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Reports on thyroid carcinomas in bovines are scarce. An 18-year-old Nellore cow was referred to a veterinary hospital due to lateral recumbency lasting one day after falling on irregular terrain. The patient was clinically diagnosed with spinal cord injury. Necropsy and histopathology revealed a thyroid tubule papillary carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed discrete positive cells for calcitonin, moderately positive cells for thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), and strongly positive cells for thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland. Thus, this report describes a case of a mixed tubule papillary carcinoma derived from both medullary and follicular cells in a Nellore cow.(AU)

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Purpose: To develop and validate a trans oral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) simulator. Methods: The first phase of the project consisted of designing and developing a transoral thyroid surgery simulator based on real surgeries. The product has the oral cavity for attaching the three trocars and the cervical part containing the thyroid and adjacent structures. In the second phase, the simulator was validated by specialists who performed an endoscopic thyroidectomy procedure. They all filled a questionnaire about the simulator and the simulation based on the Likert scale. Results: The simulator consists of a console similar to a human bust and a high-resolution camera system connected to a 22-inch monitor. The simulator had excellent results in the visual evaluation (face validity), with 100% of responses between good and excellent for the following characteristics: synthetic structures, design, visibility of the surgery field, resistance, resilience, fulcrum effect, ergonomics, surgical material, and practicality. The last three were rated higher, with more votes for excellent. For content validity, the items that received the best ratings were, precisely, the steps relating to the surgical procedure: opening the intermuscular midline, isthmotomy, and thyroidectomy. Conclusions: The thyroidectomy training box showed great ability to simulate a TOETVA, with satisfactory evaluations concerning its visual and content validation.

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This study aimed to determine the morphological and metric of the thyroid gland, and Total T4 and Free T4 hormonal values among domestic and wild felids without thyroid diseases. Thirty-three felids without thyroid diseases were evaluated, being 13 felids, one Panthera onca, three Pumas concolor, three small wild cats, three Pumas yagouaroundi, two Leopardus pardalis and one Leopardus wiedii, and 20 domestic felines. The animals were submitted to ultrasonography of the thyroid gland and to hormonal serum dosage of Total T4 and Free T4 by the technique of chemiluminescence. Subsequently, they were divided into groups according to weight, sex, and age. The mean volume of thyroid lobe was 0.11cm³ for domestic cats, 0.18cm³ for the mixed wild feline group (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Leopardus wiedii and Pumas yagouaroundi) and 1.57cm³ for the jaguar group (Panthera onca e Pumas concolor). The mean Total T4 and Free T4 were 2.55µg/dL and 1.23ng/dL for domestic cats, 1.46µg/dL and 1.89ng/dL for the mixed feline group and 0.68µg/dL and 0.82ng/dL for the jaguar group, respectively. Animals over 10 years old presented higher Free T4 values.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a morfologia e a métrica da glândula tireoide e os valores hormonais de T4 total e T4 livre entre felinos domésticos e selvagens sem doenças da tireoide. Foram avaliados 33 felinos sem doenças da tireoide, sendo 13 felinos, uma Panthera onca, três Pumas concolor, três pequenos gatos selvagens, três Pumas yagouaroundi, dois Leopardus pardalis e um Leopardus wiedii, e 20 felinos domésticos. Os animais foram submetidos à ultrassonografia da glândula tireoide e à dosagem sérica hormonal de T4 total e T4 livre pela técnica de quimioluminescência. Em seguida, foram divididos em grupos de acordo com peso, sexo e idade. O volume médio do lobo da tireoide foi de 0,11cm³ para gatos domésticos, 0,18cm³ para o grupo misto de felinos selvagens (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Leopardus wiedii e Pumas yagouaroundi) e 1,57 cm³ para o grupo de onças-pintadas (Panthera onca e Pumas concolor). A média de T4 total e T4 livre foi de 2,55µg/dL e 1,23ng/dL para gatos domésticos, 1,46ug/dL e 1,89ng/dL para o grupo de felinos mistos e 0,68ug/dL e 0,82ng/dL para o grupo da onça-pintada, respectivamente. Os animais com mais de 10 anos de idade apresentaram valores mais altos de T4 livre.

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Background: Thyroid tumor is a common endocrine tumor that accounts for up to 3.8% of all tumors in dogs. Most of them are malignant and usually nonfunctional in dogs. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is an imaging modality that detects intracellular accumulation of radioactive deoxyglucose administered in the body and is used in combination with computed tomography to provide functional information with exact anatomical localization. It is used in human medicine to detect residual or recurrent head and neck neoplasm after treatments, such as surgical resection. This report describes the first case of diagnosing recurrent thyroid carcinoma (TC) through FDG-PET in a dog. Case: A 9-year-old castrated male Maltese dog presented with a palpable mobile mass in the right ventral cervical region. Radiography and ultrasonography (US) showed a radiopaque mass adjacent to the trachea, and the right thyroid gland was enlarged on computed tomography. The surgically excised mass was encapsulated and measured to be 2.3 × 1.0 × 3.4 cm (width x length x height) in size. Histopathologically, the mass was diagnosed as differentiated follicular TC, and gross and vascular invasions were observed. To prevent recurrence, postoperative carboplatin chemotherapy was performed for 5 months. Two months after completion of chemotherapy, a nodule of approximately 7 mm in diameter was detected in the thyroidectomy bed by US. FDG-PET scanning was performed as an effective means of evaluating the malignancy, local recurrence, and metastasis of differentiated follicular TC. The nodule had the dimensions of 2.8 × 5.9 × 8.6 mm, a maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) of 8.49, and a mean SUV of 5.6. The results of FDG-PET suggested the recurrence of TC; therefore, the second chemotherapy protocol using toceranib was applied for 16 months. After initiation of the 2nd chemotherapy, follow-up examinations were conducted approximately every 4 months. On the 134th day, although the nodule was not palpated, its size was observed to have increased to 5.0 × 3.8 × 13.6 mm on cervical US on the 232nd day, showing heterogeneous and hypoechoic parenchyma. On the 405th day, the tumor was enlarged to a size of 13.4 × 12.9 × 22 mm and identified as a lobular, amorphous shape, and its heterogeneity was increased. Moreover, 2 pulmonary nodules with well-defined margins were found on radiography in the left caudal lung lobe (9 × 10 mm and 12 × 12 mm [width × length]); thus, lung metastasis was suspected. On the 536th day, anorexia and lethargy occurred, and the dog was lost to follow-up. Discussion: In the present case, local recurrence of TC was suspected based on cervical US. Although US was useful as a screening tool, additional examinations were necessary for evaluating local invasiveness, malignancy, and nodal/distant metastasis. FDG-PET can detect recurrence at an early stage because it can sense increased tumor metabolism through physiologic absorption of FDG, even before the beginning of anatomic change in the lesion. Therefore, FDG-PET can assist in treatment planning and provide better prognosis. In humans, focal FDG uptake and a high maximum SUV in the thyroid gland on FDG-PET were associated with a higher risk of cancer. Because there was no evidence of neoplasia except the thyroid lesion during the FDG-PET examination, the tumor showed an increasingly malignant pattern of the thyroid gland on US during the follow-up period, and the metastatic pulmonary nodules were identified on the 650th day after the thyroidectomy, the present case was diagnosed as recurrent TC. This report describes the use of FDG-PET for diagnosing local recurrence of TC, pointing to FDG-PET as a potential strategy to evaluate loco-regional recurrence and distant metastasis of TC.

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It is well known that the concentration of the thyroid hormone thyroxine increases as day length increases, and the other way around, in Karagouniko and Chios ewes but based on openly international English literature, nothing is known about this hormone on the rams of the breeds mentioned above concerning a meticulous analysis of their aerial environment. So from this perspective, the current research was conducted to investigate the thyroxine concentrations of Karagouniko and Chios rams, taking into account two periods, January-June and July-November, when the day length was increasing and decreasing, respectively. Apart from photoperiod, the meteorological variables air temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine were taken into consideration in the farm of the Artificial Insemination Center of Karditsa (39021΄18΄΄N, 21054΄19΄΄E), Greece (temperate climate zone), where the experimental animals raised. The possible change of thyroxine concentration in both sheep breeds and the possible changes of the abovementioned meteorological variables between the examined periods were detected using t-tests. Higher thyroxine values (P < 0.05) were confirmed in JanuaryJune (55.11 ng/ml in Karagouniko and 47.72 ng/ml in Chios rams), in comparison to July-November (49.03 ng/ml in Karagouniko and 44.14 ng/ml in Chios rams). Air temperature and sunshine followed a reverse course (P < 0.05). In both periods, Karagouniko rams were characterized by higher concentrations of thyroxine than Chios rams (P < 0.01). Our results add more insight into the physiology of Karagouniko and Chios sheep related to thyroxine and temperate aerial environment.

Resumo

The current research investigated triiodothyronine concentrations in Karagouniko and Chios rams in a temperate climate zone, considering the periods January-June and July-November, characterized by a gradual increase and decrease of daylight length, respectively. The animals raised in the farm of the Artificial Insemination Center of Karditsa (39021΄18΄΄N, 21054΄19΄΄E), Greece, and the meteorological variables air temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine, as well as photoperiod, were considered for a more detailed analysis. T-tests were used to detect possible changes in the concentration of triiodothyronine in both sheep breeds and in the abovementioned meteorological variables. January-June coincided with significantly higher (P < 0.05) triiodothyronine concentrations in Karagouniko and Chios rams (0.82 ng/ml and 0.77 ng/ml, respectively) compared to July-November (0.72 ng/ml in Karagouniko and 0.67 ng/ml in Chios rams). Air temperature and sunshine followed the opposite pattern (P < 0.05). Karagouniko rams showed higher triiodothyronine concentrations than Chios rams, irrespective of the season. Our findings shed light on an important aspect of the thyroid gland function in Karagouniko and Chios sheep under temperate environmental conditions.

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In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera essential oil (MOEO) supplementation to rations of Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) grown under heat stress (HS) on some adipokine (visfatin, adiponectin, and chemerin), intestinal (citrulline), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH) levels in the serum. For this purpose, 320 day-old male quail chicks were used. The study was conducted over 42 days, including a 7-d adaptation period and a 35-d experimental period. Eight trial groups were established, each including 10 quail: CT (control temperature, 25 ℃), MOEO 200, MOEO 400, MOEO 600, HSC (HS control), SMOEO 200, SMOEO 400, and SMOEO 600. Based on the results, a dose-dependent decrease was observed on days 21 and 42 in serum adiponectin and T3 in the stress and stress-free groups compared with the control group due to MOEO supplementation. The lowest decrease was observed in the MOEO 600 mg/kg dose group. In addition, an increase in stressed groups was observed when examining serum citrulline levels, while chemerin levels did not have a statistically significant effect. While the decrease in serum visfatin, T4, and TSH levels on the 21st day did not have a statistically significant effect, a significant effect was determined on the 42nd day. The addition of MOEO at 600 mg/kg to the ration may be beneficial in preventing intestinal damage and inflammation that may occur due to HS.

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O presente trabalho relata um caso de carcinoma de tireoide em um felino doméstico, SRD de 10 anos de idade, fêmea, em que foram realizados exames laboratoriais e de imagem no laboratório veterinário Delort em Jundiaí (SP). A paciente apresentava apenas perda de peso e aumento de volume em região cervical ventral no início do quadro. Durante os exames de ultrassom abdominal e radiografia torácica observou-se presença de efusão pleural e opacificação pulmonar por padrão miliar, o que sugeria um quadro metastático. Após os achados o paciente foi encaminhado para o oncologista, além de ser realizada a colheita de material para exame citológico, onde foi confirmado o diagnóstico de carcinoma.(AU)

This paper reports a case of thyroid carcinoma in a crossbreed domestic feline, 10 years old, female. Laboratory and imaging exams were performed at the veterinary laboratory Delort in Jundiaí (SP). The patient presented weight loss and volume increase in the ventral cervical region at the beginning of the condition. During abdominal ultrasound and thorax radiography, pleural effusion and pulmonary opacification by miliary pattern were observed, which suggested a pulmonary metastasis. After the findings, the patient was referred to the oncologist, in addition to the collection of material for cytological examination, where the diagnosis of carcinoma was confirmed.(AU)

Resumo

The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effects of whole kumquat (Ku) powder in diabetic rats fed a high-fat-high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using stable 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl benzo thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Total phenolic content was (51.85 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content was (0.24 mg Cateachin Equivalent, CE/g). DPPH and ABTS values were 3.32 and 3.98 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g where FRAP value was 3.00 mM Fe²+/kg dry material. A total of 90 albino rats were used in the present study. Rats group were as follows: normal diet; normal treated (2, 4, and 6% Ku.), diabetic rats (non-treated), diabetic + HFHC diet (non-treated), HFHC (non-treated), Diabetic (treated), HFHC (treated) and Diabetic + HFHC (treated). The diets were followed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Serum glucose was recorded and thyroid hormones (T4, Thyroxine and T3, Triiodothyronine) were conducted. Diet supplemented with Kumquat at different concentrations have a hypoglycemic effect and improve the thyroid hormones of both diabetic rats and HFHC diabetic rats.

O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a composição química, a atividade antioxidante e os efeitos hipoglicêmicos do pó de kumquat (Ku) em ratos diabéticos alimentados com uma dieta rica em gordura e colesterol (HFHC). As atividades antioxidantes foram avaliadas usando o método de eliminação de radicais livres de 1,1-difenil 2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico) radical cátion (ABTS) e antioxidante redutor férrico potência (FRAP). O conteúdo fenólico total foi (51,85 mg GAE / g) e o conteúdo total de flavonoides foi (0,24 mg Cateachin Equivalent, CE / g). Os valores de DPPH e ABTS foram 3,32 e 3,98 mg equivalente de Trolox (TE) / g, em que o valor de FRAP foi de 3,00 mM Fe²+ / kg de material seco. Um total de 90 ratos albinos foi usado no presente estudo. O grupo dos ratos foi o seguinte: dieta normal: tratados normais (2, 4 e 6% Ku.), ratos diabéticos (não tratados), diabéticos + dieta HFHC (não tratados), HFHC (não tratados), diabéticos (tratados), HFHC (tratados) e diabéticos + HFHC (tratados). As dietas foram seguidas por 8 semanas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ao final do experimento. A glicose sérica foi registrada e os hormônios tireoidianos (T4, Tiroxina e T3, Triiodotironina) foram conduzidos. A dieta suplementada com kumquat em diferentes concentrações tem um efeito hipoglicêmico e melhora os hormônios tireoidianos tanto de ratos diabéticos quanto de ratos diabéticos com HFHC.

Resumo

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effects of whole kumquat (Ku) powder in diabetic rats fed a high-fat-high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using stable 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, 2,2´-azinobis (3-ethyl benzo thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Total phenolic content was (51.85 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content was (0.24 mg Cateachin Equivalent, CE/g). DPPH and ABTS values were 3.32 and 3.98 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g where FRAP value was 3.00 mM Fe2+/kg dry material. A total of 90 albino rats were used in the present study. Rats group were as follows: normal diet; normal treated (2, 4, and 6% Ku.), diabetic rats (non-treated), diabetic + HFHC diet (non-treated), HFHC (non-treated), Diabetic (treated), HFHC (treated) and Diabetic + HFHC (treated). The diets were followed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Serum glucose was recorded and thyroid hormones (T4, Thyroxine and T3, Triiodothyronine) were conducted. Diet supplemented with Kumquat at different concentrations have a hypoglycemic effect and improve the thyroid hormones of both diabetic rats and HFHC diabetic rats.

Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a composição química, a atividade antioxidante e os efeitos hipoglicêmicos do pó de kumquat (Ku) em ratos diabéticos alimentados com uma dieta rica em gordura e colesterol (HFHC). As atividades antioxidantes foram avaliadas usando o método de eliminação de radicais livres de 1,1-difenil 2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico) radical cátion (ABTS) e antioxidante redutor férrico potência (FRAP). O conteúdo fenólico total foi (51,85 mg GAE / g) e o conteúdo total de flavonoides foi (0,24 mg Cateachin Equivalent, CE / g). Os valores de DPPH e ABTS foram 3,32 e 3,98 mg equivalente de Trolox (TE) / g, em que o valor de FRAP foi de 3,00 mM Fe2 + / kg de material seco. Um total de 90 ratos albinos foi usado no presente estudo. O grupo dos ratos foi o seguinte: dieta normal: tratados normais (2, 4 e 6% Ku.), ratos diabéticos (não tratados), diabéticos + dieta HFHC (não tratados), HFHC (não tratados), diabéticos (tratados), HFHC (tratados) e diabéticos + HFHC (tratados). As dietas foram seguidas por 8 semanas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ao final do experimento. A glicose sérica foi registrada e os hormônios tireoidianos (T4, Tiroxina e T3, Triiodotironina) foram conduzidos. A dieta suplementada com kumquat em diferentes concentrações tem um efeito hipoglicêmico e melhora os hormônios tireoidianos tanto de ratos diabéticos quanto de ratos diabéticos com HFHC.

Resumo

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effects of whole kumquat (Ku) powder in diabetic rats fed a high-fat-high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using stable 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, 2,2´-azinobis (3-ethyl benzo thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Total phenolic content was (51.85 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content was (0.24 mg Cateachin Equivalent, CE/g). DPPH and ABTS values were 3.32 and 3.98 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g where FRAP value was 3.00 mM Fe2+/kg dry material. A total of 90 albino rats were used in the present study. Rats group were as follows: normal diet; normal treated (2, 4, and 6% Ku.), diabetic rats (non-treated), diabetic + HFHC diet (non-treated), HFHC (non-treated), Diabetic (treated), HFHC (treated) and Diabetic + HFHC (treated). The diets were followed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Serum glucose was recorded and thyroid hormones (T4, Thyroxine and T3, Triiodothyronine) were conducted. Diet supplemented with Kumquat at different concentrations have a hypoglycemic effect and improve the thyroid hormones of both diabetic rats and HFHC diabetic rats.

Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a composição química, a atividade antioxidante e os efeitos hipoglicêmicos do pó de kumquat (Ku) em ratos diabéticos alimentados com uma dieta rica em gordura e colesterol (HFHC). As atividades antioxidantes foram avaliadas usando o método de eliminação de radicais livres de 1,1-difenil 2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico) radical cátion (ABTS) e antioxidante redutor férrico potência (FRAP). O conteúdo fenólico total foi (51,85 mg GAE / g) e o conteúdo total de flavonoides foi (0,24 mg Cateachin Equivalent, CE / g). Os valores de DPPH e ABTS foram 3,32 e 3,98 mg equivalente de Trolox (TE) / g, em que o valor de FRAP foi de 3,00 mM Fe2 + / kg de material seco. Um total de 90 ratos albinos foi usado ​​no presente estudo. O grupo dos ratos foi o seguinte: dieta normal: tratados normais (2, 4 e 6% Ku.), ratos diabéticos (não tratados), diabéticos + dieta HFHC (não tratados), HFHC (não tratados), diabéticos (tratados), HFHC (tratados) e diabéticos + HFHC (tratados). As dietas foram seguidas por 8 semanas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ao final do experimento. A glicose sérica foi registrada e os hormônios tireoidianos (T4, Tiroxina e T3, Triiodotironina) foram conduzidos. A dieta suplementada com kumquat em diferentes concentrações tem um efeito hipoglicêmico e melhora os hormônios tireoidianos tanto de ratos diabéticos quanto de ratos diabéticos com HFHC.

Resumo

This study had as objective to describe, through a bibliographic review, of how the GLUT4 glucose-transporter protein's metabolical process contributes for the skeletal muscular tissue development through the addition of iodine in the nourishment, causing the liberation of the hormones Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4), stimulators of the GLUT4 protein. The synthesis of these hormones consists of the metabolism of iodine, through the transport of extracellular iodides to the glandular cells and to the thyroid follicles and can induce the muscular action in the swine species of GLUT4 glucose transporters, that are abundantly present in the cellular membranes of skeletal and cardiac muscles, as well as adipose tissue. Articles, periodicals and studies were used to carry out this research. The aim of this research was to present the producer with options to maintain the excellence of his product and to ensure that it reaches the market with quality and low production costs It was concluded that, by inducing thyroid hormones, there could be an increase in muscle hypertrophy through GLUT4 translocation.

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever, através de uma revisão bibliográfica, como o processo do metabolismo de translocação da proteína transportadora de glicose GLUT4 contribui para o desenvolvimento do tecido muscular esquelético através de uma adição de iodo na nutrição, causando a liberação dos hormônios Triiodotironina (T3) e Tiroxina (T4), estimuladores da proteína GLUT4. A síntese destes hormônios consiste no metabolismo de iodo, através do transporte de iodetos extracelulares para as células glandulares e para os folículos da tireoide podendo induzir a ação muscular na espécie suína dos transportadores de glicose GLUT4 que são abundantemente presentes nas membranas celulares dos músculos esquelético e cardíaco, além do tecido adiposo. Para a realização dessa pesquisa, foram utilizados artigos, periódicos e estudos. A proposta dessa pesquisa visou apresentar opções para que o produtor consiga manter a qualidade de seu produto e que esse chegue ao mercado com qualidade e baixo custo de produção. Concluiu-se que, através da indução dos hormônios tireoidianos, pode haver um aumento de hipertrofia muscular pela translocação da GLUT4.

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The hyperthyroidism is the most frequently endocrinopathy in cats. The increasing number of diagnoses over time is due to the greater familiarity with the disease and the development of increasingly sensitive diagnostic tools available. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics and risk factors of hyperthyroidism in cats admitted at one of the largest veterinary teaching hospital in Brazil. Between 2002 and 2007, 234 cats were admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. Total thyroxine (T4t) serum concentration was measured from all cats. Also analyzed the medical charts of cats. Of the 234 cats, 26 (11.1%) were considered hyperthyroid (T4t ≥3.8 µg/dL). Of hese 26 cats, only two (7.7%) were initially diagnosed as hyperthyroid. The age of cats ranged from 6 to 27 years old (13.1 ± 4.5 years). Twelve patients (46.2%) were female and 14 (53.8%) were male. Eight (30.8%) cats were Siamese, while the others were mixed breed (69.2%). Dry food was the most common food type consumed by cats. There was a high prevalence of hyperthyroid cats with concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study sheds light on the importance of routinely monitoring feline hyperthyroidism and brings epidemiological and clinical data of this endocrinopathy in cats from one of the largest veterinary teaching hospitals in the country.(AU)

O hipertireoidismo é a endocrinopatia mais frequente em gatos. O aumento do número de diagnósticos ao longo do tempo deve-se à maior familiaridade com a doença e ao desenvolvimento de ferramentas diagnósticas cada vez mais sensíveis. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar retrospectivamente a prevalência, características clínicas e fatores de risco do de hiperti-reoidismo em gatos atendidos em um dos maiores hospitais veterinários universitários do Brasil. Entre 2002 e 2007, 234 gatos foram admitidos no hospital veterinário universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. A concentração sérica total de tiroxina (T4t) foi mensurada em todos os gatos. Também foram analisados os prontuários médicos dos gatos. Dos 234 gatos, 26 (11,1%) foram considerados hipertireoideos (T4t ≥3,8 µg/dL). Desses 26 gatos, apenas dois (7,7%) foram diagnosticados inicialmente com hipertireoidismo. A idade dos gatos variou de 6 a 27 anos (13,1 ± 4,5 anos). Doze pacientes (46,2%) eram do sexo feminino e 14 (53,8%) do sexo masculino. Oito (30,8%) eram siameses, enquanto os demais eram mestiços (69,2%). A ração seca foi o tipo de alimento mais consumido. Houve alta prevalência de gatos hipertireoideos com doença renal crônica (DRC) concomitante. Este estudo esclarece a importância do monitoramento rotineiro do hipertireoidismo felino e traz dados epidemiológicos e clínicos desta endocrinopatia em gatos de um dos maiores hospitais veterinários do País.(AU)

Resumo

This study aimed to describe a case of compact thyroid carcinoma in a dog, emphasizing the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical evolution. An 11-year-old mixed-breed male canine was attended at a private clinic, complaining of swelling in the ventral cervical region and difficulty breathing. A mass close to the thyroid gland was observed in the cervical ultrasound and a mixed tumor was identified by cytology. Based on follow-up exams, the therapeutic approach to be adopted was determined: total surgical resection of the right portion of the thyroid gland, together with the parathyroid glands, followed by chemotherapy with doxorubicin. The histopathology of the tissue removed confirmed the compact thyroid carcinoma. After thyroid removal, signs of hypothyroidism were confirmed by the hormonal dosage and the canine received hormone replacement with Levothyroxine as treatment, ceasing the symptoms. During routine follow-up, the presence of miliary pulmonary metastases was identified. The patient continued with the chemotherapy sessions, presenting a stable condition for almost 6 months after starting the treatment. However, clinical signs of dyspnea were manifested, resulting in a gradual worsening. Thus, the tutors chose to euthanize the animal after 9 months of treatment. According to the case described, thyroidectomy is an option of treatment for cases of thyroid carcinoma with wide dimensions. However, the technique's success depends on the effective and complete removal of the affected tissue due to the high frequency of metastases and the possible occurrence of secondary hypothyroidism.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, descrever um caso de carcinoma compacto de tireoide em cão, enfatizando o diagnóstico, o tratamento e a evolução clínica. O paciente foi atendido em uma clínica particular, sendo um canino macho, sem raça definida, de 11 anos, com queixa de edema cervical ventral e dificuldade respiratória. Pela ultrassonografia cervical, foi observada uma massa próxima à glândula tireoide e pela citologia, um tumor misto. A partir dos exames de acompanhamento, foi determinada a conduta terapêutica a ser adotada: ressecção cirúrgica total da porção direita da glândula tireoide, junto às paratireoides, seguida de quimioterapia com doxorrubicina. A histopatologia do tecido removido confirmou o carcinoma compacto da tireoide. Após a remoção da tireoide, sinais de hipotireoidismo foram confirmados pela dosagem hormonal, sendo feita reposição hormonal com Levotiroxina, cessando os sintomas. Durante o acompanhamento de rotina, foi identificada a presença de metástase pulmonar miliar. O paciente continuou suas sessões de quimioterapia, mantendo um quadro estável por quase seis meses após o início do tratamento. No entanto, sinais clínicos de dispneia foram manifestados, com piora gradativa do quadro, tendo os tutores optado pela eutanásia do animal após nove meses do início do tratamento. De acordo com o exposto, conclui-se que a tireoidectomia é um tratamento de escolha para os casos de carcinoma de tireoide com amplas dimensões. Entretanto, o sucesso da técnica depende da remoção efetiva e completa do tecido afetado, devido à alta frequência de metástases, além de poder ser acompanhada por um quadro de hipotireoidismo secundário.

Resumo

Hipertireoidismo é uma doença causada pela disfunção do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-tireoide, na qual há um aumento na produção e secreção de T3 (triiodotironina) e T4 (tiroxina). É comum em gatos de meia idade a idosos, mas raro em cães, nos quais normalmente são causados por iatrogenia ou neoplasias da tireoide. O presente trabalho relata um caso de hipertireoidismo em um cão da raça golden retriever, secundário a um carcinoma folicular-compacto de tireoide. A enfermidade causa alterações em diversos sistemas, portanto é importante que o diagnóstico precoce seja firmado para o sucesso do tratamento e a avaliação do tamanho, da invasividade tumoral, da presença de metástases, bem como, das condições clínicas do paciente que são essenciais para a escolha da terapêutica.(AU)

Hyperthyroidism is a disease caused by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis dysfunction, in which there is an increased production and secretion of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). It is common in middle aged to old cats but is rare in dogs, in which are usually a result of iatrogenic cause or thyroid neoplasia. The present paper reports a case of hyperthyroidism in a golden retriever dog secondary to a thyroid follicular-compact carcinoma. The disease causes changes in several systems, so to achieve the treatment's success it must be performed an early diagnoses. The analyzis of the tumor size and invasion, presence of metastasis and the patient's clinical conditions are essential to the settlement of the therapeutic choice.(AU)

Resumo

The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro action of triiodothyronine (T3) on the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) of female rats, with different time periods and doses. ASCs were extracted from female Wistar rats and were cultured in chondrogenic medium with and without the presence of T3. Five groups were established: 1) ASCs without T3; and 2,3,4,5) ASCs with 0.01, 1, 100 and 1,000 nM T3, respectively). After 7, 14 and 21 days, cell morphology, chondrogenic matrix formation, and expression of Sox9, aggrecan, collagen II, and collagen X were evaluated. The Student-Newman-Keuls test was used. ASCs showed CD54, CD73, and CD90 before chondrogenic differentiation. The hormone treatment did not alter chondrogenic matrix formation, Sox9 expression at 14 or 21 days, or expression of collagen II or collagen X at any time. However, the 0.01, 1, and 1000 nM T3 doses decreased Sox9 expression at 7 days. In conclusion, chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs of female rats is not influenced by T3.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o efeito in vitro da triiodotironina (T3) na diferenciação condrogênica de células tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-TA) de ratas, durante vários períodos e em várias doses. CTM-TA foram coletadas de ratas Wistar e cultivadas em meio condrogênico com ou sem a presença de T3. Constitui-se cinco grupos: 1) CTM-TA sem T3; e 2,3,4,5) CTM-TA com T3 (0,01; 1; 100 e 1000 nM, respectivamente). Após sete, 14 e 21 dias, foram avaliados morfologia celular, formação de matriz condrogênica e expressão de Sox9, agrecano, colágeno II e colágeno X. Para as análises foi utilizado o teste de Student Newman Keuls. CTM-TA expressaram CD54, CD73 e CD90 antes da diferenciação condrogênica. O tratamento hormonal não alterou a formação de matriz condrogênica e a expressão de Sox9 aos 14 e 21 dias e expressão dos colágenos II e X em nenhum dos períodos avaliados. No entanto, as doses de 0,01; 1 e 1000 nM T3 diminuíram a expressão de Sox9 aos 7 dias. Conclui-se que a diferenciação condrogênica de CTM-TA de ratas não é influenciada pela T3.

Resumo

Background: In horses, the thyroid gland is located slightly caudal to the larynx and dorsolaterally between the third and sixth tracheal ring, adjacent to the thyroid, there are four small glands called parathyroid glands. In the clinical routine of horses, thyropathies are difficult to be diagnosed, as they have a silent evolution. Thyroid neoplasia is the most common finding in horses, usually unilateral and normally present in older animals. The present study reports a case of equine thyroid carcinoma and its systemic clinical effects, which was successfully treated by means of hemitieroidectomy. Case: A 12-year-old male mixed breed horse weighing 436 kg, was admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the FZEA/USP with the main complaint of volume increase in the right ventrolateral region of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, significant weight loss and weakness of the pelvic limbs. On inspection, there was an increase in volume in the topographic region of the thyroid gland and on palpation, there was a firm mass, with delimited edges, with a smooth, mobile surface, without increasing the temperature and without pain. The animal was sent for ultrasound examination, which revealed a delimited mass, with an apparent capsule around it, differentiated and disorganized cellularity with small hypoechoic points of liquid inside the structure, with no apparent vascularization inside the mass. These findings, associated with the anatomical location of the mass, were consistent with thyroid tissue. The clinical signs commonly observed in thyroid neoformations are respiratory stridor, decreased performance, difficulty in swallowing and suffocation. As there was a compromised diet and weight gain, as well as athletic performance, he chose to have a hemithyroidectomy. After surgery, histopathology of the tissue was performed and thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed. Postoperatively, the animal was medicated with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and anti-tetanus serum, after 10 days the stitches were removed and the animal was discharged. Discussion: Neoplasia is the most frequent cause of progressive thyroid growth and in case of suspicion of thyroid disorders, thin needle aspiration (FNAB) is recommended and, later, histopathological examination, which is considered the gold standard for diagnosis pathologies of the thyroid gland. In the present case, no FNAB or preoperative histopathological examination was performed due to the time required to obtain the result, associated with difficulty in swallowing and significant weight loss, which required immediate removal of the mass. Considering that the ultrasound examination revealed the absence of noble structures or important vascularization very close to or adhered to the mass, its removal prior to the histopathological examination was indicated. As there was compromised feeding and weight gain, he opted for hemithyroidectomy, the recommended treatment for unilateral tumors in horses. When performing a hemithyroidectomy, it should be remembered that the parathyroid glands accompany the thyroid and are located in its posterior portion, in the pre tracheal region, with its variable final position. With this variation in topography, the identification of parathyroid glands becomes challenging and, consequently, after thyroidectomy, a portion of parathyroid glands stops operating, and this fact is marked clinically by hypocalcemia and its consequences. In this case described, in which the animal had a tumor in thyroid tissue, possibly the parathyroid functions were also altered, which probably reflected in the lameness in the pelvic limbs. It is concluded that partial hemithyroidectomy in horses is an easy procedure to perform and has favorable results in relation to prognosis and quality of life.

Resumo

Background: Hemoparasitoses are extremely important in the clinical routine because they affect a large number of dogs. In spite ofthe abundance of studies on this topic, hormonal alterations caused by infection with these agents are still poorly known. Therefore,the goal of this work was to assess the serum levels of thyroid hormones of dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis (E. canis) alone, anddogs infected with E. canis and Babesia canis vogeli (B. vogeli) and/or Anaplasma platys (A. platys) before and after treatment withdoxycycline chlorohydrate. This study also aimed at checking for presence of euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) in these animals.Materials, Methods & Results: The concentrations of the thyroid hormones total triiodothyronine (TT3), total tetraiodothyronine (TT4),free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), and canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) were assessed by chemiluminescence in 12 dogs. Nestedpolymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used to confirm diagnoses. The dogs were divided into 2 groups: G1, which comprised animalsinfected by E. canis alone, and G2, which included animals simultaneously infected by E. canis and B. vogeli and/or A. platys. Theserum concentrations of the thyroid hormones were measured at two time points: before (D1) and after (D2) the 28-day treatment withgeneric doxycycline chlorohydrate (DC) at a dose of 10 mg/kg SID. On D2, another nPCR was carried out to check the efficacy of thetreatment. On D2, in both groups, all dogs became negative for E. canis; however, 8 animals remained infected or were reinfected byother hemoparasites. On D1, 4 dogs in G1 exhibited low TT3 in conjunction with low TT4; one of the dogs had increased TT3 alone,and another dog had an increased TT3 accompanied by decreased TT4. In G2, on D1, one dog exhibited high TT3 accompanied by adecreased concentration of TT4; 2 dogs had decreased TT4; 2 dogs had increased TT3; and one dog had both TT3 and TT4 decreased...

Resumo

The aim of the current study was to evaluate cardiac status, ascitessusceptibility, thyroid hormones, some hematological parameters andperformance of five commercial broiler strains.Chicks were selected from strains of Cobb, Hubbard, Ross 308, Arbor Acres, and Arian (Iranian commercial broiler strain). Management and nutritional conditions were the same for all strains. Ascites related factors, and growth performancewere measured. The highest and lowest, RV weight/live weight at 21 day of age were related to Arian and Ross 308 strains, respectively (p 0.05). Ascites mortalities in the Ross 308 was zero; however, it had no significant difference with other strains (p >0.05).It was concluded that, based on performance and physiological status, even though considered broiler strains did not differ significantly because of the same genetic programs probably, but according to the prices and market conditions each can be selected for breeding.

Resumo

Few reports have been published regarding the use of ultrasonography as a method of evaluating the normal thyroid gland in horses. For these reasons, this study aimed at determining reliably of the thyroid measurements from the comparison between the left and right thyroid lobes, as well as assessing the contour, format, echotexture and echogenicity of the healthy thyroid by mode-B ultrasonography. Additionally, the equine thyroid vascularization was quali-quantitatively characterized the by Doppler. The sample size initially was determined by the animal selection with advanced age and without volume increase in the neck proximal region. Finally, eleven horses were selected by laboratory test, search of thyroid neoformations by ultrasonography and cytology thyroid. Next, these animals were submitted to thyroid lobes ultrasonographic evaluation. Excellent reproducibility was observed for all measurements obtained. Among the comparisons made between the quantitative parameters of the left and right lobes, it was observed that there was only difference between their respective lengths. Qualitatively, there was a significant variation between the lobes elliptical format in the longitudinal plane of some glands, which oscillated between a rounded and flattened conformation. Thus, we can conclude that the difference between the lobes format of some thyroids can be explained by the significant difference observed between the length of the left and right lobes. Additionally, it was verified that there was no difference between the Doppler quantitative parameters. Therefore, we may suggest that unilateral analysis of the cranial thyroid artery by spectral Doppler can be used to evaluate equine thyroid diffuse disorders.(AU)

Poucas análises foram publicadas com relação ao uso da ultrassonografia como método de avaliação da glândula tireoide hígida em equinos. Alguns trabalhos incluem a determinação das dimensões e características do parênquima. Por essas razões, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar com segurança as medidas tireoidianas a partir da comparação entre o lobo tireoidiano esquerdo e direito, bem como avaliar os contornos, formato, ecotextura e ecogenicidade das glândulas tireoides hígidas pela ultrassonografia em modo B. Além disso, a vascularização da tireoide equina foi caracterizada quali-quantitativamente pela ferramenta Doppler. O tamanho da amostra inicialmente foi determinado pela seleção dos animais com idade avançada e sem aumento de volume na região proximal do pescoço. Por fim, onze equinos foram selecionados por meio de exame laboratorial, pesquisa de neoformações tireoidianas por ultrassonografia e citologia da tireoide. Em seguida, estes animais foram submetidos à avaliação de lobos tireoidianos por ultrassonografia. Observou-se excelente reprodutibilidade em relação a todas as medidas deste estudo. Foram observadas diferenças qualitativas entre os lobos tireoidianos direito e esquerdo. Assim, podemos concluir que tais diferenças entre o formato dos lobos tireoidianos podem ser explicadas pela diferença significativa e/ou tendência observada no parâmetro comprimento entre os respectivos lobos. Além disso, não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os valores da artéria tireoidiana cranial esquerda em relação aos obtidos na artéria tireoidiana cranial direita, sugerindo que a análise dos valores espectrais do Doppler de uma das artérias tireoidianas craniais possa ser utilizada como método de avaliação de distúrbios difusos da tireoide equina.(AU)