Behavior of swine hosted in facilities with different construction typologies

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of pigs housed in facilities with different building typologies in terms of the floor and partitions. Two treatments were compared: a pen containing an area with a depth of water, and a pen floor with leaked on the sides. Data on swine behavior were collected over seven days, and the pigs positions (standing, sitting, and lying down) and activities (eating, drinking, digging, interacting, walking and idling) were observed for five animals in each pen. Data were collected via visual measurement every 10 minutes and an ethogram was constructed. Measurements of environmental data were taken (dry bulb temperature, globe temperature and relative humidity), and were used to calculate the black globe temperature and humidity index. Although the pens showed differences in terms of the dry bulb temperature, this temperature can be considered thermoneutral for creation in the growth and termination phases. Animals housed in the pens with an area of water depth stood for longer, possibly due to the environmental enrichment caused by the presence of the water slide.(AU)

Behavior of swine hosted in facilities with different construction typologies

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of pigs housed in facilities with different building typologies in terms of the floor and partitions. Two treatments were compared: a pen containing an area with a depth of water, and a pen floor with leaked on the sides. Data on swine behavior were collected over seven days, and the pigs’ positions (standing, sitting, and lying down) and activities (eating, drinking, digging, interacting, walking and idling) were observed for five animals in each pen. Data were collected via visual measurement every 10 minutes and an ethogram was constructed. Measurements of environmental data were taken (dry bulb temperature, globe temperature and relative humidity), and were used to calculate the black globe temperature and humidity index. Although the pens showed differences in terms of the dry bulb temperature, this temperature can be considered thermoneutral for creation in the growth and termination phases. Animals housed in the pens with an area of water depth stood for longer, possibly due to the environmental enrichment caused by the presence of the water slide.

Welfare in pig housing - brazilian and portuguese legislation

The Animal welfare is conditional on well-planned and well-managed exploitation, since the management of the animals strongly influences their behavior, their productivity and, consequently, the yield and quality of the final product. In this study, an investigative review was carried out of the literature, governmental databases and main institutions relating to animal welfare, seeking to highlight and discuss differences in legislation between Brazil and Portugal, in view of the interest and concern of the scientific community and the consumer market in relation to methods used for animal production. In Brazil, there is no specific legislation on the welfare of pigs and other related legislation is used as a basis. However, Portugal has more specific legislation on the subject. Considering the dissemination of knowledge and the growing concern with animal welfare in the European consumer market, it is noted that the need for its application standards that ensure animal welfare in production/breeding, possibly becoming a basic requirement in the coming years. However, Brazilian pig farms, like all other animal production activities, are still lacking specific legislation that is appropriate for Brazil, which ends up delaying the effective practice of welfare in productions, abstaining from the population of information about the activity. New studies are needed to ascertain the necessity and applicability of the legislation, and whether the legislation is effective in improving animal welfare or serves only to increase bureaucracy.(AU)

Welfare in pig housing - brazilian and portuguese legislation

The Animal welfare is conditional on well-planned and well-managed exploitation, since the management of the animals strongly influences their behavior, their productivity and, consequently, the yield and quality of the final product. In this study, an investigative review was carried out of the literature, governmental databases and main institutions relating to animal welfare, seeking to highlight and discuss differences in legislation between Brazil and Portugal, in view of the interest and concern of the scientific community and the consumer market in relation to methods used for animal production. In Brazil, there is no specific legislation on the welfare of pigs and other related legislation is used as a basis. However, Portugal has more specific legislation on the subject. Considering the dissemination of knowledge and the growing concern with animal welfare in the European consumer market, it is noted that the need for its application standards that ensure animal welfare in production/breeding, possibly becoming a basic requirement in the coming years. However, Brazilian pig farms, like all other animal production activities, are still lacking specific legislation that is appropriate for Brazil, which ends up delaying the effective practice of welfare in productions, abstaining from the population of information about the activity. New studies are needed to ascertain the necessity and applicability of the legislation, and whether the legislation is effective in improving animal welfare or serves only to increase bureaucracy.

Thermal environment in growing and finishing pig facilities of different building typologies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal comfort of growing and finishing pigs affected by the different constructive typologies of the installations regarding the floor and lateral partitions. Were evaluated the following pen types: pen with water pit, pen with partially slotted floor on the sides, and pen with partially slotted floor on the sides and in the center of the facilities. The following thermal variables were measured: dry bulb temperature, black globe temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity. Based on these data, the temperature and humidity index, the temperature index of the globe and humidity, and the specific enthalpy were calculated. The pen with a water pit showed higher average relative air humidity and lower black globe temperature compared to the other pens. In the hottest period of the day, the temperature index of the globe and humidity presented mean values above that recommended for adult pigs, although there were no differences between pens. This indicates that animals, irrespective of the type of pen used, have suffered from thermal stress, which most likely affected their performance.(AU)

Thermal environment in growing and finishing pig facilities of different building typologies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal comfort of growing and finishing pigs affected by the different constructive typologies of the installations regarding the floor and lateral partitions. Were evaluated the following pen types: pen with water pit, pen with partially slotted floor on the sides, and pen with partially slotted floor on the sides and in the center of the facilities. The following thermal variables were measured: dry bulb temperature, black globe temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity. Based on these data, the temperature and humidity index, the temperature index of the globe and humidity, and the specific enthalpy were calculated. The pen with a water pit showed higher average relative air humidity and lower black globe temperature compared to the other pens. In the hottest period of the day, the temperature index of the globe and humidity presented mean values above that recommended for adult pigs, although there were no differences between pens. This indicates that animals, irrespective of the type of pen used, have suffered from thermal stress, which most likely affected their performance.

DESEMPENHO TÉRMICO DAS SALAS DE MATURAÇÃO E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NO QUEIJO ARTESANAL

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho térmico das salas de maturação por meio do comportamento diário das temperaturas e umidades relativas internas e externas, do índice de Desempenho Térmico de Massa (k1) e seu efeito na qualidade físico-química dos queijos. Realizou-se coleta de informações arquitetonicas e ambientais, e mensuração da temperatura e umidade relativa de hora em hora, nas salas de maturação de cinco queijarias artesanais, QA, QB, QC, QD e QE localizadas na zona bioclimática 3, no estado de Minas Gerais, pelo período de 17 dias de inverno e primavera de 2019. As propriedades térmicas dos materiais de construção foram caracterizadas pela capacidade térmica (CT) e a transmitância térmica (U). A análise de índice de desempenho térmico de massa k1 foi realizada para as queijarias em deliniamento de blocos casualisados ( 5 queijarias), e dois tratamentos (inverno e primavera). Realizou-se análises acerca dos parâmetros de umidade, matéria seca, gordura, atividade de água, pH, acidez titulável e firmeza . Na análise da influência do índice de desempenho térmico nos parâmetros de qualidade, foi avaliada a influência de k1 sobre os parâmetros de qualidade de quatro queijarias, em deliniamento de blocos casualisados ( 4 queijarias) com dois queijos de cada idade de maturação (03 e 17 dias), em quatro queijarias (QA, QB, QC e QD), no inverno e primavera de 2019. As principais inviabildiades construtivas que prejudicam o desempenho térmico das salas de maturação foram: ausência de vegetação próxima à envoltória, orientação a oeste e leste das fachadas; pé-direito baixo de 3 metros, baixas propriedades térmicas das coberturas e das fachadas, acesso direto a sala de fabricação, janelas e óculos de expedição permanentemente fechados. Nenhuma das salas de maturação conseguiu fornecer adequada temperatura e umidade relativa de maturação para o tipo de queijo que produzem. O indice de Desempenho Térmico de Massa no inverno foi superior (p<0,05) ao da primavera, revelando maior amplitude termica da estação mais fria e menor amplitude térmica na primavera. Quanto maior o índice de Desempenho Térmico de Massa, os queijos tenderam a perder mais umidade para o ambiente, aumentar o teor de gordura, reduzir a atividade de água, e aumentar a firmeza (p<0,05). Além disso, ocorreu o aumento da acidez e a redução do pH (p<0,05). Esses parâmetros são indesejáveis para a qualidade do queijo artesanal, pois os sujeita ao aparecimento de defeitos. Modificações por meio de estratégias primárias e secundárias são indispensáveis para as salas de maturação, a fim de minimizar as oscilações climáticas de temperatura e umidade e proporcionar condições adequadas para maturação do queijo artesanal.

The objective was to evaluate the thermal performance of the maturation rooms through the daily behavior of internal and external temperatures and relative humidity, the Thermal Mass Performance Index (k1) and its effect on the physical-chemical quality of the cheeses. Architectural and environmental information was collected, and hourly temperature and relative humidity were measured in the maturation rooms of five artisanal cheese shops, QA, QB, QC, QD and QE located in the bioclimatic zone 3, in the state of Minas. Gerais, for a period of 17 days in winter and spring 2019. The thermal properties of construction materials were characterized by thermal capacity (CT) and thermal transmittance (U). The analysis of the thermal performance index of mass k1 was carried out for the cheese makers in a randomized block design (5 cheese makers), and two treatments (winter and spring). Analyzes were carried out on the parameters of humidity, dry matter, fat, water activity, pH, titratable acidity and firmness. In the analysis of the influence of the thermal performance index on the quality parameters, the influence of k1 on the quality parameters of four cheesemakers was evaluated, in a randomized block design (4 cheesemakers) with two cheeses of each age of maturation (03 and 17 days), in four cheese factories (QA, QB, QC and QD), in the winter and spring of 2019. The main constraints that hinder the thermal performance of the maturation rooms were: absence of vegetation close to the envelope, orientation to the west and east the facades; low ceiling height of 3 meters, low thermal properties of roofs and facades, direct access to the manufacturing room, windows and shipping glasses permanently closed. None of the maturation rooms were able to provide adequate maturation temperature and relative humidity for the type of cheese they produce. The Mass Thermal Performance index in winter was higher (p <0.05) than in the spring, revealing a greater thermal range in the coldest season and a lower thermal range in spring. The higher the Thermal Mass Performance Index, the cheeses tended to lose more moisture to the environment, increase the fat content, reduce the water activity, and increase the firmness (p <0.05). In addition, there was an increase in acidity and a decrease in pH (p <0.05). These parameters are undesirable for the quality of artisanal cheese, as they are subject to the appearance of defects. Modifications by means of primary and secondary strategies are indispensable for the ripening rooms, in order to minimize climatic fluctuations in temperature and humidity and to provide adequate conditions for the maturation of artisanal cheese.

Aerial environment and deep litter temperature in a swine building / Ambiência aérea e temperatura da cama sobreposta em instalação para suínos

This study objective was to assess the air quality by measuring gas concentrations, and assess the surface and inside temperatures of deep litter materials in a finishing swine building. The experiment was conducted during the months of June and July. It was compared three treatments: deep litter composed of shaving woods + sugarcane bagasse (M + B), deep litter composed of sugarcane bagasse (BAG) and deep litter consisting of shaving woods (MAR). The installation stalls had a concrete floor under the deep litter. Measurements of instantaneous concentrations of ammonia, NH3 (ppm), carbon dioxide (CO2 ppm) and carbon monoxide (CO, ppm) at the level of the animals were taken. Data relating to surface temperature and inside the deep litter for swine were collected at three different points within the stalls (center, in the frontal region and background of the stalls). It was observed that the "MAR" deep litter showed the highest average concentration of NH3 (2.88 ppm). The "BAG" deep litter showed the lowest values of NH3 for all time intervals evaluated. In the morning period was observed significant differences for all treatments. The highest CO2 concentration (1530 ppm) was observed in treatment "BAG" at 11 h 30 min. The surface temperatures of deep beddings showed no significant differences between the sampling points. The temperature inside the deep litter at the front of the stall treatment was higher (M+B) when compared to treatment (ABG) and (MAR). The concentration of CO, CO2 and NH3, measured, gases not reached levels that could cause harm to the health of animals.(AU)

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avalia r a qualidade do ar, por meio das concentrações de gases, e as temperaturas superficiais e no interior de diferentes materiais de cama sobreposta, em instalações para terminação de suínos. O experimento foi desenvolvido durante os meses de junho e julho. Compararam-se três tratamentos: cama sobreposta composta por maravalha+bagaço de cana (M+B), cama sobreposta composta por bagaço de cana (BAG) e cama sobreposta composta por maravalha (MAR). As baias da instalação possuíam piso de concreto sob a cama. Foram feitas medições das concentrações instantâneas de amônia (NH3, ppm), dióxido de carbono (CO2, ppm) e monóxido de carbono (CO, ppm) ao nível dos animais. Dados relativos à temperatura superficial e no interior da cama sobreposta de suínos foram coletados em três pontos distintos dentro das baias (no centro, na região frontal e no fundo das baias). Observou-se que a cama “MAR” foi a que apresentou o maior valor médio de concentração de NH3 de 2,88 ppm. A cama “BAG” apresentou os menores valores de NH3 em todos os horários avaliados, com o período da manhã apresentando diferença significativa em relação às outras camas. O maior valor de concentração de CO2 (1530 ppm) ocorreu no tratamento com cama “BAG”, às 11 h 30 min. As temperaturas superficiais das camas sobrepostas não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os pontos de coleta. A temperatura no interior das camas na parte da frente da baia foi superior no tratamento (M+B), quando comparada ao tratamento (BAG) e (MAR). A concentração dos gases CO, CO2 e NH3, mensurados, não atingiram níveis que possam causar danos à saúde dos animais. (AU)

Aerial environment and deep litter temperature in a swine building / Ambiência aérea e temperatura da cama sobreposta em instalação para suínos

This study objective was to assess the air quality by measuring gas concentrations, and assess the surface and inside temperatures of deep litter materials in a finishing swine building. The experiment was conducted during the months of June and July. It was compared three treatments: deep litter composed of shaving woods + sugarcane bagasse (M + B), deep litter composed of sugarcane bagasse (BAG) and deep litter consisting of shaving woods (MAR). The installation stalls had a concrete floor under the deep litter. Measurements of instantaneous concentrations of ammonia, NH3 (ppm), carbon dioxide (CO2 ppm) and carbon monoxide (CO, ppm) at the level of the animals were taken. Data relating to surface temperature and inside the deep litter for swine were collected at three different points within the stalls (center, in the frontal region and background of the stalls). It was observed that the "MAR" deep litter showed the highest average concentration of NH3 (2.88 ppm). The "BAG" deep litter showed the lowest values of NH3 for all time intervals evaluated. In the morning period was observed significant differences for all treatments. The highest CO2 concentration (1530 ppm) was observed in treatment "BAG" at 11 h 30 min. The surface temperatures of deep beddings showed no significant differences between the sampling points. The temperature inside the deep litter at the front of the stall treatment was higher (M+B) when compared to treatment (ABG) and (MAR). The concentration of CO, CO2 and NH3, measured, gases not reached levels that could cause harm to the health of animals.

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avalia r a qualidade do ar, por meio das concentrações de gases, e as temperaturas superficiais e no interior de diferentes materiais de cama sobreposta, em instalações para terminação de suínos. O experimento foi desenvolvido durante os meses de junho e julho. Compararam-se três tratamentos: cama sobreposta composta por maravalha+bagaço de cana (M+B), cama sobreposta composta por bagaço de cana (BAG) e cama sobreposta composta por maravalha (MAR). As baias da instalação possuíam piso de concreto sob a cama. Foram feitas medições das concentrações instantâneas de amônia (NH3, ppm), dióxido de carbono (CO2, ppm) e monóxido de carbono (CO, ppm) ao nível dos animais. Dados relativos à temperatura superficial e no interior da cama sobreposta de suínos foram coletados em três pontos distintos dentro das baias (no centro, na região frontal e no fundo das baias). Observou-se que a cama “MAR” foi a que apresentou o maior valor médio de concentração de NH3 de 2,88 ppm. A cama “BAG” apresentou os menores valores de NH3 em todos os horários avaliados, com o período da manhã apresentando diferença significativa em relação às outras camas. O maior valor de concentração de CO2 (1530 ppm) ocorreu no tratamento com cama “BAG”, às 11 h 30 min. As temperaturas superficiais das camas sobrepostas não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os pontos de coleta. A temperatura no interior das camas na parte da frente da baia foi superior no tratamento (M+B), quando comparada ao tratamento (BAG) e (MAR). A concentração dos gases CO, CO2 e NH3, mensurados, não atingiram níveis que possam causar danos à saúde dos animais.

APLICATIVO DE APOIO AO PRODUTOR RURAL NA CONSTRUÇÃO DA INSTALAÇÃO PARA ANIMAIS DE PRODUÇÃO

As informações referentes às adequações fisiológicas dos animais ao ambiente térmico permitem decisões mais acertadas no que se refere ao manejo, nutrição, instalações e equipamentos, e, consequentemente, aumento na lucratividade. Estas informações encontram-se disponíveis na literatura. Contudo, muitas vezes o acesso ou a socialização destas informações sobre adequações fisiológicas é limitado a pequeno e seleto número de pessoas ou ainda, as pessoas esperam que essas informações estejam sintetizadas, sistematizadas, disponíveis para serem acessadas, aplicadas, informações na ponta dos dedos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver aplicativo informatizado on line como ferramenta de apoio, capaz de organizar dados coletados de estudos e pesquisas científicas relacionadas às adequações fisiológicas dos animais e disponibilizá-los para que qualquer usuário tenha acesso e possa utilizá-los; bem como oferecer informações que auxiliem na escolha de materiais de construção, em função de suas características, para construção de instalações para animais de produção (aves, suínos, ovinos, bovinos e caprinos) com foco no conforto térmico. O aplicativo informatizado foi elaborado em linguagem de programação PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) e disponibilizado em link (http://www.pmppa.com.br/arquitetura /) para ser acessado em telefones celulares, computadores fixos ou portáteis. O registro do aplicativo foi feito no INPI (Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Ministério da Indústria, Comércio Exterior e Serviços) garantindo a segurança jurídica ao seu detentor. Os resultados demonstram o desenvolvimento do aplicativo como ferramenta de apoio principalmente para os pequenos e médios produtores que desejam informações e orientações, sistematizadas de forma simples, sobre a definição de conforto térmico e sua importância para melhor qualidade no desenvolvimento da produtividade animal; informações sobre os materiais de construção mais adequados e sua implicação quando utilizados para subsidiar a prática das construções de instalações zootécnicas, visando conforto térmico, para animais de produção, com base na sua emissividade e condutividade térmica, requisito imprescindível para se alcançar o melhor desempenho do animal e consequentemente alta lucratividade.

The information regarding the physiological adequacy of the animals to the thermal environment allows for better decisions regarding management, nutrition, facilities and equipment, and, consequently, an increase in profitability. This information is available in the literature. However, access to, or socialization of, this information on physiological adequacy is often limited to small numbers of people, or people expect that this information will be synthesized, systematized, available to be accessed, applied, fingers ". Thus, the objective of this work was to develop an online computer application as a support tool, capable of organizing data collected from studies and scientific research related to the physiological adequacy of the animals and make them available so that any user has access and can use them ; as well as providing information to assist in the selection of building materials, depending on their characteristics, for the construction of facilities for production animals (poultry, swine, sheep, cattle and goats) with a focus on thermal comfort. The computerized application was developed in PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) programming language and available in link (http://www.pmppa.com.br/arquitetura/) to be accessed in cell phones, fixed or portable computers. The registration of the application was made at INPI (National Institute of Industrial Property, Ministry of Industry, Foreign Trade and Services) guaranteeing legal security to its holder. The results demonstrate the development of the application as a support tool mainly for small and medium producers who wish information and guidelines, systematized in a simple way, on the definition of thermal comfort and its importance for better quality in the development of animal productivity; information on the most suitable building materials and their implication when used to subsidize the practice of the construction of zootechnical facilities, aiming at thermal comfort, for production animals, based on their emissivity and thermal conductivity, a prerequisite for achieving the best performance of the animal and consequently high profitability.

Capture and treatment of goat manure / Captação e tratamento de esterco de caprinos

The appropriate management and disposal of feces and urine derived from goat production systems can help minimize the environmental impact of the activity reflecting in animal welfare, good sanitary conditions, viable indexes and increase revenue by aggregating the activity value of the manure generated. Aiming to take advantage of zootechnical installation already used for the manure in rabbits husbandry, it was carried out the suitability of a 15.40 m² pen (5.7 x 2.7 meters, filled with dirt) in the goat rearing of UPD Itapetininga/APTA-SAA being deployed on slatted floor system for capturing and processing goat manure. It was dug in the floor of the bay rectangular holes with 15 m² of surface and 80 cm of depth for capturing of the excrements, filled with layers of gravel (0.20 m), coal (0.20 m), medium sand (0, 15 m) and clay (0.05 m) being the surface in direct contact with feces and urine. The gap of 40 cm between the back of the slatted floor and the last layer allowed the accumulation of manure during the occupation of the stall. We used the pens for 10 consecutive months for the management of newly calved Saanen and crossbred Saanen/Boer goats for 10 to 15 days postpartum in controlled feeding and termination of 27 confined kids. The maintenance of the collection system and treatment of manure was done through constant sweeps in the slatted floor and periodical aplica

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Painéis de partículas de saco de cimento e embalagem longa vida aplicados como forro em protótipos de aviários

No presente trabalho, considerou o estudo do potencial de utilização de sacos de cimento e embalagens de longa vida com o intuito de agregar valor a esses resíduos, mediante a fabricação de painéis de partículas para uso como forro em protótipos de galpões avícolas. Para fabricação desse material foi utilizado sacos de cimento descartados nas obras civis, embalagens longa vida residuais e resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas: 1) Caracterização da matéria-prima (sacos de cimento); 2) Efeito da densidade e teor de resina nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas de painéis de partículas de saco de cimento; 3) Avaliação do desempenho de embalagens longa vida e verniz como revestimentos dos painéis selecionados na etapa anterior; 4) Determinação do desempenho térmico de protótipos de aviários executados em escala reduzida e distorcida com forro de painel de saco de cimento e embalagem longa vida. Os resultados obtidos indicaram: Em razão do painel com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina ter apresentado melhor desempenho nas propriedades investigadas, essa combinação foi selecionada para avaliar o desempenho do material (físicas, mecânicas e térmicas) quando revestido com embalagens longa vida, adotando a testemunha e o verniz como um revestimento comparativo. Dentre os revestimentos avaliados, os painéis com embalagens de longa vida, foram superiores aos revestidos com verniz, quando comparados as suas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas. Dessa maneira, painéis com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina revestidos embalagens longa vida, foram testados como forro quanto ao desempenho térmico (primavera, verão, outono e inverno) em protótipos em escala reduzida e distorcida, mediante a determinação de índices de conforto térmico (Entalpia e IAPfc) para aves de corte. A associação do forro sob o protótipo permitiu reduzir a temperatura interna do ar e dos índices de conforto térmico na primavera, verão e outono, enquanto que no inverno não foi constatado eficácia do material. Dentre as estações estudadas, o verão e a primavera, demonstraram serem as épocas mais críticas para criação de aves corte em instalações avícolas que apresentem características semelhantes aos protótipos experimentais.

In this study, the study of the potential use of cement bags and long-life packaging is considered in order to add value to this waste, by manufacturing particleboards as insulating panels in poultry house facilities. For the production of this material cement bags discarded in civil works, long-life packaging discarded by consumers and two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil base were used. The study was structured in four steps: 1) Characterization of the raw material (cement bags), 2) Effect of the density and the level of resin on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of cement particles bag panels, 3) Evaluation of long-life packaging and varnish as a coating of selected panels in precedent step and 4) Evaluation of thermal performance of poultry prototypes in reduced and distorted scale with the long-life packaging as a coating material. The cement bags were disintegrated and transformed into particles with the 8% of moisture content. Subsequently, these particles were mixed with bicomponent polyurethane based on castor oil resin and taken into a planetary mixer (MT120) in order to homogenize the mixture of the particles with the resin. Panels were made for three different densities (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g.cm-3) with two resin levels (12 and 15%) and their physical, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. Because the panel with 0.6 g.cm-3 and 12% resin have shown a better performance in the investigated properties, this combination has been selected to evaluate the performance of the material (physical, mechanical and thermal) when coated with long-life packaging, adopting the control and the varnish as a comparative coating. Among the evaluated coatings, panels with long-life packaging, presented higher performance than those coated with varnish regarding their physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Thus, the combination of 0.6 g.cm-3and 12% resin coated long-life packages were tested as lining according the thermal performance (spring, summer, autumn and winter) in prototypes and small-distorted scale by determining thermal comfort indices (Enthalpy and IAPfc) for broilers. The association of lining under the prototype reduced indoor air temperature and thermal comfort indices in spring, summer and autumn, while during the winter no effectiveness of the material was observed. Among the studied seasons, the spring and summer, proved to be the most critical time for cut birds breeding in poultry houses that have characteristics similar to experimental prototypes.

AVALIAÇÃO DO CONFORTO TÉRMICO EM UMA GRANJA COMERCIAL DE FRANGOS DE CORTE COM E SEM PINTURA DE TELHADO

VALADARES, Leonora Ribeiro. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, julho de 2015. Avaliação do conforto térmico em uma granja comercial de frangos de corte com e sem pintura de telhado 43p. Orientador: Joerley Moreira. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da pintura externa do telhado sobre as variáveis climáticas, índices de conforto térmico, temperatura corporal e desempenho de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500. O trabalho foi realizado em uma granja comercial de frangos de corte com dois galpões convencionais, ambos com sistema de ventilação positiva e nebulização, sendo um com as telhas pintadas de branco e o outro sem pintura de telhado. Em cada galpão foram alojadas 19.300 aves, em um lote misto. Os dados foram coletados no período de 21 a 42 dias de criação das aves. Aplicou-se para avaliação das variáveis ambientais e dos índices de conforto térmico, o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcela subdividida, sendo nas parcelas os dois galpões (com e sem pintura de telhado) e nas subparcelas os cinco horários de avaliação (06:00, 09:00, 12:00, 15:00 e 18:00 h), avaliados durante 22 dias, tidos como repetição. Para a análise da temperatura corporal das aves utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcela subdividida, sendo nas parcelas os dois galpões (com e sem pintura de telhado) e nas subparcelas três pontos de coleta de dados no interior dos galpões (início, meio final) com quatro semanas de avaliação, tidas como repetição. A avaliação dos dados de desempenho foi realizada por comparação dos dados obtidos com os recomendados pelo manual de manejo da linhagem de criação. Foram avaliadas as variáveis ambientais: temperatura do ar ambiente (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), temperatura do telhado (TT), temperatura do forro do telhado (TF), temperatura da cama (TC). Os índices de conforto térmico: índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU), índice de temperatura do globo negro e umidade (ITGU) e carga térmica radiante (CTR). As temperaturas corporais: a temperatura retal (TR) e a temperatura superficial (TS). O desempenho foi avaliado por meio do peso vivo (PV), ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR), conversão alimentar (CA), viabilidade (VB) e índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP). O resultado da análise dos dados mostrou que a pintura externa do telhado na cor branca, proporcionou melhorias no interior do galpão para a TA, TT, ITU e CTR, principalmente nos horários de maior estresse calórico das aves (de 12:00 às 15:00 horas). A UR e o ITGU variaram apenas em função dos diferentes horários, sendo que os valores da UR apresentou redução até as 15:00 horas e depois voltou a aumentar e os valores de ITGU aumentaram até as 15:00 horas e depois voltou a reduzir. A temperatura corporal teve variação apenas em função dos pontos de coleta nos galpões e os dados de desempenho mostraram que as aves criadas no galpão com telhado pintado de branco, apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar em relação às do galpão com telhado sem pintura e em relação ao padrão da linhagem. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que a pintura externa do telhado de granjas comerciais na cor branca, contribui para melhorar o ambiente térmico no interior das granjas comerciais, não afetar a temperatura corporal, mas melhora a conversão alimentar das aves.

VALADARES, Leonora Ribeiro. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015 july. 43p. Roof exterior paint effect on comfort index and physiological parameters for broilers. Adviser: Joerley Moreira. Dissertation (Masters degree in Animal Science). This work aimed to evaluate the influence of the roof exterior paint on climate variables, thermal comfort indices, body temperature and performance of broiler chickens of Cobb 500. The work was carried out on a commercial farm in broilers with two conventional sheds, both positive and misting ventilation system, one with painted tiles in white and the second in the natural way. In each house they were housed 19.300 birds, mixed batch. Data were evaluated from 21 to 42 days of creating the birds. Applied for evaluation of environmental variables and indices of thermal comfort, completely randomized design in a split plot, being the plots the two sheds (with and without a roof painting) and the subplots five times evaluation (6:00 , 09:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 18:00), evaluated for 22 days, regarded as repetition. For the analysis of body temperature of birds we used a completely randomized design in split plot, being the plots the two sheds (with and without a roof painting) and the subplots data collection points inside the sheds (early , final half) with four-week evaluation, considered as repetition. The evaluation of performance data was performed by comparing the data with those recommended by the manual handling of breeding lineage. Environmental variables were evaluated: ambient air temperature (RT), relative humidity (RH), roof temperature (TT), the lining temperature (TF), temperature of the bed (TC), the thermal comfort indexes: index temperature and humidity (ITU), the black globe temperature and humidity index (BGT) and radiant heat load (RHL), the body temperatures: a rectal temperature (RT) and surface temperature (TS) and the performance was evaluated by through the body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), viability (VB) and productive efficiency index (IEP). The result of data analysis showed that the roof exterior paint in white, provided improvements inside the shed to the TA, TT, ITU and CTR, especially in times of greater thermal stress of birds (from 12:00 to 15:00 hours).UR and BGT only varied according to different schedules, and the UR values declined until 15:00 and then again increased and BGHI values increased until 15:00 and then again cut. The physiological parameters varied only on the basis of collection points in the sheds and performance data showed that birds raised in the shed with white painted roof, showed better feed conversion in relation to the shed with roof unpainted and compared to standard line. Based on the results, it is concluded that the roof exterior paint of commercial farms in white, helps to improve the thermal environment inside the commercial farms without affecting the body temperature and still improving feed conversion of the birds.

Compósito particulado de baixa densidade com casca de amendoim, fibra de coco verde e resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona para aplicação como forro de galpões avícolas / Composite particles with low density peanut shell, coconut fiber and castor oil polyurethane resin for application as castor lining of poultry houses

O presente trabalho considerou o potencial de utilização de resíduos da agroindústria como a casca de amendoim e fibra de coco verde com o intuito de agregar valor a este material, por meio da fabricação de compósito particulado de baixa densidade para uso como forro de galpões avícolas. Para a confecção do compósito foi utilizado à casca de amendoim, fibra de coco verde e resina poliuretana bi-componente à base de óleo de mamona. O material foi avaliado por meio de ensaios físico-mecânicos: a) densidade, b) inchamento, c) absorção, d) módulo de ruptura, e) módulo de elasticidade e f) adesão interna; durabilidade: a) envelhecimento natural e b) envelhecimento acelerado; térmicos: a) condutividade térmica; b) fator de ganho de calor solar. Considerando os resultados obtidos nessa pesquisa, conclui-se que o compósito apresentou propriedades físico-mecânicas compatíveis com as necessidades de uso do material. Os ensaios de durabilidade demonstraram que as propriedades mecânicas do compósito são reduzidas após aplicação de ciclos de umidade e temperatura, no entanto, essa avaliação foi rigorosa e não representa as condições reais de exposição do compósito, em uso como forro de galpões avícolas. O contato prolongado com fontes de umidade acarretou o desenvolvimento de fungos no material, evidenciando a necessidade de aplicação de produto impermeabilizante na superfície do material, para reduzir a absorção de água. Pelo ensaio de condutividade térmica foi possível determinar o fator de ganho de calor solar o qual demonstrou que quando o compósito é aplicado como forro, ocorre uma redução significativa da transferência de radiação solar para o interior do aviário, comprovando o potencial do material para esse uso.

This study considered the potential use of agro waste like peanut hulls and coconut fiber in order to add value to this material through the manufacturing of composite particles of low-density liner for use as poultry houses. To make the composite was used for peanut shell, coconut fiber and bi-component polyurethane resin-based castor oil. The material was evaluated by physical-mechanical tests: a) density, b) swelling, c) absorbing, d) modulus of rupture, e) elastic modulus and f) internal adhesion, durability: a) natural aging b) Accelerated aging ; thermal: a) thermal conductivity b) factor of solar heat gain. Considering the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the composite possess physical and mechanical properties compatible with the needs of use of the material. Durability testing showed that the mechanical properties of the composite are reduced after application of cycles of humidity and temperature, however, the evaluation was rigorous and does not represent the actual conditions of exposure of the composite in lining use as poultry houses. Prolonged contact with sources of moisture caused fungal growth in the material, indicating the need for application of sealer to the surface of the material, to reduce water absorption. For the thermal conductivity test was possible to determine the factor of solar heat gain which demonstrated that when the composite is applied as a lining, there is a significant reduction in the transfer of solar radiation into the poultry, demonstrating the potential of this material for use.

Compósito particulado de baixa densidade com casca de amendoim, fibra de coco verde e resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona para aplicação como forro de galpões avícolas / Composite particles with low density peanut shell, coconut fiber and castor oil polyurethane resin for application as castor lining of poultry houses

O presente trabalho considerou o potencial de utilização de resíduos da agroindústria como a casca de amendoim e fibra de coco verde com o intuito de agregar valor a este material, por meio da fabricação de compósito particulado de baixa densidade para uso como forro de galpões avícolas. Para a confecção do compósito foi utilizado à casca de amendoim, fibra de coco verde e resina poliuretana bi-componente à base de óleo de mamona. O material foi avaliado por meio de ensaios físico-mecânicos: a) densidade, b) inchamento, c) absorção, d) módulo de ruptura, e) módulo de elasticidade e f) adesão interna; durabilidade: a) envelhecimento natural e b) envelhecimento acelerado; térmicos: a) condutividade térmica; b) fator de ganho de calor solar. Considerando os resultados obtidos nessa pesquisa, conclui-se que o compósito apresentou propriedades físico-mecânicas compatíveis com as necessidades de uso do material. Os ensaios de durabilidade demonstraram que as propriedades mecânicas do compósito são reduzidas após aplicação de ciclos de umidade e temperatura, no entanto, essa avaliação foi rigorosa e não representa as condições reais de exposição do compósito, em uso como forro de galpões avícolas. O contato prolongado com fontes de umidade acarretou o desenvolvimento de fungos no material, evidenciando a necessidade de aplicação de produto impermeabilizante na superfície do material, para reduzir a absorção de água. Pelo ensaio de condutividade térmica foi possível determinar o fator de ganho de calor solar o qual demonstrou que quando o compósito é aplicado como forro, ocorre uma redução significativa da transferência de radiação solar para o interior do aviário, comprovando o potencial do material para esse uso. (AU)

This study considered the potential use of agro waste like peanut hulls and coconut fiber in order to add value to this material through the manufacturing of composite particles of low-density liner for use as poultry houses. To make the composite was used for peanut shell, coconut fiber and bi-component polyurethane resin-based castor oil. The material was evaluated by physical-mechanical tests: a) density, b) swelling, c) absorbing, d) modulus of rupture, e) elastic modulus and f) internal adhesion, durability: a) natural aging b) Accelerated aging ; thermal: a) thermal conductivity b) factor of solar heat gain. Considering the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the composite possess physical and mechanical properties compatible with the needs of use of the material. Durability testing showed that the mechanical properties of the composite are reduced after application of cycles of humidity and temperature, however, the evaluation was rigorous and does not represent the actual conditions of exposure of the composite in lining use as poultry houses. Prolonged contact with sources of moisture caused fungal growth in the material, indicating the need for application of sealer to the surface of the material, to reduce water absorption. For the thermal conductivity test was possible to determine the factor of solar heat gain which demonstrated that when the composite is applied as a lining, there is a significant reduction in the transfer of solar radiation into the poultry, demonstrating the potential of this material for use. (AU)

Capture and treatment of goat manure / Captação e tratamento de esterco de caprinos

The appropriate management and disposal of feces and urine derived from goat production systems can help minimize the environmental impact of the activity reflecting in animal welfare, good sanitary conditions, viable indexes and increase revenue by aggregating the activity value of the manure generated. Aiming to take advantage of zootechnical installation already used for the manure in rabbits husbandry, it was carried out the suitability of a 15.40 m² pen (5.7 x 2.7 meters, filled with dirt) in the goat rearing of UPD Itapetininga/APTA-SAA being deployed on slatted floor system for capturing and processing goat manure. It was dug in the floor of the bay rectangular holes with 15 m² of surface and 80 cm of depth for capturing of the excrements, filled with layers of gravel (0.20 m), coal (0.20 m), medium sand (0, 15 m) and clay (0.05 m) being the surface in direct contact with feces and urine. The gap of 40 cm between the back of the slatted floor and the last layer allowed the accumulation of manure during the occupation of the stall. We used the pens for 10 consecutive months for the management of newly calved Saanen and crossbred Saanen/Boer goats for 10 to 15 days postpartum in controlled feeding and termination of 27 confined kids. The maintenance of the collection system and treatment of manure was done through constant sweeps in the slatted floor and periodical aplica

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Custo energético de construção de uma instalação para armazenagem de feno

The study objective was to estimate the energy involved in the construction of the structure to store hay bales in a animal production system. Data on energy coefficients published by Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Minas Gerais was used. The value of 587.09 MJ.m-2 was obtained, which is thoroughly different from those observed in the literature. In the total spent energy in the construction of the installation, the items walls, roof structure, floor and foundations represented 50.35, 27.71, 18.72 and 3.22%, respectively. Considering the whole alfalfa and coast-cross hay production system, the installation contributed with only 0.14 and 0.16% of the annual energy cost composition of these crops, respectively.

O trabalho teve como objetivo obter uma estimativa da energia empregada na construção de uma estrutura utilizada para armazenamento de fardos de feno, em um sistema de produção animal. Para tanto utilizaram-se os coeficientes energéticos levantados pela Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Minas Gerais (CETEC). O valor obtido foi de 587,09 MJ.m-2, o qual foi amplamente diferente daqueles observados na literatura. Da energia total empregada na construção da instalação os itens fechamentos, estrutura de cobertura, piso e fundações representaram 50,35, 27,71, 18,72 e 3,22%, respectivamente. Considerando o sistema de produção de feno de alfafa e "coast-cross" como um todo, a instalação contribuiu com somente 0,14 e 0,16% da composição do custo energético anual destas culturas, respectivamente.

Custo energético de construção de uma instalação para armazenagem de feno

The study objective was to estimate the energy involved in the construction of the structure to store hay bales in a animal production system. Data on energy coefficients published by Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Minas Gerais was used. The value of 587.09 MJ.m-2 was obtained, which is thoroughly different from those observed in the literature. In the total spent energy in the construction of the installation, the items walls, roof structure, floor and foundations represented 50.35, 27.71, 18.72 and 3.22%, respectively. Considering the whole alfalfa and coast-cross hay production system, the installation contributed with only 0.14 and 0.16% of the annual energy cost composition of these crops, respectively.

O trabalho teve como objetivo obter uma estimativa da energia empregada na construção de uma estrutura utilizada para armazenamento de fardos de feno, em um sistema de produção animal. Para tanto utilizaram-se os coeficientes energéticos levantados pela Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Minas Gerais (CETEC). O valor obtido foi de 587,09 MJ.m-2, o qual foi amplamente diferente daqueles observados na literatura. Da energia total empregada na construção da instalação os itens fechamentos, estrutura de cobertura, piso e fundações representaram 50,35, 27,71, 18,72 e 3,22%, respectivamente. Considerando o sistema de produção de feno de alfafa e "coast-cross" como um todo, a instalação contribuiu com somente 0,14 e 0,16% da composição do custo energético anual destas culturas, respectivamente.