Relato de caso: tratamento de ferida perfurante no dígito de equino / Case report: treatment of a perforating wound in the equine digit / Caso clínico: tratamiento de una herida perforante en el dedo equino

Apesar dos avanços na medicina equina, certas condições de claudicação ainda representam um desafio significativo para os clínicos veterinários, especialmente quando se trata de afecções distais, como feridas perfurantes no casco do equino. Essas lesões podem afetar estruturas vitais, incluindo a articulação interfalângica distal, o osso navicular, a bolsa do osso navicular, o tendão flexor digital profundo, a bainha sinovial e a terceira falange. O presente estudo tem como objetivo esclarecer que um diagnóstico mais rápido e preciso das estruturas afetadas e do grau de lesões resultantes leva a um tratamento mais eficaz. Além disso, foi demonstrado que o tratamento convencional com antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios não esteroides sistêmicos -AINEs,em combinação com terapias alternativas, como campo magnético pulsado, laser classe III e Ozonioterapia, apresentou um efeito sinérgico com resultados excelentes.(AU)

Despite advances in equine medicine, certain claudication conditions still pose a significant challenge to veterinary clinicians, especially when it comes to distal affections such as puncture wounds on the equine hoof. These injuries can affect vital structures, including the distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bone, navicular bone pouch, deep digital flexor tendon, synovial sheath, and third phalanx. The present study aims to clarify that a more rapid and accurate diagnosis of the affected structures and the resulting degree of injury leads to more effective treatment. Furthermore, it was shown that conventional treatment with antibiotics and systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -NSAIDs, in combination with alternative therapies, such as pulsed magnetic field, class III laser and ozone therapy, presented a synergistic effect with excellent results.(AU)

A pesar de los avances en medicina equina, ciertas afecciones claudicantes siguen planteando un reto importante a los clínicos veterinarios, especialmente cuando se trata de afecciones distales como las heridas perforantes en el casco equino. Estas lesiones pueden afectar a estructuras vitales, como la articulación interfalángica distal, el hueso navicular, la bolsa del hueso navicular, el tendón flexor digital profundo, la vaina sinovial y la tercera falange. El presente estudio pretende aclarar que un diagnóstico más rápido y preciso de las estructuras afectadas y del grado de lesión resultante conduce a un tratamiento más eficaz. Además, se demostró que el tratamiento convencional con antibióticos y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos sistémicos -AINE, en combinación con terapias alternativas, como el campo magnético pulsado, el láser de clase III y la ozonoterapia, presentaban un efecto sinérgico con excelentes resultados.(AU)

Catastrophic scapular fracture in a stallion

A 4-year-old Thoroughbred stallion suffered a fracture of the left thoracic limb while racing. Because of the poor prognosis, the horse was euthanized Follow-up questions: • Morphologic diagnosis? • Etiopathogenesis? • Risk factors?

Deslocamento dorsal de patela: relato de caso / Dorsal displacement of the patella: case report / Desplazamiento dorsal de la rótula: caso clínico

O deslocamento dorsal da patela, não é uma afecção incomum em potros e em animais que são estabulados e mantidos em repouso após uma temporada de exercícios. Existem vários fatores, que pode levar a esta situação, como membros posteriores retos, flacidez do músculo quadríceps femoral, dentre outras. Existem várias formas de tratamento para o deslocamento, como exercícios controlados, ferrageamento corretivo, provocar uma desmite do ligamento patelar medial, com soluções irritantes, ou com a técnica do splitting, e também pode ser realizada a desmotomia do ligamento patelar medial para correção do deslocamento. Diante disso, buscou-se realizar uma revisão bibliográfica que verse sobre a acurácia do exame clínico e os exames complementares tais com ultrassonografia e radiografias, pois o diagnóstico preciso é de suma importância, para que os objetivos clínicos sejam alcançados.

Dorsal displacement of the patella is not an uncommon condition in foals and in animals that are stabled and kept at rest after a season of exercise. There are several factors, which can lead to this situation, such as straight hind limbs, laxity of the quadriceps femoris muscle, among others. There are several forms of treatment for the dislocation, such as controlled exercises, corrective bracing, provoking a demitis of the medial patellar ligament, with irritant solutions, or with the splitting technique, and also a demotomy of the medial patellar ligament can be performed to correct the dislocation. Therefore, a literature review was carried out on the accuracy of the clinical examination and complementary tests such as ultrasound and radiography, as an accurate diagnosis is of utmost importance to achieve the clinical objectives.

El desplazamiento dorsal de la rótula no es una condición infrecuente en potros y en animales estabulados y mantenidos en reposo después de una temporada de ejercicio. Hay varios factores que pueden conducir a esta situación, como miembros posteriores rectos, laxitud del músculo cuádriceps femoral, entre otros. Existen varias formas de tratamiento para la luxación, como ejercicios controlados, ortesis correctoras, provocando una demitis del ligamento rotuliano medial, con soluciones irritantes, o con la técnica del splitting, y también se puede realizar una desmotomía del ligamento rotuliano medial para corregir la luxación. Por ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la exactitud del examen clínico y de las pruebas complementarias como la ecografía y la radiografía, ya que un diagnóstico preciso es de suma importancia para alcanzar los objetivos clínicos.

Necrose tissular em equino associada ao uso de fenilbutazona / Tissue necrosis in equine associated with use of phenylbutazone

Background: Wounds that occur with tissue necrosis and that result from the application of medications through the most diverse accesses are described as drug skin medical embolism or Nicholas syndrome in human medicine, with wide description. In veterinary medicine, this subject has not yet been described extensively and specifically in veterinary medicine, especially regarding to wounds that occurred after the application of non-intravenous medications in horses, even though these lesions are recurrent in the clinical routine. This report aims to describe a case of skin necrosis in a horse, due to phenylbutazone infection. Case: A 7 year-old Mangalarga Marchador horse, weighing 400 kg, was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital for Large Animals of the Universiade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), with a history of phenylbutazone injection to the left side of the neck. The animal had an extensive wound on the neck and face on the left side and was characterized by the presence of cold and devitalized skin, with a hardened and parched appearance and that easily detached. During the anamnesis, a single administration of 10 mL of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug based on phenylbutazone was reported intramuscularly for about 10 days to control the pain resulting from the claudication present for 14 days. The medication was administered in the region of the lateral border of the neck, on the left side. After drug administration, the animal presented an increase in volume at the application site. After 24 h, the lesion spread from the inoculation region, extending to the head and chest of the animal. During debridement, it was found that the lesion did not reach the underlying muscle tissue. In addition to the wound, the animal had upper eyelid palsy, lower lip, and auricular ptosis. Treatment with surgical debridement of devitalized tissue, topical application of ozonated sunflower oil, ketanserin, and a free skin graft was instituted. During hospitalization, the animal had a corneal ulcer in the left eye with an unfavorable prognosis due to paralysis of the upper eyelid, with enucleation of the affected eyeball. The animal was under veterinary care for 180 days and was discharged when his wound was already in an advanced stage of healing. Discussion: The history of the application of phenylbutazone intramuscularly and the location and characteristics of the lesion presented by the patient in the present report suggest that this animal presented aseptic tissue necrosis resulting from the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenylbutazone. Although aseptic tissue necrosis, better known as Nicolau's syndrome or drug embolism cutis, is widely characterized and described in this species, there are studies in the literature that reproduce the syndrome in pigs and rabbits. Phenylbutazone was able to cause arterial damage, mainly in the tunica intima of the artery in which the medication was administered, with perivascular inflammatory infiltrate and subsequent skin necrosis at the site of administration. In addition to the skin lesion, the animal started to show signs compatible with the left facial nerve lesion, evidenced by the immobility of the upper eyelid and labial and ear ptosis. This resulted in corneal ulceration and subsequent enucleation. The animal also developed chewing difficulty in the first months of hospitalization. This dysfunction may be due to a lesion of the mandibular nerve, responsible for innervating the masticatory muscles and the oral mucosa. However, the animal showed improvement in this aspect, no longer showing this condition after 90 days of hospitalization. The treatment used was successful in healing the wound.

Por que a Endocrinologia e a Nutrologia são essenciais para o sucesso da Prevenção e do Tratamento das lesões em Equinos? / Why Endocrinology and Nutrology are essential for the success of Prevention and Treatment of Equine Injuries?

A autora aborda o tema relativo à inflamação sistêmica em cavalos de esporte não apenas na parte relativa a recuperação clínica ou cirúrgica destes animais mas também em seu desempenho. Para tal, a análise de fatores e doenças ligadas a endocrinologia e a nutrologia dos equinos vem ganhando destaque na Medicina Veterinária, à semelhança da Medicina Humana. Assim, mostra informações relevantes quanto a alimentação dos cavalos, nos dias de hoje, e no que se refere às doenças endócrinas como a resistência à insulina, a disfunção da pars intermedia da pituitária (PPID) e hiperlipidemia, propondo um maneja adequado com exercícios físicos, mudança do padrão alimentar e tratamento medicamentoso.(AU)

Sarcoide em equinos - tratamento com associação de Aciclovir e excisão cirúrgica / Equine sarcoids - treatment with a combination of Acyclovir and surgical excision

Background: Sarcoids are the most frequent skin tumors among horses, causing serious lesions due to their different shapes, sizes, degree of invasiveness and distribution on the body. The pathogenesis of sarcoids is multifactorial, with genetic, viral and environmental involvement, making their treatment complex. The aggressiveness and high rate of recurrence of sarcoids makes it difficult to use an effective treatment, which is why there are several therapeutic routes described in the literature. Aiming to describe and expand sarcoid treatments, this paper reports on the use of acyclovir in the treatment of this type of tumor. Cases: Four horses sent to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras - UFLA were diagnosed and treated for sarcoids. Case 1. Lesions on the right ear, region of the masseter muscle of the right side of the face, neck, vulva and medial aspect of the left pelvic limb. Case 2. Lesion in the left groin region. Case 3. Lesions on the face, masseter muscle region on the left side, mandibular region and right ear pinna. Case 4. Lesion in the lateral region of the left pelvic limb, close to the tarsometatarsal joint. All horses had a diagnosis of sarcoid, which was confirmed by histopathological examination of material collected after surgical excision. Macroscopically, the neoplastic lesions were classified as fibroblastic, verrucous and nodular. The tumors exhibited irregular surfaces, keratinization, and a firm consistency. Their surfaces were alopecic, slightly rough, some of them were ulcerated, and their color ranged from greyish to rosy and reddish. All the tumor masses were surgically excised from the 4 horses, and one sarcoid was treated by thermal cauterization with liquid nitrogen due to the lesion's depth and size. In most cases, the sarcoid removal sites were closed with sutures. Only 2 lesions were not sutured due to the impossibility of bringing the edges of tissue close together, or due to proximity to the tarsometatarsal joint. The surgical wounds were cleaned twice a day with sterile saline solution followed by the topical application of Acyclovir. One of the animals received complementary therapy with Cimetidine. Discussion: The equines recovered completely from their sarcoid treatment, and no recurrences were reported a year later. Thus, the combination of treatments employed for the extirpation of sarcoids proved to have greater chances of success. First, all the tumors were surgically removed with the largest possible margins of safety in order to ensure the elimination of neoplastic cells. In the postoperative period, all the animals received topical treatment of the lesions with acyclovir after surgical resection of the tumors. The drug aided the complete healing of post-surgical wounds, and healing time varied according to the size and depth of the lesion. One tumor was treated with liquid nitrogen after surgical excision of the sarcoid. Another horse was treated with cimetidine over a 3-month period after surgical excision of the neoplasm in order to reduce the sarcoid and prevent its evolution. Surgical excision of the sarcoid associated with topical application of acyclovir ointment showed satisfactory results. Moreover, the combination of surgical excision and administration of liquid nitrogen on the lesion and topical application of acyclovir ointment in the postoperative period also provided good results. Given the complexity of sarcoid treatment and the high recurrence rate of these tumors, the use of combined treatments should be taken into account.

Equine cutaneous habronematidosis

The superficial and deep preputial dermis contains multifocal to coalescing, well-demarcated eosinophilic granulomas (Fig. 2) characterized by a central area of abundant eosinophilic necrotic debris mixed with degenerate eosinophils surrounded by numerous epithelioid macrophages and occasional multinucleated giant cells (foreign-body type), rimmed by ill-defined layers of fibrous connective tissue. In the center of the granulomas, there are cross-sections of degenerate nematode larvae (Fig. 3). The adjacent dermal collagen is expanded by dense inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of eosinophils and a few lymphocytes and plasma cells (Fig. 4). The dermal microvasculature is prominent, with hypertrophic reactive endothelial lining. There is also vascular proliferation amidst perpendicularly oriented plump fibroblasts embedded in collagen (granulation tissue). In addition, there are numerous shrunken, hypereosinophilic, fragmented or hyalinized collagen bundles, occasionally surrounded by degranulated eosinophils (flame figures).(AU)

Enostose múltipla em equino puro sangue de corrida / Enostosis-like lesion in thoroughbred horse

Background: Enostosis like lesions are characterized by areas of intramedullary sclerosis affecting the long bones andtheir presence in any cases may be not associated with lameness. It has a migratory characteristic and, therefore there isthe occurrence of lameness at different sites from the initial lesion. Its etiology is speculative and has been attributed tointraosseous increased pressure, of Havers’ canals compression, stimulation of unmyelinated fibers and circulating plateletaggregates. Diagnosis is made through nuclear scintigraphy and associated with radiographic examination. This paperaims to report a clinical case on the use of scintigraphy for the reference diagnosis of enostosis-type injury and treatmentthrough surgical bone decompression.Case: A 2-year-old thoroughbred mare, weighing 483 kg, with a history of acute lameness of the left pelvic limb associatedwith the no previous signs of trauma and no noteworthy changes in radiographic and ultrasound images, was referred to theHorse Center Veterinary Clinic. In the examination of the locomotor system, the animal presented a 2/5 degree lamenessin a straight line, with accentuated exacerbation of the same after flexion of the left femoro-tibio-patellar joint. In addition,presented a reduction in the caudal phase of the stride and croup asymmetry associated with mild myopenia. The findingsof the scintigraphic exam characterized by intense focal area of hyperconcentration of medullary radiopharmaceutical inthe proximal third of the right third metatarsal, and multiple areas of hyperconcentration in the aspect proximal to thedistal third of the left tibia. In the radiographic images, multifocal radiopaque regions that coincided with the areas ofradiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration were observed. The initial treatment was based on rest, use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and acetylsalicylic acid. In the 60 days...

Produtos naturais para cicatrização de feridas em equinos: uma revisão integrativa / Natural products for wounds in equines: Integrative review

Os equinos são animais curiosos e de comportamento ativo. Eles não demonstram dor ou lesões com facilidade por serem considerados presas na natureza. Esses fatores propiciam o aparecimento e o desenvolvimento de lesões cutâneas, principalmente na região dos membros distais. As abordagens terapêuticas convencionais para o tratamento dessas lesões são feitas por meio de soluções antissépticas, corticoides e antibióticos. Entretanto, essas soluções podem causar prejuízos à cicatrização, se usadas de forma indevida, ou efeitos adversos ao animal. Uma forma alternativa para o tratamento de ferimentos cutâneos é o uso de fitoterápicos e outros produtos naturais, que são viáveis por terem um custo inferior e serem de fácil acesso. Dessa forma, objetivou-se neste trabalho, compreender o uso de produtos naturais na cicatrização de ferimentos em equinos, por meio de uma revisão integrativa, abordando os seguintes bioprodutos: Açúcar, Aloe vera, Barbatimão e Calêndula. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa acadêmica nas bases de pesquisa SciELO, Google Acadêmico, BVS-Vet. (Biblioteca Virtual em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia) e Periódicos CAPES/MEC. Partindo disso, foi feita uma análise qualitativa de artigos, principalmente os publicados nos anos de 2019 a 2021. Na literatura o açúcar demonstra grande potencial em promover o crescimento tecidual. A Aloe vera apresenta as características antioxidantes e imunoestimulantes, já o Barbatimão apresenta a capacidade de reduzir inflamações e uma atividade antimicrobiana; e a Calêndula demonstra atividade cicatrizante, anti-inflamatória e antimicrobiana. Com este trabalho pode-se concluir que esses bioprodutos são potentes na ação anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e antimicrobiana, além de ajudar na reparação tecidual, sendo excelentes para terapia alternativa.

Horses are curious and active animals. They do not show their pain or injuries easily as they are considered prey in the wild. These factors favor the appearance and development of skin lesions, especially in the region of the distal limbs. The conventional therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these lesions are through antiseptic solutions, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. However, these solutions can cause damage to healing, if used improperly, or cause adverse effects to the animal. An alternative way to treat skin wounds is the use of herbal medicines and other natural products, which are viable due to their lower cost and easy access. Thus, the objective in this work, was to understand the use of natural products in the healing of wounds in horses through an integrative review, addressing the following bioproducts: Sugar, Aloe vera, Barbatimão, and Calendula. This academic research was carried out on the research bases SciELO, Google Scholar, VHL-Vet. (Virtual Library in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science) and CAPES/MEC Periodicals through qualitative analysis of articles, mainly those published in the years 2017 to 2021. In the literature the sugar demonstrated the great potential in promoting tissue growth. Aloe vera has antioxidant and immunostimulating characteristics, while Barbatimão can reduce inflammations and has antimicrobial activity. Calendula has healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity. With this work, we conclude that these bioproducts are potent in terms of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial action, in addition to helping in tissue repair, being excellent for alternative therapy.

Eritema multiforme e suas características clínico-patológicas em um equino no Brasil / Erythema multiforme and its clinicopathological features in a horse in Brazil

Background: Erythema multiforme (EM) is an immune-mediated skin disease which may manifest as cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions. It is uncommon in horses. EM lesions have a symmetrical bilateral distribution; they are usually urticarial, necrotizing, and, less commonly, ulcerative. In equines, the trigger is usually unknown, and cases are often classified as idiopathic. Diagnosis is based on a thorough history and physical and histopathological examination of lesions. According to the clinical presentation and histopathological characteristics of the cutaneous lesions, this case is the first report to describe diagnosis and treatment of a horse with EM in Brazil. Case: A Quarter Horse filly was followed clinically for 12 months after sudden onset of skin lesions at 18 months of age. The initial lesions were non-alopecic papules with a symmetrical bilateral distribution. Six months after onset, the skin lesions maintained the original distribution pattern; however, they had progressed to papules and plaques with varying annular, arciform, serpiginous, targetoid, or alopecic appearance. At 8 months, the same distribution pattern and appearance remained, but the lesions had become more severe and extensive, with involvement of the labial commissures and perineal region, without any erosions/ulcerations, scaling/crusting, pain, or pruritus. At 12 months, new nodular lesions were found on the medial and lateral surfaces of the hind limbs, neck, bilateral trunk, and root of the tail. The lesions were firm, non-pruritic, and non-tender on palpation. Swabs were obtained from the papular lesions. Skin specimens were also obtained with a 6-mm punch and via incisional biopsy and histological sections were made. Bacterial and fungal cultures were negative. Appropriate stains did not identify fungal structures, were negative for acid-fast bacilli, and did not reveal any metachromatic granules in the sampled cell population. The histopathological findings were characteristic of immune-mediated disease, with a vacuolar interface dermatitis affecting the hair follicles more than the epidermis, necrotic keratinocytes, lymphocyte satellitosis, leukocytoclastic mixed vasculitis of the mid-dermis and deep dermis, and variable granulation tissue, consistent with erythema multiforme and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and oral supplementation with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and vitamin E were prescribed. After institution of therapy, no new lesions developed, the existing lesions remained stable (though permanent), and hair regrew in the previously alopecic areas. All physiological parameters remained normal throughout the follow-up period. Discussion: Erythema multiforme is rarely reported in horses. According to our literature review, this is the first description of EM in horses in Brazil. EM should be included in the differential diagnosis of horses that present with plaques in a diverse, geographic distribution and a negative initial dermatological screening examination. Further clinical investigation is warranted, with special attention to potential antigenic triggers. A thorough drug and dietary history and close attention to comorbidities are essential, as the suppression of potential culprit factors has important prognostic value and contributes to the elucidation of EM triggers.(AU)

Modelagem farmacocinética/farmacodinâmica do florfenicol para o tratamento da adenite equina por meio da simulação de Monte Carlo / Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of florfenicol for the treatment of equine adenitis using Monte Carlo simulation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do florfenicol na dose usualmente empregada em equinos de 22 mg/kg pelas vias intravenosa, intramuscular e oral para o tratamento de adenite equina por Streptococcus equi. subsp. equi, usando a modelagem farmacocinética/farmacodinâmica (PK/PD Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic) e a simulação de Monte Carlo. Foi realizada uma simulação de Monte Carlo a partir dos parâmetros PK, logo depois, efetuou-se a modelagem PK/PD para determinar as taxas de eficácia do antimicrobiano para o tratamento dessa infecção bacteriana, de acordo com o valor da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), em um intervalo de CIM de 0,125 4 μg/mL. Pela via intravenosa, a probabilidade de erradicação bacteriana foi de 100% para CIM até 0,5 μg/mL e efeito bacteriostático com probabilidades de 99% e 80% para CIMs de 2 e 4 μg/mL, respectivamente. Já pelas vias intramuscular e oral a probabilidade de se atingir o índice de erradicação bacteriológica foi de 100% para CIM de até 0,5 μg/mL, contudo, atinge valores de 80% e 81%, respectivamente, para CIM de 1 μg/mL considerando o efeito bactericida (p<0,01). Portanto, através desse estudo é evidenciado a eficácia do florfenicol até a CIM de 0,5 μg/mL para as três vias de administração citadas, entretanto, para CIMs superiores a esse valor, é imprescindível o ajuste da dose farmacológica, evitando falhas na terapêutica e possível resistência microbiana.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of florfenicol at the dose usually used in horses of 22 mg/kg by intravenous, intramuscular and oral routes for the treatment of equine adenitis caused by Streptococcus equi. subsp. equi, using Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed from the PK parameters, then PK/PD modeling was performed to determine the antimicrobial efficacy rates for the treatment of this bacterial infection, according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value, in a MIC range of 0.125 - 4 μg/mL. Intravenously, the probability of bacterial eradication was 100% for MICs up to 0.5 μg/mL, and the bacteriostatic effect was 99% and 80% for MICs of 2 and 4 μg/mL, respectively. However, for the intramuscular and oral routes, the probability of reaching the bacteriologic eradication index was 100% for MICs of up to 0.5 μg/mL, however, it reaches values of 80% and 81%, respectively, for MICs of 1 μg/mL considering the bactericidal effect (p<0.01). Therefore, through this study the efficacy of florfenicol is evidenced up to the MIC of 0.5 μg/mL for the three routes of administration cited, however, for MICs higher than this value, it is essential to adjust the pharmacological dose, avoiding failures in therapy and possible microbial resistance.(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica dos tendões flexores dos membros anteriores em equinos de vaquejada na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil / Ultrasound evaluation of the flexor tendons of the forelimbs in horses in vaquejada horses in the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo demonstrar a influência do tipo de treinamento sobre as medidas dos tendões flexores palmares em equinos de vaquejada que correm à direita do boi na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Foram utilizados oito animais, da raça quarto de milha e seus mestiços, de diferentes idades, peso e sexo, selecionados e questionados sobre o tempo que exerciam a atividade de vaquejada e o tipo de treinamento a qual eram submetidos, que refere-se a maneira como praticavam a prova correndo de que lado do boi, em uma prova de vaquejada no município de Cristino Castro, Sul do Piauí, Brasil, onde os participantes eram provenientes de diferentes haras da Microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Em cada animal foi realizada ultrassonografia das zonas IB, IIB e IIIB dos tendões flexores digital superficial (TFDS) e digital profundo (TFDP), obtendo-se as medidas dos diâmetros médio lateral (DML) e dorso palmar (DDP) através do plano transverso em cada uma das diferentes zonas. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística (ANOVA), utilizando-se o teste t a nível de significância de (p<0,05), observando-se que não houve diferença significativa entre as medidas avaliadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, cavalos atletas que correm a direita do boi não apresentam diferença significativa nos diâmetros médio lateral e dorso palmar dos tendões flexores entre os antímeros direito e esquerdo do membro torácico.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the influence of the type of training on the measurements of the palmar flexor tendons in vaquejada horses that run to the right of the ox in the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. Eight animals of the quarter-mile breed and their crossbreed, of different ages, weight and sex, were selected and asked about the time they were engaged in the activity of the vaquejada and the type of training they were submitted to as they practiced running on which side of the ox, in a vaquejada test in the municipality of Cristino Castro, South of Piauí, Brazil, where the participants came from different farms of the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. The ultrasonography of the IB, IIB and IIIB zones of the superficial digital (TFDS) and deep digital flexor tendons (TFDP) were performed in each animal, obtaining the measurements of the lateral diameters (DML) and palmar dorsum (DDP) through the transverse plane in each of the different zones. Data were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA), using the t test at the significance level of (p <0.05), observing that there was no significant difference between the measures evaluated. According to the results, horses for vaquejada athletes do not present significant difference in the lateral diameters and palmar dorsum of the flexor tendons between the right and left thoracic limb antimeres.

Modelagem farmacocinética/farmacodinâmica do florfenicol para o tratamento da adenite equina por meio da simulação de Monte Carlo / Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of florfenicol for the treatment of equine adenitis using Monte Carlo simulation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do florfenicol na dose usualmente empregada em equinos de 22 mg/kg pelas vias intravenosa, intramuscular e oral para o tratamento de adenite equina por Streptococcus equi. subsp. equi, usando a modelagem farmacocinética/farmacodinâmica (PK/PD – Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic) e a simulação de Monte Carlo. Foi realizada uma simulação de Monte Carlo a partir dos parâmetros PK, logo depois, efetuou-se a modelagem PK/PD para determinar as taxas de eficácia do antimicrobiano para o tratamento dessa infecção bacteriana, de acordo com o valor da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), em um intervalo de CIM de 0,125 – 4 μg/mL. Pela via intravenosa, a probabilidade de erradicação bacteriana foi de 100% para CIM até 0,5 μg/mL e efeito bacteriostático com probabilidades de 99% e 80% para CIMs de 2 e 4 μg/mL, respectivamente. Já pelas vias intramuscular e oral a probabilidade de se atingir o índice de erradicação bacteriológica foi de 100% para CIM de até 0,5 μg/mL, contudo, atinge valores de 80% e 81%, respectivamente, para CIM de 1 μg/mL considerando o efeito bactericida (p<0,01). Portanto, através desse estudo é evidenciado a eficácia do florfenicol até a CIM de 0,5 μg/mL para as três vias de administração citadas, entretanto, para CIMs superiores a esse valor, é imprescindível o ajuste da dose farmacológica, evitando falhas na terapêutica e possível resistência microbiana.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of florfenicol at the dose usually used in horses of 22 mg/kg by intravenous, intramuscular and oral routes for the treatment of equine adenitis caused by Streptococcus equi. subsp. equi, using Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed from the PK parameters, then PK/PD modeling was performed to determine the antimicrobial efficacy rates for the treatment of this bacterial infection, according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value, in a MIC range of 0.125 - 4 μg/mL. Intravenously, the probability of bacterial eradication was 100% for MICs up to 0.5 μg/mL, and the bacteriostatic effect was 99% and 80% for MICs of 2 and 4 μg/mL, respectively. However, for the intramuscular and oral routes, the probability of reaching the bacteriologic eradication index was 100% for MICs of up to 0.5 μg/mL, however, it reaches values of 80% and 81%, respectively, for MICs of 1 μg/mL considering the bactericidal effect (p<0.01). Therefore, through this study the efficacy of florfenicol is evidenced up to the MIC of 0.5 μg/mL for the three routes of administration cited, however, for MICs higher than this value, it is essential to adjust the pharmacological dose, avoiding failures in therapy and possible microbial resistance.

Dermovilite exsudativa vegetante crônica em equino - relato de caso / Chronic equine proliferative pododermatitis - case report

A dermovilite exsudativa vegetante crônica (DEVC) é uma afecção que acomete os cascos de equinos, comprometendo seu bem-estar e que ainda é subdiagnosticada devido à similaridade com outras doenças. O presente trabalho relata o diagnóstico clínico da DEVC em um paciente equino atendido no Ambulatório de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. O paciente de doze anos de idade, 386 kg e sem raça definida apresentava histórico de crescimento irregular dos cascos, com odor fétido, presença de tecido esponjoso nas ranilhas e claudicação. Foi realizado o debridamento das lesões, antissepsia dos cascos, colocação de bandagens acolchoadas e impermeabilização, além de administração de penicilina benzatina e flunixina meglumina. Apesar das lesões patognomônicas possibilitarem o diagnóstico clínico de DEVC, ainda é necessária a ampliação dos conhecimentos a seu respeito para possibilitar a sua prevenção e diagnóstico.

Chronic equine proliferative pododermatitis is a condition that affects the horse hooves, compromising their welfare. Despite its clinical importance, it is still underdiagnosed due to its similarity to other diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to report the clinical diagnosis of this disease in an equine patient seen at the Ambulatory of Large Animals of the Veterinary Hospital of the UFRPE. The twelve-year-old patient, 386 kg body weight and mixed-race, presented a history of hooves with irregular growth and malodorous odor, presence of spongy tissue in the frogs and lameness. Initial treatment consisted of debridement of the lesions, antisepsis of the hooves, the placement of padded bandages, waterproofing, and the administration of Benzathine penicillin and flunixin meglumine. Despite the pathognomonic lesions making possible the clinical diagnosis of this disease, it is still necessary to expand knowledge about it, for the improvement of its prevention and diagnosis

Dermovilite exsudativa vegetante crônica em equino - relato de caso / Chronic equine proliferative pododermatitis - case report

A dermovilite exsudativa vegetante crônica (DEVC) é uma afecção que acomete os cascos de equinos, comprometendo seu bem-estar e que ainda é subdiagnosticada devido à similaridade com outras doenças. O presente trabalho relata o diagnóstico clínico da DEVC em um paciente equino atendido no Ambulatório de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. O paciente de doze anos de idade, 386 kg e sem raça definida apresentava histórico de crescimento irregular dos cascos, com odor fétido, presença de tecido esponjoso nas ranilhas e claudicação. Foi realizado o debridamento das lesões, antissepsia dos cascos, colocação de bandagens acolchoadas e impermeabilização, além de administração de penicilina benzatina e flunixina meglumina. Apesar das lesões patognomônicas possibilitarem o diagnóstico clínico de DEVC, ainda é necessária a ampliação dos conhecimentos a seu respeito para possibilitar a sua prevenção e diagnóstico.(AU)

Chronic equine proliferative pododermatitis is a condition that affects the horse hooves, compromising their welfare. Despite its clinical importance, it is still underdiagnosed due to its similarity to other diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to report the clinical diagnosis of this disease in an equine patient seen at the Ambulatory of Large Animals of the Veterinary Hospital of the UFRPE. The twelve-year-old patient, 386 kg body weight and mixed-race, presented a history of hooves with irregular growth and malodorous odor, presence of spongy tissue in the frogs and lameness. Initial treatment consisted of debridement of the lesions, antisepsis of the hooves, the placement of padded bandages, waterproofing, and the administration of Benzathine penicillin and flunixin meglumine. Despite the pathognomonic lesions making possible the clinical diagnosis of this disease, it is still necessary to expand knowledge about it, for the improvement of its prevention and diagnosis(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica dos tendões flexores dos membros anteriores em equinos de vaquejada na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil / Ultrasound evaluation of the flexor tendons of the forelimbs in horses in vaquejada horses in theAlto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo demonstrar a influência do tipo de treinamento sobre as medidas dos tendões flexores palmares em equinos de vaquejada que correm à direita do boi na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Foram utilizados oito animais, da raça quarto de milha e seus mestiços, de diferentes idades, peso e sexo, selecionados e questionados sobre o tempo que exerciam a atividade de vaquejada e o tipo de treinamento a qual eram submetidos, que refere-se a maneira como praticavam a prova correndo de que lado do boi, em uma prova de vaquejada no município de Cristino Castro, Sul do Piauí, Brasil, onde os participantes eram provenientes de diferentes haras da Microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Em cada animal foi realizada ultrassonografia das zonas IB, IIB e IIIB dos tendões flexores digital superficial (TFDS) e digital profundo (TFDP), obtendo-se as medidas dos diâmetros médio lateral (DML) e dorso palmar (DDP) através do plano transverso em cada uma das diferentes zonas. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística (ANOVA), utilizando-se o teste t a nível de significância de (p<0,05), observando-se que não houve diferença significativa entre as medidas avaliadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, cavalos atletas que correm a direita do boi não apresentam diferença significativa nos diâmetros médio lateral e dorso palmar dos tendões flexores entre os antímeros direito e esquerdo do membro torácico.(AU)

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the influence of the type of training on the measurements of the palmar flexor tendons in vaquejada horses that run to the right of the ox in the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. Eight animals of the quarter-mile breed and their crossbreed, of different ages, weight and sex, were selected and asked about the time they were engaged in the activity of the vaquejada and the type of training they were submitted to as they practiced running on which side of the ox, in a vaquejada test in the municipality of Cristino Castro, South of Piauí, Brazil, where the participants came from different farms of the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. The ultrasonography of the IB, IIB and IIIB zones of the superficial digital (TFDS) and deep digital flexor tendons (TFDP) were performed in each animal, obtaining the measurements of the lateral diameters (DML) and palmar dorsum (DDP) through the transverse plane in each of the different zones. Data were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA), using the t test at the significance level of (p <0.05), observing that there was no significant difference between the measures evaluated. According to the results, horses for vaquejada athletes do not present significant difference in the lateral diameters and palmar dorsum of the flexor tendons between the right and left thoracic limb antimeres.(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica dos tendões flexores dos membros anteriores em equinos de vaquejada na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil / Ultrasound evaluation of the flexor tendons of the forelimbs in horses in vaquejada horses in theAlto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo demonstrar a influência do tipo de treinamento sobre as medidas dos tendões flexores palmares em equinos de vaquejada que correm à direita do boi na microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Foram utilizados oito animais, da raça quarto de milha e seus mestiços, de diferentes idades, peso e sexo, selecionados e questionados sobre o tempo que exerciam a atividade de vaquejada e o tipo de treinamento a qual eram submetidos, que refere-se a maneira como praticavam a prova correndo de que lado do boi, em uma prova de vaquejada no município de Cristino Castro, Sul do Piauí, Brasil, onde os participantes eram provenientes de diferentes haras da Microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia, Sul do Piauí, Brasil. Em cada animal foi realizada ultrassonografia das zonas IB, IIB e IIIB dos tendões flexores digital superficial (TFDS) e digital profundo (TFDP), obtendo-se as medidas dos diâmetros médio lateral (DML) e dorso palmar (DDP) através do plano transverso em cada uma das diferentes zonas. Os dados foram submetidos a análise estatística (ANOVA), utilizando-se o teste t a nível de significância de (p<0,05), observando-se que não houve diferença significativa entre as medidas avaliadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, cavalos atletas que correm a direita do boi não apresentam diferença significativa nos diâmetros médio lateral e dorso palmar dos tendões flexores entre os antímeros direito e esquerdo do membro torácico.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the influence of the type of training on the measurements of the palmar flexor tendons in vaquejada horses that run to the right of the ox in the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. Eight animals of the quarter-mile breed and their crossbreed, of different ages, weight and sex, were selected and asked about the time they were engaged in the activity of the vaquejada and the type of training they were submitted to as they practiced running on which side of the ox, in a vaquejada test in the municipality of Cristino Castro, South of Piauí, Brazil, where the participants came from different farms of the microregion of the Alto Médio Gurgueia, South of Piauí, Brazil. The ultrasonography of the IB, IIB and IIIB zones of the superficial digital (TFDS) and deep digital flexor tendons (TFDP) were performed in each animal, obtaining the measurements of the lateral diameters (DML) and palmar dorsum (DDP) through the transverse plane in each of the different zones. Data were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA), using the t test at the significance level of (p <0.05), observing that there was no significant difference between the measures evaluated. According to the results, horses for vaquejada athletes do not present significant difference in the lateral diameters and palmar dorsum of the flexor tendons between the right and left thoracic limb antimeres.

Laminite endocrinopática em equinos com síndrome metabólica: características clínicas, tratamento e evolução em três pacientes ˗ relato de caso / [Endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with metabolic syndrome: clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution in three patients ˗ case report]

Laminite endocrinopática designa os casos de laminite cuja etiologia está associada a uma endocrinopatia. Cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina (SME) apresentam adiposidade regional e obesidade. Existe uma correlação positiva entre obesidade e resistência à insulina. Este relato descreve três casos de laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com SME. Os pacientes apresentaram escore de condição corporal (ECC) variando de 8 a 9 (escala de 1 a 9), sensibilidade ao teste de pinçamento do casco e claudicação de grau 3 ou 4 (escala de 1 a 4). Não havia histórico de cólica recente, trauma ou excesso de exercício. O tratamento incluiu medicação anti-inflamatória não esteroidal, repouso na baia, restrição energética para perda de peso, revestimento e bandagem dos membros, conforme a necessidade de cada paciente. A restrição alimentar ajudou no tratamento da SME e reduziu o ECC. Tratamento medicamentoso, casqueamento e bandagem diminuíram o grau de claudicação. Conclui-se que o tratamento anti-inflamatório não esteroidal, a restrição energética, o repouso em baia, o casqueamento e a bandagem do casco são eficazes no tratamento da laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina.(AU)

Endocrinopathic laminitis refers to cases of laminitis whose etiology is associated with an endocrinopathy. Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) have regional adiposity and obesity. There is a positive correlation between obesity and insulin resistance. This report describes three cases of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with EMS. Patients had body condition score (BCS) ranging from 8 to 9 (scale from 1 to 9), sensitivity to the hoof clamping test and claudication grade 3 or 4 (scale from 1 to 4). There was no history of recent colic, trauma or over exercise. Treatment included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, stall rest, energy restriction for weight loss, hoofing and hoof bandage as needed by each patient. Dietary restriction helped in the treatment of EMS and reduced BCS. Drug treatment, hoofing and hoof bandage decreased the degree of lameness. It is concluded that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment, energy restriction, stall rest, hoofing and hoof bandage are effective in the treatment of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with equine metabolic syndrome.(AU)

Laminite endocrinopática em equinos com síndrome metabólica: características clínicas, tratamento e evolução em três pacientes - relato de caso / [Endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with metabolic syndrome: clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution in three patients - case report]

Laminite endocrinopática designa os casos de laminite cuja etiologia está associada a uma endocrinopatia. Cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina (SME) apresentam adiposidade regional e obesidade. Existe uma correlação positiva entre obesidade e resistência à insulina. Este relato descreve três casos de laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com SME. Os pacientes apresentaram escore de condição corporal (ECC) variando de 8 a 9 (escala de 1 a 9), sensibilidade ao teste de pinçamento do casco e claudicação de grau 3 ou 4 (escala de 1 a 4). Não havia histórico de cólica recente, trauma ou excesso de exercício. O tratamento incluiu medicação anti-inflamatória não esteroidal, repouso na baia, restrição energética para perda de peso, revestimento e bandagem dos membros, conforme a necessidade de cada paciente. A restrição alimentar ajudou no tratamento da SME e reduziu o ECC. Tratamento medicamentoso, casqueamento e bandagem diminuíram o grau de claudicação. Conclui-se que o tratamento anti-inflamatório não esteroidal, a restrição energética, o repouso em baia, o casqueamento e a bandagem do casco são eficazes no tratamento da laminite endocrinopática em cavalos com síndrome metabólica equina.(AU)

Endocrinopathic laminitis refers to cases of laminitis whose etiology is associated with an endocrinopathy. Horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) have regional adiposity and obesity. There is a positive correlation between obesity and insulin resistance. This report describes three cases of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with EMS. Patients had body condition score (BCS) ranging from 8 to 9 (scale from 1 to 9), sensitivity to the hoof clamping test and claudication grade 3 or 4 (scale from 1 to 4). There was no history of recent colic, trauma or over exercise. Treatment included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, stall rest, energy restriction for weight loss, hoofing and hoof bandage as needed by each patient. Dietary restriction helped in the treatment of EMS and reduced BCS. Drug treatment, hoofing and hoof bandage decreased the degree of lameness. It is concluded that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment, energy restriction, stall rest, hoofing and hoof bandage are effective in the treatment of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses with equine metabolic syndrome.(AU)

Image diagnosis in extensor tendons injuries in the radiocarpal region in horses

Background: Soft tissue injuries are common in sport horses, especially those involving tendons, with few current reportsin the literature on the diagnosis of extensor injuries, especially with regard to ultrasound characteristics, being essential forthe diagnosis of these injuries. The objective of the study is to characterize the clinical signs and the alterations of images,especially ultrasound, in the diagnosis of these lesions of the dorsal radiocarpal region, through case reports of horses seenat the Medical Clinic of Large Animals of the Federal University of Campina Grande (MCLA/UFCG), Patos, PB, Brazil.Cases: The study includes five “vaquejada” competitions horses, of which two were active and the others were awayfrom the sport before the onset of the problem, with injuries to the extensor tendons in the radiocarpal region. Two of theanimals had involvement of the common digital extensor muscle tendon (CDEMT), with acute and chronic tenosynovitis,and three with involvement of the extensor carpi radialis muscle tendon (ECRMT), presenting acute tendonitis, septictenosynovitis and rupture, all of traumatic etiology, except for one whose cause has not been determined. On physical examination, the affected tendon was noticeable in three cases, and two had other injuries associated with the tendons. Bonealteration in the radiographic examination was observed in two cases, however, one of them related to another disease inthe radiocarpal palmar region. Ultrasound images, performed in all cases, showed different characteristics and degrees ofthe involvement of the tendon and its sheath.Discussion: The scarcity of current reports of extensor tendon injuries in horses can...(AU)