Produtos naturais para cicatrização de feridas em equinos: uma revisão integrativa / Natural products for wounds in equines: Integrative review

Os equinos são animais curiosos e de comportamento ativo. Eles não demonstram dor ou lesões com facilidade por serem considerados presas na natureza. Esses fatores propiciam o aparecimento e o desenvolvimento de lesões cutâneas, principalmente na região dos membros distais. As abordagens terapêuticas convencionais para o tratamento dessas lesões são feitas por meio de soluções antissépticas, corticoides e antibióticos. Entretanto, essas soluções podem causar prejuízos à cicatrização, se usadas de forma indevida, ou efeitos adversos ao animal. Uma forma alternativa para o tratamento de ferimentos cutâneos é o uso de fitoterápicos e outros produtos naturais, que são viáveis por terem um custo inferior e serem de fácil acesso. Dessa forma, objetivou-se neste trabalho, compreender o uso de produtos naturais na cicatrização de ferimentos em equinos, por meio de uma revisão integrativa, abordando os seguintes bioprodutos: Açúcar, Aloe vera, Barbatimão e Calêndula. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa acadêmica nas bases de pesquisa SciELO, Google Acadêmico, BVS-Vet. (Biblioteca Virtual em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia) e Periódicos CAPES/MEC. Partindo disso, foi feita uma análise qualitativa de artigos, principalmente os publicados nos anos de 2019 a 2021. Na literatura o açúcar demonstra grande potencial em promover o crescimento tecidual. A Aloe vera apresenta as características antioxidantes e imunoestimulantes, já o Barbatimão apresenta a capacidade de reduzir inflamações e uma atividade antimicrobiana; e a Calêndula demonstra atividade cicatrizante, anti-inflamatória e antimicrobiana. Com este trabalho pode-se concluir que esses bioprodutos são potentes na ação anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e antimicrobiana, além de ajudar na reparação tecidual, sendo excelentes para terapia alternativa.

Horses are curious and active animals. They do not show their pain or injuries easily as they are considered prey in the wild. These factors favor the appearance and development of skin lesions, especially in the region of the distal limbs. The conventional therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these lesions are through antiseptic solutions, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. However, these solutions can cause damage to healing, if used improperly, or cause adverse effects to the animal. An alternative way to treat skin wounds is the use of herbal medicines and other natural products, which are viable due to their lower cost and easy access. Thus, the objective in this work, was to understand the use of natural products in the healing of wounds in horses through an integrative review, addressing the following bioproducts: Sugar, Aloe vera, Barbatimão, and Calendula. This academic research was carried out on the research bases SciELO, Google Scholar, VHL-Vet. (Virtual Library in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science) and CAPES/MEC Periodicals through qualitative analysis of articles, mainly those published in the years 2017 to 2021. In the literature the sugar demonstrated the great potential in promoting tissue growth. Aloe vera has antioxidant and immunostimulating characteristics, while Barbatimão can reduce inflammations and has antimicrobial activity. Calendula has healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity. With this work, we conclude that these bioproducts are potent in terms of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial action, in addition to helping in tissue repair, being excellent for alternative therapy.

Influence of foliar application of glycinebetaine on Tagetes erecta L yield cultivated under salinity conditions / Influência da aplicação foliar de glicinebetaína na produtividade de Tagetes erecta L cultivada em condições de salinidade

Tagetes genus of Composite family consider one of the most favorite floriculture plants. Therefore, of particular interest examine the salt tolerance of this bedding and coloring agent plant. In this research, was report the role of glycinebetaine (GB) in attenuating the adverse impacts of salt stress in African marigold plant, along with their anti-oxidative capacities and biochemical attributes. The salt stressed African marigold (100 and 150 mM NaCl) was treated with GB at 200 mM, beside untreated control plants. According to the obtained results, the growth characters were negatively in salt stressed plants but a mitigate impact of GB were observed in this respect. Obviously, the morphological as well as some physiological characters were reduced with salinity treatments while GB treatment reverses these effects. Overall, the alleviate impact of GB on the negative impact of salt stress was enhanced through improving total phenolic and antioxidant enzyme activity. Further, it is concluded that GB concentration induces the activities of antioxidative enzymes which scavenged ROS increased under saline conditions.

O Tagetes, da família Composite, é um dos gêneros mais apreciados de plantas de floricultura. Portanto, é de particular interesse examinar a tolerância ao sal desta planta de substrato e corante. Nesta pesquisa, foi relatado o papel da glicinebetaína (GB) na atenuação dos impactos adversos do estresse salino na calêndula africana, juntamente com suas capacidades antioxidantes e atributos bioquímicos. A calêndula africana estressada com sal (NaCl 100 e 150 mM) foi tratada com GB a 200 mM, ao lado de plantas de controle não tratadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os caracteres de crescimento foram negativos em plantas estressadas por sal, mas um impacto mitigado de GB foi observado neste aspecto. Obviamente, os caracteres morfológicos e fisiológicos foram reduzidos com os tratamentos de salinidade, enquanto o tratamento com GB reverteu esses efeitos. No geral, o impacto de alívio do GB no impacto negativo do estresse salino foi aprimorado através da melhoria da atividade das enzimas fenólicas e antioxidantes totais. Além disso, conclui-se que a concentração de GB induz as atividades de enzimas antioxidantes que sequestraram ROS aumentadas em condições salinas.

Utilização de creme de extrato de calêndula em ferida lacerante em equino / Use of calender extract cream in equine lacerate wound

Background: Wounds and lacerations are constant in the clinical routine of horses. The treatment of wounds by the secondintention is the most common in the equine clinic; it consists in addition to surgical debridement, the use of allopathic orphytotherapeutic healing. In this context, several phytotherapics used in folk medicine have been used with promisingresults in the equine species, especially marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), recognized by the German scientific committee as antiseptic and healing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the nonionic cream of Calendulaofficinalis at 2% in an extensive lacerating wound in an equine.Case: A 6-month-old female Quarter Horse, weighing 160 kg, a lacerating wound in the pectoral region of unknowntraumatic origin, was treated in the large animal sector of the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR).Clinical examination revealed an exudative wound in the pectoral region, complicated by the presence of environmentalorganic matter and myiasis, involving transverse pectoral and descending pectoral muscles, with a large tissue separationand exposure of part of the first sternum. After an initial evaluation, a trichotomy was performed around the wound, removalof myiasis and sanitization of the wound with water and PVP-I, which was filled with sterile dressings and covered with adressing using a tubular mesh. Antibiotic therapy was instituted, along with anti-inflammatory medication and antitetanicserum (5,000 IU). Due to the need for surgical debridement, after previous fasting and general anesthesia followed bysite antisepsis, surgical debridement was performed, followed by reduction of dead space with application of standard“Wolf” sutures, for re-approximation of the wound edges was applied suture in Wolf pattern captonated with segmentsof equipment. In the post-surgical period, topical treatment with nitrofurazone ointment and crystal...

Utilização de creme de extrato de calêndula em ferida lacerante em equino / Use of calender extract cream in equine lacerate wound

Background: Wounds and lacerations are constant in the clinical routine of horses. The treatment of wounds by the secondintention is the most common in the equine clinic; it consists in addition to surgical debridement, the use of allopathic orphytotherapeutic healing. In this context, several phytotherapics used in folk medicine have been used with promisingresults in the equine species, especially marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), recognized by the German scientific committee as antiseptic and healing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the nonionic cream of Calendulaofficinalis at 2% in an extensive lacerating wound in an equine.Case: A 6-month-old female Quarter Horse, weighing 160 kg, a lacerating wound in the pectoral region of unknowntraumatic origin, was treated in the large animal sector of the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR).Clinical examination revealed an exudative wound in the pectoral region, complicated by the presence of environmentalorganic matter and myiasis, involving transverse pectoral and descending pectoral muscles, with a large tissue separationand exposure of part of the first sternum. After an initial evaluation, a trichotomy was performed around the wound, removalof myiasis and sanitization of the wound with water and PVP-I, which was filled with sterile dressings and covered with adressing using a tubular mesh. Antibiotic therapy was instituted, along with anti-inflammatory medication and antitetanicserum (5,000 IU). Due to the need for surgical debridement, after previous fasting and general anesthesia followed bysite antisepsis, surgical debridement was performed, followed by reduction of dead space with application of standard“Wolf” sutures, for re-approximation of the wound edges was applied suture in Wolf pattern captonated with segmentsof equipment. In the post-surgical period, topical treatment with nitrofurazone ointment and crystal...(AU)

Biochar versus hydrochar as growth media constituents for ornamental plant cultivation

Biochar and hydrochar have been proposed as novel materials for providing soilless growth media. However, much more knowledge is required before reliable advice can be given on the use of these materials for this purpose. Depending on the material and the technology applied (pyrolysis or hydrothermal carbonization), phytotoxicity and greenhouse gas emissions have been found for certain chars. In this study, our aim was to assess the feasibility of three chars as substrate constituents. We compared two biochars, one from forest waste and the other from olive mill waste, and a hydrochar from forest waste. We studied how chars affected substrate characteristics, plant performance, water economy and respiratory CO2 emission. Substrates containing biochar from forest waste showed the best characteristics, with good air/water relationships and adequate electrical conductivity. Those with biochar from olive mill waste were highly saline and, consequently, low quality. The substrates with hydrochar retained too much water and were poorly aerated, presenting high CO2 concentrations due to high respiratory activity. Plants performed well only when grown in substrates containing a maximum of 25 % biochar from forest waste or hydrochar. After analyzing the char characteristics, we concluded that biochar from forest waste could be safely used as a substrate constituent and is environmentally friendly when applied due to its low salinity and low CO2 emission. However, biochar from olive mill waste and hydrochar need to be improved before they can be used as substrate constituents.(AU)

Lettuce and marigold intercropping: crops productivity and marigold's flavonoid content / Consórcio entre alface e calêndula: produtividade das culturas e teor de flavonóides em calêndula

Intercropping of vegetables and medicinal plants might produce favorable interactions for both crops, resulting in increased production and profit per unit area. It is known that active compounds can change because of several factors, including the cropping system. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of intercropping of lettuce and marigold on the productivity of these crops and on the flavonoid content of marigold flowers. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of EPAMIG in Oratorios-MG. Treatments consisted of lettuce + marigolds intercropping between rows, lettuce + marigold intercropping between plants, and monocultures of each species. Spacing was 0.3x0.3m. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with ten repetitions. Harvest of lettuce and marigold flowers started 45 days after transplantation (DAT) and extended up to 72 DAT for marigolds. Lettuce and marigold intercropping appears feasible because lettuce production did not differ between the monoculture and intercropped cultivations, and marigold productivity was higher when intercropped with lettuce. No change in the flavonoid (active chemicals of medicinal interest) content in the floral capitula of marigolds was observed.(AU)

O cultivo consorciado entre hortaliças e plantas medicinais pode promover interação benéfica entre as duas culturas, resultando em aumento na produção e no lucro por unidade de área. Sabe-se também que os princípios ativos podem ser alterados por vários fatores, incluindo o sistema de cultivo. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do consórcio entre alface e calêndula na produtividade destas culturas e no teor de flavonoides em flores de calêndula. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da EPAMIG, em Oratórios-MG. Os tratamentos consistiram em: alface + calêndula entre linhas, alface + calêndula entre plantas e os monocultivos de alface e de calêndula. O espaçamento utilizado foi de 0,3x0,3m. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dez repetições. A colheita de alface e das flores de calêndula iniciou-se 45 dias após o transplantio (DAT), sendo a colheita de calêndula estendida até os 72 DAT. O consórcio entre alface e calêndula é viável, pois a produção da alface é semelhante entre sistemas consorciados e cultivo solteiro, e a produtividade da calêndula é maior quando consorciada com a alface, não havendo alteração no teor de flavonoides (princípio ativo de interesse medicinal) dos capítulos florais de calêndula.(AU)

Desempenho de cabritos castrados tratados com calêndula e associações / Performance of castrated kid goats treated with calendula and associations

O objetivo do presente experimento foi avaliar as respostas de desempenho de caprinos castrados, submetidos a dois tratamentos da ferida cirúrgica: tratamento convencional com pomada à base de óxido de zinco, óleo de pinho, caulim e xilol e spray à base de permetrina, fenoxibenzil e DDVP (diclorvós) e tratamento alternativo com uso de fitoterápico  com pomada à base de extrato de Calendula offcinalis e associações. Foram utilizados doze cabritos sem raça definida com peso inicial médio de 15,5 kg, criados em confinamento total, separados em dois grupos dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado para constituir dois tratamentos com seis repetições cada, visando comparar o desempenho dos animais tratados de forma convencional em relação ao tratamento com extrato de Calendula offcinalis e associações. Empregada a técnica de orquiectomia (castração) por abertura da bolsa escrotal e com cordão espermático descoberto no dia 0, os dois grupos foram tratados até a completa cicatrização da ferida cirúrgica no 51º dia de experimentação. As medidas biométricas analisadas foram ganho de peso (kg), ganho de altura de cernelha (cm), ganho de altura de garupa (cm), ganho de perímetro torácico (cm) e escore de condição corporal. Os resultados foram analisados pelo pacote estatístico SAEG e teste de Tukey (P>0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) para nenhum dos parâmetros analisados. Todas as características biométricas, à exceção do escore corporal, aumentaram no período de avaliação. Não houve impacto negativo no uso de fitoterápico em relação às características observadas.

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the performance responses of castrated goats, submitted to two surgical wound treatments: conventional treatment with ointment made of zinc oxide, pine oil, kaolin and xylene and permethrin, phenoxybenzyl and DDVP spray (dichlorvos) and alternative phytotherapic treatment using herbal medicine with ointment made of Calendula offcinalis extract and associations. Twelve undefined breed goats with an average initial weight of 15.5 kg, raised in total confinement, were separated into two groups and arranged in a completely randomized design to constitute two treatments with six replicates each, in order to compare the performance of animals treated conventionally and with Calendula offcinalis extract and associations. We employed the orchiectomy (castration) technique by opening the scrotum and spermatic cord on day 0, and both groups were treated until complete healing of the surgical wound on the 51st day of trial. We analyzed the following biometric parameters: weight gain (kg), withers height gain (cm), croup height gain (cm), thotacic perimeter gain (cm) and body condition score. The results were analyzed using the Statistical Package SAEG and Tukey's test (P> .05). There was no significant difference between treatments (P> 0.05) for any of the parameters analyzed. All biometric characteristics, with the exception of body condition, increased during the evaluation period. There was no negative impact of the use of herbal medicine on the characteristics observed.

Desempenho de cabritos castrados tratados com calêndula e associações / Performance of castrated kid goats treated with calendula and associations

O objetivo do presente experimento foi avaliar as respostas de desempenho de caprinos castrados, submetidos a dois tratamentos da ferida cirúrgica: tratamento convencional com pomada à base de óxido de zinco, óleo de pinho, caulim e xilol e spray à base de permetrina, fenoxibenzil e DDVP (diclorvós) e tratamento alternativo com uso de fitoterápico  com pomada à base de extrato de Calendula offcinalis e associações. Foram utilizados doze cabritos sem raça definida com peso inicial médio de 15,5 kg, criados em confinamento total, separados em dois grupos dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado para constituir dois tratamentos com seis repetições cada, visando comparar o desempenho dos animais tratados de forma convencional em relação ao tratamento com extrato de Calendula offcinalis e associações. Empregada a técnica de orquiectomia (castração) por abertura da bolsa escrotal e com cordão espermático descoberto no dia 0, os dois grupos foram tratados até a completa cicatrização da ferida cirúrgica no 51º dia de experimentação. As medidas biométricas analisadas foram ganho de peso (kg), ganho de altura de cernelha (cm), ganho de altura de garupa (cm), ganho de perímetro torácico (cm) e escore de condição corporal. Os resultados foram analisados pelo pacote estatístico SAEG e teste de Tukey (P>0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) para nenhum dos parâmetros analisados. Todas as características biométricas, à exceção do escore corporal, aumentaram no período de avaliação. Não houve impacto negativo no uso de fitoterápico em relação às características observadas.(AU)

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the performance responses of castrated goats, submitted to two surgical wound treatments: conventional treatment with ointment made of zinc oxide, pine oil, kaolin and xylene and permethrin, phenoxybenzyl and DDVP spray (dichlorvos) and alternative phytotherapic treatment using herbal medicine with ointment made of Calendula offcinalis extract and associations. Twelve undefined breed goats with an average initial weight of 15.5 kg, raised in total confinement, were separated into two groups and arranged in a completely randomized design to constitute two treatments with six replicates each, in order to compare the performance of animals treated conventionally and with Calendula offcinalis extract and associations. We employed the orchiectomy (castration) technique by opening the scrotum and spermatic cord on day 0, and both groups were treated until complete healing of the surgical wound on the 51st day of trial. We analyzed the following biometric parameters: weight gain (kg), withers height gain (cm), croup height gain (cm), thotacic perimeter gain (cm) and body condition score. The results were analyzed using the Statistical Package SAEG and Tukey's test (P> .05). There was no significant difference between treatments (P> 0.05) for any of the parameters analyzed. All biometric characteristics, with the exception of body condition, increased during the evaluation period. There was no negative impact of the use of herbal medicine on the characteristics observed.(AU)

Effect of dietary supplementation of marigold pigment on immunity, skin and meat color, and growth performance of broiler chickens

Marigold flower extract, a natural pigment, was used to determine its effect on carcass and skin pigmentation, immunity and growth performance of broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four treatment groups with six replicates in a randomized block design. Birds were fed basal diet for 42 d with or without supplementation of marigold flower extract at various concentrations, i.e., 0 (MG0, control), 100 (MG100), 150 (MG150) and 200 (MG200) mg/kg of feed, respectively. Feed intake and live body weight were weekly recorded. Carcass and shank color, and antibody titers against Newcastle and Influenza viruses were measured. Results showed that marigold flower extract significantly (p<0.05) improved live body weight and relative thymus weight. However, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and spleen and bursa weights were not significantly affected. Yellowness (b*) of breast and thigh muscles increased by the dietary supplementation of marigold flower extract compared with the control diet. However, lightness (L*), redness (a*) and redness to yellowness ratio (a/b) were not influenced by the treatments. Moreover, Roche color fan scores of the shank skin were increased at market age (d 42). The results revealed that marigold extract enhanced antibody titers against Newcastle and influenza viruses. It was possible to conclude that the dietary supplementation with marigold flower extract at the rate of 200 mg/kg of feed enhanced carcass and shank color, antibody titers against ND and AI, and growth performance of broiler chickens.(AU)

Angiogenic activity of Calendula officinalis flowers L. in rats / Atividade angiogenica das flores da Calendula officinalis L. em ratos

Purpose: In this work, angiogenic activity of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) ethanolic extract and dichloromethane and hexanic fractions were evaluated, considering medicinal properties, especially healing activity, are attributed to this plant. Methods: Models using 36 rats and 90 embryonated eggs were used to evaluate healing and angiogenic activities of extracts and fractions of the plant, through the induction of skin wounds and the chorioallantoic membrane, respectively. The effect of vascular proliferation was also tested from the study to verify the intensity of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cutaneous wounds in rats. Results: The angiogenic activity of the extract and the fractions was evidenced in both experimental models. It was verified that this effect is not directly related to the expression of VEGF and it could be associated to other pro-angiogenic factors. Conclusion: The healing activity referred to C. officinalis is related, among other factors, to its positive effect on angiogenesis, characterized by the induction of neovascularization.(AU)

Objetivo: Neste trabalho a atividade sobre a angiogenese do extrato etanolico (EEC) e das fracoes diclorometano e hexanica das flores de Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) cultivada no Brasil foram avaliados, visto que propriedades medicinais tem sido atribuidas as flores da planta, destacando-se a atividade cicatrizante. Metodos: Modelos utilizando 36 ratos e 90 ovos embrionados foram usados para avaliar as atividades cicatrizante e angiogenica dos extratos e fracoes da planta, por meio da inducao de feridas cutaneas e da membrana corioalantoide, respectivamente. O efeito proliferativo vascular foi tambem testado a partir do estudo imunoistoquimico, realizado para verificar a intensidade da expressao do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) na derme de ratos. Resultados: A atividade angiogenica do extrato e das fracoes foi evidenciada nos dois modelos experimentais empregados. Foi evidenciado que este efeito nao estava diretamente relacionado a expressao do VEGF, podendo estar associado a outros fatores pro-angiogenicos. Conclusao: A atividade cicatrizante referida a C. officinalis esta relacionada ao seu efeito positivo sobre a angiogenese, e este foi caracterizado pela inducao de neovascularizacao.(AU)

Estimativa do filocrono em calêndula / ula

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o filocrono em plantas de calêndula (Calendula officinalis L.) cultivadas em diferentes épocas de semeaduras. Realizaram-se três épocas de semeaduras: 06/04/2005, 23/06/2005 e 03/10/2006, no interior de uma estufa plástica com área de 240m2, instalada no campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM. A semeadura foi realizada em vasos plásticos com capacidade volumétrica para cinco litros. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 320 vasos em cada época, sendo distribuído em quatro fileiras de 80 vasos cada. Em uma planta de oito vasos de cada quatro fileiras, fez-se a contagem, semanalmente, do número de folhas emergidas da haste principal e na primeira haste lateral. Os dados do número de folhas foram correlacionados com a soma térmica diária acumulada, considerando-se uma temperatura base de 8ºC. Constatou-se que o filocrono variou com a época de semeadura, sendo o menor valor igual 15,9ºC dia folha-1, obtido na 2ª época de semeadura e o maior, igual a 24,5ºC dia folha-1, na 1ª época na haste principal e 48,9ºC dia folha-1 na semeadura de outubro na primeira haste lateral.(AU)

The objective of this study was to estimate the phyllochron in calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) grown in different sowing dates. Three sowing dates (06/04/2005, 23/06/2005 and 03/10/2006) were performed inside a 240m2 plastic greenhouse at the Campus of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Sowing was in five liter plastic pots. The experimental design was a completely randomized with 320 pots on each sowing date and rows with 80 pots. The number of leaves in the main stem and oi the first lateral branch was counted on a weekly basis in one plant of eight pots. The number of leaves data was regressed against accumulated thermal time, assuming a base temperature of 8oC. The main stem phyllochron varied with sowing date, with the lowest value (15.9ºC day leaf -1) obtained on the second sowing date, and the greatest value (24.5ºC day leaf -1) obtained on the first sowing date. The greatest phyllochron on the first order lateral branch was 48.9ºC day leaf -1 in the October sowing date.(AU)

Treatment of Bothrops alternatus envenomation by Curcuma longa and Calendula officinalis extracts and ar-turmerone / Tratamento local do envenenamento por Bothrops alternatus com extrato de Curcuma longa e Calendula officinalis e ar-turmerone

It was investigated the efficiency of two extracts of plants and one fraction of their properties against the local effects of bothropic envenomation. Bothrops alternatus venom (1.25µg) diluted in 100µl of sterile saline solution was inoculated (intradermally) into the shaved dorsal back skin of 30 New Zealand rabbits. The animals were divided in six groups receiving the following treatments: group I: subcutaneous application of Curcuma longa extract (1.0ml); group II: topic treatment of Curcuma longa hydroalcoholic extract (1.0ml); group III: topic application of ar-turmerone in vaseline (1.0g); group IV: topic application of Curcuma longa methanolic extract (1.0ml); group V: topic application of Calendula officinalis ointment (1.0g); group VI: topic application of saline (1.0ml). These treatments were done at 30 minutes, and at 2, 4, 24 and 72 hours after venom inoculation. Intensity of local edema, hemorrhagic halo and necrosis were evaluated until 168h after that. Additionally, seven days after the Bothrops venom inoculation, blood was collected from heart with and without EDTA (10%) for hemogram and biochemical parameters (total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and fibrinogen) and all the animals were anesthetized, sacrificed by ether inhalation and submitted to necropsy. Fragments of tissues were taken for histopathological evaluation. The most efficient treatment for inhibition of edema, necrosis and local hemorrhage after Bothrops alternatus venom was the topic application of ar-turmerone.(AU)

Investigou-se a eficácia do extrato de plantas no tratamento local do envenenamento botrópico. Veneno de serpentes Bothrops alternatus (1,25µg) diluído em 100µl de solução salina estéril foi inoculado (via intradérmica) entre as escápulas de 30 coelhos. Os animais foram divididos em seis grupos (tratamentos): grupo I: tratamento subcutâneo com extrato de Curcuma longa; grupo II: tratamento tópico com extrato hidroalcoólico de Curcuma longa; grupo III: tratamento tópico com ar-turmerone em vaselina; grupo IV: tratamento tópico com extrato metanólico de Curcuma longa; grupo V: tratamento tópico com pomada de Calendula officinalis e grupo VI: aplicação tópica de solução salina a 0,9% (Controle). Os tratamentos foram realizados 30 minutos, 2h, 4h, 24h e 72h após a inoculação do veneno. Foram avaliados intensidade de edema local (com paquímetro), halo hemorrágico (régua com gabaritos circulares) e presença de necrose. Sete dias após a inoculação do veneno botrópico (168h) foi coletado sangue do coração, com e sem EDTA, para realização de hemograma, dosagem plasmática de fibrinogênio e dosagens séricas de proteína total, uréia e creatinina. Após as coletas de sangue, todos os animais foram anestesiados, sacrificados com inalação pelo éter etílico e necropsiados. Fragmentos de pele foram retirados para avaliação histopatológica. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o tratamento mais eficaz para inibição da evolução do edema, necrose e hemorragia local após envenenamento com Bothrops alternatus foi a aplicação tópica de ar-turmerone.(AU)

Atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de algumas plantas comumente consumidas no Brasil / Antimicrobial activity of extracts of some plants commonly consumed in Brazil

Os óleos essenciais e alfavaca, manjerona, calêndula e salsa foram extraídos por Arraste de Vapor sob Pressão Reduzida e a atividade antimicrobiana de cinco diferentes concentrações foi determinada sobre quinze microrganismos. Utilizaram-se inóculos padronizados, previamente crescidos em caldo nutriente e semeados por superfície em placas de Petri contendo dois meios de cultura diferentes: Agar para Contagem Padrão (PCA) e Agar Nutriente acrescido de 0,1 por cento de Tween 20. Após incubação por 72 h a 30°C, foi observado que o óleo essencial de salsa afetou um maior número de microrganismos, seguido dos óleos de alfavaca, calêndula e manjerona. A atividade antimicrobiana mostrou um decréscimo no crescimento das leveduras e das bactérias Gran-positivas à medida em que se aumentou a diluição. As bactérias Gram-negativas foram inibidas apenas pelos óleos concentrados. Foi demonstrado, portanto, o possível uso destes óleos como conservantes naturais de alimentos.(AU)

The essential oils of basil, marjoram, marigold and parsley were extracted by Drags of Steam with reduced Pressure, and antimicrobial activity was determined in .five different concentrations on fifteen microorganisms. Standardized inocula, previously grown in nutrient broth were used to inoculate two different culture media in Petri dishes: Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Nutrient Agar added 0.1% of Tween 20. After incubation to 30ºC for 72 hours, it was observed that essential oil of parsley affected a larger number of microorganisms, followed by the oils of basil, marigold and marjoram. The antimicrobial activity has shown a decrease in the growth rate of yeasts and Gram-positive bacteria as dilution increased. Gram-negative bacteria have been inhibited only by concentrated oils.Therefore, it has been demonstrated the possible use of these oils as natural preservatives in foods. (AU)

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da calêndula (Calendula officinalis), cultivada no oeste do Paraná e utilizada para a fabricação de chás e tinturas / Evaluation of the microbiological quality from the calendula (Calendula officinalis), cultivated in the west of the Paraná and utilized for the making of tea and dyes

O aumento considerável pela procura de fitoterápicos (chás e tinturas), bem como o consumo de flores exóticas como saladas, vem exigindo um maior controle sanitário na sua produção. No oeste do Paraná, a flor de calêndula (Calendula officinalis) é uma das mais procuradas, por conter substâncias importantes para a manutenção da saúde. Para avaliar a qualidade microbiológica dessa planta, foram utilizadas 12 amostras de diferentes produtores do oeste do Paraná, colhidas durante a safra de 2002 (julho a novembro) e encaminhadas ao laboratório Yanten, onde foram realizadas todas as análises recomendadas pela World Health Organization (WHO). Dentre as 12 amostras, 2 excederam o limite máximo para bolores e leveduras, e uma amostra excedeu o limite máximo de microorganismos mesófilos, resultando num percentual de 25 por cento de amostras reprovadas e 75 por cento de aprovadas.(AU)

The increasing search for phytotherapyc drugs (teas and dye), and the consumption of exotic flowers like salads, requires a better sanitary control for its production. In west Parana, calendula flower (Calendula officinalis) is one of the most used, because it has many important substances for a healthy life. To obtain the microbiology quality of this plant, 12 samples from different farmers in west Parana were used. These were harvested in 2002 (july to november) and sent to the Yanten Laboratory, and analysed according to the Medicinal Plants Materiais - World Health Organization (WHO 1998). Considering the total of samples, 2 exceeded the highst limit allowed by WHO-1998 for mold and yeast, 1 sample exceeded for mesophillus microorganisms, resulting in 75% samples approved and 25% disapproved. (AU)