Resumo
Scolytinae species that, in high populations, can damage reducing wood production in forest crops. These beetles are monitored with traps baited with ethanol and increasing their efficiency can improve the integrated management of these insects. The objective was to evaluate the increase in the capture efficiency of Scolytinae with a semi-funnel trap model, in two experiments, one including wooden elements and other increasing the flight interception area and to correlate the numbers of these beetles collected with climatic factors. In the experiment 1, Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake slats were directly attached to the collector flask and in another treatment, in addition to these slats, Cedrela sp. strips were inserted inside the bait holding hose. In the experiment 2, the insect interception area in the trap, originally 480 cm2, was expanded to 1,200 cm2 and compared with the model Pet-Santa Maria trap with an interception area of 550 cm2. Weekly collections were carried out between May 2018 and June 2019. The beetles collected were taken to the Wood Biodeterioration Laboratory of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) where they were sorted, identified at family level, counted and their number correlated with climatic factors. Statistical analyzes of the collected data were processed by the BioStat® 5.3 program. In the experiment 1 were collected 869 Scolytinae. The numbers of beetles collected per trap without modification, with E. urophylla slats and E. urophylla slats + Cedrela sp. strips were similar, 7.3 ± 3.8, 7.8 ± 6.2 and 7.7 ± 5.0 respectively. In the experiment 2 were collected 4,398 Scolytinae. Increasing the interception area of the beetles increased the efficiency of the semi-funnel trap, with 42.7 ± 20.5 Scolytinae collected compared to the original semi-funnel trap, 28.6 ± 12.6 and the Pet-Santa Maria, 20.4 ± 10.4, per trap. The number of Scolytinae did not correlate with climatic factors in the experiment 1 and it was correlated with temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, but not with precipitation, in the 2. The incorporation of E. urophylla slats or Cedrela sp. strips in the semi-funnel trap did not increase the number of beetles collected, but, the increase in the flight interception area and the temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were correlated with the number of beetles collected.
Espécies de besouros Scolytinae, em altas populações, podem danificar a madeira e reduzir a produtividade de cultivos florestais. Esses besouros são monitorados com armadilhas iscadas com etanol e o aumento da eficiência das mesmas pode melhorar o manejo integrado desses insetos. O objetivo foi avaliar o aumento da eficiência de captura de Scolytinae com armadilha modelo semifunil, em dois experimentos, um incluindo elementos de madeira e outro aumentando a área de interceptação de voo e correlacionar o número desses besouros coletados com fatores climáticos. No experimento 1, ripas de Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake foram fixadas, diretamente, no frasco coletor e em outro tratamento, além dessas ripas, fitas de Cedrela sp. foram inseridas no interior da mangueira porta isca. No experimento 2, a área de interceptação de insetos na armadilha, originalmente, com 480 cm2, foi ampliada para 1200 cm2 e comparada com a armadilha modelo Pet-Santa Maria com área de interceptação de 550 cm2. Coletas semanais foram realizadas entre maio de 2018 a junho de 2019. Os insetos capturados foram levados ao Laboratório de Biodeterioração da Madeira da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) onde foram triados, identificados em nível de família, contados e a abundância correlacionada com fatores climáticos. As análises estatísticas dos dados coletados foram processadas pelo programa BioStat® 5.3. No experimento 1 foram coletados 869 Scolytinae. Os números de besouros coletados por armadilha sem modificação, com ripas de E. urophylla e com ripas de E. urophylla + fita de Cedrela sp. foram semelhantes, 7,3 ± 3,8; 7,8 ± 6,2 e 7,7 ± 5,0 respectivamente. No experimento 2 foram coletados 4398 Scolytinae. O aumento da área de interceptação dos besouros aumentou a eficiência da armadilha semifunil, com 42,7 ± 20,5 Scolytinae coletados por armadilha comparado a semifunil original, 28,6 ± 12,6 e a Pet-Santa Maria, 20,4 ± 10,4. O número de Scolytinae não se correlacionou com os fatores climáticos no experimento 1 e se correlacionou com a temperatura, umidade relativa e velocidade do vento, mas não com a precipitação, no 2. A incorporação de ripas de E. urophylla ou fitas de Cedrela sp. na armadilha semifunil não aumentou o número de besouros coletados, mas, o aumento da área de intercepção de voo e a temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento se correlacionaram com o número de besouros coletados.
Assuntos
Animais , Besouros , Controle de Pragas/instrumentação , Pragas da Agricultura , EtanolResumo
Fire might occur under natural conditions in the Pantanal of Brazil; however, with climate change, severe periods of drought potentiated the devasting fires in 2020, resulting in substantial wildlife loss. Considering that mammal communities are strongly affected by fire and habitat alterations, the aim of this study was to evaluate possible differences in mammal diversity and the number of records before and one year after the fire in one region of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Parque SESC Baía das Pedras - PSBP). The data collection was performed using camera trapping between 2015 and 2017 and 2021, together with visual field observations in PSBP. We observed that the mammal assemblage composition was similar before and one year after the fire. Four species were more or less frequent in burned areas than in unburned ones. Since the fire was controlled in this area, avoiding its total destruction, and the species that fled from the surrounding areas, which were completely burnt, might be using PSBP as a refuge while the vegetation recovers elsewhere. Therefore, the PSBP might have contributed to protecting mammal species after the fire and maintaining and conserving biodiversity on a regional scale in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Assuntos
Animais , Biodiversidade , Áreas Alagadas , Incêndios , Mamíferos/classificaçãoResumo
ABSTRACT: Sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (F.) is the primary sugarcane pest in Brazil. To estimate the relationship between larvae in sugarcane stalks and captures of male adults of D. saccharalis, we collected samples weekly: (1) adults with one delta trap with three virgin females and three female pupae and (2) larvae in 120 stalks per plot of 12.6 hectares (355 × 355 m). The study was conducted in two sites with five plots each, in the municipalities of Nova Ponte and Tupaciguara, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from July 2016 to May 2017. Relationships between (1) males trapped per week and the number of larvae outside of stalks (LOS) were estimated and (2) we evaluated climate variables, namely average temperature, average relative air humidity, hours with relative air humidity below 30 %, rainfall and number of rainy days, and adults and larvae of D. saccharalis. We obtained generalized linear models for LOS in autumn and for larvae inside the stalks (LIS) in spring and autumn and trapped males in both sites. A significant and direct relationship between LIS and males trapped allows predicting larvae density based on captures of males. In addition, plant damage can be estimated based on accumulated captures of males. There was a negative relationship between hours of air humidity < 30 % and larvae outside of stalks. Densities of LIS can be estimated from male captures and by the humidity variables in the trapping week. Nevertheless, the models require validation in the field.
Assuntos
Pragas da Agricultura , Precipitação Atmosférica , Saccharum/parasitologia , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Modelos Lineares , UmidadeResumo
The mechanisms of ecological segregation involved in the coexistence between Neotropical felids are the key to support strategies for conservation. Due to their inconspicuous and elusive behavior, camera trapping constitute a strategic, non-invasive method to study these species. The present work aimed to evaluate the daily and seasonal activity patterns of four felid species: Leopardus guttulus (Hensel, 1872), L. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), L. wiedii (Schinz, 1821) and Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), in the Papagaios-de-Altitude Private Protected Area, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Data were collected from January 2018 to December 2019, using 25 sites of camera traps among the study area. We collected 624 independent records from L. guttulus (108), L. pardalis (55), L. wiedii (77) and P. concolor (384) in a sampling effort of 12,266 camera-traps/day. All species analysed showed a non-uniform distribution of daily activity, when considering the two years. We report the peak of seasonal activity for all species between the months of June and September, coinciding with the Araucaria nut harvest in the study area, and with the increase in populations of small rodents. We also report a high overlap between the activity patterns of the four species. The daily and seasonal activity patterns of the species in this study seem to reflect the intrinsic dynamics of the Araucaria Forest, as well as possible adaptations to prey availability.(AU)
Os mecanismos de segregação ecológica envolvidos na coexistência entre felídeos neotropicais são a chave para subsidiar estratégias para sua conservação. Por apresentarem comportamento inconspícuo e esquivo, as armadilhas fotográficas constituem um método não invasivo estratégico para estudá-los. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar o padrão de atividade diário e sazonal de quatro espécies de felídeos: Leopardus guttulus (Hensel, 1872), L. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), L. wiedii (Schinz, 1821) e Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), na RPPN Papagaios-de-Altitude, no estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Coletamos os dados através de 25 sítios de armadilhas fotográficas na área de estudo. Obtivemos 624 registros independentes de L. guttulus (108), L. pardalis (55), L. wiedii (77) e P. concolor (384) em um esforço amostral de 12.266 armadilhas/dia. Todas as espécies analisadas apresentaram distribuição de atividade diária não uniforme, quando considerados os dois anos. Relatamos o pico de atividade sazonal de todas as espécies entre os meses de junho a setembro, coincidindo com a safra de pinhão na região, e com o aumento nas populações de pequenos roedores. Também relatamos uma alta sobreposição entre os padrões de atividade das quatro espécies. A atividade diária e sazonal das espécies neste estudo parece refletir as dinâmicas intrínsecas da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, além de possíveis adaptações à disponibilidade de presas.(AU)
Assuntos
Felidae , Distribuição Animal , Brasil , Ritmo CircadianoResumo
The productivity of the Adultrap® trap was compared to that of modified adultrap traps. Two structural changes were tested, a cover was placed at the entrance of the trap at two different heights. A comparison was also made with traps containing hydrogel to replace the water in the reservoir. The positivity rates of all the trap types were calculated and compared. The hydrogel models were more productive because they collected eggs, larvae, and adults. The trap that removed the protective screen and replaced the water with the hydrogel was 18.5 times larger than the original trap (p = 0.001). There was an increase in the productivity for the total collection of mosquitoes. The collection of eggs, larvae, and adults can contribute to the construction of more robust infestation indices. In addition, it allows for the collection of live specimens and the development of studies.
Comparou-se a produtividade da armadilha Adultrap® com armadilhas Adultrap modificadas. Foram testadas duas mudanças estruturais e foi colocada uma tampa na entrada da armadilha em duas alturas diferentes. Também foi feita uma comparação entre armadilhas contendo água no reservatório e armadilhas contendo hidrogel em substituição à água do reservatório. As taxas de positividade de todos os tipos de armadilha foram calculadas e comparadas. Os modelos com hidrogel foram mais produtivos porque coletaram ovos, larvas e adultos. A armadilha que retirou a tela de proteção e substituiu a água pelo hidrogel, foi 18,5 vezes maior que a armadilha original (P=0,001). Houve aumento na produtividade para a coleta total de mosquitos. A coleta de ovos, larvas e adultos pode contribuir para a construção de índices de infestação mais robustos, além de permitir a coleta de espécimes vivos e o desenvolvimento de estudos.
Assuntos
Animais , Aedes , Hidrogéis , Mosquitos VetoresResumo
The seasonal forest formations of the Atlantic Forest are a threatened and poorly known habitat. We present here a list of the non-volant mammals occurring in a 515ha forest fragment known as Santa Maria and located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Our surveys are based on live trap captures, camera traps, and active searches for footprints, as well as secondary data. We list 29 species of non-volant mammals in the fragment, recorded between 1996 and 2021. One species found in the fragment, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, is globally endangered. Two species are classified as "vulnerable" in the global red list: Myrmecophaga tridactyla, and Tapirus terresris. One species, Panthera onca, is classified as "critically endangered" in São Paulo state. The red howler, Alouatta guariba, was not recorded after 1999 and has probably been extirpated in the fragment. We show that the number of non-volant mammal species in Santa Maria fragment is high, in relation to its size. The fragment is also in a strategic position, between the Morro do Diabo state park and the Black Lion Tamarin Ecological station, the two largest protected areas in the region. Considering its high mammal richness and its possible role as stepping stone for the local fauna, we recommend that the fragment become a protected area.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ecossistema , Áreas Protegidas , Leontopithecus , MamíferosResumo
This study verified the efficiency of ovitraps combined with Saccharopolyspora spinosa and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis for monitoring Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory, for A. aegypti, there was no difference in eggs number between treatments and grass infusions. For A. albopictus, the average of eggs was higher in the grass infusion. In the dry season, there was no difference in the average of eggs between treatments and control. In the rainy season, grass infusion resulted in a higher egg density, in both areas. Ovitraps combined with biolarvicides are efficient in dengue vector monitoring.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Aedes , Larvicidas/análise , ArbovírusResumo
The state of Piauí is in a Cerrado/Caatinga transition area, which is known the richness of its fauna and flora. Therefore, this work aims to know the diversity of fruit fly species in cashew orchards and native forest fragments in the south-central region of Piauí. Fruit flies were collected in McPhail traps and by sampling fruits. The material collected from the traps and the fruits in the two areas were taken to the Laboratory of Phytotechnics from Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas at the Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI/CPCE), municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil. In McPhail traps, six species of the genus Anastrepha: A. alveata, A. dissimilis, A. fraterculus, A. manihoti, A. obliqua, and A. zenildae were captured, of which A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, and A. zenildae were present in both areas. Anastrepha alveata, A. dissimilis and A. manihoti occurred only in the cashew orchard. In fruit sampling, A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, and A. zenildae infested wild-guava fruits, Myrcia tomentosa (Myrtaceae), in native forest. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua and A. zenildae were obtained directly from M. tomentosa fruits and from traps. The availability of host fruits is the factor that most influences the population fluctuation of fruit flies, mainly in the native forest area. Anastrepha manihoti is reported for the first time in the state of Piauí. This is the first record of A. fraterculus, A. obliqua and A. zenildae, infesting wildguava fruits, M. tomentosa.
Assuntos
Tephritidae/classificação , Psidium/parasitologia , BiodiversidadeResumo
The pelagic shrimp, Acetes paraguayensis Hansen, 1919, is an ecologically important species with an enormous socioeconomic value for the human populations in the regions where it occurs. This species also has considerable potential for shrimp farming, although few details are known of its biology. This study investigated the artisanal exploitation of A. paraguayensis stocks in the northern Brazilian municipality of Santarém over 16 months, focusing on the types of equipment most used to harvest of this shrimp, the fishing dynamics, and production patterns. The matapi trap was the principal method used of harvesting A. paraguayensis in the study region, conforming to a typically artisanal, small-scale fishing production system. This study results provide an essential research tool for developing conservation and management strategies and the eventual establishment of farming protocols.
O camarão pelágico, Acetes paraguayensis Hansen, 1919, é uma espécie ecologicamente importante, de enorme valor socioeconômico para as populações humanas localizadas nas regiões produtoras. Essa espécie tem também um potencial considerável para o cultivo, embora poucas informações sejam conhecidas da sua biologia. Assim o presente estudo investigou a exploração artesanal das po-pulações de A. paraguayensis no município paraense de Santarém, no Norte do Brasil, por 16 meses, concentrando-se nos tipos de equipamento mais utilizados para sua captura, na dinâmica pesqueira e nos padrões de produção. O matapi foi o principal método utilizado, configurando-se como um sistema de produção pesqueira tipicamente artesanal de pequena escala. Os resultados do presente estudo constituem importante instrumento de investigação para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação e gestão e o eventual estabelecimento de protocolos de cultivo.
Assuntos
Animais , Decápodes , Caça , Brasil , RiosResumo
Abstract Vegetation cover may show diversity and composition patterns of the soil invertebrate community, as a function of litter quantity and quality in a specific habitat. The objective of this work was to characterize the distribution of edaphic fauna in different monocultures. The study was carried out at Chapada Grande farm in Regeneração, PI. Four monoculture areas were chosen: no-tillage soybean, eucalyptus, pasture, and a preserved native cerrado forest. Soil fauna was collected in a dry and wet period by pitfall traps containing 4% formaldehyde. The edaphic fauna was evaluated by the number of individuals per trap per day, average richness and richness, Shannon diversity index and Pielou uniformity index. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The highest number of individuals per day trap and of average richness were registered in the pasture, eucalyptus and forest areas in both periods, while soybean showed lower values with predominance of Coleoptera and Formicidae groups. The pasture and forest areas showed of higher Shannon index values in the two evaluated seasons, probably due to higher contributions organic residues in the soil that favors the shelter, feeding and reproduction conditions. Regarding the Pielou index, the soybean system showed higher values in this variable. The Aranae, Coleoptera, Formicidae and Diptera groups predominated in the humid period, while Coleoptera and Formicidae predominated in the dry period. Systems that generate greater accumulation of residues harbor a greater diversity of invertebrates of the edaphic fauna. Seasonality had an effect on all variables analyzed and the wet period showed more expressive values.
Resumo A cobertura vegetal pode mostrar padrões de diversidade e composição da comunidade de invertebrados do solo, em função da quantidade e qualidade da serapilheira em determinado habitat específico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a distribuição da fauna edáfica em diferentes monocultivos. O estudo foi realizado na fazenda Chapada Grande no município de Regeneração, PI. Foram escolhidas quatro áreas de monocultivos: soja em sistema de plantio direto, eucalipto, pastagem, além de uma mata nativa de cerrado preservada. Foram realizadas coletas da fauna do solo, em período seco e úmido, por meio de armadilhas do tipo pitfall contendo 4% de formol. A fauna edáfica foi avaliada pelo número de indivíduos por armadilha por dia, riqueza e riqueza média, índice de diversidade de Shannon e índice de uniformidade de Pielou. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise multivariada de Componentes Principais (ACP). O maior número de indivíduos por armadilha dia e de riqueza média foram registrados nas áreas pastagem, eucalipto e mata nos dois períodos, enquanto que a soja mostrou valores inferiores com predomínio dos grupos Coleoptera e Formicidae. As áreas de pastagem e mata mostraram maiores valores de índice de Shannon nas duas épocas avaliadas provavelmente em função de maiores aportes de resíduos orgânicos no solo que favorece as condições de abrigo, alimentação e reprodução. Em relação ao índice de Pielou o sistema com soja mostrou maiores valores nessa variável. Os grupos Araneae, Coleoptera, Formicidae e Diptera predominaram no período úmido, enquanto Coleoptera e Formicidae se destacaram no período seco. Sistemas que geram maior acúmulo de resíduos abrigam uma maior diversidade de invertebrados da fauna edáfica. A sazonalidade apresentou efeito sobre todas as variáveis analisadas sendo que o período úmido mostrou valores mais expressivos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Pradaria , Biodiversidade , Solo , Florestas , EcossistemaResumo
We studied 18 cerambycid beetle species native to South America. Seventeen represent new state records in Brazil. Particularly, Chlorethe scabrosaZajciw, 1963 is newly reported for the state of Rio de Janeiro with exclusion of C. brachypteraZajciw, 1963. The Brazilian state of the type locality of Dufauxia guaicurana Lane, 1955 is fixed. Pirangoclytus mendosus (Galileo & Martins, 1996) is synonymized with P. mniszechii (Chevrolat, 1862), and its holotype is a female. Variation on Trypanidius maculatus Monné & Delfino, 1980 is commented. New country and department records for Paraguay are also provided.
Assuntos
Animais , Besouros , Distribuição Animal , América do Sul , PradariaResumo
Antlion larvae of Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) build their traps in a microenvironment with protection from the direct action of rain and other perturbations as well as microhabitats that are less protected from disturbances that can destroy the traps. Differences in microhabitats may affect the characteristics of the trap-building process due the high energy expenditure exerted in building and maintaining these traps, which led to the following question: Do antlion larvae of M. brasiliensis build larger traps in protected microhabitats? Considering the occurrence of M. brasiliensis larvae in two microhabitats and the measurements of the size of the larvae and their traps, the hypothesis was that larvae would occur in greater abundance and the trap size would be larger in more protected microhabitats. The results showed that antlions occurred in equal abundance in both microhabitats, but density was greater in the protected microhabitat. Even in months with more rainfall, M. brasiliensis larvae continued to forage throughout the year in the protected microhabitat and the investment in trap size was greater in this microhabitat. This suggests that the larvae of the protected microhabitat have an advantage, given that they have the possibility of foraging throughout the year.
Larvas de formiga-leão Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) constroem suas armadilhas em microhabitat com proteção da ação direta da chuva e outros intempéries e em microhabitats menos protegidos de perturbações que podem destruir suas armadilhas. Dado o alto gasto energético para a construção e manutenção das armadilhas das larvas de formiga-leão, diferenças entre microhabitats podem afetar características da construção da armadilha. O que levantou a questão: larvas em microhabitats mais protegidos investem mais no tamanho de suas armadilhas de captura de presas? Através de medidas da ocorrência de larvas nos dois microhabitats e através de medidas do tamanho da larva M. brasiliensis e de sua armadilha, foi previsto que as larvas ocorreriam em maior abundância em microhabitats protegidos e que o investimento no tamanho da armadilha seria maior em microhabitats com maior proteção. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que as larvas de formiga-leão ocorrem em igual abundância nos dois microhabitats e a que densidade é maior no microhabitat protegido. Os dados demonstram que as larvas M. brasiliensis permaneceram forrageando durante todo o ano no microhabitat protegido, mesmo em meses mais chuvosos, e o investimento em tamanho de armadilha foi maior nesse microhabitat. O que sugere, que as larvas do microhabitat protegido apresentam vantagem, dado de fato de terem a possibilidade de forragear durante todo o ano.
Assuntos
Animais , Ecossistema , Insetos/classificação , LarvaResumo
ABSTRACT Antlion larvae of Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) build their traps in a microenvironment with protection from the direct action of rain and other perturbations as well as microhabitats that are less protected from disturbances that can destroy the traps. Differences in microhabitats may affect the characteristics of the trap-building process due the high energy expenditure exerted in building and maintaining these traps, which led to the following question: Do antlion larvae of M. brasiliensis build larger traps in protected microhabitats? Considering the occurrence of M. brasiliensis larvae in two microhabitats and the measurements of the size of the larvae and their traps, the hypothesis was that larvae would occur in greater abundance and the trap size would be larger in more protected microhabitats. The results showed that antlions occurred in equal abundance in both microhabitats, but density was greater in the protected microhabitat. Even in months with more rainfall, M. brasiliensis larvae continued to forage throughout the year in the protected microhabitat and the investment in trap size was greater in this microhabitat. This suggests that the larvae of the protected microhabitat have an advantage, given that they have the possibility of foraging throughout the year.
RESUMO Larvas de formiga-leão Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) constroem suas armadilhas em microhabitat com proteção da ação direta da chuva e outros intempéries e em microhabitats menos protegidos de perturbações que podem destruir suas armadilhas. Dado o alto gasto energético para a construção e manutenção das armadilhas das larvas de formiga-leão, diferenças entre microhabitats podem afetar características da construção da armadilha. O que levantou a questão: larvas em microhabitats mais protegidos investem mais no tamanho de suas armadilhas de captura de presas? Através de medidas da ocorrência de larvas nos dois microhabitats e através de medidas do tamanho da larva M. brasiliensis e de sua armadilha, foi previsto que as larvas ocorreriam em maior abundância em microhabitats protegidos e que o investimento no tamanho da armadilha seria maior em microhabitats com maior proteção. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que as larvas de formiga-leão ocorrem em igual abundância nos dois microhabitats e a que densidade é maior no microhabitat protegido. Os dados demonstram que as larvas M. brasiliensis permaneceram forrageando durante todo o ano no microhabitat protegido, mesmo em meses mais chuvosos, e o investimento em tamanho de armadilha foi maior nesse microhabitat. O que sugere, que as larvas do microhabitat protegido apresentam vantagem, dado de fato de terem a possibilidade de forragear durante todo o ano.
Resumo
Las especies tienden a ser menos abundantes en los límites de su distribución geográfica. El oso hormiguero y el oso melero tienen su límite de distribución al Sur en Argentina y Paraguay, donde existe escasa información sobre su ecología y conservación. Presentamos un estudio realizado en la planicie de inundación del Río Paraguay, en un área dedicada a la ganadería sobre pasturas nativas en sabanas subtropicales inundables asociadas con isletas de bosques naturales, humedales y palmares. Estimamos parámetros referentes a preferencia de hábitat, comportamiento social y patrones de actividad de ambas especies a través del uso de cámaras trampa en tres tipos de bosques. Los resultados indican que el éxito de captura fue mayor en las islas de bosques subhúmedos inundables, comparado con los otros tipos de boques: bosques riparios asociados a humedales y bosques semicaducifolios mesoxerofíticos dominados por Schinopsis balansae. La mayoría de las capturas corresponde a osos solitarios, aunque ocasionalmente fueron observadas hembras cargando a sus crías durante el verano. Ambas especies mostraron un patrón de actividad nocturno y crepuscular con un pico de registros alrededor de la medianoche. Myrmecophaga tridactyla fue detectado entre 11°C y 26°C, mientras que Tamandua tetradactyla apareció entre 15°C y 23°C. Se recomiendan futuras investigaciones que incorporen datos tomados sistemáticamente en otros tipos de hábitats, incluyendo pasturas y matorrales, durante todas las estaciones del año.
Species tend to be less abundant at the limits of their geographic distribution. Giant and lesser anteaters have their southernmost limits in Argentina and Paraguay, where scarce information exists regarding their ecology and conservation. We present a study carried out in the Paraguay River floodplain, in an area dedicated to cattle rearing using native grasses in a subtropical flooded savanna associated with naturally occurring forest islets, wetlands and palm groves. Using camera-traps within three different forest types, we estimated parameters related to habitat preference, social behavior and activity patterns of both species. Results show that capture success was greater in the Floodable sub-humid forest islets (FSF), compared to other types of forests: Riparian forests associated with wetlands (W-RF) and Mesoxerophytic semi-deciduous forests dominated by Schinopsis balansae (MXF). Most detections corresponded to solitary anteaters, although mother-young pairs were occasionally observed during summer. Both species showed a nocturnal and crepuscular activity pattern with a peak of records around midnight. Myrmecophaga tridactyla was detected between 11°C and 26°C, while Tamandua tetradactyla occurred between 15°C and 23°C. Future research that incorporates systematically taken data in other different habitats, including grasslands and shrublands, during all seasons of the year is recommended.
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Animal , Demografia , Poaceae , Xenarthra/crescimento & desenvolvimentoResumo
RESUMEN Las especies tienden a ser menos abundantes en los límites de su distribución geográfica. El oso hormiguero y el oso melero tienen su límite de distribución al Sur en Argentina y Paraguay, donde existe escasa información sobre su ecología y conservación. Presentamos un estudio realizado en la planicie de inundación del Río Paraguay, en un área dedicada a la ganadería sobre pasturas nativas en sabanas subtropicales inundables asociadas con isletas de bosques naturales, humedales y palmares. Estimamos parámetros referentes a preferencia de hábitat, comportamiento social y patrones de actividad de ambas especies a través del uso de cámaras trampa en tres tipos de bosques. Los resultados indican que el éxito de captura fue mayor en las islas de bosques subhúmedos inundables, comparado con los otros tipos de boques: bosques riparios asociados a humedales y bosques semicaducifolios mesoxerofíticos dominados por Schinopsis balansae. La mayoría de las capturas corresponde a osos solitarios, aunque ocasionalmente fueron observadas hembras cargando a sus crías durante el verano. Ambas especies mostraron un patrón de actividad nocturno y crepuscular con un pico de registros alrededor de la medianoche. Myrmecophaga tridactyla fue detectado entre 11°C y 26°C, mientras que Tamandua tetradactyla apareció entre 15°C y 23°C. Se recomiendan futuras investigaciones que incorporen datos tomados sistemáticamente en otros tipos de hábitats, incluyendo pasturas y matorrales, durante todas las estaciones del año.
ABSTRACT Species tend to be less abundant at the limits of their geographic distribution. Giant and lesser anteaters have their southernmost limits in Argentina and Paraguay, where scarce information exists regarding their ecology and conservation. We present a study carried out in the Paraguay River floodplain, in an area dedicated to cattle rearing using native grasses in a subtropical flooded savanna associated with naturally occurring forest islets, wetlands and palm groves. Using camera-traps within three different forest types, we estimated parameters related to habitat preference, social behavior and activity patterns of both species. Results show that capture success was greater in the Floodable sub-humid forest islets (FSF), compared to other types of forests: Riparian forests associated with wetlands (W-RF) and Mesoxerophytic semi-deciduous forests dominated by Schinopsis balansae (MXF). Most detections corresponded to solitary anteaters, although mother-young pairs were occasionally observed during summer. Both species showed a nocturnal and crepuscular activity pattern with a peak of records around midnight. Myrmecophaga tridactyla was detected between 11°C and 26°C, while Tamandua tetradactyla occurred between 15°C and 23°C. Future research that incorporates systematically taken data in other different habitats, including grasslands and shrublands, during all seasons of the year is recommended.
Resumo
In cases of asymmetric competition, larger individuals of many animal species have a greater probability of acquiring territory, gaining initial access to resources and finding a mate in comparison to smaller individuals. The competition among larvae of the antlion Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) is observed in the search for space for the construction of traps, in the forage for prey, and in the occurrence of cannibalism. The body size of the larvae is proportional to the size of the traps and the success of predation. Thus, larger specimens are better competitors in terms of capturing preys (asymmetric competition). The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of asymmetric competition in M. brasiliensis regarding the distance among these larvae. The study was developed in a permanent reserve area, located in the municipality of Aquidauana, from the Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. For the laboratory experiments, we collected M. brasiliensis larvae and placed two larvae in plastic pots. The observations occurred by the visual search of traps, when a larva was seen in the diameter of its trap and the trap of its closest neighbor. Next, the trap size and the distance between them were measured for a period of 15 days. The results of the present study demonstrate that the largest M. brasiliensis larvae were outside the clusters. Within these clusters, the larvae moved away from each other because of the size of their traps, as the larger the neighboring larvae the greater the distance between them. Thus, the asymmetric competition between M. brasiliensis (larger larvae are better competitors) suggests a spatial arrangement among the larvae that is guided by the variable size of the trap.
Assuntos
Animais , Caça/análise , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimentoResumo
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) insect light traps for mosquito control and to study the relationship between this effect and weather factors in coastal areas of Samut Songkhram province, Thailand. The study sites were divided into two areas, approximately 2 and 4km from the sea. The trap was placed less than one meter away from the house, where it could reach electrical plugs. The effectiveness of UV light trap was tested from September to October 2017 between 6: 00 p.m. and 6: 00a.m., for a total of 30days. A total of 2,605 adult mosquitoes within four species belonging to two genera were collected, including Anopheles epiroticus Linton & Harbach, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Cx. sitiens Wiedmann and Cx. gelidus Theobald. The effectiveness of UV insect light traps in area 2 km from the sea trapped 45.96 ± 42.13 mosquitoes per night and area 4 km from the sea trapped 40.83 ± 33.61 mosquitoes per night. While, effectiveness comparison of the UV insect light traps 2 and 4 km from the sea of were shown to be statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). These results of this study are useful for planning and application of UV light traps to control mosquito populations in coastal areas of Samut Songkhram province, Thailand and other coastal areas.
Assuntos
Animais , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Efeitos do Clima , Raios Ultravioleta , Costa , TailândiaResumo
O pitfall suspenso é uma forma nova e simples para capturar pequenos mamíferos arborícolas e escansoriais. É uma versão arbórea dos pitfalls terrestres, tradicionalmente usados para capturar anfíbios e répteis. Baldes com isca no interior são erguidos por cordas até que atinjam um galho de árvore na altura desejada. O método foi testado na Mata Atlântica em três diferentes locais da foz do Rio Doce, em Linhares, sudeste do Brasil. Em um deles, os pitfalls suspensos foram colocados em galhos de cacaueiros no sub-bosque de uma plantação sombreada de cacau (cabrucas) a alturas entre 2 e 3 m. Na outra, eles foram instalados entre 5 e 15 metros de altura em uma floresta nativa. No terceiro local, no sub-bosque de outra cabruca, os pitfalls suspensos foram testados em conjunto com outras armadilhas usadas até então. Os marsupiais Didelphis aurita, Caluromys philander, Marmosa (Micoureus) paraguayana, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosa murina e o roedor Rhipidomys mastacalis foram capturados pelos pitfalls suspensos. Essa armadilha foi capaz de capturar pequenos mamíferos de todos os tamanhos, inclusive indivíduos jovens. Esse método provou ser funcional para a captura de vários pequenos mamíferos arborícolas e escansoriais e pode ser uma alternativa complementar para amostragem em estratos altos de florestas.
The suspended pitfall demonstrates a new and simple mechanism to capture small arboreal and scansorial mammals. It is an arboreal version of the pitfalls traditionally used to capture terrestrial amphibians and reptiles. Buckets with bait inside are raised by a rope until they reach a tree branch at the desired height. Tests were performed in the Atlantic Forest at three different sites at the mouth of Doce River in Linhares, southeastern Brazil. In one of them suspended pitfalls were set up in the understory of a shaded cacao plantation (cabruca agroforest) in the branches of cacao trees between 2 and 3 m in height, and in the other they were placed in a native forest between 5 to 15 m in height. At the third site, suspended pitfalls were tested together with the other live traps used hitherto in the understory of other cabruca agroforest. The marsupials Didelphis aurita, Caluromys philander, Marmosa (Micoureus) paraguayana, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosa murina and the rodent Rhipidomys mastacalis were captured by suspended pitfall. This live trap was capable of catching all sizes of small arboreal mammals, including juvenile individuals. This method proved to be functional for the capture of some small arboreal mammals and may be a complementary alternative for sampling in high forest strata.
Assuntos
Animais , Arvicolinae , Gambás , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Manejo de Espécimes/veterinária , MarsupiaisResumo
Camera traps were used to study the daily activity patterns of medium and large mammals (> 1 kg) in an area of Mixed Rain Forest (High Altitude Atlantic Forest) in the South of Brazil. These mammals are adapted to humid forest environments and exhibit seasonal behavior that is different to that of neotropical mammals living in tropical environments. Camera traps without bait were active day and night and through all seasons during the period from March 1999 to December 2010, with a sampling effort of 11,431 trap-days. Species that exhibited diurnal tendencies were Dasyprocta azarae, Eira barbara, Nasua nasua and Puma yagouaroundi. The nocturnal species observed were Dasypus novemcinctus, Tamandua tetradactyla and Procyon cancrivorus. Didelphis aurita, Leopardus pardalis and L. wiedii exhibited nocturnal tendencies. Cerdocyon thous tended to be more crepuscular than nocturnal. Puma concolor exhibited a tendency to nocturnal and crepuscular activity, but diurnal activity was also observed. Finally, the species Mazama gouazoubira and Leopardus tigrinus were defined as cathemeral. While many species exhibited a tendency for the majority of their activity to be concentrated at certain times, there was no time during which medium and large mammal activity entirely ceased, demonstrating a balanced daily distribution of activity in a Mixed Rain Forest. There were differences in activity patterns between different seasons, especially between summer and winter, with nocturnal species exhibiting a tendency to more intense activity during the first half of the night during the winter and diurnal species tending to be more active at the end of the day during the same season.
Mamíferos de médio e grande porte (> 1 kg) foram estudados para detecção de padrões de atividade diária em área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (Floresta Atlântica de altitude) no sul do Brasil. Estes mamíferos adaptados a ambiente de floresta úmida em clima subtropical possuem comportamentos sazonais diferenciados de mamíferos neotropicais vivendo em ambientes tropicais. Armadilhas fotográficas permaneceram em atividade sem utilização de iscas, durante dia e noite ao longo de todas as estações do ano no intervalo entre março de 1999 e dezembro de 2010 com esforço amostral de 11.431 armadilhas-dia. As espécies com tendência diurna foram Dasyprocta azarae, Eira barbara, Nasua nasua e Puma yagouaroundi. As espécies noturnas foram Dasypus novemcinctus, Tamandua tetradactyla e Procyon cancrivorus. As espécies com tendência noturna foram Didelphis aurita, Leopardus pardalis e L. wiedii. Cerdocyon thous apresentou tendência mais crepuscular do que noturna. Puma concolor mostrou tendência noturna a crepuscular e com ocorrência de atividades diurnas. As espécies Mazama gouazoubira e Leopardus tigrinus foram consideradas catemerais. Apesar de as diversas espécies, em sua maioria, apresentarem tendência de concentração de atividade em determinados horários, não houve nenhum horário sem atividade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, demonstrando equilíbrio de distribuição de atividade ao longo do dia em Floresta Ombrófila Mista. Houve diferenças nos padrões de atividade entre diferentes estações, especialmente entre verão e inverno, com espécies noturnas mostrando tendência a maior atividade durante a primeira metade da noite durante o inverno, enquanto espécies diurnas tenderam a ser mais ativas no final do dia durante esta estação.
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Animal , Distribuição Temporal , Estações do Ano , Mamíferos , Floresta Úmida , Fotografia/veterináriaResumo
A fauna de mamíferos está sob ameaça, principalmente na Floresta Atlântica da América do Sul. Essa é uma ecorregião fortemente ameaçada pela perda e fragmentação do hábitat, processos que influenciam diretamente o funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Desenvolvemos um inventário de mamíferos em um remanescente florestal no sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil, objetivando conhecer a composição e a diversidade de mamíferos de médio e grande porte. O estudo foi realizado em três transectos no Parque Ecológico Rancho dos Bugres (PERB, 28º29'S e 49º15'W) através de armadilhas fotográficas, resultando em um esforço total de 630 armadilhas/dia. Obtivemos 106 registros independentes de nove espécies de mamíferos, das ordens Carnivora, Cingulata e Rodentia. Os resultados do nosso estudo aumentam o conhecimento sobre a diversidade e distribuição de mamíferos na Mata Atlântica subtropical. Além disso, podem ser utilizados para gerar subsídios para a implementação de estratégias de conservação na fauna de mamíferos, contribuindo para preencher parte da lacuna no conhecimento da distribuição de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em uma região pouco estudada.
Mammalian fauna is under several threat, mainly in Atlantic Forest of South America. Atlantic Forest is an ecorregion strongly endangered by habitat loss and fragmentation, processes that influencing directly the ecosystems functioning. We developed a mammalian inventory in a forest remnant in southern of Santa Catarina, Brazil, aiming to know the medium- to large-bodied mammalian composition and diversity. The study was carried in three transects within Parque Ecológico Rancho dos Bugres (PERB; 28º29S and 49º15W) through camera-traps, resulting in a total effort of 630 traps/day. We obtained 106 independent records of nine mammalian species, within the orders Carnivora, Cingulata and Rodentia. The results of our study can increase the knowledge about the mammalian diversity and distribution in the subtropical Atlantic Forest. Moreover, can be generated subsidies for the implementation of conservation strategies on mammalian fauna and contributing to filling part of the gap in the knowledge of distribution of medium- to large-bodied mammals in a region poorly studied.