ESBL in positive hemoculture of a Southern-Brazil Teaching Hospital's Intensive Care Units / ESBL em hemoculturas positivas das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de um Hospital Universitário do sul do Brasil

Bloodstream infections are among the most serious and frequent infections, and the people most exposed are patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactate) are resistant bacteria to penicillins, cephalosporins and monobactams. It´s necessary to know how often and which microorganisms are involved, checking their susceptibility. This study was carried out at the University Hospital. Data collection was performed in the Adult and Newborn ICUs, with assessment of microorganisms and their resistance profile. During six-month period, 156 samples were studied, and 42 were positive with microorganism isolation. Isolated species include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Many resistant to carbapenem.

ESBL in Positive Hemoculture of a Southern-Brazil Teaching Hospital's Intensive Care Units As infecções da corrente sanguínea estão entre as infecções mais graves e frequentes, e os indivíduos mais expostos são os pacientes da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). As ESBL (Beta-Lactamase de Espectro Estendido) são bactérias resistentes a penicilinas, cefalosporinas e monobactâmicos. Se faz necessário saber com que frequência e quais microrganismos estão envolvidos, verificando sua suscetibilidade. Este estudo foi realizado no Hospital Universitário. A coleta de dados foi realizada nas UTIs Adulto e Neonatal, com avaliação dos microrganismos e seu perfil de resistência. Durante o período de seis meses, foram estudadas 156 amostras, sendo 42 positivas com isolamento dos microrganismos. As espécies isoladas incluem Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Muitos resistentes aos carbapenêmicos.

Chronic superficial infection in a dog caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative aerobic bacterium and non-glucose fermenting, that usually causes opportunistic infections in animals, including humans. It is rarely involved in primary disease. The antibioticresistant bacterial strains are mainly developed due to the inappropriate use of antibiotics, however treating P. aeruginosa infections can be difficult owing to their natural resistance to antibiotics. Furthermorer resistant microorganisms such as P. aeruginosa grow by developing biofilms. Inaccurate diagnoses and absence of adequate microbiological tests can cause difficulties in resolving cases. This report describes a case of chronic superficial infection in a bitch caused by multidrugresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA). Case: A 6-year-old bitch Shih Tzu, initially presented with an exudative erythematous lesion in the snout region, which progressed to deep lesions, and spread to the back and limbs; furthermore, the animal always experienced a fever before new wounds emerged. Lesion samples, collected using a swab and processed at the Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory of the Federal University of Jatai (UFJ), revealed the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The isolate was multidrug-resistant and a carrier of TEM and ppyR genes. In the diffusion disk antibiogram, the isolate was found resistant to 14 different antibiotics belonging to 6 classes. Antimicrobial resistance was also tested using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test against imipenem, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, ticarcillin + clavulanic acid and aztreonam present in the MIC test strip. Treatment with amikacin and muporicin proved to be effective; however, owing to lesions extending to the face and palpebral involvement, the animal lost its eyeballs. Discussion: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is frequently associated with nosocomial infections mainly affecting immunosuppressed patients. Among the antibiotics tested, the group with the highest number of ineffective antibiotics was beta-lactams, where sensitivity was only observed for ticarcillin and ceftazidime. Recent studies have demonstrated that ceftazidime can reduce biofilm volume, inhibit motility, and repress the expression of genes associated with bacterial adhesion in P. aeruginosa. Therefore, the production of biofilm in P. aeruginosa is an important virulence factor as it facilitates a stable environment for the microorganism, which protects the bacteria from contact with antimicrobials. In addition, prolonged exposure to a wide variety of antimicrobials creates an environment of selective pressure between microorganisms, facilitating the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Furthermore, it is now well recognized that low doses of antibiotics, administered during continuous and fluctuating treatments, can stimulate biofilm establishment and are partly responsible for biofilm-specific antimicrobial tolerance. The resistance profile of P. aeruginosa isolated from dogs varies considerably, and the presence of isolates with a possible biofilm production capacity represents a challenge for the interpretation of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Culture and antibiogram is fundamentally important, both clinically and in environmental monitoring, in addition to the use of antibiogram data for decision making in clinical treatment.

Promising use of nanotechnology in Pythium insidiosum: a systematic review / Utilização promissora de nanotecnologia em Pythium insidiosum: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT: The aquatic oomycete Pythium insidiosum is an emerging pathogen highly relevant in human and veterinary medicine and an etiologic agent of pythiosis, a disease of worldwide distribution mainly affecting horses, dogs, and humans, presenting cutaneous, subcutaneous, ocular, gastrointestinal, and systemic forms. The available therapeutic methods to treat this disease and its forms are not entirely effective, thus highlighting the need to investigate the forms of treatments with better efficacy, such as compounds from different pharmacological classes, compounds of natural origin, and new technological alternatives, including nanotechnology. Therefore, this study evaluated scientific publications regarding the use of nanotechnology in P. insidiosum treatment. For this, a systematic literature review, was carried out on articles published from 2010 to 2022 on the LILACS, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed, and SciELO databases using the descriptors 'Pythium insidiosum,' 'pythiosis,' 'nanotechnology,' 'nanoparticles,' 'nanoemulsion,' and 'treatment.' We reported 162 articles for the researched theme; although, only four studies were included because they met the criteria established herein. A meta-analysis was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in vitro studies, and we reported the use of nanotechnology can be a promising alternative in developing antimicrobial compounds with anti-P. insidiosum activity. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to verify the potential use of this technology in clinical therapy against P. insidiosum infections.

RESUMO: O oomiceto aquático Pythium insidiosum é um patógeno emergente de relevância em medicina humana e veterinária. É o agente etiológico da pitiose, uma enfermidade de distribuição mundial, que acomete principalmente em equinos, caninos e seres humanos, podendo apresentar-se nas formas cutâneas, subcutâneas, oculares, gastrointestinais e sistêmicas. Considerando que os métodos terapêuticos disponíveis para o tratamento da doença não são completamente efetivos, há uma necessidade de investigar formas de tratamentos com melhor eficácia, como os compostos de diferentes classes farmacológicas, compostos de origem natural, bem como, novas alternativas tecnológicas, incluindo a nanotecnologia. Deste modo, este trabalho objetivou avaliar publicações científicas referentes a utilização de nanotecnologia em P. insidiosum. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura, buscando artigos no período de 2010 a 2022, nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed e SciELO, utilizando-se os descritores Pythium insidiosum, pitiose, nanotecnologia, nanopartículas, nanoemulsão e tratamento. Encontrou-se 162 artigos com familiaridade a temática pesquisada; no entanto, apenas quatro estudos foram incluídos, pois atendiam os critérios estabelecidos na pesquisa. Para análise estatística dos dados obtidos nos estudos in vitro, utilizou-se meta-análise. Demonstrou-se o promissor uso de nanotecnologia como alternativa no desenvolvimento de compostos antimicrobianos com atividade anti-P. insidiosum. Entretanto, constata-se que estudos adicionais se fazem necessários para verificar o potencial uso desta tecnologia na terapêutica clínica contra infecções por P. insidiosum.

Molecular analysis of Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (pvl) gene among MRSA and MSSA isolates / Análise molecular do gene Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (pvl) entre isolados de MRSA e MSSA

The present study was conducted in order to determine the frequency of pvl gene among the pathogenic and healthy population isolates of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). For this purpose, nasal swab samples were collected from the healthy individuals (to be used as controls, all the samples were collected irrespective of the sex and age factors), the pathogenic samples were collected from different patients suffering from skin &soft tissue infections caused by S. aureus (to be used as test samples).Both of these population samples were analyzed for the presence of pvl gene. S.aureus were identified through conventional microbiological identification procedures. In the case of normal samples, 70 nasal swabs were collected and only 33 (47%) proved to be S. aureus while 20 pathogenic samples were collected and all (100%) were cleared as S. aureus. For further distribution of samples into MRSA and MSSA, antibiotic susceptibility pattern was checked by using the standard protocols of Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Two antibiotic discs Oxacillin (OX: 1ug) and cefoxitin (FOX: 30ug) were used. Among healthy population, MRSA was found to be 79% (n=26) and MSSA were present as 21% (n= 7). Among pathogenic strains 100% MRSA was detected where n= 20. Detection of pvl gene among the MRSA and MSSA isolates was done by using the uniplex PCR followed by gel electrophoresis. MRSA and MSSA of normal healthy population carried 49% and 7% pvl gene respectively. While, pathogenic MRSA samples carried 46% pvl gene among them. Potentially alarming percentage of pvl gene is present among the normal healthy individuals which indicates a future threat and a major health concern.

O presente estudo almejou determinar a frequência do gene PVL entre os isolados patogênicos e saudáveis da população de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) e Staphylococcus aureus sensível à meticilina (MSSA). Para este propósito, amostras de swab nasal foram coletadas de indivíduos saudáveis (utilizadas como controle, todas as amostras foram coletadas independentemente do sexo e idade), e de diferentes pacientes com infecções de pele e tecidos moles causadas por S. aureus (utilizadas como amostras de teste). Ambas as amostras populacionais foram analisadas quanto à presença do gene PVL. S.aureus foram identificados através de procedimentos convencionais de identificação microbiológica. No caso de amostras normais, 70 swabs nasais foram coletados e apenas 33 (47%) provaram ser S. aureus, enquanto 20 amostras patogênicas foram coletadas e todas (100%) foram eliminadas como S. aureus. Para distribuição posterior de amostras em MRSA e MSSA, o padrão de suscetibilidade a antibióticos foi verificado a partir dos protocolos padrão do método de difusão de disco de Kirby-Bauer. Foram utilizados dois discos de antibióticos Oxacilina (OX: 1ug) e cefoxitina (FOX: 30ug). Entre a população saudável, MRSA foi encontrado em 79% (n = 26) e MSSA estava presente em 21% (n = 7). Entre as cepas patogênicas, 100% de MRSA foi detectado onde n = 20. A detecção do gene PVL entre os isolados de MRSA e MSSA foi feita usando a PCR uniplex seguida de eletroforese em gel. MRSA e MSSA da população saudável normal carregavam 49% e 7% do gene PVL, respectivamente. Enquanto as amostras patogênicas de MRSA carregavam 46% do gene PVL entre elas. Uma porcentagem potencialmente alarmante do gene PVL foi detectada entre os indivíduos saudáveis normais, o que indica uma ameaça futura e um grande problema de saúde.

Comparison of different diagnostic modalities for isolation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis among suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis patients / Comparação de diferentes modalidades de diagnóstico para isolamento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis entre pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tuberculosa

Tuberculosis is a communicable disease with high morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The study's primary objective is to compare conventional methods such as acid-fast bacillus (AFB) culture and microscopy with rapid diagnostic methods. The secondary objective is to compare histopathological and microbiological findings in suspected patients with tubercular lymphadenitis. A total of 111 samples (August 2018 to September 2019) of lymph nodes were processed for AFB microscopy, AFB cultures, drug-susceptibility testing (DST), histopathology, and Xpert Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB)/resistance to Rifampin (RIF) assays. Out of 111 lymph node samples, 6 (5.4%) were positive for AFB smear microscopy, 84 (75.6%) were positive for AFB culture, 80 (70.7%) were positive on Gene Xpert, and 102 (91.8%) were indicative of tuberculosis for histopathology studies. Mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) culture positivity was 84 (75.6%) higher than solid Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture 74 (66.6%). Positive cultures underwent phenotypic DST. Two cases were Multidrug-resistant (MDR) on DST, while three cases were Rifampicin resistant on Gene Xpert. The sensitivity of Genexpert was (62%) against the conventional AFB culture method. The poor performance of conventional lymphadenitis diagnostic methods requires early and accurate diagnostic methodology. Xpert MTB/RIF test can help in the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB cases. Nonetheless, rapid and conventional methods should be used for complete isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A tuberculose é uma doença transmissível com altas taxas de morbimortalidade nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo principal do estudo é comparar métodos convencionais, como cultura de bacilo álcool-ácido resistente (BAAR) e microscopia, com métodos de diagnóstico rápido. O objetivo secundário é comparar os achados histopatológicos e microbiológicos em pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tubercular. Um total de 111 amostras (agosto de 2018 a setembro de 2019) de gânglios linfáticos foi processado para microscopia de AFB, culturas de AFB, teste de susceptibilidade a drogas (DST), histopatologia e Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/ensaios de resistência à rifampicina (RIF). Das 111 amostras de linfonodos, 6 (5,4%) foram positivas para baciloscopia de AFB, 84 (75,6%) foram positivas para cultura de AFB, 80 (70,7%) foram positivas para o GeneXpert e 102 (91,8%) foram indicativas de tuberculose para estudos histopatológicos. A positividade da cultura do tubo indicador de crescimento de micobactérias (MGIT) foi 84 (75,6%), maior que a cultura sólida de Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 74 (66,6%). As culturas positivas foram submetidas a DST fenotípico. Dois casos eram multirresistentes (MDR) ao DST, enquanto três casos eram resistentes à rifampicina no GeneXpert. A sensibilidade do GeneXpert foi 62% contra o método convencional de cultura AFB. O fraco desempenho dos métodos convencionais de diagnóstico de linfadenite requer metodologia de diagnóstico precoce e precisa. O teste Xpert MTB/RIF pode ajudar no tratamento de casos de tuberculose multirresistente. No entanto, métodos rápidos e convencionais devem ser usados para o isolamento completo do Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Comparison of different diagnostic modalities for isolation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis among suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis patients

Abstract Tuberculosis is a communicable disease with high morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The study's primary objective is to compare conventional methods such as acid-fast bacillus (AFB) culture and microscopy with rapid diagnostic methods. The secondary objective is to compare histopathological and microbiological findings in suspected patients with tubercular lymphadenitis. A total of 111 samples (August 2018 to September 2019) of lymph nodes were processed for AFB microscopy, AFB cultures, drug-susceptibility testing (DST), histopathology, and Xpert Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB)/resistance to Rifampin (RIF) assays. Out of 111 lymph node samples, 6 (5.4%) were positive for AFB smear microscopy, 84 (75.6%) were positive for AFB culture, 80 (70.7%) were positive on Gene Xpert, and 102 (91.8%) were indicative of tuberculosis for histopathology studies. Mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) culture positivity was 84 (75.6%) higher than solid Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture 74 (66.6%). Positive cultures underwent phenotypic DST. Two cases were Multidrug-resistant (MDR) on DST, while three cases were Rifampicin resistant on Gene Xpert. The sensitivity of Genexpert was (62%) against the conventional AFB culture method. The poor performance of conventional lymphadenitis diagnostic methods requires early and accurate diagnostic methodology. Xpert MTB/RIF test can help in the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB cases. Nonetheless, rapid and conventional methods should be used for complete isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Resumo A tuberculose é uma doença transmissível com altas taxas de morbimortalidade nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo principal do estudo é comparar métodos convencionais, como cultura de bacilo álcool-ácido resistente (BAAR) e microscopia, com métodos de diagnóstico rápido. O objetivo secundário é comparar os achados histopatológicos e microbiológicos em pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tubercular. Um total de 111 amostras (agosto de 2018 a setembro de 2019) de gânglios linfáticos foi processado para microscopia de AFB, culturas de AFB, teste de susceptibilidade a drogas (DST), histopatologia e Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/ensaios de resistência à rifampicina (RIF). Das 111 amostras de linfonodos, 6 (5,4%) foram positivas para baciloscopia de AFB, 84 (75,6%) foram positivas para cultura de AFB, 80 (70,7%) foram positivas para o GeneXpert e 102 (91,8%) foram indicativas de tuberculose para estudos histopatológicos. A positividade da cultura do tubo indicador de crescimento de micobactérias (MGIT) foi 84 (75,6%), maior que a cultura sólida de Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 74 (66,6%). As culturas positivas foram submetidas a DST fenotípico. Dois casos eram multirresistentes (MDR) ao DST, enquanto três casos eram resistentes à rifampicina no GeneXpert. A sensibilidade do GeneXpert foi 62% contra o método convencional de cultura AFB. O fraco desempenho dos métodos convencionais de diagnóstico de linfadenite requer metodologia de diagnóstico precoce e precisa. O teste Xpert MTB/RIF pode ajudar no tratamento de casos de tuberculose multirresistente. No entanto, métodos rápidos e convencionais devem ser usados para o isolamento completo do Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Comparison of different diagnostic modalities for isolation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis among suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis patients / Comparação de diferentes modalidades de diagnóstico para isolamento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis entre pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tuberculosa

Abstract Tuberculosis is a communicable disease with high morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The study's primary objective is to compare conventional methods such as acid-fast bacillus (AFB) culture and microscopy with rapid diagnostic methods. The secondary objective is to compare histopathological and microbiological findings in suspected patients with tubercular lymphadenitis. A total of 111 samples (August 2018 to September 2019) of lymph nodes were processed for AFB microscopy, AFB cultures, drug-susceptibility testing (DST), histopathology, and Xpert Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB)/resistance to Rifampin (RIF) assays. Out of 111 lymph node samples, 6 (5.4%) were positive for AFB smear microscopy, 84 (75.6%) were positive for AFB culture, 80 (70.7%) were positive on Gene Xpert, and 102 (91.8%) were indicative of tuberculosis for histopathology studies. Mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) culture positivity was 84 (75.6%) higher than solid Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture 74 (66.6%). Positive cultures underwent phenotypic DST. Two cases were Multidrug-resistant (MDR) on DST, while three cases were Rifampicin resistant on Gene Xpert. The sensitivity of Genexpert was (62%) against the conventional AFB culture method. The poor performance of conventional lymphadenitis diagnostic methods requires early and accurate diagnostic methodology. Xpert MTB/RIF test can help in the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB cases. Nonetheless, rapid and conventional methods should be used for complete isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Resumo A tuberculose é uma doença transmissível com altas taxas de morbimortalidade nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo principal do estudo é comparar métodos convencionais, como cultura de bacilo álcool-ácido resistente (BAAR) e microscopia, com métodos de diagnóstico rápido. O objetivo secundário é comparar os achados histopatológicos e microbiológicos em pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tubercular. Um total de 111 amostras (agosto de 2018 a setembro de 2019) de gânglios linfáticos foi processado ​​para microscopia de AFB, culturas de AFB, teste de susceptibilidade a drogas (DST), histopatologia e Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/ensaios de resistência à rifampicina (RIF). Das 111 amostras de linfonodos, 6 (5,4%) foram positivas para baciloscopia de AFB, 84 (75,6%) foram positivas para cultura de AFB, 80 (70,7%) foram positivas para o GeneXpert e 102 (91,8%) foram indicativas de tuberculose para estudos histopatológicos. A positividade da cultura do tubo indicador de crescimento de micobactérias (MGIT) foi 84 (75,6%), maior que a cultura sólida de Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 74 (66,6%). As culturas positivas foram submetidas a DST fenotípico. Dois casos eram multirresistentes (MDR) ao DST, enquanto três casos eram resistentes à rifampicina no GeneXpert. A sensibilidade do GeneXpert foi 62% contra o método convencional de cultura AFB. O fraco desempenho dos métodos convencionais de diagnóstico de linfadenite requer metodologia de diagnóstico precoce e precisa. O teste Xpert MTB/RIF pode ajudar no tratamento de casos de tuberculose multirresistente. No entanto, métodos rápidos e convencionais devem ser usados ​​para o isolamento completo do Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Comparison of different diagnostic modalities for isolation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis among suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis patients / Comparação de diferentes modalidades de diagnóstico para isolamento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis entre pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tuberculosa

Tuberculosis is a communicable disease with high morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The study's primary objective is to compare conventional methods such as acid-fast bacillus (AFB) culture and microscopy with rapid diagnostic methods. The secondary objective is to compare histopathological and microbiological findings in suspected patients with tubercular lymphadenitis. A total of 111 samples (August 2018 to September 2019) of lymph nodes were processed for AFB microscopy, AFB cultures, drug-susceptibility testing (DST), histopathology, and Xpert Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB)/resistance to Rifampin (RIF) assays. Out of 111 lymph node samples, 6 (5.4%) were positive for AFB smear microscopy, 84 (75.6%) were positive for AFB culture, 80 (70.7%) were positive on Gene Xpert, and 102 (91.8%) were indicative of tuberculosis for histopathology studies. Mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) culture positivity was 84 (75.6%) higher than solid Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture 74 (66.6%). Positive cultures underwent phenotypic DST. Two cases were Multidrug-resistant (MDR) on DST, while three cases were Rifampicin resistant on Gene Xpert. The sensitivity of Genexpert was (62%) against the conventional AFB culture method. The poor performance of conventional lymphadenitis diagnostic methods requires early and accurate diagnostic methodology. Xpert MTB/RIF test can help in the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB cases. Nonetheless, rapid and conventional methods should be used for complete isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.(AU)

A tuberculose é uma doença transmissível com altas taxas de morbimortalidade nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo principal do estudo é comparar métodos convencionais, como cultura de bacilo álcool-ácido resistente (BAAR) e microscopia, com métodos de diagnóstico rápido. O objetivo secundário é comparar os achados histopatológicos e microbiológicos em pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tubercular. Um total de 111 amostras (agosto de 2018 a setembro de 2019) de gânglios linfáticos foi processado para microscopia de AFB, culturas de AFB, teste de susceptibilidade a drogas (DST), histopatologia e Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/ensaios de resistência à rifampicina (RIF). Das 111 amostras de linfonodos, 6 (5,4%) foram positivas para baciloscopia de AFB, 84 (75,6%) foram positivas para cultura de AFB, 80 (70,7%) foram positivas para o GeneXpert e 102 (91,8%) foram indicativas de tuberculose para estudos histopatológicos. A positividade da cultura do tubo indicador de crescimento de micobactérias (MGIT) foi 84 (75,6%), maior que a cultura sólida de Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 74 (66,6%). As culturas positivas foram submetidas a DST fenotípico. Dois casos eram multirresistentes (MDR) ao DST, enquanto três casos eram resistentes à rifampicina no GeneXpert. A sensibilidade do GeneXpert foi 62% contra o método convencional de cultura AFB. O fraco desempenho dos métodos convencionais de diagnóstico de linfadenite requer metodologia de diagnóstico precoce e precisa. O teste Xpert MTB/RIF pode ajudar no tratamento de casos de tuberculose multirresistente. No entanto, métodos rápidos e convencionais devem ser usados para o isolamento completo do Mycobacterium tuberculosis.(AU)

Streptococcus spp. in equines - infection and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles

Background: Empirical antimicrobial prescribing is commonly used in equine veterinary. Therefore, professionals can obtain information about antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the bacterial strains based on veterinary literature. Considering equine infections, Streptococcus spp. are important pathogens that can cause serious damage in horses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and infection profiles of Streptococcus spp. strains isolated from equines with infectious diseases subjected to microbiological analysis. Materials, Methods & Results: Veterinarians sent 13 samples and culture in Blood and MacConkey Agar were performed. After the incubation period, suspected colonies, which showed significative growth, were analyzed by Gram-staining, biochemical tests, and subjected to confirmatory identification in Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. In vitro AST analysis were performed by disc diffusion method, in accordance with the veterinarians' request. The antimicrobials tested in this study were: ceftiofur, gentamicin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, amikacin, penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, vancomycin and metronidazole. The samples included uterine exudate, hock fistula, osteosynthesis exudate, exudate from the guttural pouch, and were originated from animals located in different and distant geographical regions in the cities of Porto Alegre, Pelotas, and Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus thoraltensis were the Streptococcus species identified in the samples. S. dysgalactiae was the mainly species found in the uterus samples, while S. thoraltensis, an unusual Streptococcus species, was identified as etiological agent of endometritis in 2 of the analyzed animals. On the other hand, S. equi was found in both the guttural pouch, representing the etiological agent of the strangle case, and in the osteosynthesis exudate, as infectious agent of post-osteosynthesis surgery. The majority of streptococci strains were susceptible to ceftiofur drug. Amikacin and ciprofloxacin, however, were the drugs for which the strains were mainly resistant according to the results. Discussion: The present study provided the AST and infection profile of Streptococcus species related to equine infectious diseases. S. dysgalactiae is considered an unusual bacterium isolated from horses that can be related to endometritis, S. equi is the causative agent of strangles, and S. thoraltensis is unusual in equines. Generally, the observed susceptibility to ceftiofur of the strains analyzed was in agreement with previous results reported in the literature. However, ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin and is considered a critically important antibiotic for human health and its use in veterinary medicine should be cautious. Considering the resistance profile found, Streptococcus spp. can be intrinsically resistant to low drug concentrations of aminoglycosides. Moreover, the emergence and spread of fluoroquinolones resistance may also be due to the acquisition of resistance via horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, the present study described both infection and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus strains related to equine infectious diseases. Considering the findings, the results found in this study might contribute to the decision-making by veterinarians to further equine treatments.

Evidence of post-formed structures during systemic Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens infection in resistant Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes / Evidência de estruturas pós-formadas na infecção sistêmica de Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens em genótipos resistentes de Phaseolus vulgaris L

Bacterial wilt of the common bean caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfacienspv. flaccumfaciensresults in economic losses. The aim of this study was to analyze the colonization of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible genotypes of common bean plants. The genotypes OuroBranco and IPA 9 (resistant), Diacol Calima (moderately resistant), and CNFRS 11997 and CNFP 10429 (susceptible) were inoculated in the epicotyl, with 100 µL of bacterial suspension of the BRM 14933(Cff25). Disease severity was evaluated 21 days after inoculation (DAI), on a scale from 1 to 9. Plant samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy analyses. Ouro Branco and IPA 9 (resistant) plants exhibited low colonization, the formation of filaments surrounding bacterial cells and vestures more developed in the pit the xylem vessels. Diacol Calima (moderately resistant) plants presented lower levels of colonization and filament formation than that of resistant cultivars. CNFC 10429 and CNFRS 11997 (susceptible) showed high levels of colonization in the xylem and vessel obstruction, preventing water and nutrient flow, which explains the symptoms of wilt and plant death. Thus, resistance to C. flaccumfacienspv. flaccumfacienscan be explained by plant's capacity to limit pathogen propagation as a post-formed defense mechanismin this pathosystem.(AU)

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciensé causadora da murcha-de-curtobacterium, responsável por perdas econômicas.O objetivo deste estudo foi analisara colonização de C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciensem genótipos de feijoeiro comumresistente, moderamente resistente e suscetível. Ouro Branco e IPA 9 (resistente), Diacol Calima (moderadamente resistente), CNFRS 11997 e CNFP 10429 (suscetíveis) foram inoculados,no epicótilo,com 100 µL de suspensão bacteriana do isolado BRM 14933(Cff25). A severidade da doença foi avaliada 21 dias após a inoculação, utilizando a escala de 1 a 9. As amostras para MEV foram desidratadas em série alcoólica, secas em ponto crítico com dióxido de carbono (CO2), banhadas em ouro e analisadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. As plantas de Ouro Branco e IPA 9 (resistentes) exibiram baixa colonização, formação de filamentos envolvendo células bacterianas e guarnições mais desenvolvidas nas pontoaçõesdos vasos do xilema. Diacol Calima (moderadamente resistente) apresentou menor colonização e formação de filamentos do que as cultivares resistentes. Os genótipos CNFC 10429 e CNFRS 11997 (suscetíveis) mostraram grande colonização no xilema, com vasos obstruídos, impedindo o fluxo de água e nutrientes, explicando os sintomas de murcha e morte da planta. Portanto, a resistência à C. flaccumfacienspv. flaccumfacienspode ser explicada pela capacidade da planta em limitar a multiplicação do patógeno como um mecanismo de defesa celular, sugerindo que este é um dos fatores de resistência estrutural pós-formado que ocorre nesse patossistema.(AU)

Profile of otitis externa isolates in dogs and cats diagnosed in laboratory of microbiology in 2020 / Perfil dos isolados de otites externas em cães e gatos diagnosticados em laboratório de microbiologia em 2020

Otitis externa is one of the most frequent diseases in the clinical routine of dogs and cats, and they can be caused by several associated factors. Due to incorrect use of antimicrobial products, the treatment and control of otitis have become challenging. This study aims to analyze the results of otological exams at the Laboratory of Microbiology HV-ULBRA in 2020 and demonstrate the profile of patients and isolated bacteria. Staphylococcus was the main genus isolated, and 71,11% of samples showed multi-drug resistance to antimicrobial testing. These results indicate the need to use complementary examinations to control otitis externa.(AU)

A otite externa é um das enfermidades mais frequentes na rotina clínica de cães e gatos e pode ser causada por diversos fatores associados. Devido ao uso incorreto de antimicrobianos, o tratamento e o controle das otites se tornaram desafiadores. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar os resultados dos exames otológicos encaminhados ao Laboratório de Microbiologia HV-ULBRA em 2020 e, além disso, delinear o perfil dos pacientes e das bactérias isoladas. Staphylococcus foi o principal gênero isolado e 71,11% das amostras apresentou multirresistência aos antimicrobianos testados. Esses resultados evidenciam a necessidade do uso de exames complementares para controle das otites externas.(AU)

Monitoring and baseline of glyphosate-resistant sourgrass in the main soybean growing regions of Brazil / Monitoramento e baseline da resistência de capim-amargoso ao herbicida glifosato nas principais regiões produtoras de soja no Brasil

Frequent application of glyphosate for consecutive years has enhanced the selection pressure on sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) populations, which resulted in the development of glyphosate-resistant biotypes. Therefore, this work was developed with the objective of monitoring sourgrass resistance to glyphosate, develop a baseline of sourgrass susceptibility to this molecule and, consequently, identify the discriminatory dose between resistant and susceptible populations. This work was divided into three steps. The first step consisted of identifying and sorting sourgrass resistant and susceptible biotypes among 30 samples. In the second step, glyphosate baseline was elaborated considering exclusively the glyphosate-susceptible biotypes, which allowed the definition of a discriminatory dose. At the end, the third step, monitoring of glyphosate-resistant biotypes was achieved, considering five growing seasons (2016 ­2020) and 809 samples of sourgrass populations, collected throughout 12 states of Brazil. Glyphosate baseline was elaborated to sourgrass and ideal discriminatory rate was identified as 960 g ha-1.Glyphosate-resistant populations of sourgrass were found in all soybean growing regions sampled. Among 809 populations, 25.96% were considered resistant to glyphosate. The states with the highest frequency of glyphosate-resistant populations were Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bahia, Mato Grosso and Paraná.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de monitorar a resistência de capim-amargoso ao herbicida glyphosate desenvolver uma baseline de suscetibilidade da espécie e, por consequência, identificar a dose discriminatória de glifosato entre populações resistentes e suscetíveis de capim-amargoso. Todo o trabalho foi dividido em três fases. A primeira fase consistiu da análise de 30 amostras de capim-amargoso, identificando-as e classificando-as em resistentes ou suscetíveis. Na segunda fase, foi elaborada uma baseline para suscetibilidade do capim-amargoso ao herbicida glyphosate, o que permitiu a definição de uma dose discriminatória. Ao final, na terceira fase, obteve-se o monitoramento dos biótipos de capim-amargoso quanto à resistência, considerando-se cinco safras (2016 ­2020) e 809 amostras de capim-amargoso, oriundas de 12 estados brasileiros. Assim sendo, a baseline de suscetibilidade de capim-amargoso ao glyphosate foi estimada, cuja dose discriminatória ideal foi de 960 g ha-1. Populações de capim-amargoso resistentes ao glyphosate foram encontradas em todas as regiões produtoras de soja amostradas. Dentre 809populações, 25,96% foram consideradas resistentes ao glyphosate. Os estados com maior frequência de populações resistentes foram: Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bahia, Mato Grosso e Paraná.

Investigation of Genetic Diversity of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Diseased Poultry in Korea

ABSTRACT Pasteurella multocida causes fowl cholera which is an economically important disease in poultry industries around the world. In this study, we analyzed the capsular genotype, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotype, virulence-associated genes (VAGs) patterns, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity in a total of 9 P. multocida isolates from poultry with fowl cholera between 2014 and 2019 in Korea. When combining the capsular types with the LPS genotypes, two isolates of the 9 isolates were A:L3, and the others were non-typeable (NT): L3. Of the 23 VAGs, all the isolates harbored ptfA, fimA, hsf-1, hsf-2, pfhA, exbB, exbD, tonB, hgbA, hgbB, fur, sodA, sodC, pmHAS, ompA, ompH, oma87, plpB, psl, and nanH, whereas toxA gene was not detected in any of the 9 isolates. In addition, among the 11 antimicrobials, most of the isolates except for one isolate resistant to florfenicol, exhibited susceptibility to all the antimicrobials. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed 5 different sequence types (ST): ST8, ST351, ST352, ST353, and ST368. The ST351, ST352, ST353, and ST368 were identified for the first time in this study, and ST352 and ST353 isolates were largely prevalent nationwide. These STs isolates should be monitored continuously because in some cases, ST352 and ST353 isolates demonstrated high mortality rates. Although only limited numbers of isolates have been analyzed, our findings provide overall characteristics and epidemiological information of the P. multocida strains recently prevalent in Korea.

Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides, Procamallanus sp. (Baylis, 1923) infections, and microbial colonization in African Snakehead fish sampled from Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria / Bioacumulação de pesticidas organoclorados, infecções por Procamallanus sp. (Baylis, 1923) e colonização microbiana em peixes africanos Snakehead coletados na lagoa Lekki, Lagos, Nigéria

The exponential rise in the Nigerian population has necessitated the use of agrochemicals for enhanced agricultural yields to meet the ever-rising demand for food. However, agrochemicals such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have caused several devastating health and ecological challenges. The study was therefore aimed at assessing the bioaccumulation of OCPs and the associated parasitological and microbial susceptibility in P. obscura to determine the possible ecological impacts of the chemical. A total of 106 specimens of Parachanna obscura fish species were sampled between July and November 2019 from Lekki Lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria. Four culture media, namely nutrient agar (NA), MacConkay agar (MCA), eosin methylene blue (EMB), and sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) were employed in microbial culture. These microbes were subjected to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, gentamicin, ofloxacin, augmentin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin to test for resistance, susceptibility and intermediate statuses before and after curing. OCPs were tested in the water, sediment, and tissues of P. obscura using gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID). P. obscura sampled in the lagoon had poor growth exponent which was characterized by negative allometry (slenderness) in the sampled fish. Although the incidence of parasitic infection in the fish was not alarming, the situation might be aggravated if the prevalent anthropogenic activities persist, resulting in immunosuppression. Regulation of anthropogenic activities in the catchment area is recommended to forestall the prognosis of health and environmental hazards associated with the agricultural, industrial, pharmaceutical, and municipal activities around the lagoon. Bacteria that conferred the most resistance to the majority of the antibiotics were Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp., testing positive to plasmid profile. They conferred high resistance to the antibiotics before plasmid curing but became highly susceptible post- plasmid curing. This implies that the gene for resistance in the bacteria isolates was plasmid-mediated, that is, they were obtained from the environment. In the event of an outbreak of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and diarrhea, there may be non-response to treatment among the infected inhabitants. The incidence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria colonies recorded in this study is of great public health concern, given the possibility of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains being passed to humans through fish consumption, resulting in increased multi-drug resistance in humans. Regulation of anthropogenic activities around the lagoon is recommended to forestall prognosis of health and environmental hazards associated with OCPs from agricultural, industrial, pharmaceutical, and municipal sources.(AU)

O aumento exponencial da população nigeriana exigiu o uso de agroquímicos para aumentar a produção agrícola e, assim, atender à crescente demanda por alimentos. No entanto, agroquímicos como pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs) causaram vários problemas de saúde e ecológicos. Portanto, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a bioacumulação de OCPs e a suscetibilidade parasitológica e microbiana associada em Parachanna obscura, a fim de determinar os possíveis impactos ecológicos desse produto químico. Foi amostrado um total de 106 espécimes de P. obscura entre julho e novembro de 2019 da lagoa Lekki, em Lagos, Nigéria. Quatro meios de cultura, como o ágar nutritivo (NA), o ágar MacConkay (MCA), o ágar eosina azul de metileno (EMB) e o ágar sabouraud dextrose (SDA), foram empregados na cultura microbiana. Esses micróbios foram submetidos a ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, cefuroxima, gentamicina, ofloxacina, augmentin, nitrofurantoína, ciprofloxacina e eritromicina para testar resistência, suscetibilidade e status intermediário antes e depois da cura. Os OCPs foram testados na água, sedimentos e tecidos de P. obscura usando um detector de ionização de chama por cromatografia em fase gasosa (GC-FID). Os peixes amostrados de P. obscura da lagoa apresentaram um expoente de crescimento ruim, caracterizado por alometria negativa (esbelteza). Embora a incidência de infecção parasitária nos peixes não tenha sido alarmante, a situação pode ser agravada se as atividades antropogênicas prevalecentes persistirem, resultando em imunossupressão. Recomenda-se a regulamentação de atividades antropogênicas na área de captação para prevenir o prognóstico de riscos à saúde e ecológicos associados a atividades agrícolas, industriais, farmacêuticas e municipais ao redor da lagoa. As bactérias que conferiram maior resistência à maioria dos antibióticos foram Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Escherichia coli e Klebsiella sp., com teste positivo para o perfil plasmidial. Elas conferiram alta resistência aos antibióticos antes da cura do plasmídeo, mas se tornaram altamente suscetíveis após a cura dele. Isso implica que o gene de resistência nos isolados de bactérias foi mediado por plasmídeo, ou seja, foi obtido do ambiente. No caso de surtos de doenças transmitidas pela água, como cólera, febre tifoide, disenteria e diarreia, pode haver não resposta ao tratamento entre os habitantes infectados. A incidência de resistência a antibióticos nas colônias de bactérias registradas neste estudo é de grande preocupação para a saúde pública, dada a possibilidade de que as cepas de bactérias resistentes a antibióticos sejam transmitidas aos seres humanos por meio do consumo de peixes, resultando em maior resistência a múltiplas drogas em seres humanos. Recomenda-se a regulamentação de atividades antropogênicas ao redor da lagoa para impedir o prognóstico de riscos à saúde e ecológicos associados aos OCPs de fontes agrícolas, industriais, farmacêuticas e municipais.(AU)

Sensitivity to antifungals by Candida spp samples isolated from cases of chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC) / Sensibilidade a antifúngicos por amostras de Candida spp isoladas de casos de candidíase atrófica crônica (CAC)

The treatment of choice for chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC), also known as denture stomatitis, is topical antifungal therapy. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from mucosal sites in denture wearers with a diagnosis of CAC and determine the prevalence of associated variables. The sample consisted of 44 patients wearing complete or partial dentures who had a clinical diagnosis of CAC. Using sterile cotton swabs, specimens were collected from the oral mucosa of all patients and grown at 30ºC for 48 h in CHROMagar Candida, as a means of isolating and screening the species. The complementary identification of the species was performed using the VITEK 2 automated system (BioMérieux), as well as the determination of their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. STATA 13.1 was used for statistical analysis ( = 5%). Of 44 patients with CAC, 33 (75%) had lesions classified as Newton type II. Yeasts were isolated in 38 cases. The most prevalent species was Candida albicans. None of the isolates were resistant to the antifungals tested. Our findings suggest that current indications for antifungal agents are appropriate. Also, antifungal susceptibility testing and proper fungal identification can help dentists to determine the optimal course of treatment for CAC.(AU)

O tratamento de escolha para candidíase atrófica crônica (CAC), também conhecida como estomatite protética, é a terapia antifúngica tópica. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar, identificar e avaliar a susceptibilidade antifúngica de espécies de Candida de locais mucosos em portadores de prótese com diagnóstico de CAC e determinar a prevalência de variáveis associadas. A amostra consistiu em 44 pacientes portadores de próteses completas ou parciais que tiveram um diagnóstico clínico de CAC. Usando swab estéril, foram coletados espécimes da mucosa oral de todos os pacientes e cultivados a 30ºC durante 48 h em CHROMagar Candida, como forma de isolamento e triagem das espécies. A identificação complementar das espécies foi realizada no sistema automatizado VITEK 2 (BioMérieux), bem como a determinação da susceptibilidade delas a agentes antifúngicos. Os dados foram analisados usando o teste do qui-quadrado. O STATA 13.1 foi utilizado para análise estatística ( = 5%). Dos 44 pacientes com CAC, 33 (75%) apresentaram lesões classificadas como Newton tipo II. As leveduras foram isoladas em 38 casos. A espécie mais prevalente foi Candida albicans. Nenhum dos isolados foi resistente aos antifúngicos testados. Nossas descobertas sugerem que as indicações atuais para os agentes antifúngicos são apropriadas. Além disso, testes de susceptibilidade antifúngicos e identificação fúngica adequada podem ajudar os dentistas a determinar o curso ótimo de tratamento para CAC.(AU)

Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Serovars Isolated From an Egg-Producing Region in Brazil

Fowl paratyphoid infections are caused by different Salmonella serovars that can affect a wide range of hosts. Due to its complex epidemiology, Salmonella serovar identification is crucial for the development and implementation of monitoring and control programs in poultry farms. Moreover, the characterization of the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from livestock is relevant to public health because they are a common causative agent of foodborne diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. and to identify the antimicrobial resistance profiles of strains isolated in the midwestern region of São Paulo state, which accounts for the highest production of table eggs in Brazil. For this purpose, 2008 fecal samples were collected on 151 commercial layer farms and submitted to microbiological analyses. Twenty-two serovars were isolated from 80 (52.9%) farms, among which S. Mbandaka and S. Braenderup were the most prevalent. All isolates expressed resistance to at least one of the 23 antimicrobials tested, and the highest resistance rates were determined against streptomycin (93.5%) and sulfonamide (84.6%). Moreover, multidrug resistance was observed in 41% of the isolates and the maximum drug resistance profile was against ten different antimicrobials. Therefore, the identification of Salmonella serovars in poultry production provides epidemiological knowledge to develop prevention and control measures in order to ensure poultry health and to prevent human infection by multiresistant strains.(AU)

Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Serovars Isolated From an Egg-Producing Region in Brazil

Fowl paratyphoid infections are caused by different Salmonella serovars that can affect a wide range of hosts. Due to its complex epidemiology, Salmonella serovar identification is crucial for the development and implementation of monitoring and control programs in poultry farms. Moreover, the characterization of the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from livestock is relevant to public health because they are a common causative agent of foodborne diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. and to identify the antimicrobial resistance profiles of strains isolated in the midwestern region of São Paulo state, which accounts for the highest production of table eggs in Brazil. For this purpose, 2008 fecal samples were collected on 151 commercial layer farms and submitted to microbiological analyses. Twenty-two serovars were isolated from 80 (52.9%) farms, among which S. Mbandaka and S. Braenderup were the most prevalent. All isolates expressed resistance to at least one of the 23 antimicrobials tested, and the highest resistance rates were determined against streptomycin (93.5%) and sulfonamide (84.6%). Moreover, multidrug resistance was observed in 41% of the isolates and the maximum drug resistance profile was against ten different antimicrobials. Therefore, the identification of Salmonella serovars in poultry production provides epidemiological knowledge to develop prevention and control measures in order to ensure poultry health and to prevent human infection by multiresistant strains.

Host status of soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne morocciensis / Hospedabilidade de genótipos de soja a Meloidogyne arenaria e Meloidogyne morocciensis

Soybean crop productivity is limited by several biotic factors, particularly plant-parasitic nematodes. Several species have been reported to cause crop damage, especially those of the genus Meloidogyne. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate, the reaction of 28 soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne arenaria and M. morocciensis in a greenhouse. The soybean genotypes were the same for experiments with different species of plant-parasitic nematodes and were individually inoculated with 5,000 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne and kept in a greenhouse. After 60 days of inoculation, the roots of each plant were assessed for the number of galls, final population, and reproduction factor (RF = final population/initial population). The averages of the different variables were then compared to each other by the Scott-Knott cluster analysis at a significance level of 5%. All of the soybean genotypes in the study were susceptible to both nematodes, with RF ranging from 3.5 to 24.1 for M. arenaria and 5.3 to 37.5 for M. morocciensis.

A cultura da soja tem sua produtividade limitada por diversos fatores bióticos, dentre estes destacam-se os fitonematoides. Várias espécies já foram relatadas causando danos à cultura, especialmente as do gênero Meloidogyne.  Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, em casa de vegetação, a reação de 28 cultivares de soja a M. arenaria e M. morocciensis. As cultivares de soja testadas foram as mesmas para os dois ensaios, sendo individualmente inoculadas com 5.000 ovos + juvenis do segundo estádio (J2) de Meloidogyne mantidas em casa de vegetação. Decorridos 60 dias da inoculação, as raízes de cada planta foram avaliadas quanto ao número de galhas, população final e fator de reprodução (FR = população final/população inicial). A seguir, as médias das diferentes variáveis foram comparadas entre si pelo teste de agrupamento de Scott e Knott a 5%. Todas as cultivares de soja avaliadas comportaram-se como suscetíveis a ambos nematoides, com FR variando 3,5 a 24,1 para M. arenaria, e de 5,3 a 37,5 para o M. morocciensis.

Antifungal susceptibility profile of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from avian lungs / Perfil de suscetibilidade antifúngica de isolados de Aspergillus fumigatus provenientes de pulmões de aves

Susceptibility testing is essential to inform the correct management of Aspergillus infections. In this study we present antifungal susceptibility profile of A. fumigatus isolates recovered from lungs of birds with and without aspergillosis. Fifty three isolates were tested for their antifungal susceptibility to voriconazole (VRC), itraconazole (ITZ), amphotericin (AMB) and caspofungin (CSP) using the M38-A2 broth microdilution reference method. Five isolates were resistant to more than one antifungal drug (CSP + AMB, VRC + ITZ and AMB + ITZ). Fifteen (28%) isolates with susceptible increased exposure (I) to ITZ were sensible to VRC. Resistance to AMB (>2µg/mL) was observed in only four isolates. Eleven (21%) A. fumigatus present resistance to ITZ (13%) and VRC (8%). Fungal isolation from respiratory samples has been regarded as being of limited usefulness in the ante mortem diagnosis of aspergillosis in birds. However, the results suggest that the detection and antifungal susceptibility profile may be helpful for monitoring of therapy for avian species and where antifungal resistance might be emerging and what conditions are associated to the event.(AU)

Os testes de suscetibilidade são essenciais para informar o correto manejo das infecções por Aspergillus. Neste estudo apresentamos o perfil antifúngico de isolados de A. fumigatus provenientes de pulmões de aves com e sem aspergilose. Cinqüenta e três isolados foram testados quanto à susceptibilidade antifúngica ao voriconazol (VRC), itraconazol (ITZ), anfotericina B (AMB) e caspofungina (CSP) pelo método de referência de microdiluição do caldo M38-A2. Cinco isolados foram resistentes a mais de um antifúngico (CSP + AMB, VRC + ITZ e AMB + ITZ). Quinze (28%) isolados suscetíveis - com exposição aumentada (I) ao ITZ foram sensíveis ao VRC. A resistência ao AMB (>2µg/mL) foi observada em apenas quatro isolados. Onze (21%) A. fumigatus apresentaram resistência a ITZ (13%) e VRC (8%). O isolamento de fungos de amostras respiratórias tem sido considerado de utilidade limitada no diagnóstico ante mortem de aspergilose em aves. No entanto, os resultados sugerem que a detecção e o perfil de suscetibilidade a antifúngicos podem ser úteis para o monitoramento da terapia de espécies aviárias, assim como a emergência da resistência antifúngica e quais condições podem estar associadas ao evento.(AU)

Host status of soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne morocciensis / Hospedabilidade de genótipos de soja a Meloidogyne arenaria e Meloidogyne morocciensis

Soybean crop productivity is limited by several biotic factors, particularly plant-parasitic nematodes. Several species have been reported to cause crop damage, especially those of the genus Meloidogyne. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate, the reaction of 28 soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne arenaria and M. morocciensis in a greenhouse. The soybean genotypes were the same for experiments with different species of plant-parasitic nematodes and were individually inoculated with 5,000 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne and kept in a greenhouse. After 60 days of inoculation, the roots of each plant were assessed for the number of galls, final population, and reproduction factor (RF = final population/initial population). The averages of the different variables were then compared to each other by the Scott-Knott cluster analysis at a significance level of 5%. All of the soybean genotypes in the study were susceptible to both nematodes, with RF ranging from 3.5 to 24.1 for M. arenaria and 5.3 to 37.5 for M. morocciensis.(AU)

A cultura da soja tem sua produtividade limitada por diversos fatores bióticos, dentre estes destacam-se os fitonematoides. Várias espécies já foram relatadas causando danos à cultura, especialmente as do gênero Meloidogyne.  Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, em casa de vegetação, a reação de 28 cultivares de soja a M. arenaria e M. morocciensis. As cultivares de soja testadas foram as mesmas para os dois ensaios, sendo individualmente inoculadas com 5.000 ovos + juvenis do segundo estádio (J2) de Meloidogyne mantidas em casa de vegetação. Decorridos 60 dias da inoculação, as raízes de cada planta foram avaliadas quanto ao número de galhas, população final e fator de reprodução (FR = população final/população inicial). A seguir, as médias das diferentes variáveis foram comparadas entre si pelo teste de agrupamento de Scott e Knott a 5%. Todas as cultivares de soja avaliadas comportaram-se como suscetíveis a ambos nematoides, com FR variando 3,5 a 24,1 para M. arenaria, e de 5,3 a 37,5 para o M. morocciensis.(AU)