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The aim of this study was to assess the internal quality of free-range eggs available for sale in Alfenas ­ MG, Brazil, and stored under refrigerated conditions (maximum and minimum temperatures of 9.7 and 6.7 °C, respectively). The experimental design was completely randomized, structured as a 2x5 factorial arrangement involving two types of retail outlets (supermarket (S) and open-air market (OA)) and five storage periods (1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 days), resulting in 10 treatments. Each treatment had six replicates, represented by individual eggs. The following parameters were evaluated: Haugh unit (HU); percentage of egg weight loss (WL%); percentages of albumen, yolk, and shell; yolk index (YI); albumen index (AI); yolk pH; and yolk color. Egg weight loss increased (p<0.05) with the length of the storage period. Eggs acquired from S were deemed to be of inferior quality (HU < 60), in contrast to those obtained from OA (p<0.05). A significant interaction effect was noted for YI (p<0.05), with eggs from S exhibiting higher YI values than those from OA at 15 and 22 days of storage. Additionally, eggs from S had diminished AI values (p<0.05) when compared to those acquired from OA. The yolk color in eggs from S was more intense than that in eggs from OA (p<0.05). A lower yolk percentage was detected in eggs from S relative to those from OA (p<0.05). Therefore, eggs sold in Alfenas ­ MG, Brazil, from open-air markets possess superior quality compared to those sold in supermarkets.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade interna de ovos tipo caipira comercializados na cidade de Alfenas ­ MG, armazenados sob refrigeração (máxima 9,7°C e mínima 6,7°C). Os ovos foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, sendo dois estabelecimentos comerciais (supermercado (S) e feira livre (FL)) e cinco períodos de armazenamento (um, oito, 15, 22, 29 dias) totalizando 10 tratamentos com 6 repetições (ovo) cada. As variáveis analisadas foram unidade Haugh(UH), perda de peso dos ovos (PP%), porcentagem de albúmen, gema e casca, índice de gema (IG) e albúmen (IA), pH de gema e coloração da gema. A PP% aumentou (p<0,05) conforme o período de armazenamento. Os ovos do S foram classificados como de baixa qualidade (UH < 60), diferindo dos ovos da FL (p<0,05). Para o IG observou-se uma interação significativa (p<0,05), de modo que, aos 15 e 22 dias de armazenamento os ovos do S apresentaram maior IG que aqueles provenientes da FL. Os ovos do S apresentaram valores inferiores de IA (p<0,05) em relação aos adquiridos na FL. Ovos do S apresentaram coloração de gema mais acentuada que os ovos comercializados na FL (p<0,05). Constatou-se menor porcentagem de gema dos ovos do S quando comparados com os da FL (p<0,05). Os ovos comercializados na cidade de Alfenas-MG provenientes de feira livre apresentam qualidade superior aos do supermercado.(AU)

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The search for safer foods has led to increased research attention to discover natural alternatives to synthetic additives that are used in the food industry. Natural preservatives, such as essential oils (EOs) from plants, could increase fish conservation and even positively affect human health. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of Mentha piperita EO on the physicochemical characteristics and concentration of microorganisms in chilled tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus brachypomum) meat. Mentha piperita EO was prepared at three concentrations (0%, 0.25% and 0.50%) in a solution containing distilled water, propylene glycol and Tween. The meat samples remained immersed in this solution for 60 min; then, they were packed in plastic packages and stored under refrigeration (± 0.4 °C) for 14 days. During this storage, pH, total volatile nitrogenous bases (TVB-N), peroxides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and counts of strict and facultative aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were determined. The major constituents found in M. piperita EO were geranial (32.28%), neral (18.64%) and geranic acid (6.98%). None of the EO concentrations affected TVB-N, but there were some changes to the pH. Both 0.25% and 0.50% EO reduced the formation of peroxides and TBARS. The growth of microorganisms was reduced by treatment with 0.50% EO. Based on the findings, 0.50% EO was more effective in reducing the deterioration of meat kept refrigerated for up to 14 days.

A busca por alimentos mais seguros levou a uma maior atenção da pesquisa para encontrar alternativas naturais aos aditivos sintéticos usados na indústria alimentícia. Os conservantes naturais, como os óleos essenciais (OE) de plantas, podem aumentar a conservação dos peixes e até afetar positivamente a saúde humana. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do OE de Mentha piperita nas características físico-químicas e concentração de microrganismos em carne resfriada de tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus brachypomum). O OE de M. piperita foi preparado em três concentrações (0%, 0,25% e 0,50%) em solução contendo água destilada, propilenoglicol e Tween. As amostras de carne permaneceram imersas nesta solução por 60 min; em seguida, foram acondicionados em embalagens plásticas e armazenados sob refrigeração (± 0,4°C) por 14 dias. Durante esse armazenamento foram determinados pH, bases nitrogenadas voláteis totais (BNVT), peróxidos, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e contagens de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios estritos e facultativos. Os principais constituintes encontrados no OE de M. piperita foram geranial (32,28%), neral (18,64%) e ácido gerânico (6,98%). Nenhuma das concentrações de OE afetou as BNVT, mas houve algumas alterações no pH. Tanto 0,25% quanto 0,50% de OE reduziram a formação de peróxidos e TBARS. O crescimento de microrganismos foi reduzido no tratamento com 0,50% de OE. Com base nos resultados, a concentração de 0,50% de OE foi mais eficaz na redução da deterioração da carne mantida refrigerada por até 14 dias.

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Brazil is among the largest meat producers worldwide. Owing to the high productivity and concern regarding meat quality, slaughterhouses are looking for better ways to preserve meat. Vacuum packaging is the most widely used method to preserve meat. In this study, we aimed to monitor the indicator and pathogenic microbiota during the shelf-life of vacuum-packed bovine, Longissimus dorsi. Sirloin samples collected and conditioned in the boning section of a slaughterhouse under the Brazilian federal inspection were evaluated. Each sample was divided into four pieces, and each piece was used to make up a part of each pool, totaling four pools suspended at 7 ºC and analyzed from 0 to 60 d of primary packaging, with an interval of 20 d. Mesophilic aerobes, psychrotrophs, enterobacteria, coliforms at 30 °C, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. were quantified. Moreover, pathotypes of Shiga toxin-producing (STEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), and enteroinvasive (EIEC) E. coli, Pseudomonas spp. (psychrotrophs), Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were characterized. Number of indicator microorganisms progressively increased at each analysis interval. Specifically, psychrotrophs increased from 5 × 101 CFU/g on day 0 to 4.2 × 108CFU/g on day 60, and Pseudomonas spp. was the predominant species (48%). The limits for standard counts set by the current Brazilian legislation were exceeded, such as for E. coli since day 20 (7 × 102 CFU/g). EPEC, ETEC, STEC, and EIEC were identified in addition to Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp.; the latter was not detected on the first day of shelf-life. Therefore, revisions to self-control plans and greater microbiological rigor in the production and processing of beef are necessary to improve its shelf-life and safety.(AU)

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de carne do mundo. Tendo em vista essa grande produtividade e a preocupação com a qualidade da carne produzida, os estabelecimentos produtores estão buscando meios para maior conservação do produto, sendo a embalagem a vácuo um dos mais utilizados. O objetivo do trabalho foi acompanhar a microbiota indicadora e patogênica durante a shelf life de Longissimus dorsi bovino embalado a vácuo. Foram avaliadas amostras de contrafilé coletadas e acondicionadas na seção de desossa de um frigorífico sob inspeção federal. Cada amostra foi fracionada em quatro peças e cada peça foi utilizada para compor uma parte de cada um dos pools, sendo totalizado quatro pools mantidos à 7ºC e analisados de 0 até os 60 dias de embalagem primária, com intervalo de 20 dias. Foram quantificados aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos, enterobactérias, coliformes a 30°C, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus spp. Através de abordagens moleculares foram caracterizados os patótipos de E. coli produtora da toxina shiga (STEC), enteropatogênica (EPEC), enterohemorrágica (EHEC), enteroagregativa (EAEC), enterotoxigênica (ETEC) e enteroinvasiva (EIEC), Pseudomonas spp. entre os psicrotróficos, Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. As quantificações dos micro-organismos indicadores foram aumentando progressivamente a cada intervalo de análise, com destaque para os psicrotróficos que aumentaram de 5 x 101 no dia 0 para 4,2 x 108 UFC/g no dia 60, predominando Pseudomonas spp. (48%). As contagens que possuem padrão determinado por legislações vigentes tiveram seus limites ultrapassados, como E. coli, desde o dia 20 (7 x 102 UFC/g). Foram identificadas EPEC, ETEC, STEC e EIEC, além de L. monocytogenes em todas as análises e Salmonella spp., essa última só não detectada no primeiro dia de shelf life. Fazem-se necessárias, portanto, revisões nos planos de autocontrole assim como maior rigor microbiológico na produção e processamento da carne bovina para melhoria da shelf life do produto e aumento da sua segurança.(AU)

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The objective was to evaluate the quality of Japanese quail eggs stored at room temperature (26.8ºC) and under refrigeration (10.9ºC), for different storage periods (0; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25 and 30 days). A total of 196 quail eggs were assigned to different treatments in a factorial arrangement of 2 (temperatures) x 7 (storage periods), with 3 replications and 4 eggs per experimental unit. Data were subjected to regression analysis of parameters as a function of storage time at room temperature and under refrigeration. There was a reduction in egg weight, albumen weight and height, yolk height and egg yolk index with increasing storage period as a function of temperatures (p < 0.05). Eggs at room temperature showed a reduction in albumen index, while eggs under refrigeration showed a quadratic behavior (p < 0.05). Storage days promoted a quadratic response in albumen and yolk pH (p < 0.05) of eggs at room temperature. Eggs at room temperature floated from the 15th day of storage. When stored at room temperature, quail eggs show a sharp decrease in internal quality during storage for up to 30 days. Refrigerated storage is recommended.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the possible variations of physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of frozen sheep meat, vacuum-packed under fluorescent light exposure at different storage times. Sixteen Longissimus lumborum muscles from male Ile de France lambs were collected for meat quality analyses of pH, color, shear force, weight loss due to cooking, water holding capacity, lipid oxidation, mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, and enterobacteria. The samples were randomly identified and stored in a horizontal freezer under the incidence of fluorescent light (IL) and no incidence of light (NL) for 30 and 60 days plus the control treatment (day 0). An interaction was observed between treatments for pH and water holding capacity (p<0.05), with superior results for IL-30 and NL-60, respectively. However, the other variables showed differences only regarding the main effects, mainly in terms of time (p<0.05). The contents of L*, a* and b*, C*, O/M, weight loss due to cooking, and lipid oxidation increased as the meat was stored longer (p<0.05). The shear force did not differ between treatments (p>0.05). Meat microbiological quality was not affected by the lightness factor, except for enterobacteria (p<0.05), in which the IL treatment had lower counts of these microorganisms. Therefore, the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics were not affected by the incidence of light. However, the meat undergoes changes as the storage time under freezing increases.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as possíveis variações das características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da carne ovina congelada, embalada a vácuo sob exposição de luz fluorescente em diferentes tempos de armazenamento. Dezesseis músculos Longissimus lumborum de cordeiros machos da raça Ile de France foram coletados para as análises de qualidade da carne de pH, cor, força de cisalhamento, perdas de peso por cocção, capacidade de retenção de água, oxidação lipídica, microrganismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos e enterobactérias. As amostras foram identificadas e armazenadas aleatoriamente em freezer horizontal sob a Incidência de luz fluorescente (CL) e sem Incidência de luz (SL) por 30 e 60 dias mais o tratamento controle (dia 0). Houve interação entre os tratamentos para pH e capacidade de retenção de água (p<0,05), observando resultados superiores para CL-30 e SL-60 respectivamente. Entretanto, para as demais variáveis foram encontradas diferenças apenas nos efeitos principais, principalmente de tempo (p<0,05). O teor de L*, a* e b*, C*, O/M, perdas de peso por cocção e a oxidação lipídica aumentaram à medida que a carne ficou mais tempo armazenada (p<0,05). A força de cisalhamento não diferiu entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). A qualidade microbiológica da carne não foi afetada pelo fator luminosidade, exceto para enterobactérias (p<0,05) em que o tratamento CL apresentou menor contagem desses microrganismos. Dessa forma conclui-se que as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas não foram afetadas pela Incidência de luz. No entanto, a carne sofre alterações à medida que aumenta o tempo de estocagem sob congelamento.(AU)

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Studies on how washing and storage influence duck egg quality are scarce compared with those on chicken egg quality. The present study investigated the quality of washed and unwashed duck eggs stored at 7 ºC and 25 ºC for 8 weeks. Quality parameters, including Haugh unit (HU), yolk index, thick albumen ratio, albumen pH, and air cell size, indicated that egg quality deteriorated during prolonged storage, and cuticle staining confirmed that washing reduced cuticle coverage. Washed eggs stored at 7 ºC maintained high quality (grade B; HU: 54) according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, 2000) after storage for 8 weeks, whereas unwashed eggs stored at 25 ºC exhibited a low but acceptable quality (grade B, but HU: 36) after 7 weeks. Strong correlations were observed between the quality parameters evaluated. In conclusion, duck eggs should be washed and then stored at 7 ºC to enhance microbial safety and maintain quality to achieve a shelf life of at least 8 weeks.(AU)

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This study describes the effect of bactofugation (10,000 × g in a continuous flow of 10,000 L/h) of three batches of raw milk on total bacterial count (TBC) and aerobic spore count, and it also shows the effect on the microbial diversity of spore-forming bacteria by analysing their genetic variability through molecular approaches. Given that milk must be preheated to approximately 55 °C before being bactofuged, for comparison, the three batches were evaluated at different stages as refrigerated raw, preheated, and bactofuged milk. For preheated milk, it was found that bactofugation caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of 99.52% (from 4.5 × 106 to 2.1 × 104 CFU/mL) in the mean TBC and of 95% (from 333 to 17 CFU/mL) in the aerobic mesophilic spore count. Due to the effect of bactofugation on preheated milk, a reduction of 82% was observed in both TBC and aerobic spore count. With respect to diversity, 107 isolates from raw milk, prior to bactofugation, and 16 isolates from bactofuged milk were recovered and grouped into 40 and 8 clusters, respectively. The predominant species detected in raw and preheated milk were Bacillus toyonensis (63% - 20 clusters) and Lysinibacillus fusiformis (15% - 8 clusters). Proportionally, B. toyonensis (69% - 6 clusters) and L. fusiformis (25% - 1 cluster) were predominant in bactofuged milk. B. pumilus, L. varians, B. flexus, B. invictae, and B. megaterium, bacteria with a known milk spoilage potential, were isolated from milk prior to bactofugation, and they reduced to undetectable levels in bactofuged milk. Bactofugation of milk, therefore, reduces the TBC and aerobic spore count, with a significant effect in reducing the microbial diversity of spore-forming bacteria, proportional to their incidence in raw milk. Therefore, bactofugation can be an alternative to increase the shelf life and technological potential of milk.(AU)

Esse estudo descreve o efeito da bactofugação (10,000 × g em fluxo contínuo de 10,000 L/h) de três lotes de leite cru nas contagens bacterianas totais (CBT) e de esporos aeróbios, verificando também o efeito sobre a diversidade microbiana dos formadores de esporos por abordagem molecular de variabilidade genética. Como o leite a ser bactofugado deve ser pré-aquecido (≈55ºC), os três lotes foram avaliados enquanto cru refrigerado, pré-aquecido e bactofugado. Em associação com o pré-aquecimento, foi verificado que a bactofugação promoveu a redução significativa (p < 0.05) de 99,52% (4,5 x 106 para 2,1 x 104 UFC/mL) na contagem bacteriana total e 95% (333 para 17 UFC/mL) dos esporos aeróbios mesófilos. Considerando o efeito isolado da bactofugação sobre o leite já pré-aquecido, foi observada a redução de 82% tanto para CBT quanto para formadores de esporos. Em relação à diversidade, foram recuperados 107 isolados do leite anterior à bactofugação e 16 isolados do leite bactofugado, agrupados em 40 e 8 clusters, respectivamente. Foi observado predomínio das espécies Bacillus toyonensis (63% - 20 clusters) e Lysinibacillus fusiformis (15% - 8 clusters) no leite cru e pré-aquecido e, proporcionalmente, B. toyonensis (69% - 6 clusters) e L. fusiformis (25% - 1 cluster) no leite bactofugado. Bacillus pumilus, Lysinibacillus varians, B. flexus, B. invictae, e B. megaterium, isolados do leite antes da bactofugação e com potencial deteriorante conhecido, foram reduzidos a níveis indetectáveis no leite bactofugado. A bactofugação do leite, portanto, reduz a CBT e as contagens de esporos aeróbios, também com efeito significativo na redução da diversidade de formadores de esporos, proporcionalmente, conforme a sua incidência no leite cru, tendo potencial para ser utilizado como alternativa para aumento da vida útil e potencial tecnológico do leite.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The effect of sunflower oil (SO), sunflower oil-pomegranate sauce (PS1) and sunflower oil-plum sauce (PS2) on shelf life of marinated carp fillets was investigated in terms of sensory evaluation, chemical (peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids (FFA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH), and microbiological properties (Total viable count (TVC), Escherichia coli, Total coliform, Staphylococci/Micrococci, Salmonella spp.) during 30 days of storage. Proximate composition, which includes total crude protein%, fat%, moisture% and ash% of fresh carp fillets before marination process was analyzed and found 18.69±0.86, 4.08±0.19, 74.33±0.63 and 2.17±0.45, respectively. Sensory evaluation analysis showed that total appearance, odor-taste and texture scores decreased during storage. TVB-N significantly increased in all group after 1 month of storage (P<0.05). At the end of storage, the lowest TBA value (1.38 mg MA/kg carp fillet) was determined in the PS1 group. During storage, the highest POV value was observed in the control group (8.49 mEq O2/kg) compared to other groups. Initial TVC of 1.5 log CFU/g, 1.7 log CFU/g and 1.8 log CFU/g increased to 3.7 log CFU/g, 2.9 log CFU/g and 3.2 log CFU/g in SO, PS1 and PS2 groups, respectively. Results showed that the shelf life of marinated carp fillets treated with sunflower oil and in combination with pomegranate and plum sauce was more than 1 month.

RESUMO: O efeito do óleo de girassol (SO), molho de óleo de girassol-romã (PS1) e molho de óleo de girassol-ameixa (PS2) na vida útil de filetes de carpa marinados foi investigado em termos sensorial, químico (valor de peróxido (PV), ácido tiobarbitúrico) (TBA), ácidos graxos livres (AGL), nitrogênio básico volátil total (TVB-N) e pH) e propriedades microbiológicas (contagem viável total (TVC), Escherichia coli, coliforme total, estafilococos/Micrococos, Salmonella spp.). Durante 30 dias de armazenamento. A composição aproximada, que inclui % de proteína bruta total, % de gordura, % de umidade e % de cinzas de filés de carpa frescos antes do processo de marinação foi analisada e encontrada 18,69 ± 0,86, 4,08 ± 0,19, 74,33 ± 0,63 e 2,17 ± 0,45, respectivamente. A análise sensorial mostrou que os escores totais de aparência, odor e sabor diminuíram durante o armazenamento. TVB-N aumentou significativamente (P <0,05) em todos os grupos após 1 mês de armazenamento. No final do armazenamento, o menor valor de TBA (1,38 mg MA / kg de filé de carpa) foi determinado no grupo PS1. Durante o armazenamento, o maior valor de POV foi observado no grupo controle (8,49 mEq O2/kg) em comparação com outros grupos. O TVC inicial de 1,5 log CFU/g, 1,7 log UFC/g, 1,8 log CFU/g aumentou para 3,7 log CFU/g, 2,9 log CFU/g, 3,2 log CFU/g nos grupos SO, PS1 e PS2, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a vida útil dos filés de carpa marinados tratados com óleo de girassol e em combinação com molho de romã e ameixa era superior a um mês.

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Vitamin A deficiency is the third most important micronutrient deficiency having a significant impact on public health worldwide. The aim of this study was to develop a carotenoid extraction process with edible vegetable oils, using a central composite design which, concurrently, enriches the oils with provitamin A carotenoids. The stability of carotenoids in the oil and their shelf life was also evaluated. The process also aimed to meet the Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin A (600 g retinol equivalent for an adult) with the enriched oil. The results showed that 20 % of the vegetable matrix (dried carrot) in vegetable oil and 5 min of extraction time was an optimum combination for both soy oil (64.43 μg retinol equivalent mL-¹) and olive oil (62.98 μg retinol equivalent mL-¹). Furthermore, the ingestion of just a spoonful (~10 mL) of the enriched oils would meet the Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin A (600 μg retinol equivalent), and, thus, it was possible to affirm that a dose of vegetable oils enriched with provitamin A contributes to meeting the Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin A. The proposed process is based on simple and low-cost technology that can be used to enrich edible oils (soybean and olive oil) with provitamin A.

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ABSTRACT: Sausages are highly susceptible to microbial spoilage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is the main group of spoilage bacteria in vacuum packed cooked sausages. To control microbial growth natural antimicrobials have been used as food preservatives. The aim of this study was to identify strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from spoiled commercial Calabresa sausages and use them in an in vitro challenge with the natural antimicrobials, nisin (NI) and ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL). Mass spectrometry identification of LAB isolated from sausages using MALDI-TOF revealed a predominance of L. plantarum in the LAB population. RAPD-PCR of L. plantarum strains showed four different genetic profiles. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of NI and ε-PL, alone and in combination, against a pool of different profiles L. plantarum were determined. MIC of NI and ε-PL were 0.468 mg/ L and 75 mg/ L; respectively, whereas MBC of NI and ε-PL were 12.48 mg/L and 150 mg/L, respectively. The combined effect of NI and ε-PL was determined using concentrations at 1/4 and 1/8 of individual MICs. Synergistic effect was confirmed at both concentrations showing a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5 and 0.2, respectively. The combination of NI and ε-PL at a small concentration of 0.05 mg/L and 9.375 mg/L, respectively, showed inhibitory effect towards spoilage L. plantarum Results show the potential of the combined use of NI and ε-PL to control sausage spoilage-associated with lactobacilli.

RESUMO: Linguiças são altamente susceptíveis à deterioração microbiana. As bactérias ácido lácticas (BAL) são o principal grupo de bactérias deteriorantes em linguiças cozidas embaladas a vácuo. Para controlar o crescimento microbiano, antimicrobianos naturais têm sido utilizados como conservantes de alimentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar cepas de bactérias ácido lácticas isoladas de linguiças Calabresa em deterioração e utilizá-las como modelo in vitro com os antimicrobianos naturais nisina (NI) e ε-poly-L-lysina (ε-PL). A identificação por espectrometria de massa das BAL isoladas das linguiças usando a técnica de MALDI-TOF revelou predominância de L. plantarum. A PCR-RAPD revelou quatro perfis genéticos diferentes. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) de NI e ε-PL, individualmente e em combinação, contra o pool de L. plantarum foram determinadas. O valor de CIM de NI e ε-PL foi 0,468 mg/L e 75 mg/L, respectivamente, e de CBM de NI e ε-PL foi 12,48 mg/L e 150 mg/L, respectivamente. O efeito da combinação de NI e ε-PL foi determinada usando concentrações de 1/4 e 1/8 dos CIMs individuais. O efeito sinérgico foi confirmado em ambas concentrações mostrando um índice de concentração inibitório fracionado de 0,5 e 0,2, respectivamente. A combinação de NI e ε-PL em baixa concentração, 0,05 mg/L e 9,375 mg/L, respectivamente, mostrou efeito inibitório contra L. plantarum. Os resultados demonstram o potencial do uso combinado de NI e ε-PL para o controle de lactobacilos associados à deterioração em linguiça.

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No Exército Brasileiro, existem 18 Laboratórios de Inspeção de Alimentos e Bromatologia (LIAB) que realizam o controle de qualidade e identidade de todo gênero alimentício adquirido pela Instituição para consumo das tropas. Peixes adquiridos da agricultura familiar e de empresas com inspeção realizadas pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) fazem parte do cardápio proteico dos mais de vinte mil militares distribuídos na Amazônia Ocidental. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a qualidade dos peixes adquiridos pelo Exército Brasileiro e consumidos na Amazônia Ocidental, por meio de levantamento dos laudos de análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas expedidos pelo 12º LIAB, instalado no 12º batalhão de Suprimento em Manaus – AM no período de 2015 a 2020. De um total de 528.954 toneladas de peixes adquiridos no período estudado, 5% foram consideradas impróprias para consumo. Tais amostras do lote apresentaram alterações em parâmetros físico-químicos, pois testaram positivas para vestígios de gás sulfídrico (H2S) e amônia (NH3), além de pH acima de 7, caracterizando processo de deterioração de produtos, além de ocultação de informações no rótulo de produtos. O estudo constatou registros de temperaturas superiores a -12°C nas amostras coletadas e consequente recristalização, bem como três lotes apresentaram peso inferior aos descritos nas embalagens, inclusive no teste de glaciamento, dentre os quais uma remessa excedeu o limite do peso. Quanto às análises microbiológicas, a Salmonella spp. foi ausente para todas as amostras, das 46 análises de contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase-positivo (UFC/g), 27 apresentaram crescimento dentro dos limites estabelecidos (<5x10³ UFC/g) e 5 sem crescimento representativo (<10 UFC/g), as demais crescimento ausente. De todos os laudos, 36% tiveram considerações no perecer final, dentre estes, 1 rejeitado e os demais recebimentos com ressalvas. Por fim, o levantamento revelou que os fornecedores do produto demonstraram maior preocupação aos critérios sanitários exigidos nos editais e proporcionando maior qualidade do peixe recebido. Assim, a aprovação ou reprovação dos alimentos nos LIABs é importante para garantir o padrão de qualidade higiênico-sanitário dos alimentos consumidos pelas tropas do Exército Brasileiro.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the variations in the stability and nutrient concentration in concentrates for piglet feeding. Five treatments were established: T1 - Control, standard concentrate formulation (SCF); T2 - PXMore5, SCF with more 5% vitamin-mineral premix (VMP); T3 - PXLess5, SCF with less 5% VMP. All these three treatments used 400kg batches in an INTECNIAL mixer; T4 - FeedMixer, SCF using a 4,000kg batch in an IMOTO mixer; T5 - PremixMixer, SCF using a 1,200kg batch in an MUYANG mixer. For each treatment, bags of 20kg were stored in three storage places for four months where room temperature and relative humidity was recorded daily. The concentration of nutrients was evaluated through centesimal and mineral analysis. The water activity of concentrate was affected by temperature and relative air humidity in different storage places. The greatest variation in concentration of crude protein, mineral residue, copper, zinc, and selenium was due to the PremixMixer treatment. Regarding the guaranteed levels, the critical value was verified only for the chrome concentration.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as variações na estabilidade e na concentração de nutrientes em concentrados para alimentação de leitões. Foram estabelecidos cinco tratamentos: T1 - controle, concentrado com formulação padrão (CFP); T2 - PXMais5, CFP com 5% a mais de vitaminas e minerais da pré-mistura (PVM); T3 - PXMenos5, CFP com 5% a menos de PVM (todos os três tratamentos utilizaram lotes de 400kg em um misturador INTECNIAL); T4 - FeedMixer, CFP usando um lote de 4.000kg em um misturador IMOTO; T5 - PremixMixer, CFP usando um lote de 1.200kg em um misturador MUYANG. Para cada tratamento, sacos de 20kg foram armazenados em três ambientes distintos por quatro meses, onde a temperatura ambiente e a umidade relativa do ar foram registradas diariamente. A concentração de nutrientes foi avaliada por meio de análises centesimal e mineral. A atividade de água do concentrado foi afetada pela temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar nos diferentes locais de armazenamento. A maior variação na concentração de proteína bruta, resíduo mineral, cobre, zinco e selênio foi devido ao tratamento "MistPremix". Em relação aos níveis de garantia, foi verificado valor crítico apenas para a concentração de cromo.(AU)

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The food industry and the frozen fish sector in particular have benefitted greatly from advancements in food processing technologies. This study investigated the effect of adding natural antioxidants such as rosemary and thyme oil to frozen fillets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in order to preserve their quality for consumers. Fillets were treated with rosemary and thyme at two concentrations (1% and 1.5%) and then were stored at 4°C. Samples were analyzed over 4 days for bacteriological (aerobic plate count, psychotropic count, and coliform count), chemical (determination of pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-TBARS, and total volatile base nitrogen-TVB-N), and sensory quality examination (color, texture, and odor). Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed among different groups in terms of aerobic plate count, psychotropic count, and coliform count during the storage. Moreover, pH, TVB-N, and TBARS mean values in the treated groups were lower than those in the untreated group. The best sensory quality was obtained at the highest concentrations (1.5%) of thyme and rosemary oil.(AU)

A indústria de alimentos e o setor de peixes congelados, em particular, se beneficiaram dos avanços nas tecnologias de processamento de alimentos. Este estudo investigou o efeito da adição de antioxidantes naturais, como óleo de alecrim e tomilho, a filetes congelados de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), a fim de preservar sua qualidade para os consumidores. Os filés foram tratados com alecrim e tomilho em duas concentrações (1% e 1,5%) e, em seguida, foram armazenados a 4°C. As amostras foram analisadas durante 4 dias para análises bacteriológicas (contagem de placas aeróbicas, psicotrópicas e coliformes), químicas (determinação do pH, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico-TBARS e nitrogênio base volátil total-TVB-N) e exame da qualidade sensorial (cor, textura e odor). Diferenças significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas entre os diferentes grupos na contagem aeróbia de placas, contagem psicotrópica e contagem de coliformes durante o armazenamento. Além disso, os valores médios de pH, TVB-N e TBARS nos grupos tratados foram inferiores aos do grupo não tratado. A melhor qualidade sensorial foi obtida nas maiores concentrações (1,5%) de tomilho e óleo de alecrim.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of marigold flower extract and paprika on egg quality of Black Avifran laying hens in different periods of storage. A completely randomized design study with a 3x3 factorial scheme with three diets (control, paprika, and marigold flower extract) and three storage periods (0, 7, and 14 days) was carried out. The following metrics were evaluated: egg weight, yolk weight, shell weight; yolk color, albumen height, specific gravity, and Haugh unit as well as the yolk, shell, and albumen percentage relative to the total weight of the egg. There was no significant interaction between additives and storage time (p > 0.05) for most of the parameters evaluated. The only exception was observed for yolk color, in which the interaction effect between treatments was significant (p < 0.05). The effect of storage time was significant (p < 0.05) for albumen weight, albumen percentage, yolk color, albumen height, specific gravity, and Haugh unit, with reduction of these parameters over the evaluation period. The use of paprika and marigold flower extract in the diets of Black Avifran laying hens does not influence egg quality.

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This work aimed to develop chicken meatballs with five levels of animal fat replacement by canola oil and to evaluate the products behavior during 120 days of storage. For that, analyzes were performed in the centesimal composition, fatty acid profile, shelf life and sensory parameters. The centesimal composition of the product did not present significant difference (p>0.05) between the treatments. However, canola oil addition improved the lipid profile, atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes, and the ratios of PUFAs/SFAs (0.91 to 1.61) and n6/n3 (12.63 to 3.74) in the products. Animal fat replacement and storage time also reduced meatballs Aw and pH. No differences in texture between treatments were detected after 30 days of storage. The lipid oxidation presented by mean values of TBARs ranged from 0.71 and 1.35 mg MDA/kg, indicating the onset and the regression of lipid oxidation. The color parameters exhibited a spectrum towards the luminous yellow color, predominant in both chicken meat and canola oil. The results of this study indicate that the substitution of animal fat by canola oil is promising in the production of meat products with good acceptability (70%) during the sensory analysis.

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The dairy industry strives to produce high quality products with high nutritional value as well as to meet the legal standards for longer shelf life. However, these goals are made unfeasible by the poor quality of raw milk produced in some regions of Brazil. Others Brazilian dairy regions, however, already succeed in producing milk with low microbial counts, such as the municipality of Castro, Paraná state, designated as the ‘Brazilian dairy capital’. In order to evaluate the effect of raw milk quality on microbial counts during the shelf life of pasteurized milk, samples were collected from two dairy regions of Paraná: the northern and Castro region, characterized by milk production with high and low microbiological counts, respectively. Samples were experimentally pasteurized and the total microorganism counts were analyzed for 18 days at 7°C, using the Brazilian standard microbiological count limit for pasteurized milk (8 x 104 CFU/mL) as the end of the shelf life. Low microbiological counts in raw milk (Castro) resulted in significantly lower counts shortly after pasteurization and over the entire shelf life, meeting the pasteurized milk standard for 18 days. The temporal evolution in the counts over 18 days for the milks of high and low microbiological count was similar; however, the disparity between the absolute counts between the regions was significant (p < 0.05). Of the milk samples from northern Paraná, four (44.4%) already had counts higher than that of the legislative limit for pasteurized milk immediately after pasteurization. The others (five) reached the maximum microbiological count limit for pasteurized milk on the 6th day after pasteurization. In contrast, the milk from the Castro region remained below the limit throughout the analysis period...

Produtos de alta qualidade, com elevado valor nutricional e longa vida útil, são objetivos almejados pela indústria de laticínios, dificultados pela má qualidade microbiológica do leite cru produzido no Brasil. No entanto, algumas regiões já produzem leite com baixas contagens microbianas, como a capital brasileira do leite, Castro, no Paraná. Com a intenção de avaliar o efeito da qualidade do leite cru nas contagens microbianas durante o período de vida útil de leite pasteurizado, amostras de leite cru foram coletadas de duas regiões do Paraná: a região norte e a região de Castro, caracterizadas pela produção de leite com contagens microbiológicas altas e baixas, respectivamente. As amostras foram experimentalmente pasteurizadas e analisadas as contagens totais de micro-organismos pelo período de 18 dias a 7ºC, utilizando o padrão determinado na IN62/2011 para o fim da vida de útil (máx. 8 x 104 UFC/mL). Baixas contagens microbiológicas no leite cru resultaram em contagens significativamente menores logo após a pasteurização e ao longo da vida útil, atendendo ao padrão de qualidade para leite pasteurizado por 18 dias. As evoluções nas contagens durante o período de análise para os leites de alta e baixa contagem microbiológica foram proporcionais, no entanto, a disparidade entre as contagens absolutas entre as regiões foi significativa. O leite do norte do Paraná atingiu o limite máximo para o leite pasteurizado no 6°dia após a pasteurização, enquanto o leite da região de Castro manteve-se abaixo da contagem limite durante todo o período de análise. Dessa forma, é possível afirmar que as contagens de microrganismos e a vida útil do leite pasteurizado está diretamente relacionada às contagens apresentadas pelo leite antes da pasteurização. Assim, para prolongar a vida útil do leite pasteurizado, deve-se diminuir as contagens do leite cru e, como se sabe, as boas práticas de higiene na produção são essenciais para atingir esse objetivo.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence seasons of the year and somatic cell counts (SCC) on physical-chemical and sensory parameters of cow’s milk from individual and collective refrigeration tanks with different milking systems. In addition to analyzing the sensory acceptance of pasteurized milk and coalho cheese developed with high (> 800,000 cells mL-1) and low SCC levels (<200,000 cells mL-1). Seasonality did not affect fat content, casein, lactose, total solids, defatted dry extract and SCC, but lower protein levels than May and June were observed from July to September. Based on the SCC results, milk from refrigeration tanks was classified as low SCC and high SCC. The samples were used to obtain pasteurized milk and coalho cheese which were sensorially evaluated for general appearance, odor and flavor by a panel of untrained tasters using a hedonic scale of 9 points. Pasteurized milk with high and low SCC presented pleasant sensory characteristics to the consumer up until two days of storage. The same behavior was observed for coalho cheese at 20 and 40 days of shelf life, respectively.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e caracterizar filme indicador de qualidade de alimentos utilizando amido de banana verde incorporado com extrato de repolho roxo. Os filmes foram desenvolvidos a partir de duas formulações: i) amido de banana sem extrato; ii) amido de banana com extrato. Os filmes foram caracterizados através de análise térmica (TG/DT), ensaio mecânico, espectroscopia por infravermelho (FT-IR), índice de intumescimento e ativação em diferentes pH. Os filmes apresentaram um perfil similar de perda de massa, indicando pouco efeito da incorporação do extrato à sua estabilidade térmica. A incorporação do extrato vegetal promoveu maior resistência mecânica e menor taxa de intumescimento. FT-IR mostrou que não houve interação do extrato com o biopolímero. O filme de amido apresentou sensibilidade à variação do pH. O uso do amido de banana verde combinado com gelatina e extrato de repolho roxo apresenta potencial aplicação como indicador visual de qualidade de alimentos duranteo armazenamento.

The aim of the study was to develop and characterize food quality indicator film using green banana starch incorporated with purple cabbage extract. The films were developed from two formulations: i) banana starch without extract; ii) banana starch with extract. The films were characterized by thermal analysis (TG/DTA), mechanical assay, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), swelling index and activation at different pH. The films presented a similar profile of mass loss, indicating that extract did not affect thermal stability. The incorporation of the vegetal extract promoted greater mechanical resistance and a lower rate of swelling. FT-IR showed that there was no interaction of the extract with the biopolymer. The starch film showed sensitivity to pH variation. The use of green banana starch combined with gelatin and purple cabbage extract has potential application as a visual indicator of food quality during storage.

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This work aimed to evaluate the performance and egg quality of lightweight laying hens supplemented with a high biological value mineral, carbo-amino-phospho-chelates (CAPC), compared with inorganic minerals (sulfates), at different recommended values. A total of 320 Dekalb White hens, between 53 and 77 weeks of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design into two treatments, 10 replicates of 16 birds each. The treatments consisted of a reference diet formulated according to breed manual recommendations, in which one group was supplemented with a trace mineral source, CAPC (Cu, 8.6; Fe, 43.7; Mn, 56.4; Se, 0.34; and Zn, 43.7 mg/kg) and the other with a sulfate source, using the levels recommended in the breed manual (Cu, 8; Fe, 60; Mn, 70; Se, 0.25; and Zn, 60 mg/kg). There was no effect of trace mineral supplementation on egg production variables, feed conversion ratio by mass or by dozen eggs, and eggs per housed bird. However, there was an increase in feed intake and weight and mass of eggs when birds fed diet supplemented with CAPC. Regarding egg quality, CAPC supplementation increased the albumen weight and percentage, shell weight, thickness, and strength, and Haugh unit. The eggs from birds fed CAPC supplementation showed higher levels of iron and zinc when compared with eggs from birds fed the sulfate source diet. Better quality rates were observed in variables related to shelf life for the group that received CAPC. Trace mineral sources and recommendations in the diets of high genetic potential laying hens need to be reassessed and allow us to conclude that totally replacing the sulfate for different recommendations of CAPC in laying hen diets helps to improve quality characteristics as well as the nutritional value of eggs.(AU)

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Frozen fish can be stored in freezers for about a year. Glaciation, a stage that occurs after freezing, confers protection and prevents fish oxidation. Studies with fish showed fraud in relation to the glaciation process. In this context, the present research aimed to analyze the amount of glaciation in 81 samples of frozen tilapia fillets of 3 brands, as well as the real price, labeling, packaging integrity, weight and conservation status of these products in 3 supermarket chains in São Carlos-SP, in order to identify frauds. In relation to glaciation, 100% of the samples were in agreement with the current regulatory laws, which stablishes the maximum icing in 20% of the total fish weight, as well as the real prices of each brand and the labels. There were irregularities with the net weights reported on the packages, where 95% of the samples were incompatible with the true weight of the products and only 4.05% were with the effective weights described in the labels. 37.5% of marketing freezers had temperatures above -18C, which determines the irregularity of the merchant establishment. However, although the glaciation was respected by the three brands, the net weight characterized fraud by the fillet production companies.

O pescado congelado pode ser armazenado em freezers durante aproximadamente um ano. O glaciamento, etapa que ocorre após congelamento, confere proteção e evita a oxidação do pescado. Diversos estudos realizados com pescados,demonstraram fraudes em relação ao processo de glaciamento. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou analisar a quantidade de glaciamento em 81 amostras de filés de tilápia congelados de três marcas, assim como, os preços reais,rotulagem, integridade do pescado e da embalagem, peso líquido e modo de conservação, em três redes de supermercados da cidade de São Carlos-SP. Em relação ao glaciamento, 100% das amostras estavam de acordo com a normativa vigente, que estabelece o máximo de glacê em 20% do peso total do pescado, assim como os preços reais decada marca e os rótulos. Houve irregularidades com os pesos líquidos informados nas embalagens, em que 95% das amostras estavam incompatíveis com o peso verdadeiro dos produtos e apenas 4,05% estavam com os pesos efetivos iguais ou superiores ao peso líquido descrito na embalagem. Das gôndolas verificadas com termômetro infravermelho externo, nas três redes de supermercados, 37,5% estavam com temperaturas superiores a -18°C, o que determina irregularidade do estabelecimento comercializador. Contudo, apesar do glaciamento ter sido respeitado pelas três marcas, o peso líquido caracterizava fraude das empresas de produção dos filés.