Effect of enzyme and probiotic supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, and meat quality of Simmental steers

The objective of this trial was to investigate the potential benefits of enzyme and probiotic supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, and meat quality of Simmental cattle. Sixty Simmental steers (367.75±4.69 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: control (fed basal diet), BC1 group (fed basal diet and 10 g/d brewer's yeast and cellulase supplementation per cattle), and BC2 group (fed basal diet and 20 g/d brewer's yeast and cellulase supplementation per cattle). A 10-d preparation period was followed by a 120-d experimental period. The results showed that the final weight of the BC2 group was greater than that of the control group. Also, feed conversion ratio of the BC2 group was better than that of the control group. Net meat weight increased by 3.86% in the BC2 group compared with the control group. The apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein of the BC2 group was greater than that of the control group. Dietary supplementation with brewer's yeast and cellulase supplementation could improve the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Simmental cattle.(AU)

Xylanase and B-glucanase in maize- and soybean meal-based diets for broilers / Xilanase e B-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different xylanase and β-glucanase enzyme blends to maize- and soybean meal-based diets on performance and energy metabolizability in broilers. Two experiments were carried out with broilers of the COBB 500 strain. In the first experiment, 1960 chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement, totaling seven treatments, namely, T1- Positive control (PC); T2 - Negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 200 kcal kg-¹ ME); T3 - NC1 + Blend A; T4 - NC1 + Blend B; T5 - Negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 167 kcal kg-¹ ME and 5% amino acids); T6 - NC2 + Blend A; and T7 - NC2 + Blend B. Fourteen replicates were used per treatment and 20 birds per experimental unit. The parameters evaluated at 21 and 42 days of age were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion (FC). At 42 days, production efficiency index (PEI), viability and the yields of cuts were also calculated. Birds that received diets with a reduced nutritional value showed a reduction in WG and PEI and worsened FC as compared those of PC treatment (p 0.05) from 1 to 21 days of life. For the yield of thigh + drumstick, the factors were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to those observed in the PC birds. In the second experiment, 432 fourteen-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, with eight replicates per treatment and six birds per experimental unit. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values were determined. Overall, the NC2 diet with Blend B provided the highest AME and AMEn values; however, NC1 with the same enzyme blend was the treatment which provided the lowest values. The addition of xylanase [...].

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes blends enzimáticos de xilanase e β-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja sobre o desempenho e metabolizabilidade da energia para frangos de corte. Foram realizados dois experimentos com frangos de corte da linhagem COBB500. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 1960 pintos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 + 1, totalizando sete tratamentos: T1- Controle Positivo (CP); T2- Controle negativo 1 (CN1; CP menos 200 kcal Kg-¹ de EM); T3 - CN1 + Blend A; T4 - CN1 + Blend B; T5 - Controle negativo 2 (CN2; CP menos 167 kcal Kg-¹ de EM e 5% de aminoácidos); T6 - CN2 + Blend A e T7 - CN2 + Blend B. Foram utilizadas 14 repetições por tratamento e 20 aves por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros avaliados aos 21 e aos 42 dias de idade dos frangos foram o ganho de peso (GP), o consumo de ração (CR) e a conversão alimentar (CA). Aos 42 dias calculou-se o índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP), viabilidade (VIAB) e rendimento de cortes. Foi observado que as aves que receberam dietas com reduzido valor nutricionais apresentaram redução no GP e IEP e piora na CA comparadas ao CP (p 0,05) no período de um a 21 dias de vida. Para o rendimento de coxa mais sobrecoxa (RCS), foi possível observar que os fatores apresentaram estatisticamente (p >0,05) semelhantes ao CP. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 432 pintos com 14 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos com 8 repetições por tratamento e 6 aves por unidade experimental. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn). Em geral, a dieta CN2 como Blend B apresentou o maior valor de EMA e EMAn, porém, [...].

Xylanase and B-glucanase in maize- and soybean meal-based diets for broilers / Xilanase e B-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different xylanase and β-glucanase enzyme blends to maize- and soybean meal-based diets on performance and energy metabolizability in broilers. Two experiments were carried out with broilers of the COBB 500 strain. In the first experiment, 1960 chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement, totaling seven treatments, namely, T1- Positive control (PC); T2 - Negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 200 kcal kg-¹ ME); T3 - NC1 + Blend A; T4 - NC1 + Blend B; T5 - Negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 167 kcal kg-¹ ME and 5% amino acids); T6 - NC2 + Blend A; and T7 - NC2 + Blend B. Fourteen replicates were used per treatment and 20 birds per experimental unit. The parameters evaluated at 21 and 42 days of age were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion (FC). At 42 days, production efficiency index (PEI), viability and the yields of cuts were also calculated. Birds that received diets with a reduced nutritional value showed a reduction in WG and PEI and worsened FC as compared those of PC treatment (p < 0.05). However, the birds that consumed the NC2 diet with Blend B exhibited a similar WG to those in PC group (p > 0.05) from 1 to 21 days of life. For the yield of thigh + drumstick, the factors were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to those observed in the PC birds. In the second experiment, 432 fourteen-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, with eight replicates per treatment and six birds per experimental unit. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values were determined. Overall, the NC2 diet with Blend B provided the highest AME and AMEn values; however, NC1 with the same enzyme blend was the treatment which provided the lowest values. The addition of xylanase [...].(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes blends enzimáticos de xilanase e β-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja sobre o desempenho e metabolizabilidade da energia para frangos de corte. Foram realizados dois experimentos com frangos de corte da linhagem COBB500. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 1960 pintos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 + 1, totalizando sete tratamentos: T1- Controle Positivo (CP); T2- Controle negativo 1 (CN1; CP menos 200 kcal Kg-¹ de EM); T3 - CN1 + Blend A; T4 - CN1 + Blend B; T5 - Controle negativo 2 (CN2; CP menos 167 kcal Kg-¹ de EM e 5% de aminoácidos); T6 - CN2 + Blend A e T7 - CN2 + Blend B. Foram utilizadas 14 repetições por tratamento e 20 aves por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros avaliados aos 21 e aos 42 dias de idade dos frangos foram o ganho de peso (GP), o consumo de ração (CR) e a conversão alimentar (CA). Aos 42 dias calculou-se o índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP), viabilidade (VIAB) e rendimento de cortes. Foi observado que as aves que receberam dietas com reduzido valor nutricionais apresentaram redução no GP e IEP e piora na CA comparadas ao CP (p < 0,05), porém as aves que consumiram a dieta CN2 com o Blend B, que apresentaram GP semelhante ao CP (p > 0,05) no período de um a 21 dias de vida. Para o rendimento de coxa mais sobrecoxa (RCS), foi possível observar que os fatores apresentaram estatisticamente (p >0,05) semelhantes ao CP. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 432 pintos com 14 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos com 8 repetições por tratamento e 6 aves por unidade experimental. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn). Em geral, a dieta CN2 como Blend B apresentou o maior valor de EMA e EMAn, porém, [...].(AU)

Commercial and non-commercial pectinase and cellulase on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficacy of rice husk and Tifton 85 hay

The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of commercial and non-commercial cellulase and pectinase on rice husk and Tifton 85 hay hydrolyses. The hydrolysis kinetics of the substrates with commercial cellulase and pectinase were evaluated and the hydrolysis at different temperature and agitation conditions was maximized using experimental design. The combined use of commercial and non-commercial enzymes under optimized conditions was evaluated. The pre-treatment of the residues was also investigated by milling and different concentrations of NaOH. Finally, the effect of the hydrolysis on the bromatological composition of the residues was evaluated. The best hydrolysis times of rice husk and Tifton 85 hay were 10 and 12h for commercial cellulase, 12 and 14h for noncommercial cellulase, 10 and 14h for commercial pectinase and 16 and 20h for non-commercial pectinase, respectively. The highest hydrolysis values were obtained using commercial cellulase with 1:50 (w:v enzyme:water) dilution rate, at 45ºC and 300 rpm agitation for both substrates, reaching 20.6% maximum percentage for Tifton 85 hay and 11.6% for rice husk. The combined use of commercial enzymes did not increase hydrolysis percentage. The pre-treatment using 7.5% NaOH and 0.5 mm grain size significantly increased the rice husk and Tifton 85 hay hydrolyses (60-80%), either using commercial cellulase or pectinase enzymes. The use of non-commercial enzymes provided 18-30% hydrolysis obtained from commercial ones. Bromatological analyzes indicated a reduction in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content for rice husk and Tifton 85 hay when using pectinases and commercial cellulases.(AU)

Commercial and non-commercial pectinase and cellulase on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficacy of rice husk and Tifton 85 hay

The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of commercial and non-commercial cellulase and pectinase on rice husk and Tifton 85 hay hydrolyses. The hydrolysis kinetics of the substrates with commercial cellulase and pectinase were evaluated and the hydrolysis at different temperature and agitation conditions was maximized using experimental design. The combined use of commercial and non-commercial enzymes under optimized conditions was evaluated. The pre-treatment of the residues was also investigated by milling and different concentrations of NaOH. Finally, the effect of the hydrolysis on the bromatological composition of the residues was evaluated. The best hydrolysis times of rice husk and Tifton 85 hay were 10 and 12h for commercial cellulase, 12 and 14h for noncommercial cellulase, 10 and 14h for commercial pectinase and 16 and 20h for non-commercial pectinase, respectively. The highest hydrolysis values were obtained using commercial cellulase with 1:50 (w:v enzyme:water) dilution rate, at 45ºC and 300 rpm agitation for both substrates, reaching 20.6% maximum percentage for Tifton 85 hay and 11.6% for rice husk. The combined use of commercial enzymes did not increase hydrolysis percentage. The pre-treatment using 7.5% NaOH and 0.5 mm grain size significantly increased the rice husk and Tifton 85 hay hydrolyses (60-80%), either using commercial cellulase or pectinase enzymes. The use of non-commercial enzymes provided 18-30% hydrolysis obtained from commercial ones. Bromatological analyzes indicated a reduction in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content for rice husk and Tifton 85 hay when using pectinases and commercial cellulases.

Atividade enzimática do solo em pastagens de Urochloa manejados sob ofertas de forragem / Soil enzymatic activity of Urochloa pastures managed under different forage allowances

A atividade enzimática do solo reflete a atividade dos microrganismos que decompõem a matéria orgânica e liberam nutrientes às plantas. O objetivo foi avaliar a atividade enzimática no solo em pastagens de cultivares de Urochloa manejados sob as ofertas de forragem de 4, 7, 10 e 13 kg de matéria seca (MS)/100 kg de peso corporal (PC). O método de pastejo adotado foi mob-stocking, com quatro ciclos de pastejo (entre dezembro de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009). Também foi realizada uma amostragem em junho de 2009 para melhor caracterização, pois a mineralização da matéria orgânica no solo ocorre em longo prazo. Assim, as datas de coleta de solo para análise foram descritas como dias de avaliações e não como pastejos: 1 (de 17 a 20 de dezembro de 2008), 21 (de 07 a 10 de janeiro de 2009), 42 (de 28 a 31 de janeiro de 2009), 63 (de 18 a 21 de fevereiro de 2009), 183 (de 18 a 20 de junho de 2009). Foi avaliada a atividade enzimática no solo da desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e celulase. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições por oferta. Foi realizada a análise de variância e teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, para comparação de médias, utilizando-se o procedimento o programa estatístico R. As análises foram realizadas de maneira individual para cada cultivar. De modo geral, nas pastagens das três cultivares estudadas, a atividade da desidrogenase foi maior (P<0,05) aos 63 dias e da protease no último dia de avaliação. O decorrer do período experimental implicou em mudanças na atividade da arilsulfatase e da celulase em relação às ofertas de forragem, mas sem um padrão de comportamento definido. As ofertas de forragem mostraram efeito sobre a atividade das enzimas ao longo do período de avaliação, porém sem padrão de comportamento definido, sendo observadas oscilações cíclicas da atividade dessas enzimas. As ofertas de forragem estudadas afetaram a atividade enzimática da desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e...

Soil enzymatic activity reflects the activity microorganisms that decompose the organic matter and release nutrients into the soil that can be used by plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil enzymatic activity in Urochloa cultivar pastures managed under forage allowances of 4, 7, 10 and 13 kg dry matter/100 kg body weight. The grazing method adopted was mob-stocking, with four grazing cycles (between December 2008 and February 2009). Soil sampling was performed in June 2009 for better characterization since the mineralization of soil organic matter is a long-term process. Thus, the dates of soil sampling for analysis are reported as evaluation days and not as grazing: 1 (December 17 to 20, 2008), 21 (January 7 to 10, 2009), 42 (January 28 to 31, 2009), 63 (February 18 to 21, 2009), 183 (June 18 to 20, 2009). The soil enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, protease, arylsulfatase, and cellulase was evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications per forage allowance. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at the 5% probability level were applied to compare means using the R statistical program. The analyses were performed individually for each cultivar. Overall, in pastures of the three cultivars studied, dehydrogenase activity was higher (P<0.05) on day 63 and protease on the last day of evaluation. The experimental period implied changes in the activity of arylsulfatase and cellulase according to forage allowance, but without a defined pattern. Forage allowances exerted an effect on the activity of the enzymes throughout the evaluation period, but there was no defined pattern. Cyclic oscillations in the activity of these enzymes were observed. The forage allowances studied affected the soil enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, protease, arylsulfatase and cellulase in Urochloa pastures of the Marandu, Xaraes and Mulato varieties, but no pattern was found in...

Atividade enzimática do solo em pastagens de Urochloa manejados sob ofertas de forragem / Soil enzymatic activity of Urochloa pastures managed under different forage allowances

A atividade enzimática do solo reflete a atividade dos microrganismos que decompõem a matéria orgânica e liberam nutrientes às plantas. O objetivo foi avaliar a atividade enzimática no solo em pastagens de cultivares de Urochloa manejados sob as ofertas de forragem de 4, 7, 10 e 13 kg de matéria seca (MS)/100 kg de peso corporal (PC). O método de pastejo adotado foi mob-stocking, com quatro ciclos de pastejo (entre dezembro de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009). Também foi realizada uma amostragem em junho de 2009 para melhor caracterização, pois a mineralização da matéria orgânica no solo ocorre em longo prazo. Assim, as datas de coleta de solo para análise foram descritas como dias de avaliações e não como pastejos: 1 (de 17 a 20 de dezembro de 2008), 21 (de 07 a 10 de janeiro de 2009), 42 (de 28 a 31 de janeiro de 2009), 63 (de 18 a 21 de fevereiro de 2009), 183 (de 18 a 20 de junho de 2009). Foi avaliada a atividade enzimática no solo da desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e celulase. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições por oferta. Foi realizada a análise de variância e teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, para comparação de médias, utilizando-se o procedimento o programa estatístico R. As análises foram realizadas de maneira individual para cada cultivar. De modo geral, nas pastagens das três cultivares estudadas, a atividade da desidrogenase foi maior (P<0,05) aos 63 dias e da protease no último dia de avaliação. O decorrer do período experimental implicou em mudanças na atividade da arilsulfatase e da celulase em relação às ofertas de forragem, mas sem um padrão de comportamento definido. As ofertas de forragem mostraram efeito sobre a atividade das enzimas ao longo do período de avaliação, porém sem padrão de comportamento definido, sendo observadas oscilações cíclicas da atividade dessas enzimas. As ofertas de forragem estudadas afetaram a atividade enzimática da desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e...(AU)

Soil enzymatic activity reflects the activity microorganisms that decompose the organic matter and release nutrients into the soil that can be used by plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil enzymatic activity in Urochloa cultivar pastures managed under forage allowances of 4, 7, 10 and 13 kg dry matter/100 kg body weight. The grazing method adopted was mob-stocking, with four grazing cycles (between December 2008 and February 2009). Soil sampling was performed in June 2009 for better characterization since the mineralization of soil organic matter is a long-term process. Thus, the dates of soil sampling for analysis are reported as evaluation days and not as grazing: 1 (December 17 to 20, 2008), 21 (January 7 to 10, 2009), 42 (January 28 to 31, 2009), 63 (February 18 to 21, 2009), 183 (June 18 to 20, 2009). The soil enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, protease, arylsulfatase, and cellulase was evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications per forage allowance. Analysis of variance and Tukeys test at the 5% probability level were applied to compare means using the R statistical program. The analyses were performed individually for each cultivar. Overall, in pastures of the three cultivars studied, dehydrogenase activity was higher (P<0.05) on day 63 and protease on the last day of evaluation. The experimental period implied changes in the activity of arylsulfatase and cellulase according to forage allowance, but without a defined pattern. Forage allowances exerted an effect on the activity of the enzymes throughout the evaluation period, but there was no defined pattern. Cyclic oscillations in the activity of these enzymes were observed. The forage allowances studied affected the soil enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, protease, arylsulfatase and cellulase in Urochloa pastures of the Marandu, Xaraes and Mulato varieties, but no pattern was found in...(AU)

Cloning and expression of an endoglucanase gene from the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus fumigatus DBiNU-1 in Kluyveromyces lactis

An intronless endoglucanase from thermotolerant Aspergillus fumigatus DBINU-1 was cloned, characterized and expressed in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. The full-length open reading frame of the endoglucanase gene from A. fumigatus DBiNU-1, designated Cel7, was 1383 nucleotides in length and encoded a protein of 460 amino acid residues. The predicted molecular weight and the isoelectric point of the A. fumigatus Cel7 gene product were 48.19 kDa and 5.03, respectively. A catalytic domain in the N-terminal region and a fungal type cellulose-binding domain/module in the C-terminal region were detected in the predicted polypeptide sequences. Furthermore, a signal peptide with 20 amino acid residues at the N-terminus was also detected in the deduced amino acid sequences of the endoglucanase from A. fumigatus DBiNU-1. The endoglucanase from A. fumigatus DBiNU-1 was successfully expressed in K. lactis, and the purified recombinant enzyme exhibited its maximum activity at pH 5.0 and 60 °C. The enzyme was very stable in a pH range from 4.0 to 8.0 and a temperature range from 30 to 60 °C. These features make it suitable for application in the paper, biofuel, and other chemical production industries that use cellulosic materials.(AU)

Isolation and characterization of a novel endo--1, 4-glucanase from a metagenomic library of the black-goat rumen

ABSTRACT The various types of lignocellulosic biomass found in plants comprise the most abundant renewable bioresources on Earth. In this study, the ruminal microbial ecosystem of black goats was explored because of their strong ability to digest lignocellulosic forage. A metagenomic fosmid library containing 115,200 clones was prepared from the black-goat rumen and screened for a novel cellulolytic enzyme. The KG35 gene, containing a novel glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase domain, was isolated and functionally characterized. The novel glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase gene is composed of a 963-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 320 amino acid residues (35.1 kDa). The deduced amino acid sequence showed the highest sequence identity (58%) for sequences from the glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulases. The novel glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that this recombinant glycosyl hydrolase family 5 cellulase functions as an endo-β-1,4-glucanase. The recombinant KG35 endo-β-1,4-glucanase showed optimal activity within the range of 30-50 °C at a pH of 6-7. The thermostability was retained and the pH was stable in the range of 30-50 °C at a pH of 5-7.(AU)

Methane production of two roughage and total mixed ration as influenced by cellulase and xylanase enzyme addition

In recent decades supplementation of animal feeds with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes has substantially improved digestibility and animal performance. However, information related to associated methane production is limited and inconsistent. This study evaluated the effect of cellulase and xylanase enzymes on in vitro methane production of Eragrostis curvula hay, maize (Zea mays) stover and a total mixed ration (TMR) at seven levels of the two enzymes. Feed samples were incubated for 2, 12, 24 and 48 h in an in vitro batch culture with buffer and rumen fluid, and fibrolytic enzymes. Gas production was measured using a pressure transducer connected to a data tracker, while methane gas was analysed using a gas chromatograph which was calibrated with standard CH4 and CO2. Increases in the level of enzyme application resulted in increases in gas volume, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, dry matter (DM) disappearance and associated increases in methane production. The linear increase in percentage and volume of methane production in tandem with increases in level of enzyme application might be due to increased fermentation, and organic matter degradability that resulted in a shift in VFA production towards acetate. Considering the efficiency of DM and neutral detergent fiber degradation and production of associated VFA with levels of enzymes, the use of 1 mg g1 DM of enzyme can be a good option for the feeds tested. However, they cannot decrease methane production. It will be very important to consider other hydrogen sinks that can capture directly extra H+ produced by the addition of enzyme so that their supplementation could be very efficient and environmentally sound.

Methane production of two roughage and total mixed ration as influenced by cellulase and xylanase enzyme addition

In recent decades supplementation of animal feeds with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes has substantially improved digestibility and animal performance. However, information related to associated methane production is limited and inconsistent. This study evaluated the effect of cellulase and xylanase enzymes on in vitro methane production of Eragrostis curvula hay, maize (Zea mays) stover and a total mixed ration (TMR) at seven levels of the two enzymes. Feed samples were incubated for 2, 12, 24 and 48 h in an in vitro batch culture with buffer and rumen fluid, and fibrolytic enzymes. Gas production was measured using a pressure transducer connected to a data tracker, while methane gas was analysed using a gas chromatograph which was calibrated with standard CH4 and CO2. Increases in the level of enzyme application resulted in increases in gas volume, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, dry matter (DM) disappearance and associated increases in methane production. The linear increase in percentage and volume of methane production in tandem with increases in level of enzyme application might be due to increased fermentation, and organic matter degradability that resulted in a shift in VFA production towards acetate. Considering the efficiency of DM and neutral detergent fiber degradation and production of associated VFA with levels of enzymes, the use of 1 mg g1 DM of enzyme can be a good option for the feeds tested. However, they cannot decrease methane production. It will be very important to consider other hydrogen sinks that can capture directly extra H+ produced by the addition of enzyme so that their supplementation could be very efficient and environmentally sound.(AU)

Bioprocessing of some agro-industrial residues for endoglucanase production by the new subsp.; Streptomyces albogriseolus subsp. cellulolyticus strain NEAE-J

The use of low cost agro-industrial residues for the production of industrial enzymes is one of the ways to reduce significantly production costs. Cellulase producing actinomycetes were isolated from soil and decayed agricultural wastes. Among them, a potential culture, strain NEAE-J, was selected and identified on the basis of morphological, cultural, physiological and chemotaxonomic properties, together with 16S rDNA sequence. It is proposed that strain NEAE-J should be included in the species Streptomyces albogriseolus as a representative of a novel sub-species, Streptomyces albogriseolus subsp. cellulolyticus strain NEAE-J and sequencing product was deposited in the GenBank database under accession number JN229412. This organism was tested for its ability to produce endoglucanase and release reducing sugars from agro-industrial residues as substrates. Sugarcane bagasse was the most suitable substrate for endoglucanase production. Effects of process variables, namely incubation time, temperature, initial pH and nitrogen source on production of endoglucanase by submerged fermentation using Streptomyces albogriseolus subsp. cellulolyticus have been studied. Accordingly optimum conditions have been determined. Incubation temperature of 30 ºC after 6 days, pH of 6.5, 1% sugarcane bagasse as carbon source and peptone as nitrogen source were found to be the optimum for endoglucanase production. Optimization of the process parameters resulted in about 2.6 fold increase in the endoglucanase activity. Therefore, Streptomyces albogriseolus subsp. cellulolyticus coud be potential microorganism for the intended application.

Filamentous fungi and media for cellulase production in solid state cultures

Cellulase production was evaluated in two reference strains (T. reesei Rut-C30 and T. reesei QM9414), two strains isolated from a sugarcane cultivation area (Trichoderma sp. IPT778 and T. harzianum rifai IPT821) and one strain isolated in a program for biodiversity preservation in São Paulo state (Myceliophthora thermophila M77). Solid state cultures were performed using sugarcane bagasse (C), wheat bran (W) and/or soybean bran (S). The highest FPA was 10.6 U/gdm for M77 in SC (10:90) at 80% moisture, which was 4.4 times higher than production in pure W. C was a strong inducer of cellulase production, given that the production level of 6.1 U/gdm in WC (40:60) was 2.5 times higher than in pure W for strain M77; T. reesei Rut-C30 did not respond as strongly with about 1.6-fold surplus production. S advantageously replaced W, as the surplus production on SC (20:80) was 2.3 times relative to WC (20:80) for M77.(AU)

Assessment of cellulolytic microorganisms in soils of Nevados Park, Colombia

A systematized survey was conducted to find soil-borne microbes that degrade cellulose in soils from unique ecosystems, such as the Superpáramo, Páramo, and the High Andean Forest in the Nevados National Natural Park (NNNP), Colombia. These high mountain ecosystems represent extreme environments, such as high levels of solar radiation, low atmospheric pressure, and extreme daily changes in temperature. Cellulolytic activity of the microorganisms was evaluated using qualitative tests, such as growth in selective media followed by staining with congo red and iodine, and quantitative tests to determine the activity of endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, exoglucanase, and total cellulase. Microorganisms were identified using molecular markers, such as the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of ribosomal DNA for fungi. Multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) was used to select microorganisms with high cellulolytic capacity. A total of 108 microorganisms were isolated from the soils and, in general, the enzymatic activities of fungi were higher than those of bacteria. Our results also found that none of the organisms studied were able to degrade all the components of the cellulose and it is therefore suggested that a combination of bacteria and/or fungi with various enzymatic activities be used to obtain high total cellulolytic activity. This study gives an overview of the potential microorganism that could be used for cellulose degradation in various biotechnological applications and for sustainable agricultural waste treatment.

Endoglucanase production with the newly isolated Myceliophtora sp. i-1d3b in a packed bed solid state fermentor

This work is aimed to produce endoglucanase through solid state fermentation in a packed bed bioreactor with the use of the fungus Myceliophtora sp. I-1D3busing a mixture of wheat bran (WB) and sugar cane bagasse (SCB) as culture medium. Preliminary tests were performed in polypropylene plastic bags, controlling the variables temperature (40, 45, and 50ºC), initial moisture content (75, 80, and 85%, w.b.), and weight proportion SCB/WB (1:1, 7:3, and 9:1). The highest enzyme activities in plastic bags were obtained using the substrate proportion of 7:3, 50ºC temperature, and 80% initial moisture content (878 U/grams of dry solid). High activities of filter-paper cellulase and xylanase were also obtained in plastic bags and some results are reported. For the packed bed experiments, the temperature (45 and 50ºC) and the air flow rate (80, 100 and 120L/h) were the controlled variables. Activity of endoglucanase was similar to plastic bag tests. A longitudinal gradient of moisture content, was observed increasing from the bottom to the top of the reactor, even though the longitudinal enzyme activity profile was flat for almost the whole bed. Air flow rate did not affect enzyme activity, while experiments carried out at 50ºC showed higher enzyme activities. The maximum temperature peak observed was at about 6ºC above the process temperature.(AU)

Degradação ruminal da silagem de milho e da palha de arroz utilizando enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas / Ruminal degradation of corn silage and rice straw using exogenous fibrolityc enzymes

Estudou-se o efeito da adição de enzimas fibrolíticas (celulase e xilanase) sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e hemicelulose da silagem de milho (SM) e da palha de arroz (PA), utilizando seis bovinos fistulados no rúmen. Também foi avaliada a proporção de nitrogênio (N) insolúvel em detergente ácido em relação ao N total (NIDA/N total). As enzimas fibrolíticas foram extraídas dos fungos Aspergillus niger e Trichoderma longibrachiatum, sendo fornecido 0,75 g kg-1 de MS animal-1 dia-1, via cânula ruminal. Os tempos de incubação foram: 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 h. Os resíduos de incubação foram comparados por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A fração solúvel da MS e da PB da silagem de milho aumentou com a adição de enzimas fibrolíticas. Não houve efeito das enzimas sobre a degradação da parede celular dos volumosos. A adição de enzimas não alterou o teor de NIDA/N total da silagem de milho, porém aumentou esta proporção nos resíduos da palha de arroz incubados durante 12 e 48 h. As observações ao MEV indicaram aumento da colonização bacteriana sobre a parede celular dos volumosos, mas sem efeito sobre a degradação ruminal. (AU)

This study evaluated the effect of fibrolytic enzyme addition (cellulase and xylanase) on the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose in situ degradability of corn silage (CS) and rice straw (RS), using six cattle cannulated on the rumen. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN/total N) was evaluated. The fibrolytic enzymes were extracted from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma longibrachiatum fungi, supplied at 0.75 g kg-1 of DM animal-1 day-1, through ruminal cannula. The incubation times were 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The incubation residues were compared by scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Soluble fraction of DM and CP corn silage increased with enzyme supplementation. There was no effect of enzymes on the cell wall degradation of roughages. The enzyme addition did not alter the ADIN/total N level of corn silage; however, this ratio was increased on the rice straw incubated during 12 and 48 h. In general, the SEM observations showed increased bacterial colonization on the cell wall of roughages with fibrolytic enzymes addition, although without effect on ruminal degradation. (AU)

Degradação ruminal da silagem de milho e da palha de arroz utilizando enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas / Ruminal degradation of corn silage and rice straw using exogenous fibrolityc enzymes

Estudou-se o efeito da adição de enzimas fibrolíticas (celulase e xilanase) sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e hemicelulose da silagem de milho (SM) e da palha de arroz (PA), utilizando seis bovinos fistulados no rúmen. Também foi avaliada a proporção de nitrogênio (N) insolúvel em detergente ácido em relação ao N total (NIDA/N total). As enzimas fibrolíticas foram extraídas dos fungos Aspergillus niger e Trichoderma longibrachiatum, sendo fornecido 0,75 g kg-1 de MS animal-1 dia-1, via cânula ruminal. Os tempos de incubação foram: 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 h. Os resíduos de incubação foram comparados por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A fração solúvel da MS e da PB da silagem de milho aumentou com a adição de enzimas fibrolíticas. Não houve efeito das enzimas sobre a degradação da parede celular dos volumosos. A adição de enzimas não alterou o teor de NIDA/N total da silagem de milho, porém aumentou esta proporção nos resíduos da palha de arroz incubados durante 12 e 48 h. As observações ao MEV indicaram aumento da colonização bacteriana sobre a parede celular dos volumosos, mas sem efeito sobre a degradação ruminal.

This study evaluated the effect of fibrolytic enzyme addition (cellulase and xylanase) on the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose in situ degradability of corn silage (CS) and rice straw (RS), using six cattle cannulated on the rumen. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN/total N) was evaluated. The fibrolytic enzymes were extracted from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma longibrachiatum fungi, supplied at 0.75 g kg-1 of DM animal-1 day-1, through ruminal cannula. The incubation times were 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The incubation residues were compared by scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Soluble fraction of DM and CP corn silage increased with enzyme supplementation. There was no effect of enzymes on the cell wall degradation of roughages. The enzyme addition did not alter the ADIN/total N level of corn silage; however, this ratio was increased on the rice straw incubated during 12 and 48 h. In general, the SEM observations showed increased bacterial colonization on the cell wall of roughages with fibrolytic enzymes addition, although without effect on ruminal degradation.