Agronomic efficiency and profitability of cotton on integrated use of phosphorus and plant microbes / Eficiência e rentabilidade agronômica do algodão no uso integrado de fósforo e micróbios vegetais

Cotton crop, plays a significant role in Pakistan's economy by ruling a prominent place in edible oil and local textile industry. Phosphorus (P) inaccessibility and deficiency of soil organic matter are the key restraints for low crop productivity in cotton. Therefore, a two years field study was designed during 2014-15, to explore the influence of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and inanimate sources of P on various physiological, growth, yield and quality parameters of cotton crop at CCRI Multan. Field responses of seeds inoculated with two distinctive phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) strains viz. S0 = control, S1 =strain-1, S2 = strain-2 and eight organic, inorganic P sources viz., P0= control, P1 = 80 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source, P2 = 80 kg ha-1 P from FYM, P3 = 80 kg ha-1 P from PM, P4 = 40 kg ha-1 P from FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source, P5 = 40 kg ha-1 P from PM + 40 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source, P6 = 80 kg ha-1 P from FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source, P7 = 80 kg ha-1 P from PM + 40 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source and P8 = 40 kg ha-1 P from FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P from PM were evaluated. Results revealed that inoculation of seeds with PSB and collective use of inorganic and organic sources of P had considerably increased the yield contributing attributes in cotton. However, the treatment P7 (80 kg P ha-1 from PM + 40 kg P ha-1 from inorganic source) in coincidence with seeds inoculated with PSB (S1) produced taller plant, maximum boll weight, significantly higher LAI and CGR. Significantly higher seed cotton yield, lint yield, fiber length and maximum BCR of 1.95 and 1.81 was also obtained from the P7 treatment during both crop-growing seasons. In conclusion, combined use of 80 kg P ha-1 from PM + 40 kg P ha-1 from inorganic source and cotton seeds inoculated with strain-1 improved phosphorus uptake ensuing in greater consumption of photo-assimilates for maximum growth and yield.

A safra de algodão, desempenha um papel significativo na economia do Paquistão, ao ocupar um lugar de destaque no óleo comestível e na indústria têxtil local. A inacessibilidade e a deficiência de fósforo (P) da matéria orgânica do solo são as principais restrições para a baixa produtividade das culturas em algodão. Portanto, um estudo de campo de dois anos foi desenvolvido durante 2014-15, para explorar a influência de bactérias solubilizantes de fosfato (PSB), esterco de capoeira (FYM), esterco de aves (PM) e fontes inanimadas de P sobre vários fatores fisiológicos, crescimento, rendimento e parâmetros de qualidade da cultura do algodão no CCRI Multan. Respostas de campo de sementes inoculadas com duas cepas distintas de bactérias solubilizantes de fosfato (PSB) viz. S0 = controle, S1 = cepa-1, S2 = cepa-2 e oito fontes orgânicas de P inorgânicas viz., P0 = controle, P1 = 80 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica, P2 = 80 kg ha-1 P de FYM, P3 = 80 kg ha-1 P de PM, P4 = 40 kg ha-1 P de FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica, P5 = 40 kg ha-1 P de PM + 40 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica, P6 = 80 kg ha-1 P de FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica, P7 = 80 kg ha-1 P de PM + 40 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica e P8 = 40 Foram avaliados kg ha-1 P da FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P da PM. Os resultados revelaram que a inoculação de sementes com PSB e o uso coletivo de fontes inorgânicas e orgânicas de P aumentaram consideravelmente os atributos que contribuem para a produtividade no algodão. No entanto, o tratamento P7 (80 kg P ha-1 da PM + 40 kg P ha-1 da fonte inorgânica) em coincidência com sementes inoculadas com PSB (S1) produziu planta mais alta, peso máximo de cápsula, IAF e CGR significativamente maiores. Produtividade significativamente maior do algodão, rendimento de fiapos, comprimento da fibra e BCR máximo de 1,95 e 1,81 também foi obtida a partir do tratamento P7 durante as duas épocas de cultivo. Em conclusão, o uso combinado de 80 kg P ha-1 de PM + 40 kg P ha-1 de fonte inorgânica e sementes de algodão inoculadas com a cepa-1 melhoraram a captação de fósforo, resultando em maior consumo de foto assimilados para obter crescimento e produtividade máximos.

Osteophagia by Nasutitermes guayanae (Blattodea:Isoptera: Termitidae) on human bone remains in theAndean Amazon, Caquetá, Colombia / Osteofagia por Nasutitermes guayanae (Blattodea, Isoptera, Termitidae)sobre restos óseos humanos en la Amazonia Andina, Caquetá, Colombia

We present the first report of Nasutitermes guayanae feeding on human bone remains found in an urban area of the municipality of Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, in the Colombian Amazon piedmont. The record indicates an expansion in the diet of these termites. The observation suggests that the association of N. guayanae with decomposing bodies may be a possible tool for the estimation of postmortem intervals.

Presentamos el primer reporte de Nasutitermes guayanae alimentándose de restos óseos humanos encontrados en un área urbana del município de Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, en el Piedemonte Amazónico colombiano. El registro indica una expasión en la dieta de esas térmitas. La observación sugiere que la asociación de N. guayanae con cuerpos en descomposición puede ser una posible herramienta para la estimación de intervalos postmortem.

Osteophagia by Nasutitermes guayanae (Blattodea:Isoptera: Termitidae) on human bone remains in theAndean Amazon, Caquetá, Colombia / Osteofagia por Nasutitermes guayanae (Blattodea, Isoptera, Termitidae)sobre restos óseos humanos en la Amazonia Andina, Caquetá, Colombia

We present the first report of Nasutitermes guayanae feeding on human bone remains found in an urban area of the municipality of Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, in the Colombian Amazon piedmont. The record indicates an expansion in the diet of these termites. The observation suggests that the association of N. guayanae with decomposing bodies may be a possible tool for the estimation of postmortem intervals.(AU)

Presentamos el primer reporte de Nasutitermes guayanae alimentándose de restos óseos humanos encontrados en un área urbana del município de Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, en el Piedemonte Amazónico colombiano. El registro indica una expasión en la dieta de esas térmitas. La observación sugiere que la asociación de N. guayanae con cuerpos en descomposición puede ser una posible herramienta para la estimación de intervalos postmortem.(AU)

Managing agricultural phosphorus to minimize water quality impacts

Eutrophication of surface waters remains a major use-impairment in many countries, which, in fresh waters, is accelerated by phosphorus (P) inputs from both point (e.g., municipal waste water treatment plants) and nonpoint sources (e.g., urban and agricultural runoff). As point sources tend to be easier to identify and control, greater attention has recently focused on reducing nonpoint sources of P. In Brazil, agricultural productivity has increased tremendously over the last decade as a consequence, to a large extent, of increases in the use of fertilizer and improved land management. For instance, adoption of the 4R approach (i.e., right rate, right time, right source, and right placement of P) to fertilizer management can decrease P runoff. Additionally, practices that lessen the risk of runoff and erosion, such as reduced tillage and cover crops will also lessen P runoff. Despite these measures P can still be released from soil and fluvial sediment stores as a result of the prior 10 to 20 years management. These legacy sources can mask the water quality benefits of present-day conservation efforts. Future remedial efforts should focus on developing risk assessment indices and nonpoint source models to identify and target conservation measures and to estimate their relative effectiveness. New fertilizer formulations may more closely tailor the timing of nutrient release to plant needs and potentially decrease P runoff. Even so, it must be remembered that appropriate and timely inputs of fertilizers are needed to maintain agricultural productivity and in some cases, financial support might also be required to help offset the costs of expensive conservation measures.

Managing agricultural phosphorus to minimize water quality impacts

Eutrophication of surface waters remains a major use-impairment in many countries, which, in fresh waters, is accelerated by phosphorus (P) inputs from both point (e.g., municipal waste water treatment plants) and nonpoint sources (e.g., urban and agricultural runoff). As point sources tend to be easier to identify and control, greater attention has recently focused on reducing nonpoint sources of P. In Brazil, agricultural productivity has increased tremendously over the last decade as a consequence, to a large extent, of increases in the use of fertilizer and improved land management. For instance, adoption of the 4R approach (i.e., right rate, right time, right source, and right placement of P) to fertilizer management can decrease P runoff. Additionally, practices that lessen the risk of runoff and erosion, such as reduced tillage and cover crops will also lessen P runoff. Despite these measures P can still be released from soil and fluvial sediment stores as a result of the prior 10 to 20 years management. These legacy sources can mask the water quality benefits of present-day conservation efforts. Future remedial efforts should focus on developing risk assessment indices and nonpoint source models to identify and target conservation measures and to estimate their relative effectiveness. New fertilizer formulations may more closely tailor the timing of nutrient release to plant needs and potentially decrease P runoff. Even so, it must be remembered that appropriate and timely inputs of fertilizers are needed to maintain agricultural productivity and in some cases, financial support might also be required to help offset the costs of expensive conservation measures.(AU)

Quality of the effluents of bullfrog tadpole ponds / Qualidade de efluentes de tanques de girino de rã-touro

The objective of this study was to determine the quality of the effluent from ponds populated with bullfrog tadpoles by evaluating the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters of the water. Samples were collected bi-weekly on the ponds located at the bullfrog culture sector in the Caunesp. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (inlet and outlet water) and six repetitions (ponds). There was no difference (P>0.01) among treatments for conductivity, however, the values varied in different samples according to growth of tadpoles. The values of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and nitrate were higher (P 0.01) in the inlet, while total phosphorus, ammonia, Escherichia coli, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and turbidity had increased concentrations in the outlet water. The total phosphorus and BOD5 concentrations were higher than permitted by Brazilian environmental legislation. The management adopted to rear bullfrog tadpoles increased the nutrients in the water, with the highest concentrations of ammonia and total phosphorus deriving mainly from the uneaten feed and animal excretion, the latter being the main factor for water eutrophication.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do efluente de tanques de criação de girinos de rã-touro através da análise das variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológica da água. As amostras foram coletadas quinzenalmente nos tanques do setor de ranicultura do Caunesp. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (água de entrada e saída dos tanques) e seis repetições (tanques). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,01) entre os tratamentos para condutividade, entretanto, os valores variaram nas diferentes coletas, conforme o crescimento dos girinos. Os valores de temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido e nitrato foram maiores (P 0,01) na água de entrada, enquanto as concentrações de fósforo total, amônia, Escherichia coli, demanda química de oxigênio DQO, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5) e turbidez tiveram um aumento na água de saída. As concentrações de fósforo total e DBO5 foram maiores do que o permitido pela legislação ambiental brasileira. O manejo realizado na criação de girinos provocou um aumento de nutrientes na água, sendo que as maiores concentrações de amônia e fósforo total foram provenientes, principalmente, da ração e das excretas dos animais.(AU)

Quality of the effluents of bullfrog tadpole ponds / Qualidade de efluentes de tanques de girino de rã-touro

The objective of this study was to determine the quality of the effluent from ponds populated with bullfrog tadpoles by evaluating the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters of the water. Samples were collected bi-weekly on the ponds located at the bullfrog culture sector in the Caunesp. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (inlet and outlet water) and six repetitions (ponds). There was no difference (P>0.01) among treatments for conductivity, however, the values varied in different samples according to growth of tadpoles. The values of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and nitrate were higher (P 0.01) in the inlet, while total phosphorus, ammonia, Escherichia coli, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and turbidity had increased concentrations in the outlet water. The total phosphorus and BOD5 concentrations were higher than permitted by Brazilian environmental legislation. The management adopted to rear bullfrog tadpoles increased the nutrients in the water, with the highest concentrations of ammonia and total phosphorus deriving mainly from the uneaten feed and animal excretion, the latter being the main factor for water eutrophication.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do efluente de tanques de criação de girinos de rã-touro através da análise das variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológica da água. As amostras foram coletadas quinzenalmente nos tanques do setor de ranicultura do Caunesp. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (água de entrada e saída dos tanques) e seis repetições (tanques). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,01) entre os tratamentos para condutividade, entretanto, os valores variaram nas diferentes coletas, conforme o crescimento dos girinos. Os valores de temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido e nitrato foram maiores (P 0,01) na água de entrada, enquanto as concentrações de fósforo total, amônia, Escherichia coli, demanda química de oxigênio DQO, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5) e turbidez tiveram um aumento na água de saída. As concentrações de fósforo total e DBO5 foram maiores do que o permitido pela legislação ambiental brasileira. O manejo realizado na criação de girinos provocou um aumento de nutrientes na água, sendo que as maiores concentrações de amônia e fósforo total foram provenientes, principalmente, da ração e das excretas dos animais.

Soil phosphorus dynamics as affected by Congo grass and P fertilizer

Some plant species can change soil phosphorus (P) availability and this may be an important tool in managing tropical high fixing phosphorus soils. An experiment was conducted to evaluate phosphorus transformations in the soil and phosphatase activity during periods of Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis, Germain et Evrard) growth in two tropical soils receiving 20, 40, 80, 160 mg dm-3 of inorganic P. Plants were grown for 84 days in 8-L pots. Acid phosphatase activity, P in the microbial mass, soil organic and inorganic P and P accumulation by Congo grass were evaluated. Phosphorus fertilization increased soil P availability, Congo grass yields and P accumulation in the plant. On average, less labile P forms in the soil were not changed by Congo grass; however, the P in the soil extracted with HCl (P-Ca - non labil form) decreased. This decrease may have resulted from the combination of the presence of grass and phosphatase capacity to dissolve less available P in the soil. Thus, soil exploration by Congo grass roots and the subsequent extraction of calcium phosphate may have increased the P concentration in the plant tissue. Despite the decrease in the P extracted from the soil with HCl resulting in increased labile P forms in the soil, the effect of Congo grass on the availability of P depends on the soil type.

Soil phosphorus dynamics as affected by Congo grass and P fertilizer

Some plant species can change soil phosphorus (P) availability and this may be an important tool in managing tropical high fixing phosphorus soils. An experiment was conducted to evaluate phosphorus transformations in the soil and phosphatase activity during periods of Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis, Germain et Evrard) growth in two tropical soils receiving 20, 40, 80, 160 mg dm-3 of inorganic P. Plants were grown for 84 days in 8-L pots. Acid phosphatase activity, P in the microbial mass, soil organic and inorganic P and P accumulation by Congo grass were evaluated. Phosphorus fertilization increased soil P availability, Congo grass yields and P accumulation in the plant. On average, less labile P forms in the soil were not changed by Congo grass; however, the P in the soil extracted with HCl (P-Ca - non labil form) decreased. This decrease may have resulted from the combination of the presence of grass and phosphatase capacity to dissolve less available P in the soil. Thus, soil exploration by Congo grass roots and the subsequent extraction of calcium phosphate may have increased the P concentration in the plant tissue. Despite the decrease in the P extracted from the soil with HCl resulting in increased labile P forms in the soil, the effect of Congo grass on the availability of P depends on the soil type.(AU)