidades Congênitas , Ultrassonografia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade , Perfusão , RimResumo
Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar biomecanicamente os posicionamentos dorsal e medial da placa bloqueada na artrodese do carpo em cães. Para isso, foram utilizados sete pares de membros torácicos de cães eutanasiados por razões não relacionadas ao estudo, em que sete membros foram estabilizados com placa dorsal, e seus respectivos pares com placa em posicionamento medial. Os membros com as articulações radiocarpometacarpianas estabilizadas cirurgicamente foram submetidos a ensaio de compressão axial em máquina universal de ensaios de materiais, e os dados de limite de elasticidade, rigidez estrutural, carga máxima e carga no momento da fratura dos posicionamentos foram comparados por meio do teste de Student-Newman-Keuls, a um nível de significância de 5%. Todos os membros foram fraturados no terço distal do terceiro metacarpo; nos membros com placa dorsal, a fratura ocorreu distal ao orifício distal e, nos membros com placa medial, a fratura ocorreu no último orifício dos metacarpos dois e três. Não houve dobra ou quebra de placas e parafusos e não houve diferença significativa entre os posicionamentos dorsal e medial dos implantes quanto aos parâmetros avaliados.(AU)
The aim of this study was to compare biomechanically the dorsal and medial positions of the locking plates on carpal arthrodesis in dogs. For this, seven pairs of thoracic limbs of dogs were used, in which seven limbs were stabilized with dorsal plate and seven limbs with plate in medial positioning. The members with the surgically stabilized radiocarpal-metacarpal joints were submitted to axial compression testing in a universal testing machine and the yield load, structural rigidity, maximum load and ultimate load of the positioning were compared by Student-Newman-Keuls test at a significance level of 5%. All members fractured in the distal third of the third metacarpal, in the limbs with dorsal plate the fracture occurred distal to the distal hole and in the members with medial plate the fracture occurred in the last hole of the metacarpals two and three. There was no bending or broken implants. There was no significant biomechanical differencebetween the dorsal and medial positions of the implants.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Artrodese/veterinária , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Cães/anormalidadesResumo
A neosporose é uma enfermidade parasitária causada pelo protozoário Neospora caninum, que vem sendo pesquisada em vários países, incluindo o Brasil. A enfermidade está associada a distúrbios neuromusculares em cães, além de ser uma importante causa de abortos em bovinos. Relata-se dois casosde pacientes caninos, apresentando histórico de sinais neuromusculares e encefalomielite,respectivamente, diagnosticado com Neosporose Canina através de líquido cefalorraquidiano pelo método de Reação em Cadeia em Polimerase (PCR).
Neosporose is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoa Neospora Caninum, which has been researched in several countries, including Brazil. The illness is associated with neuromuscular disorders in dogs, besides being an important cause of abortions in bovine animals. Two cases of canine patients are reported, presenting a history of neuromuscular signals and encephalomyelitis, respectively, diagnosed with Neosporosis canine through cerebrospinal fluid by the polymerase chain Reaction method (PCR).
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano , Neospora , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Rigidez Muscular/veterináriaResumo
The aim of this study was to describe the use of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in the evaluation of testicular disorders in dogs. Eighteen dogs with testicular disorders (thirty-six testicles) were assessed. Echotexture, size, contours and margins of testes were analysed by ultrasonography. Deformities and tissue stiffness (greyscale and homogenous or heterogeneous) were evaluated by qualitative elastography and shear velocity was determined quantitatively. Subsequent to orchiectomy, testicular samples were collected for histopathology analysis and thirty-six disorders were identified. Qualitative elastography revealed that normal healthy testicular tissues were homogenous and not pliable while the affected testicles had alterations in tissue stiffness and homogeneity. The values obtained for quantitative elastography of the testicular tissues were: normal/healthy - 1.30±0.12 m/s; degenerated - 0.97±0.08 m/s; atrophied - 2.00±0.35 m/s; hypoplastic - 0.82±0.2 m/s; cystic - 1.32±0.18 m/s; orchitis - 2.68±0.42 m/s; interstitial cell tumours - 3.32±0.65 m/s; sertolioma - 2.99±0.07 m/s and leydigoma - 2.73±0.37. ARFI elastography of abnormal testes proved to be an applicable and complementary technique in the diagnosis of testicular disease in dogs.
O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o uso da elastografia ARFI (acoustic radiation force impulse) para avaliar as afecções testiculares em cães. Dezoito cães com distúrbios testiculares (36 testículos) foram avaliados. Ecotextura, tamanho, contornos e margens dos testículos foram avaliados por meio da ultrassonografia modo-B. A presença de deformidades e a rigidez tecidual (escala de cinza; homogênea ou heterogênea) foram avaliadas pela elastografia qualitativa; e a velocidade de cisalhamento foi determinada pela avaliação quantitativa. Amostras dos tecidos testiculares foram coletadas após orquiectomia para o diagnóstico histopatológico. Após ultrassonografia, orquiectomia e histopatologia, foram identificados 36 distúrbios em tecidos testiculares. Durante a elastografia qualitativa, os tecidos normais apresentaram-se homogêneos e não deformáveis; os testículos alterados demonstraram alterações na rigidez tecidual e de sua homogeneidade. Para a elastografia quantitativa, os valores obtidos foram: tecidos normais - 1,30±0,12m/s; degenerados - 0,97±0,08m/s; atrofiados - 2,00±0,35m/s; hipoplásicos - 0,82±0,2m/s; cistos - 1,32±0,18m/s; orquite - 2,68±0,42m/s; tumores de células intersticiais - 3,32±0,65m/s; sertolioma - 2,99±0,07m/s; e leydigoma - 2,73±0,37m/s. A elastografia ARFI de testículos anormais em cães demonstrou ser uma técnica aplicável e complementar para o diagnóstico de doenças testiculares nessa espécie animal.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Doenças Testiculares/veterinária , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Testículo/lesões , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/veterináriaResumo
The Schiff-Sherrington phenomenon is an extensor hypertonicity of the forelimbs that occurs when there is a severe injury in the thoracolumbar segment. A 4-years-old, intact female, mixed breed dog, presented with vehicle trauma history followed by non-ambulatory paraparesis, extensor rigidity of forelimb and allodynia pain sensation. Superficial pain sensation was decreased. The treatment was based on unique dose of dexamethasone followed by oral administration of meloxicam, tramadol hydrochloride, dypirone, omeprazole and, poly vitamin complex. Low field magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed hyperintensity signal between T12 and T13 on T2-wheighting image compatible with neuronal edema. In the day after, allodynia and extensor rigidity presented spontaneously resolution. At 10th day, return to voluntary ambulation without assistance. Schiff-Sherrington posture is usually associated with poor prognosis and grade V traumatic injury of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. We report a grade III traumatic spinal cord injury confirmed with MRI as only neuronal edema causing the posture. The Schiff-Sherrington posture often resolves spontaneously in 10-14 days, but neurological signs of trauma can persist. The conservative treatment proposed was efficient, promoting forelimb recovery on the day after and total recovery of motor function in 10 days.
O fenômeno Schiff-Sherrington é a hipertonicidade extensores dos membros torácicos que ocorre quando há lesão severa do seguimento de medula espinhal toracolombar. Uma canina, fêmea, sem raça definida de 4 anos de idade foi apresentada após trauma por automóvel seguido de paraparesia não ambulatória, rigidez extensora dos membros torácicos e sensação dolorosa classificada como alodinia. A dor superficial estava diminuída. O tratamento se baseou na administração única de dexametasona seguida da prescrição de meloxicam, cloridrato de tramadol, dipirona, omeprazol e complexos vitamínicos. A ressonância magnética de baixo campo demonstrou hiperintesidade de sinal entre T12 e T13 nas sequencias ponderadas em T2, o que é compatível com edema neuronal. No dia seguinte, alodinia e a rigidez extensora apresentaram resolução espontânea. No 10º dia, houve retorno a deambulação voluntária sem assistência. A postura de Schiff-Sherington está geralmente associada a prognóstico ruim e lesões traumáticas grau V da medula espinhal toracolombar. Relata-se uma lesão medular traumática grau III confirmada por ressonância magnética somente como edema neuronal levando à posição. A postura de Schiff-Sherrington frequentemente se resolve espontaneamente em 10- 14 dias, mas sinais neurológicos podem persistir. O tratamento conservativo proposto foi eficiente, promovendo recuperação dos membros torácicos no dia seguinte e a recuperação total da função motora em 10 dias.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Hipertonia Muscular/veterinária , Paraparesia/veterinária , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância MagnéticaResumo
O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a rigidez tecidual de fígado e baço de cães braquicefálicos e sua correlação com a síndrome braquicefálica. A metodologia foi realizada com base em elastografia ARFI com utilização do aparelho ACUSON S2000/SIEMENS, com transdutores multifrequenciais convexo e linear, e softwares específicos. Foram selecionados 48 pacientes braquicefálicos e 22 controles mesocefálicos, com idade entre um a seis anos e faixa de peso delimitada. As raças braquicefálicas apresentaram rigidez hepática (lobos mediais: 1.52 m/s ± 0.36; lobo esquerdo lateral: 1.47 m/s ± 0.47; lobo direito lateral: 1.20 m/s ± 0.29 e lobo caudado: 1.23 m/s ± 0.39) e esplênica (2.51 m/s ± 0.45) significativamente maior do que cães mesocefálicos (Fígado: lobos mediais: 0.96 m/s ± 0.10, lobo esquerdo lateral: 0.93 m/s ± 0.11, lobo direito lateral: 0.74 m/s ± 0.08, lobo caudado: 0.76 m/s ± 0.10; baço: 2.29 m/s ± 0.34) pela análise de variâncias ANOVA. Análise dos componentes principais fora realizada, na qual dois componentes (velocidades de cisalhamento do lobo esquerdo lateral, lobos mediais e lobo caudado versus hemoglobina, hematócrito, eritrócitos e ALT) explicaram 70% das variações obtidas entre os grupos. Cães braquicefálicos apresentaram maior rigidez de parênquima hepático e esplênico avaliado por elastografia ARFI quando comparados a cães mesocefálicos.
The present study aimed to evaluate the hepatic and spleen stiffness of brachycephalic dogs and its correlation with the brachycephalic syndrome. The tissue elasticity was evaluated by ARFI (Acoustic radiation force impulse) elastography, with convex and linear multifrequential transducers and specific software. Forty-eight brachycephalic and 22 mesocephalic dogs, with an age range between one to six years old and weight range also pre-define. The brachycephalic breeds showed values of liver stiffness (medial lobes: 1.52 m/s ± 0.36; left lateral lobe: 1.47 m/s ± 0.47; right lateral lobe: 1.20 m/s ± 0.29 and caudate lobe: 1.23 m/s ± 0.39) and spleen stiffness (2.51 m/s ± 0.45) significantly higher than the mesocephalic dogs (Liver: medial lobes: 0.96 m/s ± 0.10, left lateral lobe: 0.93 m/s ± 0.11, right lateral lobe: 0.74 m/s ± 0.08, caudate lobe: 0.76 m/s ± 0.10; spleen: 2.29 m/s ± 0.34) by the analyses of variances ANOVA. A principal component analysis was performed in which two components (shear wave velocities of the left lateral, medial and caudate lobes versus hemoglobin, hematocrit erythrocytes and ALT) explained 70% of the variances between the groups. Brachycephalic dogs had higher spleen and liver stiffness when compared with mesocephalic dogs.
Resumo
Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a acurácia da elastografia Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse na diferenciação entre lentes normais e com catarata, além de correlacionar o grau de rigidez da lente intraocular com os parâmetros avaliados durante a facoemulsificação (tempo de ultrassom, controle de vácuo e quantitativo de solução salina balanceada). No total, 145 olhos de 98 cães foram avaliados e divididos em grupos de lentes normais e de acordo com o estágio da catarata.. A velocidade de cisalhamento (VC) (m/s) do núcleo foi estatisticamente diferente entre lentes normais e lentes com catarata, bem como entre os estágios da catarata (P <0,001). As lentes saudáveis e as cataratas incipientes tinham um núcleo mais rígido do que as intumescentes, as imaturas e as hipermaturas. A catarata madura apresentou maior rigidez nuclear (P <0,001). Na região cortical, a VC foi maior (P <0,01) nas cataratas intumescentes e incipientes. VC inferiores a 2,67 m/s indicam que a lente apresenta catarata com sensibilidade de 72% e especificidade de 94%. Valores inferiores a 2,23 m/s sugerem catarata madura, com sensibilidade de 71% e especificidade de 76%. VC superiores a 2,66 m/s estão associadas às cataratas normal ou incipiente, apresentando sensibilidade de 94% e especificidade de 84%. O método qualitativo permitiu a diferenciação entre lentes saudáveis e cataratosas e a classificação de seus estágios evolutivos da catarata. Dentre os pacientes avaliados, 42 olhos, de 26 cães, foram submetidos à facoemulsificação. Houve correlação entre o grau de rigidez da lente nas regiões cortical e nuclear (p=00165; r=0,37) e entre o quantitativo de solução salina balanceada utilizada e o tempo cirúrgico (p<0,01; r=0,73). O grau de rigidez da lente não apresentou correlação com os parâmetros cirúrgicos da facoemulsificação. O tempo cirúrgico (p=0,130), o quantitativo de solução salina balanceada (p=0,174), e o vácuo aplicado (p=0,167) foram estatisticamente similares independente do estágio evolutivo. Embora a técnica tenha se mostrado exequível para a avaliação da lente, a sensibilidade e a especificidade não são suficientes para considerar o método como ferramenta de diagnóstico da afecção.
The goals of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of the acoustic radiation force impulse in the differentiation between normal and cataract lenses and correlate the degree of lens rigidity to the parameters evaluated during phacoemulsification. In total, 145 eyes of 98 dogs were assessed and divided into groups according to the cataract stage. The shear velocity of the nucleus was statistically different between the normal lenses and lenses with cataracts, and between the stages of cataract (P<0.001). Healthy lenses and incipient cataracts had a more rigid nucleus than those affected by intumescent, immature and hypermature cataracts. Mature cataracts presented greater nuclear rigidity when compared to the others (P<0.001). On cortical region, shear velocity was significantly higher (P<0.01) in intumescent and incipient cataracts than in the other stages. SWV less than 2.67 m/s indicates cataract with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 94%. Values lower than 2.23 m/s suggest mature cataract, with sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 76%. Shear velocity greater than 2.66 m/s are associated with normal or incipient cataract, presenting sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 84%. The qualitative method allowed differentiation between healthy and affected lenses and the classification of the evolutionary stages of the cataract. Forty-two eyes of 26 dogs were submitted to phacoemulsification, after finding significant visual deficiency and normality of retinal parameters to the electroretigraphy examination. There was a correlation between the degree of stiffness of the lens in the cortical and nuclear regions (p = 00165; r = 0.37) and between the BSS quantitative and surgical time (p <0.01; r = 0.73). The degree of stiffness of the lens did not correlate with surgical parameters of phacoemulsification (time, vacuum and quantitative BSS). The surgical time (p = 0.130), the quantitative BSS (p = 0.174) as well as the applied vacuum (p = 0.167) were similar regardless of the evolutionary stage of the cataract. Although the elastographic method proved feasible for evaluating the lens of dogs, its sensitivity and specificity were not sufficient to consider the method applicable to the diagnosis of this condition in the present study.
Resumo
Estudaram-se olhos de cães braquicefálicos por elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) estabelecendo-se padrões de referência qualiquantitativos relacionados com a rigidez de estruturas oculares. Compararam-se imagens obtidas à ultrassonografia ocular convencional com às geradas pelo método elastográfico ARFI. Quarenta e dois cães braquicefálicos (16 Shih Tzus, 11 Buldogues Ingleses, 11 Buldogues Franceses e 4 Pugs), adultos, com um a seis anos de idade, sendo 10 machos e 32 fêmeas, foram incluídos no estudo, totalizando 84 olhos. Os animais foram submetidos a exames físico, laboratorial e oftálmico. Constatadas as boas condições de saúde, foram submetidos à ultrassonografia e à elastografia qualitativa e quantitativa, com ênfase para o nervo óptico, o corpo ciliar e a lente. Ao exame ultrassonográfico, o diâmetro axial horizontal dos olhos foi de 19,52±1,22 mm; o comprimento da câmara anterior foi de 3,06±0,73 mm; da câmara vítrea foi de 9,5±0,46 mm e a espessura da lente foi de 6,93±0,71 mm. Ao modo-B, o nervo óptico mostrou-se hipoecogênico e os humores aquoso e vítreo apresentaram-se anecogênicos. As cápsulas da lente exibiram padrão hiperecogênico, enquanto, seu interior revelou-se anecoico. O complexo retina-coróide-esclera apresentou-se como estrutura hiperecogênica única. À elastografia qualitativa, observaram-se características de homogeneidade em nervo óptico e corpo ciliar e imagens em mosaico referentes ao interior da lente, bem como dos humores aquoso e vítreo. As cápsulas anterior e posterior da lente apresentaram aspecto homogêneo e coloração negra devido ao seu alto grau de rigidez. Em relação ao método quantitativo, o valor médio de velocidade de cisalhamento do nervo óptico foi de 1,01±0,27 m/s, do corpo ciliar, em região temporal, foi de 0,91±0,24 m/s e, em região nasal, de 0,91±0,3 m/s. Para lente, observaram-se valores acima das detectáveis pelo software (X.XX m/s). A elastografia forneceu informações adicionais àquelas obtidas à ultrassonografia oftálmica, configurando-se como método factível em cães, não invasivo e de rápida consecução
Eyes from brachycephalic dogs were studied by acoustic radiation force impulse elastography (ARFI) to establish quantitative and qualitative reference values of some ocular structures. Images obtained by conventional ocular ultrasonography were compared with images obtained by ARFI elastography. Eighty-four eyes from 42 adult (ranging between one to six years) brachycephalic dogs, (16 Shih Tzus, 11 French Bulldogs, 11 English Bulldogs, and 4 Pugs), 10 male and 32 female, were included in this study. The animals were submitted to physical, laboratory, ophthalmic examinations, ocular ultrasonography and elastography, emphasizing the optic nerve, ciliary body, and lens. A-mode US mean values were 19.52 ± 1.99 mm for axial length, 3.06 ± 0.73 mm for anterior chamber length, 9.50 ± 0.46 mm for vitreous chamber length, and 6.93 ± 0.71 mm for lens thickness. On B-mode, the optic nerve presented hypoechoic, whereas aqueous and vitreous humors presented anechoic. Anterior and posterior lens capsules presented hyperechoic and the lens revealed anechoic. The retina-choroide-sclera complex presented hyperechoic. On qualitative elastography, the optic nerve and ciliary body were homogeneous. Anterior and posterior lens capsules were homogeneous and more rigid than other structures. The lens presented heterogeneous, the aqueous and vitreous humors showed mosaic-like images. Quantitative elastography mean of optic nerve was 1.01 ± 0.27 m/s, temporal ciliary body was 0.91 ± 0.24 m/s, nasal ciliary body was 0.91 ± 0.3 m/s and lens values were out of range: X.XX m/s. The exam is feasible, fast, non-invasive and provides complementary information to ultrasound
Resumo
Background: Tissue texture, or tenderness, may be checked-out by analyzing the force necessary to cause muscle fibers rupture (shearing force) and the result is expressed in kilogram-force (kgf). The aim of this paper was to analyze the texture of broiler chicken breast muscles fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution and kept in a 0.5% sodium benzoate and 0.5% acetic acid solution up to 180 days so any alteration regarding resistance and the best moment for dissection could be described. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty chicken breasts were used and muscle texture was analyzed by the shearing force whose values were correspondent to the maximum force necessary to chisel the samples. Eight of 40 breasts were taken as a control group (fresh muscles). The remaining breast muscles were fixed in a 4% formaldehyde solution and kept in plastic containers with this solution during seven days and, then, eight breasts went through texture analysis. The 24 remaining breasts were set in plastic containers with 0.5% sodium benzoate and 0.5% acetic acid solution. The texture analyses were taken out at 30, 90 and 180 days of conservation, and eight breasts were used in each time. The shearing force was obtained for each sample and, just before cutting, muscles were washed in running water for 24 h so the excess of the conservation agent could be removed. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by the 5% Tukey's test. The average shearing force of the control, formaldehyde and 30-day sodium benzoate and acetic acid groups differed among them and from the 90-day and 180-day of sodium benzoate and acetic acid groups. The average shearing forces of the two last groups did not statistically differ among them. Discussion: The longer the muscles were kept in the sodium benzoate and acetic acid solutions, the more they became soft, and the shearing force decreased from 21.46 Kgf (seven days of conservation) to 19.20 Kgf (30 days), 17.23 Kgf (90 days) and 16.32 Kgf (180 days) not reaching, however, values from 8.97 to 15.31 Kgf, as described in chicken breasts conserved in 96oGL ethylic alcohol. The average shearing force of chicken breasts conserved in sodium benzoate and acetic acid progressively decreased during 180 days of conservation, when it reached a value of 16.32 Kgf, similar to the value of 15.32 Kgf of chicken breasts conserved for 45 days in formaldehyde. By the seventh day of conservation in 10% formaldehyde, samples presented an average shearing force of 21.46 Kgf, which was higher than the 15.33 Kgf of chicken breasts conserved during 45 days or the 14.74 to 17.37 Kgf of the same tissue kept up to a year in formaldehyde solution. It was concluded that conservation of breast broiler chickens fixed in formaldehyde and conserved in sodium benzoate and acetic acid made them softer through within 180 days, resulting in a better structure malleability and suggesting that dissection of anatomical muscle pieces may occur in an easier way in this moment. Although the sodium benzoate and acetic acid effect in texture of broiler chicken muscle tissue fixed in formaldehyde has been studied, it is believed that, due this great tissue homogeneity, these data might be taken or used as basis to similar studies in other species.
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas , Ácido Acético , Benzoato de Sódio , Conservantes de Alimentos , Formaldeído , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacosResumo
Background: Tissue texture, or tenderness, may be checked-out by analyzing the force necessary to cause muscle fibers rupture (shearing force) and the result is expressed in kilogram-force (kgf). The aim of this paper was to analyze the texture of broiler chicken breast muscles fi xed in a 10% formaldehyde solution and kept in a 0.5% sodium benzoate and 0.5% acetic acid solution up to 180 days so any alteration regarding resistance and the best moment for dissection could be described. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty chicken breasts were used and muscle texture was analyzed by the shearing force whose values were correspondent to the maximum force necessary to chisel the samples. Eight of 40 breasts were taken as a control group (fresh muscles). The remaining breast muscles were fi xed in a 4% formaldehyde solution and kept in plastic containers with this solution during seven days and, then, eight breasts went through texture analysis. The 24 remaining breasts were set in plastic containers with 0.5% sodium benzoate and 0.5% acetic acid solution. The texture analyses were taken out at 30, 90 and 180 days of conservation, and eight breasts were used in each time. The shearing force was obtained for each sample and, just before cutting, muscles were washed in running water for 24 h so the excess of the conservation agent could be removed. Data were submitted to statistic
Background: Tissue texture, or tenderness, may be checked-out by analyzing the force necessary to cause muscle fibers rupture (shearing force) and the result is expressed in kilogram-force (kgf). The aim of this paper was to analyze the texture of broiler chicken breast muscles fi xed in a 10% formaldehyde solution and kept in a 0.5% sodium benzoate and 0.5% acetic acid solution up to 180 days so any alteration regarding resistance and the best moment for dissection could be described.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty chicken breasts were used and muscle texture was analyzed by the shearing force whose values were correspondent to the maximum force necessary to chisel the samples. Eight of 40 breasts were taken as a control group (fresh muscles). The remaining breast muscles were fi xed in a 4% formaldehyde solution and kept in plastic containers with this solution during seven days and, then, eight breasts went through texture analysis. The 24 remaining breasts were set in plastic containers with 0.5% sodium benzoate and 0.5% acetic acid solution. The texture analyses were taken out at 30, 90 and 180 days of conservation, and eight breasts were used in each time. The shearing force was