Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants in Brazil

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) of ruminants is a complex disease. The term indicates a morphological diagnosis where severe cortical neuronal necrosis results in softening of cerebral grey matter. Initially though as a single disease caused by thiamine deficiency, it is currently believed that PEM is caused by different etiological agents through different pathogenic mechanisms or trough a single pathogenic mechanism triggered by different agents. In this paper the putative cases and pathogenesis of PEM in ruminants are critically reviewed and discussed. Also reviewed are the epidemiology, clinical signs, gross and histological findings and methods of diagnosis of cases of PEM described in ruminants in Brazil

Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants in Brazil

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) of ruminants is a complex disease. The term indicates a morphological diagnosis where severe cortical neuronal necrosis results in softening of cerebral grey matter. Initially though as a single disease caused by thiamine deficiency, it is currently believed that PEM is caused by different etiological agents through different pathogenic mechanisms or trough a single pathogenic mechanism triggered by different agents. In this paper the putative cases and pathogenesis of PEM in ruminants are critically reviewed and discussed. Also reviewed are the epidemiology, clinical signs, gross and histological findings and methods of diagnosis of cases of PEM described in ruminants in Brazil(AU)

Polioencefalomalacia em caprinos e ovinos na região semi-árida do Nordeste do Brasil / Polioencephalomacia in goats and sheep in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil

Descrevem-se 7 surtos de polioencefalomalacia em caprinos e 3 surtos em ovinos no semi-árido nordestino. Foram afetados animais de diversas idades em diferentes épocas do ano. Em 5 surtos os animais eram suplementados com concentrados e em 5 consumiam somente pastagem. Em um dos surtos os ovinos estavam recebendo à vontade uma mistura múltipla contendo 1,3% de flor de enxofre. Os sinais clínicos caracterizaram-se por cegueira, depressão, pressão da cabeça contra objetos, andar em círculos, ranger de dentes, incoordenação, paralisia espástica, ataxia, diminuição dos reflexos palpebral e pupilar, estrabismo lateral, nistagmo e pupilas dilatadas. De 9 animais tratados com tiamina e dexametasona, 7 se recuperaram e 2 morreram. O diagnóstico foi feito com base na recuperação após o tratamento e/ou a presença de alterações histológicas características. O curso clínico variou de 2 a 15 dias. Três animais foram necropsiados. Um animal apresentou herniação do cerebelo em direção ao Forame magno e amolecimento das circunvoluções cerebrais e, ao corte, coloração amarelada e cavitação da substância cinzenta do córtex. Outro animal apresentou somente herniação do cerebelo. No terceiro animal não foram observadas lesões macroscópicas. As alterações histológicas caracterizaram-se por necrose laminar do córtex cerebral e, em dois animais, por lesões de malácia no tálamo e colículo rostral. Desconhece-se a etiologia em 9 dos surtos estudados. Em outro se sugere que tenha sido causado por intoxicação por enxofre, contido principalmente na mistura múltipla constituída por com 1,3% de flor de enxofre (96% de enxofre) e 30% de cama de galinha (0,39% de enxofre).(AU)

Seven outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia in goats and 3 in sheep are reported from the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Animals of different ages were affected in various seasons of the year. In 5 outbreaks the animals were supplemented with concentrate ration and in 5 others they were only grazing on pastures. In one outbreak sheep were supplemented with an energy-protein-mineral mixture containing 1.3% of sulfur flower. Clinical signs were characterized by blindness, depression, head pressing, circling, grinding of the teeth, incoordination, spastic paralysis, ataxia, depression of the palpebral and pupillary reflexes, lateral strabismus, nystagmus, and dilated pupils. Nine affected animals were treated with thiamine and dexamethasone; 7 of them recovered but 2 died. The diagnosis of the disease was based on the recovered animals after treatment and/or on the histologic lesions. The clinical course varied from 2 to 15 days. On three animals post-mortem examination was made. One had herniation of the cerebellum through the Foramen magnum and softening of the cerebral cortex. The cut surface of the cerebral cortex showed cavitation and yellowish discoloration. Another animal had only cerebellar herniation. In a third animal no gross lesions were observed. Histological changes in the 3 animals were laminar necrosis of the cerebral cortex, and in 2 malacia of the thalamus and the rostral colliculi was also observed. In 9 outbreaks the cause of the disease was not determined, but one was probably due to sulfur toxicosis caused by the high sulfur content of the energy-protein-mineral mixture containing 1.3% of sulfur flower (96% sulfur) and 30% chicken litter (0.39% sulfur).(AU)