An outbreak of bluetongue in sheep

Clinical History: During a 2-week period between mid-October and November 2022, approximately 20 out of 470 Rambouillet sheep from a flock in southern California died; the flock had been moved into irrigated hay fields recently. Some of the affected animals were initially underweight and most had nasal discharge, labored breathing and frothy discharge from the mouth. Two adult sheep (1 and 2) were submitted to the San Bernardino laboratory of the California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory system (CAHFS) for necropsy and diagnostic work up. Follow-up questions:1. Morphological diagnoses for figures 1-6. 2. Most likely cause based on clinical history and necropsy findings. 3. Name at least one other associated gross lesion you should expect in the hoof and other in the heart. 4. Name at least 1 associated microscopic lesion. 5. Name 5 important differential diagnoses for figures 3-5.(AU)

Neurological diseases of viral origin in cattle in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil: clinical and anatomopathological study / Enfermidades neurológicas de origem viral em bovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil: estudo clínico e anatomopatológico

Studies related to neurological diseases are of great importance in Veterinary Medicine, particularly those involving production animals, such as cattle, due to their wide sanitary and public health significance. Therefore, the current study aims to describe the frequency of occurrence of the main clinical, laboratory, and anatomopathological findings of cattle diagnosed with neurological diseases of viral origin. Screening was performed in the general register of patients diagnosed through anatomopathological and/or complementary examination with illnesses of viral origin, admitted (live or dead) to the Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns-UFRPE from January 2009 to December 2019. The information recovered was entered in a database created in the computer program Microsoft Excel 2010®, distributed into clinical, laboratory, and anatomopathological data. The clinical findings on neurological diseases of viral etiology were very varied and non-specific, and the anatomopathological findings, together with laboratory methods, were of fundamental importance for the establishment of the diagnosis. The high frequency of rabies cases in this study demonstrates the importance of this disease for cattle rearing, as well as for Public Health. We emphasize the importance of including malignant catarrhal fever and herpes meningoencephalitis in the differential diagnosis of neurological diseases in the region, as well as the adoption of sanitary measures.

Os estudos relacionados as doenças neurológicas assumem grande importância na Medicina Veterinária, particularmente os que envolvem animais de produção como os bovinos, em virtude da grande importância sanitária e de saúde pública. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a frequência de ocorrência dos principais achados clínicos, laboratoriais e anatomopatológicos dos bovinos diagnosticados com doenças neurológicas de origem viral. Realizou-se a triagem no livro de registro geral dos pacientes com enfermidades que cursaram com sintomatologia neurológica e que foram diagnosticados através de exame anatomopatológico e/ou complementares com enfermidades de origem viral, os quais deram entrada (vivos ou mortos) na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns-UFRPE no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2019. As informações obtidas foram inseridas em um banco de dados elaborado no programa de computador Microsoft Excel 2010® distribuídas em dados clínicos, laboratoriais e anatomopatológicos. Os achados clínicos das enfermidades neurológicas de etiologia viral foram muito variados e inespecíficos, sendo os achados anatomopatológicos, aliados aos métodos laboratoriais, de importância fundamental para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico. A elevada frequência dos casos de raiva neste estudo demonstra a importância sanitária desta enfermidade para a pecuária bovina, como também para a saúde pública. Ressalta-se a importância da inclusão da febre catarral maligna e da meningoencefalite herpética no diagnóstico diferencial das doenças neurológicas na região, assim como a adoção de medidas sanitárias.

Blue tongue virus in dairy cattle in the Southern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil - serological survey

Background: Blue tongue (BT) is a noncontagious viral disease transmitted by hematophagous arthropods, especially of the genus Culicoides. The economic impact of the disease is related not only to deaths in sheep herds but also to the possible correlation of virus infection with the development of other diseases, such as pneumonia, abortion and movement problems. The economic losses caused by Blue Tongue are linked to restrictions on the import and export of animals and their genetic material and to the reproductive disorders associated with this disease. In addition, the fact that cattle take the role of reservoir, combined with the care by other countries with outbreaks of infection and biological contamination of their products, hinders trade in Mercosul, United States and Europe. Cattle are affected by Blue Tongue Virus in endemic areas and in some epidemic areas, but the development of clinical disease is rare. The clinical signs, when evident, range from reproductive losses, such as embryonic death, abortion, fetal malformation, temporary sterility, infertility in bulls, stillbirths and the birth of weak animals. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects of Blue Tongue Virus (BTV) infection in dairy cattle in the Lavras region, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of cattle and herds seropositive for Blue Tongue in the southern region of Minas Gerais. In this study, 54 dairy farms were visited. A total of 586 serum samples were collected from cows of reproductive age. Sampling was random, and serum samples were collected from lactating cows over 24 months of age by puncture of the jugular vein and/or coccidian vein. The samples were transported and stored at the Setor de Patologia Veterinária, at the Universidade Federal de Lavras (SPV-UFLA), where they were centrifuged, and the serum aliquots were obtained, transferred to microtubes and kept at -20°C until the serological tests were performed. The samples were tested with the agarose gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) for anti-blue tongue virus antibodies. The AGID test is more practical and is the main method used to identify Blue Tongue Virus seroprevalence in different ruminant species. They are considered important tools for epidemiological surveillance of the disease. A prevalence of 83.28% was observed among animals that were seropositive for Blue Tongue Virus (488/586; IC 95% = 80.0 - 86.21). In addition, 100% (54/54; IC 95% = 93.4 - 100.0) of the farms had at least 1 positive animal, with rates ranging from 45.45% to 100% within the herds and where 22.22% of the farms had rates of 100% of the animals being positive. Discussion: Blue Tongue is a disease known to affect domestic and wild ruminants in Brazil. However, there is a lack of more precise information about its epidemiology and occurrence in the country and of joint efforts of researchers, producers and the government to understand in detail both the biology of vectors and the viral biology of Blue Tongue Virus in Brazil. This is the first record of detection of anti-blue tongue virus antibodies in cattle in the southern region of Minas Gerais. The results suggest that Blue Tongue Virus is present in cattle in the study area.

Is bluetongue virus a risk factor for reproductive failure in tropical hair sheep in Brazil?

Background: Bluetongue is a vector-borne viral disease transmitted by midges from the genus Culicoides. The disease caninfect most of the ruminant and camelid species, but the severe disease is most often seen in european wool and muttonsheep breeds. In this sense, there is a gap in the knowledge on BTV infection in hair sheep breeds from tropical zones.Thus, this study aimed at establishing whether exposure to BTV is a risk factor for reproductive failure in Santa Inês ewes,a hair sheep breed, reared under tropical conditions in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in sheep farms in São Paulo state,Brazil, after the rainy season. Serum samples from 110 Santa Inês ewes with a history of reproductive disorders, in the last6 months, which were included: abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, retention of placenta, infertility, estrus repetition, fetalmalformation, weak lamb birth and neonatal death were collected. The presence of antibodies against BTV was assessedby agar gel immunodiffusion method (AGID). Serology to the infectious agents Brucela ovis, Lepstopira spp., Toxoplasmagondii, Neospora caninum and Campylobacter sp. were also assessed. Bivariate associations between the outcome andindividual explanatory variables were assessed using the Fisher’s exact test. Abortion was the most common reproductive disorder (53%; 74/139) observed, followed by estrus repetition (12%; 17/139) and infertility (11%; 15/139). Otherdisorders related to the conceptus totaled nearly one fourth of the reported disorders. A total of 20% (22/110) of the eweswere seropositive to BTV. A higher frequency of BTV seropositive than BTV seronegative ewes with a history of abortionwas found. Also, abortion with seroreactivity to BTV was tested for prevalence ratio that showed 1.38 [95% CI 1.10-1.74;P = 0.030]. With regards to the abortion involvement of other infectious diseases associated with the seropositive ewes to...

Is bluetongue virus a risk factor for reproductive failure in tropical hair sheep in Brazil?

Background: Bluetongue is a vector-borne viral disease transmitted by midges from the genus Culicoides. The disease caninfect most of the ruminant and camelid species, but the severe disease is most often seen in european wool and muttonsheep breeds. In this sense, there is a gap in the knowledge on BTV infection in hair sheep breeds from tropical zones.Thus, this study aimed at establishing whether exposure to BTV is a risk factor for reproductive failure in Santa Inês ewes,a hair sheep breed, reared under tropical conditions in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in sheep farms in São Paulo state,Brazil, after the rainy season. Serum samples from 110 Santa Inês ewes with a history of reproductive disorders, in the last6 months, which were included: abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, retention of placenta, infertility, estrus repetition, fetalmalformation, weak lamb birth and neonatal death were collected. The presence of antibodies against BTV was assessedby agar gel immunodiffusion method (AGID). Serology to the infectious agents Brucela ovis, Lepstopira spp., Toxoplasmagondii, Neospora caninum and Campylobacter sp. were also assessed. Bivariate associations between the outcome andindividual explanatory variables were assessed using the Fishers exact test. Abortion was the most common reproductive disorder (53%; 74/139) observed, followed by estrus repetition (12%; 17/139) and infertility (11%; 15/139). Otherdisorders related to the conceptus totaled nearly one fourth of the reported disorders. A total of 20% (22/110) of the eweswere seropositive to BTV. A higher frequency of BTV seropositive than BTV seronegative ewes with a history of abortionwas found. Also, abortion with seroreactivity to BTV was tested for prevalence ratio that showed 1.38 [95% CI 1.10-1.74;P = 0.030]. With regards to the abortion involvement of other infectious diseases associated with the seropositive ewes to...(AU)

Serological survey of bluetongue virus in sheep from Minas Gerais / Inquérito sorológico do vírus da língua azul em ovinos de Minas Gerais

Bluetongue is an infectious, non-contagious disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants, caused by a virus from the Orbivirus genus, Reoviridae family, transmitted by arthropod vectors of the Culicoides genus. This paper aims to be the first serological survey of bluetongue in sheep from the Meso-regions of Campo das Vertentes and South and Southeast of Minas Gerais. Samples were collected from sheep from different properties. The serum samples were submitted to Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) and competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA). 303 serum samples were submitted to AGID and cELISA. In these samples, 164 (54.13%) were positive in the AGID technique, and 171 (56.44%) positive in the cELISA technique, with an almost perfect agreement between the techniques (kappa index = 0.887). In all visited properties, positive animals have been found in the herd. Animals acquired from properties of the studied mesoregions were more likely to be positive in IDGA and cELISA tests than animals acquired from properties in other regions of Brazil (p<0.001). These results suggest that bluetongue virus (BTV) is widespread in the mesoregions of Campo das Vertentes and South and Southeast of Minas Gerais.(AU)

A língua azul (LA) é uma doença infecciosa, não contagiosa, que acomete ruminantes domésticos e silvestres, causada por um vírus do gênero Orbivirus da família Reoviridae, transmitida por vetores artrópodes do gênero Culicoides. O presente estudo representa o primeiro trabalho a realizar um inquérito sorológico da língua azul em rebanhos ovinos nas Mesorregiões de Campo das Vertentes e Sul e Sudoeste de Minas Gerais. Foram coletadas amostras de soro de ovinos de diferentes propriedades. As amostras de soro foram submetidas aos testes de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) e ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimática por competição (cELISA). Ao todo 303 amostras de soro foram submetidas ao IDGA e cELISA. Dessas amostras, 164 (54,13%) foram positivas na técnica de IDGA e 171 (56,44%) positivas na técnica de cELISA, havendo concordância quase perfeita entre as técnicas (índice kappa = 0,887). Em todas as propriedades visitadas, foram encontrados animais positivos no rebanho. Animais adquiridos de propriedades das Mesorregiões estudadas, tiveram mais chances de serem positivos nos testes de IDGA e cELISA do que animais adquiridos de propriedades de outras Regiões do Brasil (p<0,001). Esses resultados sugerem que o vírus da língua azul encontra-se disseminado em ovinos nas Mesorregiões de Campo das Vertentes e Sul e Sudoeste de Minas Gerais.(AU)

Serological survey of bluetongue virus in sheep from Minas Gerais / Inquérito sorológico do vírus da língua azul em ovinos de Minas Gerais

Bluetongue is an infectious, non-contagious disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants, caused by a virus from the Orbivirus genus, Reoviridae family, transmitted by arthropod vectors of the Culicoides genus. This paper aims to be the first serological survey of bluetongue in sheep from the Meso-regions of Campo das Vertentes and South and Southeast of Minas Gerais. Samples were collected from sheep from different properties. The serum samples were submitted to Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) and competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA). 303 serum samples were submitted to AGID and cELISA. In these samples, 164 (54.13%) were positive in the AGID technique, and 171 (56.44%) positive in the cELISA technique, with an almost perfect agreement between the techniques (kappa index = 0.887). In all visited properties, positive animals have been found in the herd. Animals acquired from properties of the studied mesoregions were more likely to be positive in IDGA and cELISA tests than animals acquired from properties in other regions of Brazil (p<0.001). These results suggest that bluetongue virus (BTV) is widespread in the mesoregions of Campo das Vertentes and South and Southeast of Minas Gerais.(AU)

A língua azul (LA) é uma doença infecciosa, não contagiosa, que acomete ruminantes domésticos e silvestres, causada por um vírus do gênero Orbivirus da família Reoviridae, transmitida por vetores artrópodes do gênero Culicoides. O presente estudo representa o primeiro trabalho a realizar um inquérito sorológico da língua azul em rebanhos ovinos nas Mesorregiões de Campo das Vertentes e Sul e Sudoeste de Minas Gerais. Foram coletadas amostras de soro de ovinos de diferentes propriedades. As amostras de soro foram submetidas aos testes de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) e ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimática por competição (cELISA). Ao todo 303 amostras de soro foram submetidas ao IDGA e cELISA. Dessas amostras, 164 (54,13%) foram positivas na técnica de IDGA e 171 (56,44%) positivas na técnica de cELISA, havendo concordância quase perfeita entre as técnicas (índice kappa = 0,887). Em todas as propriedades visitadas, foram encontrados animais positivos no rebanho. Animais adquiridos de propriedades das Mesorregiões estudadas, tiveram mais chances de serem positivos nos testes de IDGA e cELISA do que animais adquiridos de propriedades de outras Regiões do Brasil (p<0,001). Esses resultados sugerem que o vírus da língua azul encontra-se disseminado em ovinos nas Mesorregiões de Campo das Vertentes e Sul e Sudoeste de Minas Gerais.(AU)

Detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in sheep from Paraná, Brazil / Detecção de anticorpos para o vírus da língua azul em ovinos do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious and non-contagious disease caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) belonging to the genus Orbivirus. It is transmitted by a hematophagous vector, Culicoides sp., to ruminants, particularly to sheep, which are most susceptible to this disease. The main serological tests are agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), which is recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), which has the advantage of no cross-reaction with other orbiviruses. The aim was to compare the results of these two tests by conducting them on sera collected from sheep in the state of Paraná, Brazil. From March to October 2017, serum samples were collected from 270 sheep from 10 farms in six mesoregions of Paraná. The samples were subjected to AGID and cELISA to detect antibodies against BTV. Based on the test results, we classified the sheep as low, moderate, and high occurrence. The results demonstrated that 64.81% (175/270) of the sheep were seropositive through the cELISA test, showing a high occurrence, and 41.11% (111/270) were seropositive through the AGID test, indicating a moderate occurrence. The concordance between the tests was moderate (0.51) as determined by the Kappa coefficient. Among the studied farms, 90% (9/10) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and the number of animals tested positive by the cELISA test was higher than those by the AGID test. Favorable climate, which favors the presence and multiplication of the culicoid vector and the occurrence of infection, was the biggest predominant factor responsible for the obtained results. The low occurrence in farms with milder climate suggest that the presence of antibodies also occurs due to the low pathogenicity of circulating serotypes in the different mesoregions studied. It is concluded that BTV infection is present in the sheep herds in Paraná, and the occurrence...

A língua azul (LA) é uma enfermidade infecciosa e não contagiosa causada por um vírus (VLA) do gênero Orbivirus, transmitida por vetores hematófagos Culicoides sp., aos ruminantes sobretudo aos ovinos, espécie mais susceptível. Os principais testes sorológicos utilizados são a Imunodifusão em Gél de Ágar (IDGA), preconizada pela OIE, e o teste Imunoensaio Enzimático Competitivo (ELISAc), sendo que este tem como vantagem não ocorrer reação cruzada contra outros orbivírus. O objetivo do trabalho foi detectar a presença de anticorpos contra o VLA em ovinos no estado do Paraná através dos testes diagnósticos IDGA e ELISAc. Durante os meses de março a outubro de 2017, colheu-se sangue de 270 ovinos, em 10 propriedades localizadas em seis mesorregiões paranaenses. As amostras foram submetidas aos testes de IDGA e ELISAc para detecção de anticorpos contra o VLA. Baseado nos resultados classificaram-se os rebanhos como baixa, moderada ou elevada ocorrência. Os resultados demonstraram elevada ocorrência através do teste de ELISAc, que apresentou 64,81% (175/270) de ovinos positivos, e moderada ocorrência através do IDGA, com 41,11% (111/270) de ovinos soropositivos. A concordância obtida entre os testes foi moderada (0,51) através do coeficiente Kappa. O número de ovinos reagentes no exame de ELISAc foi maior que o teste de IDGA em todas as propriedades positivas, demonstrando ser superior. O clima propício foi um dos fatores favoráveis para as ocorrências observadas, pois favorece a presença e multiplicação do vetor Culicoide e a ocorrência da infecção. A baixa ocorrência nas propriedades com clima mais ameno sugere que a presença de anticorpos provavelmente ocorra também pela baixa patogenicidade dos sorotipos circulantes nas diferentes mesorregiões estudadas. Conclui-se que há infecção de VLA no rebanho ovino paranaense, e a detecção de anticorpos para o VLA foi moderada, através do teste de IDGA, e elevada, através do teste ELISAc.

Detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in sheep from Paraná, Brazil / Detecção de anticorpos para o vírus da língua azul em ovinos do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious and non-contagious disease caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) belonging to the genus Orbivirus. It is transmitted by a hematophagous vector, Culicoides sp., to ruminants, particularly to sheep, which are most susceptible to this disease. The main serological tests are agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), which is recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), which has the advantage of no cross-reaction with other orbiviruses. The aim was to compare the results of these two tests by conducting them on sera collected from sheep in the state of Paraná, Brazil. From March to October 2017, serum samples were collected from 270 sheep from 10 farms in six mesoregions of Paraná. The samples were subjected to AGID and cELISA to detect antibodies against BTV. Based on the test results, we classified the sheep as low, moderate, and high occurrence. The results demonstrated that 64.81% (175/270) of the sheep were seropositive through the cELISA test, showing a high occurrence, and 41.11% (111/270) were seropositive through the AGID test, indicating a moderate occurrence. The concordance between the tests was moderate (0.51) as determined by the Kappa coefficient. Among the studied farms, 90% (9/10) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and the number of animals tested positive by the cELISA test was higher than those by the AGID test. Favorable climate, which favors the presence and multiplication of the culicoid vector and the occurrence of infection, was the biggest predominant factor responsible for the obtained results. The low occurrence in farms with milder climate suggest that the presence of antibodies also occurs due to the low pathogenicity of circulating serotypes in the different mesoregions studied. It is concluded that BTV infection is present in the sheep herds in Paraná, and the occurrence...(AU)

A língua azul (LA) é uma enfermidade infecciosa e não contagiosa causada por um vírus (VLA) do gênero Orbivirus, transmitida por vetores hematófagos Culicoides sp., aos ruminantes sobretudo aos ovinos, espécie mais susceptível. Os principais testes sorológicos utilizados são a Imunodifusão em Gél de Ágar (IDGA), preconizada pela OIE, e o teste Imunoensaio Enzimático Competitivo (ELISAc), sendo que este tem como vantagem não ocorrer reação cruzada contra outros orbivírus. O objetivo do trabalho foi detectar a presença de anticorpos contra o VLA em ovinos no estado do Paraná através dos testes diagnósticos IDGA e ELISAc. Durante os meses de março a outubro de 2017, colheu-se sangue de 270 ovinos, em 10 propriedades localizadas em seis mesorregiões paranaenses. As amostras foram submetidas aos testes de IDGA e ELISAc para detecção de anticorpos contra o VLA. Baseado nos resultados classificaram-se os rebanhos como baixa, moderada ou elevada ocorrência. Os resultados demonstraram elevada ocorrência através do teste de ELISAc, que apresentou 64,81% (175/270) de ovinos positivos, e moderada ocorrência através do IDGA, com 41,11% (111/270) de ovinos soropositivos. A concordância obtida entre os testes foi moderada (0,51) através do coeficiente Kappa. O número de ovinos reagentes no exame de ELISAc foi maior que o teste de IDGA em todas as propriedades positivas, demonstrando ser superior. O clima propício foi um dos fatores favoráveis para as ocorrências observadas, pois favorece a presença e multiplicação do vetor Culicoide e a ocorrência da infecção. A baixa ocorrência nas propriedades com clima mais ameno sugere que a presença de anticorpos provavelmente ocorra também pela baixa patogenicidade dos sorotipos circulantes nas diferentes mesorregiões estudadas. Conclui-se que há infecção de VLA no rebanho ovino paranaense, e a detecção de anticorpos para o VLA foi moderada, através do teste de IDGA, e elevada, através do teste ELISAc.(AU)

Ocorrência e fatores de risco da infecção pelo vírus da língua azul em bovinos no Estado de Pernambuco / Occurrence and risk factors of the Bluetongue Virus infeccion in cattle in Pernambuco state, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção pelo Vírus da Língua Azul (VLA) em bovinos leiteiros na microrregião de Garanhuns, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas 384 amostras de soro de bovinos fêmeas em idade reprodutiva, procedentes de 20 propriedades dos 19 municípios que compõem a região. As amostras foram testadas com a prova de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA) para pesquisa de anticorpos anti-VLA. Observou-se ocorrência de 71,3% (274/384; IC 95% - 66,5% - 75,7%) de animais positivos. Em 100% das propriedades houve ao menos um animal soropositivo. Os fatores de risco identificados foram: presença de áreas alagadas (OR=11,8; p=0,001), não realizar controle de insetos (OR=2,1; p=0,033), rebanho aberto (OR=2,1; p=0,001) e utilização de inseminação artificial (OR=8,8; p=0,003). Este é o primeiro registro de detecção de anticorpos anti-VLA em bovinos no Estado de Pernambuco. Conclui-se que a infecção pelo VLA ocorre em bovinos na área estudada e sugere-se que medidas de controle baseadas no manejo higiênico-sanitário e biosseguridade sejam implantadas para evitar a propagação do vírus, tais como: eliminação de áreas alagadiças; controle de insetos; utilizar sêmen na inseminação artificial com atestado sanitário; realizar exames sorológicos ao adquirir animais.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine epidemiological aspects of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) infection on dairy cattle in the Garanhuns microregion, Pernambuco state, Brazil. Three hundred eighty-four (384) serum samples of female bovines of reproductive age were collected from 20 farms of the 19 municipalities that make up the region. Samples were tested with the agarose gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) for anti-VLA antibody screening. There were 71.3% (274/384, 95% CI - 66.5% - 75.7%) positive animals. In 100% of the farms there was at least one seropositive animal. The risk factors identified were: presence of flooded areas (OR=11.8, p=0.001), absence of insect control (OR=2.1, p=0.033), open herd (OR=2.1; p=0.001) and use of artificial insemination (OR=8.8, p=0.003). This is the first record of detection of anti-BTV antibodies in cattle in Pernambuco state. It is concluded that BTV infection occurs in cattle in the studied area, and it is suggested that control measures based on hygienic-sanitary management and biosecurity are in place to prevent the spread of the virus, such as elimination of wetlands; Insect control; semen used in artificial insemination with health certificate; Serological tests when acquiring animals.(AU)

Ocorrência e fatores de risco da infecção pelo vírus da língua azul em bovinos no Estado de Pernambuco / Occurrence and risk factors of the Bluetongue Virus infeccion in cattle in Pernambuco state, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção pelo Vírus da Língua Azul (VLA) em bovinos leiteiros na microrregião de Garanhuns, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas 384 amostras de soro de bovinos fêmeas em idade reprodutiva, procedentes de 20 propriedades dos 19 municípios que compõem a região. As amostras foram testadas com a prova de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA) para pesquisa de anticorpos anti-VLA. Observou-se ocorrência de 71,3% (274/384; IC 95% - 66,5% - 75,7%) de animais positivos. Em 100% das propriedades houve ao menos um animal soropositivo. Os fatores de risco identificados foram: presença de áreas alagadas (OR=11,8; p=0,001), não realizar controle de insetos (OR=2,1; p=0,033), rebanho aberto (OR=2,1; p=0,001) e utilização de inseminação artificial (OR=8,8; p=0,003). Este é o primeiro registro de detecção de anticorpos anti-VLA em bovinos no Estado de Pernambuco. Conclui-se que a infecção pelo VLA ocorre em bovinos na área estudada e sugere-se que medidas de controle baseadas no manejo higiênico-sanitário e biosseguridade sejam implantadas para evitar a propagação do vírus, tais como: eliminação de áreas alagadiças; controle de insetos; utilizar sêmen na inseminação artificial com atestado sanitário; realizar exames sorológicos ao adquirir animais.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine epidemiological aspects of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) infection on dairy cattle in the Garanhuns microregion, Pernambuco state, Brazil. Three hundred eighty-four (384) serum samples of female bovines of reproductive age were collected from 20 farms of the 19 municipalities that make up the region. Samples were tested with the agarose gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) for anti-VLA antibody screening. There were 71.3% (274/384, 95% CI - 66.5% - 75.7%) positive animals. In 100% of the farms there was at least one seropositive animal. The risk factors identified were: presence of flooded areas (OR=11.8, p=0.001), absence of insect control (OR=2.1, p=0.033), open herd (OR=2.1; p=0.001) and use of artificial insemination (OR=8.8, p=0.003). This is the first record of detection of anti-BTV antibodies in cattle in Pernambuco state. It is concluded that BTV infection occurs in cattle in the studied area, and it is suggested that control measures based on hygienic-sanitary management and biosecurity are in place to prevent the spread of the virus, such as elimination of wetlands; Insect control; semen used in artificial insemination with health certificate; Serological tests when acquiring animals.(AU)

Detection of bluetongue virus in Brazilian cervids in São Paulo state / Detecção de vírus da língua azul em cervídeos brasileiros no estado de São Paulo

Viral hemorrhagic diseases in cervids occur worldwide and include epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD), bluetongue (BT), and adenoviral hemorrhagic disease (AHD). Since gross lesions in all three hemorrhagic diseases are identical (hemorrhagic enteropathy, pulmonary edema, systemic petechial and suffusion hemorrhages), it is necessary to use accurate techniques for a definitive etiologic diagnosis. Archival material (paraffin blocks) at the Department of Veterinary Pathology of FCAV - Unesp was reviewed for lesions of hemorrhagic disease and 42 captive and free-living Brazilian deer were selected to include in this study. Paraffin-embedded tissues were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and tested negative for adenovirus. Using real time RT-PCR, EHD virus was not detected in paraffin-embedded tissues in any of the cases evaluated. The same technique was used for detection of BT virus and seven positive animals (16,66%) were confirmed after agarose 4% gel electrophoresis and gene sequencing. The main macroscopic changes observed in the positive animals were hemorrhagic intestinal contents, reddish mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, ulcers on tongue and petechiae in various organs. Microscopic changes observed were lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in liver, kidney and lungs, hemorrhage, and congestion in various organs. All positive cases were from captive animals, three females (two young and one adult), and four young males. This study demonstrates that the bluetongue virus is involved in hemorrhagic disease outbreaks of deer in Brazil.(AU)

Doenças hemorrágicas virais em cervídeos ocorrem no mundo todo e incluem a doença epizoótica hemorrágica (DEH), língua azul (LA), e doença hemorrágica por adenovírus (DHA). Uma vez que as lesões nas três doenças hemorrágicas são idênticas (enteropatia hemorrágica, edema pulmonar, petéquias sistêmicas e sufusões hemorrágicas), é necessário utilizar técnicas precisas para um diagnóstico etiológico definitivo. Material de arquivo (blocos de parafina) do Departamento de Patologia Veterinária da FCAV - Unesp foi revisado para lesões de doenças hemorrágicas e 42 cervídeos brasileiros de cativeiro e de vida livre foram selecionados e incluídos neste estudo. Tecidos embebidos em parafina foram avaliados usando imunohistoquímica e foram negativos para adenovírus. Usando o RT-PCR em tempo real, o vírus da DEH não foi detectado nos tecidos de nenhum dos casos avaliados. A mesma técnica foi utilizada para detecção do vírus da LA e sete animais positivos (16,66%) foram confirmados após eletroforese em gel de agarose a 4% e sequenciamento genético. As principais alterações macroscópicas observadas nos animais positivos foram conteúdo intestinal hemorrágico, mucosa do trato gastrointestinal avermelhada, úlceras na língua e petéquias em vários órgãos. As alterações microscópicas observadas foram infiltrado inflamatório linfocítico em fígado, rins e pulmões, e hemorragia e congestão em vários órgãos. Todos os casos positivos foram de animais de cativeiro, três fêmeas (dois jovens e um adulto), e quatro jovens do sexo masculino. Este estudo demonstra que o vírus da lingual azul está envolvido nos surtos de doença hemorrágica em veados no Brasil.(AU)

Detection of bluetongue virus in Brazilian cervids in São Paulo state / Detecção de vírus da língua azul em cervídeos brasileiros no estado de São Paulo

Viral hemorrhagic diseases in cervids occur worldwide and include epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD), bluetongue (BT), and adenoviral hemorrhagic disease (AHD). Since gross lesions in all three hemorrhagic diseases are identical (hemorrhagic enteropathy, pulmonary edema, systemic petechial and suffusion hemorrhages), it is necessary to use accurate techniques for a definitive etiologic diagnosis. Archival material (paraffin blocks) at the Department of Veterinary Pathology of FCAV - Unesp was reviewed for lesions of hemorrhagic disease and 42 captive and free-living Brazilian deer were selected to include in this study. Paraffin-embedded tissues were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and tested negative for adenovirus. Using real time RT-PCR, EHD virus was not detected in paraffin-embedded tissues in any of the cases evaluated. The same technique was used for detection of BT virus and seven positive animals (16,66%) were confirmed after agarose 4% gel electrophoresis and gene sequencing. The main macroscopic changes observed in the positive animals were hemorrhagic intestinal contents, reddish mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, ulcers on tongue and petechiae in various organs. Microscopic changes observed were lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in liver, kidney and lungs, hemorrhage, and congestion in various organs. All positive cases were from captive animals, three females (two young and one adult), and four young males. This study demonstrates that the bluetongue virus is involved in hemorrhagic disease outbreaks of deer in Brazil.(AU)

Doenças hemorrágicas virais em cervídeos ocorrem no mundo todo e incluem a doença epizoótica hemorrágica (DEH), língua azul (LA), e doença hemorrágica por adenovírus (DHA). Uma vez que as lesões nas três doenças hemorrágicas são idênticas (enteropatia hemorrágica, edema pulmonar, petéquias sistêmicas e sufusões hemorrágicas), é necessário utilizar técnicas precisas para um diagnóstico etiológico definitivo. Material de arquivo (blocos de parafina) do Departamento de Patologia Veterinária da FCAV - Unesp foi revisado para lesões de doenças hemorrágicas e 42 cervídeos brasileiros de cativeiro e de vida livre foram selecionados e incluídos neste estudo. Tecidos embebidos em parafina foram avaliados usando imunohistoquímica e foram negativos para adenovírus. Usando o RT-PCR em tempo real, o vírus da DEH não foi detectado nos tecidos de nenhum dos casos avaliados. A mesma técnica foi utilizada para detecção do vírus da LA e sete animais positivos (16,66%) foram confirmados após eletroforese em gel de agarose a 4% e sequenciamento genético. As principais alterações macroscópicas observadas nos animais positivos foram conteúdo intestinal hemorrágico, mucosa do trato gastrointestinal avermelhada, úlceras na língua e petéquias em vários órgãos. As alterações microscópicas observadas foram infiltrado inflamatório linfocítico em fígado, rins e pulmões, e hemorragia e congestão em vários órgãos. Todos os casos positivos foram de animais de cativeiro, três fêmeas (dois jovens e um adulto), e quatro jovens do sexo masculino. Este estudo demonstra que o vírus da lingual azul está envolvido nos surtos de doença hemorrágica em veados no Brasil.(AU)

Bluetongue in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Northeastern Mexico

Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) are two distinct viral hemorrhagic diseases of domestic and wildruminants caused by members of the family Reoviridae and transmitted by Culicoides midges. These conditions have been recognized in Canada and the United States for many years, but not in Mexico. Although in Mexico there is serologic evidence of EHD virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) in domestic and wild ruminants, to our knowledge, there have never been reports of clinical illness or fatalities attributed to either of these viruses. Two free ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in twolicensed hunting ranches in Northern Mexico near the Texas border died unexpectedly. Postmortem and microscopic examinations revealed hemorrhagic lesions compatible with viral hemorrhagic disease (Reoviridae: Orbivirus). Tissues from one animal tested positive by RT-PCR for BTV but negative for EHDV. To our knowledge, this is the first time in Mexico where deer dying with hemorrhagic lesions consistent with Bluetongue tested positive for BTV by PCR.(AU)

Bluetongue in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Northeastern Mexico

Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) are two distinct viral hemorrhagic diseases of domestic and wildruminants caused by members of the family Reoviridae and transmitted by Culicoides midges. These conditions have been recognized in Canada and the United States for many years, but not in Mexico. Although in Mexico there is serologic evidence of EHD virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) in domestic and wild ruminants, to our knowledge, there have never been reports of clinical illness or fatalities attributed to either of these viruses. Two free ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in twolicensed hunting ranches in Northern Mexico near the Texas border died unexpectedly. Postmortem and microscopic examinations revealed hemorrhagic lesions compatible with viral hemorrhagic disease (Reoviridae: Orbivirus). Tissues from one animal tested positive by RT-PCR for BTV but negative for EHDV. To our knowledge, this is the first time in Mexico where deer dying with hemorrhagic lesions consistent with Bluetongue tested positive for BTV by PCR.

Clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of outbreaks of bluetongue disease in sheep in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de surtos de língua azul em ovinos na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul

This article describes the clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of 17 outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) disease in sheep occurring between December 2014 and July 2015 in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), southern Brazil. Affected farms were visited for clinical examination, necropsy, sample collection and epidemiological investigation. The outbreaks were seasonal and occurred during the summer and autumn. A total of 180 sheep (20.4%) out of 884 in 17 small herds were affected. All ages of Texel and mixed breed sheep were affected. However, lambs (younger than one year) had higher morbidity than adult sheep. The most frequent clinical signs were anorexia, lethargy, loss of body condition, facial swelling mainly involving the lips, and greenish seromucous or mucous nasal discharge. Pulmonary lesions characterized by edema were the most prevalent findings; however, erosive and ulcerative lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as cardiac, skeletal muscle and esophageal striated muscle necrosis, and hemorrhage in the pulmonary artery were also frequent. The bluetongue virus (BTV) genome was detected by RT-PCR in blood and tissue samples (spleen and lungs) of 21 animals from 17 outbreaks. The virus involved in the outbreak 3 was subsequently isolated and shown to belong to serotype 17, for the first time reported in Brazil. In summary, our data support the BTV genotype 17 as the etiological agent of the outbreaks and indicate that the central region of RS is an area at risk for BT in sheep, a disease previously not recognized in the region.(AU)

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de 17 surtos de língua azul (BT) em ovinos, que ocorreram entre dezembro de 2014 a julho de 2015, na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para isso, foram realizadas visitas as propriedades nas quais ocorreram surtos da doença para investigação epidemiológica e clínica, realização de necropsias e coleta de amostras. Os surtos foram sazonais e ocorreram durante o verão e outono. Em 17 pequenos rebanhos, de um total de 884 ovinos, 180 adoeceram (20,4%). Ovinos de todas as faixas etárias, da raça Texel e sem raça definida, foram acometidos. Entretanto, ovinos com menos de um ano de idade tiveram taxa de morbidade maior do que ovinos com um ano ou mais. Os sinais clínicos mais frequentes caracterizaram-se por anorexia, apatia, acentuada perda de peso, edema facial, envolvendo principalmente os lábios, e secreção nasal seromucosa ou muco-esverdeada. Lesões pulmonares, caracterizadas por edema, foram as mais prevalentes. Porém, lesões erosivas e ulcerativas no trato gastrointestinal superior, assim como necrose da musculatura cardíaca e esquelética e do músculo estriado do esôfago e hemorragia na artéria pulmonar foram frequentes. O genoma do BTV foi detectado por RT-PCR em amostras de sangue e tecidos (baço e pulmão) de 21 animais de 17 surtos. O vírus envolvido no surto 3 foi subsequentemente isolado e pertence ao sorotipo 17, que pela primeira vez é descrito no Brasil. Em síntese, nossos dados permitem concluir que o BTV é o agente causador dos surtos e indicam que a Região Central do RS é uma área de risco para a ocorrência de BT em ovinos, uma doença, até então, não reconhecida nessa região.(AU)

Clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of outbreaks of bluetongue disease in sheep in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de surtos de língua azul em ovinos na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul

This article describes the clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of 17 outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) disease in sheep occurring between December 2014 and July 2015 in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), southern Brazil. Affected farms were visited for clinical examination, necropsy, sample collection and epidemiological investigation. The outbreaks were seasonal and occurred during the summer and autumn. A total of 180 sheep (20.4%) out of 884 in 17 small herds were affected. All ages of Texel and mixed breed sheep were affected. However, lambs (younger than one year) had higher morbidity than adult sheep. The most frequent clinical signs were anorexia, lethargy, loss of body condition, facial swelling mainly involving the lips, and greenish seromucous or mucous nasal discharge. Pulmonary lesions characterized by edema were the most prevalent findings; however, erosive and ulcerative lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as cardiac, skeletal muscle and esophageal striated muscle necrosis, and hemorrhage in the pulmonary artery were also frequent. The bluetongue virus (BTV) genome was detected by RT-PCR in blood and tissue samples (spleen and lungs) of 21 animals from 17 outbreaks. The virus involved in the outbreak 3 was subsequently isolated and shown to belong to serotype 17, for the first time reported in Brazil. In summary, our data support the BTV genotype 17 as the etiological agent of the outbreaks and indicate that the central region of RS is an area at risk for BT in sheep, a disease previously not recognized in the region.(AU)

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de 17 surtos de língua azul (BT) em ovinos, que ocorreram entre dezembro de 2014 a julho de 2015, na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para isso, foram realizadas visitas as propriedades nas quais ocorreram surtos da doença para investigação epidemiológica e clínica, realização de necropsias e coleta de amostras. Os surtos foram sazonais e ocorreram durante o verão e outono. Em 17 pequenos rebanhos, de um total de 884 ovinos, 180 adoeceram (20,4%). Ovinos de todas as faixas etárias, da raça Texel e sem raça definida, foram acometidos. Entretanto, ovinos com menos de um ano de idade tiveram taxa de morbidade maior do que ovinos com um ano ou mais. Os sinais clínicos mais frequentes caracterizaram-se por anorexia, apatia, acentuada perda de peso, edema facial, envolvendo principalmente os lábios, e secreção nasal seromucosa ou muco-esverdeada. Lesões pulmonares, caracterizadas por edema, foram as mais prevalentes. Porém, lesões erosivas e ulcerativas no trato gastrointestinal superior, assim como necrose da musculatura cardíaca e esquelética e do músculo estriado do esôfago e hemorragia na artéria pulmonar foram frequentes. O genoma do BTV foi detectado por RT-PCR em amostras de sangue e tecidos (baço e pulmão) de 21 animais de 17 surtos. O vírus envolvido no surto 3 foi subsequentemente isolado e pertence ao sorotipo 17, que pela primeira vez é descrito no Brasil. Em síntese, nossos dados permitem concluir que o BTV é o agente causador dos surtos e indicam que a Região Central do RS é uma área de risco para a ocorrência de BT em ovinos, uma doença, até então, não reconhecida nessa região.(AU)

Molecular detection of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) and Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) in uterine biopsies of dairy cows with or without reproductive problems / Detecção molecular do Vírus da Língua Azul (BTV) e do Vírus da Leucemia bovina (BLV) em amostras de biópsia uterina de vacas leiteiras com e sem problemas reprodutivos

Reproductive performance of dairy cows has a direct impact on herd productivity. Infectious agents, such as Bluetongue Virus (BTV) and Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), are associated with reproductive failure. However, it remains unknown if these viruses are present in the uterus and cause gestational loss. This study used molecular methods to assess if BTV and BLV can be detected in the uterus of serologically positive dairy cows with a record of abortions, stillbirths and repeat breeding (n=23) and without a record of reproductive problems (n =23). The cows came from three dairy herds of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. BTV was not detected in any of the uterine biopsies. Proviral DNA of BLV was detected in 54.5 % of the seropositive cows, but positivity for BLV in the uterus was not associated with the existence of reproductive problems. In conclusion, this study shows that BLV, but not BTV, is present in the uterus of seropositive cows, regardless of reproductive performance.

O desempenho reprodutivo das vacas leiteiras tem impacto direto na produtividade dos rebanhos. Agentes infecciosos como o Vírus da Língua Azul (BTV) e o Vírus da Leucemia Bovina (BLV) estãoassociados à ocorrência de falhas reprodutivas. Entretanto, não se sabe se estes vírus poderiam estar presentes no útero resultando nas perdas gestacionais. Este estudo utilizou métodos moleculares para investigar se os vírus BTV e BLV estão presentes no úterio de vacas leiteiras sorologicamente positivas com histórico de abortos, natimortos e repetição de cio (n=23) e em vacas sem histórico de problema reprodutivos (n =23) provenientes de três rebanhos leiteiros localizados no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Não foi detectado BTV em nenhuma amostra de biópsia uterina. Por outro lado, o DNA proviral de BLV foi detectado no útero de 54.5 % das vacas soropositivas, independentemente da ocorrência de problemas reprodutivos. Conclui-se que o vírus BLV, ao contrário do BTV está presente no útero de vacas soropositivas, entretanto, sem associação com o desempenho reprodutivo.

Molecular detection of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) and Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) in uterine biopsies of dairy cows with or without reproductive problems / Detecção molecular do Vírus da Língua Azul (BTV) e do Vírus da Leucemia bovina (BLV) em amostras de biópsia uterina de vacas leiteiras com e sem problemas reprodutivos

Reproductive performance of dairy cows has a direct impact on herd productivity. Infectious agents, such as Bluetongue Virus (BTV) and Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), are associated with reproductive failure. However, it remains unknown if these viruses are present in the uterus and cause gestational loss. This study used molecular methods to assess if BTV and BLV can be detected in the uterus of serologically positive dairy cows with a record of abortions, stillbirths and repeat breeding (n=23) and without a record of reproductive problems (n =23). The cows came from three dairy herds of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. BTV was not detected in any of the uterine biopsies. Proviral DNA of BLV was detected in 54.5 % of the seropositive cows, but positivity for BLV in the uterus was not associated with the existence of reproductive problems. In conclusion, this study shows that BLV, but not BTV, is present in the uterus of seropositive cows, regardless of reproductive performance.(AU)

O desempenho reprodutivo das vacas leiteiras tem impacto direto na produtividade dos rebanhos. Agentes infecciosos como o Vírus da Língua Azul (BTV) e o Vírus da Leucemia Bovina (BLV) estãoassociados à ocorrência de falhas reprodutivas. Entretanto, não se sabe se estes vírus poderiam estar presentes no útero resultando nas perdas gestacionais. Este estudo utilizou métodos moleculares para investigar se os vírus BTV e BLV estão presentes no úterio de vacas leiteiras sorologicamente positivas com histórico de abortos, natimortos e repetição de cio (n=23) e em vacas sem histórico de problema reprodutivos (n =23) provenientes de três rebanhos leiteiros localizados no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Não foi detectado BTV em nenhuma amostra de biópsia uterina. Por outro lado, o DNA proviral de BLV foi detectado no útero de 54.5 % das vacas soropositivas, independentemente da ocorrência de problemas reprodutivos. Conclui-se que o vírus BLV, ao contrário do BTV está presente no útero de vacas soropositivas, entretanto, sem associação com o desempenho reprodutivo.(AU)

Diagnoses of ovine infection by the serotype-4 bluetongue virus on Minas Gerais, Brazil

Background: Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease transmitted by hematophagous vectors of the genus Culicoides. In Brazil, the identification of antibodies against the virus has been held for over thirty years, however clinicopathological diagnosis of the disease are scarce. The first reported case occurred in the state of Paraná in 2001, confirmed by isolation and identification of serotype 12 of BTV. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2009, two outbreaks confirmed and was identified the serotype 12. Serotype 4 was isolated during an outbreak in the state of Rio de Janeiro in 2013. This study describes the Diagnoses of ovine infection by the serotype-4 bluetongue virus in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Case: In a farm in the Southern region of the state of Minas Gerais, a group of 28 male sheep, was sent for necropsy at the Setor de Patologia Veterinária of Universidade Federal de Lavras (SPV-UFLA). In a flock of 80 male sheep 28 died with clinical signs of respiratory distress, whereas other showed signs of anemia and hypoproteinemia, cough, sneezing, prostration, fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, anemia and submandibular edema. At necropsy, the main changes observed were cranioventral pulmonary consolidation, hemorrhage at the base of the pulmonary artery and ulcerating lesions in the hard palate mucosa, rumen and reticulum. The histological changes consisted of bacterial [...]