Persistent organic pollutants distribution in plasma lipoprotein fractions / Distribuição persistente de poluentes orgânicos em frações de lipoproteínas plasmáticas

This study determines the associations among serum lipid profiles, risk of cardiovascular disease, and persistent organic pollutants. Using Gas chromatography technique, the intensity of toxic pollutant residues in serum samples of Hypertensive patients were measured. Based on statistical analysis, the effects of different covariates namely pesticides, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profile duration was checked using the logistic regression model. Statistical computation was performed on SPSS 22.0. The P-values of F-Statistic for each lipid profile class are greater than 0.01 (1%), therefore we cannot reject the null hypothesis for all cases. The estimated coefficients, their standard errors, Wald Statistic, and odds ratio of the binary logistic regression model for different lipid profile parameters indicate if pesticides increase then the logit value of different lipid profile parameters changes from -0.46 to -0.246 except LDL which increases by 0.135. The study reports a significantly increased threat of cardiovascular disease with increased concentrations of toxic pollutants.

Este estudo determina as associações entre o perfil lipídico sérico, o risco de doença cardiovascular e os poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Por meio da técnica de cromatografia gasosa, mediu-se a intensidade dos resíduos de poluentes tóxicos em amostras de soro de pacientes hipertensos. Com base na análise estatística, os efeitos de diferentes covariáveis – ou seja, pesticidas, idade, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e duração do perfil lipídico – foram verificados usando o modelo de regressão logística. O cálculo estatístico foi realizado no SPSS 22.0. Os valores P da estatística F para cada classe de perfil lipídico são maiores que 0,01 (1%), portanto não podemos rejeitar a hipótese nula para todos os casos. Os coeficientes estimados, seus erros padrão, estatística de Wald e odds ratio do modelo de regressão logística binária para diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico indicam se os pesticidas aumentam, então o valor logit de diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico muda de -0,46 para -0,246, exceto LDL, que aumenta em 0,135. O estudo relata um aumento significativo da ameaça de doença cardiovascular com aumento das concentrações de poluentes tóxicos.

Hypertrophic phenotypic cardiomyopathy in an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype (HCM) is the most common cardiac disease in domestic cats but is rarely described in wild species. This phenotype is characterized by concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and may be of familial inheritance or secondary to other diseases such as hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney disease, systemic arterial hypertension, and hyperaldosteronism. HCM can cause diastolic and systolic dysfunction and may cause congestive heart failure in affected animals. The present work aims to describe the first report of cardiomyopathy of the hypertrophic phenotype in a specimen of Leopardus pardalis, kept under human care. Case: A 11-year-old female ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) kept under human care, during a preventive care visit, had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype detected by cardiological evaluation with echocardiogram and a murmur grade III/ VI could be detected on cardiac auscultation. This preventive care occurred under chemical restraint with ketamine [6 mg/kg, i.m] associates with midazolam [0.5 mg/kg, i.m] and other evaluations have been done like complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, albumin:globulin ratio, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and globulin) and tyroid hormones [free tyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)]. Medical management based on clopidogrel, and atenolol was administered for 3 months until the patient showed manifestations of congestive heart failure (CHF) 80 days later the initial evaluation. In this moment the patient presented with dyspnea, so a cardiological and laboratory evaluation was requested. On pulmonary auscultation crackling was identified, suggesting pulmonary edema and, on echocardiographic examination, some parameters had worsened. The CBC and biochemistry were all within reference ranges. Then, the beta-blocker was discontinued and replaced by pimobendan combined with furosemide as treatment of CHF, and the condition stabilized. After one year, the patient was re-evaluated and showed a slight improvement in the condition but still remained stable. Also, feline proBNP levels was tested (SNAP Feline proBNP® IDEXX) in this moment and it was increased. Discussion: The findings on echocardiography associated with the subjective evaluation associated with progressive worsening and clinical manifestation of CHF, as well as the response to treatment, even though there are no reference values for the species, reinforce the diagnosis. There is no evidence to suggest diseases that may contribute to secondary left ventricular hypertrophy. It is believed that pimobendan plays a key role in maintaining hemodynamic balance, since this has already been observed in other mammalian species. The use of beta blockers is commonly employed in domestic cats with HCM, and they have been prescribed in an attempt to promote greater ventricular relaxation, decrease left ventricular outflow obstruction, thus improving ventricular filling for maintenance of cardiac output. In view of the atrial enlargement and possible risk of thrombus formation, clopidogrel was prescribed, extrapolating what is known from domestic cats. It is reasonable to conclude that in this case, the cardiomyopathy behaved similarly to what is observed in domestic cats, both in its clinical evolution and in the means of diagnosis, and in its response to the therapy instituted.

Persistent organic pollutants distribution in plasma lipoprotein fractions / Distribuição persistente de poluentes orgânicos em frações de lipoproteínas plasmáticas

This study determines the associations among serum lipid profiles, risk of cardiovascular disease, and persistent organic pollutants. Using Gas chromatography technique, the intensity of toxic pollutant residues in serum samples of Hypertensive patients were measured. Based on statistical analysis, the effects of different covariates namely pesticides, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profile duration was checked using the logistic regression model. Statistical computation was performed on SPSS 22.0. The P-values of F-Statistic for each lipid profile class are greater than 0.01 (1%), therefore we cannot reject the null hypothesis for all cases. The estimated coefficients, their standard errors, Wald Statistic, and odds ratio of the binary logistic regression model for different lipid profile parameters indicate if pesticides increase then the logit value of different lipid profile parameters changes from -0.46 to -0.246 except LDL which increases by 0.135. The study reports a significantly increased threat of cardiovascular disease with increased concentrations of toxic pollutants.(AU)

Este estudo determina as associações entre o perfil lipídico sérico, o risco de doença cardiovascular e os poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Por meio da técnica de cromatografia gasosa, mediu-se a intensidade dos resíduos de poluentes tóxicos em amostras de soro de pacientes hipertensos. Com base na análise estatística, os efeitos de diferentes covariáveis ou seja, pesticidas, idade, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e duração do perfil lipídico foram verificados usando o modelo de regressão logística. O cálculo estatístico foi realizado no SPSS 22.0. Os valores P da estatística F para cada classe de perfil lipídico são maiores que 0,01 (1%), portanto não podemos rejeitar a hipótese nula para todos os casos. Os coeficientes estimados, seus erros padrão, estatística de Wald e odds ratio do modelo de regressão logística binária para diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico indicam se os pesticidas aumentam, então o valor logit de diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico muda de -0,46 para -0,246, exceto LDL, que aumenta em 0,135. O estudo relata um aumento significativo da ameaça de doença cardiovascular com aumento das concentrações de poluentes tóxicos.(AU)

Bezold-Jarisch reflex induced by dopamine during isoflurane anesthesia in small dogs

Background: Unlike other major reflexes contributing to hemodynamic homeostasis, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR)paradoxically decreases heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) despite hypotension. In the veterinary field,there are few reported cases of BJR induced by dopamine, which is often used to manage hypotension. Herein, 2 casesinvolving small dogs exhibiting BJR due to dopamine infusion during general anesthesia are described.Cases: Case 1: A 7-year-old, 7 kg, mongrel was referred for external skeletal fixator removal. The patient was premedicatedwith 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced with 6 mg/kgpropofol and maintained with 1.6% isoflurane in oxygen. The patient was given 5 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution IV. Therespiratory rate (RR) was set to 9 breaths/min with a ventilator. The HR and MAP values were initially 120 bpm and 76mmHg and gradually decreased to 70 bpm and 40 mmHg, respectively. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2) was 39mmHg, and the patient was administered 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate IV. Then, 5 μg/kg/min dopamine was administered IVsince the MAP did not improve. The HR, MAP, and ETCO2 increased to 113 bpm, 72 mmHg, and 47 mmHg, respectively.Subsequently, HR and MAP dramatically decreased to 50 bpm and 43 mmHg, respectively. A second-degree atrioventricularblock was detected, prompting dopamine infusion discontinuation, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was again administeredIV. Within 5 min, HR and MAP values normalized, and postoperative patient recovery was typical. Case 2: A 2-year-old,8.6 kg, mongrel underwent surgery to correct a medial luxating patella of the right leg. The patient was premedicated with0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol IV. Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg/kg propofol IV and maintained...

Bezold-Jarisch reflex induced by dopamine during isoflurane anesthesia in small dogs

Background: Unlike other major reflexes contributing to hemodynamic homeostasis, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR)paradoxically decreases heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) despite hypotension. In the veterinary field,there are few reported cases of BJR induced by dopamine, which is often used to manage hypotension. Herein, 2 casesinvolving small dogs exhibiting BJR due to dopamine infusion during general anesthesia are described.Cases: Case 1: A 7-year-old, 7 kg, mongrel was referred for external skeletal fixator removal. The patient was premedicatedwith 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced with 6 mg/kgpropofol and maintained with 1.6% isoflurane in oxygen. The patient was given 5 mL/kg/h of Hartmanns solution IV. Therespiratory rate (RR) was set to 9 breaths/min with a ventilator. The HR and MAP values were initially 120 bpm and 76mmHg and gradually decreased to 70 bpm and 40 mmHg, respectively. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2) was 39mmHg, and the patient was administered 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate IV. Then, 5 μg/kg/min dopamine was administered IVsince the MAP did not improve. The HR, MAP, and ETCO2 increased to 113 bpm, 72 mmHg, and 47 mmHg, respectively.Subsequently, HR and MAP dramatically decreased to 50 bpm and 43 mmHg, respectively. A second-degree atrioventricularblock was detected, prompting dopamine infusion discontinuation, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was again administeredIV. Within 5 min, HR and MAP values normalized, and postoperative patient recovery was typical. Case 2: A 2-year-old,8.6 kg, mongrel underwent surgery to correct a medial luxating patella of the right leg. The patient was premedicated with0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol IV. Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg/kg propofol IV and maintained...(AU)

Biomedical role of L-carnitine in several organ systems, cellular tissues, and COVID-19 / Papel biomédico da L-carnitina em vários sistemas de órgãos, tecidos celulares e COVID-19

Carnitine is a conditionally necessary vitamin that aids in energy creation and fatty acid metabolism. Its bioavailability is higher in vegetarians than in meat-eaters. Deficits in carnitine transporters occur because of genetic mutations or in conjunction with other illnesses. Carnitine shortage can arise in health issues and diseases­including hypoglycaemia, heart disease, starvation, cirrhosis, and ageing­because of abnormalities in carnitine control. The physiologically active form of L-carnitine supports immunological function in diabetic patients. Carnitine has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, several painful neuropathies, and other conditions. It has been used as a dietary supplement for the treatment of heart disease, and it also aids in the treatment of obesity and reduces blood glucose levels. Therefore, L-carnitine shows the potential to eliminate the influences of fatigue in COVID-19, and its consumption is recommended in future clinical trials to estimate its efficacy and safety. This review focused on carnitine and its effect on tissues, covering the biosynthesis, metabolism, bioavailability, biological actions, and its effects on various body systems and COVID-19.

A carnitina é uma vitamina condicionalmente necessária que auxilia na geração de energia e no metabolismo de ácidos graxos. Sua biodisponibilidade é maior em vegetarianos do que em carnívoros. Déficits nos transportadores de carnitina ocorrem devido a mutações genéticas ou em conjunto com outras doenças. A escassez de carnitina pode surgir em problemas de saúde e doenças ­ incluindo hipoglicemia, doenças cardíacas, fome, cirrose e envelhecimento ­ devido a anormalidades no controle da carnitina. A forma fisiologicamente ativa da L-carnitina suporta a função imunológica em pacientes diabéticos. A carnitina demonstrou ser eficaz no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer, várias neuropatias dolorosas e outras condições. Tem sido utilizado como suplemento dietético para o tratamento de doenças cardíacas, também auxilia no tratamento da obesidade e reduz os níveis de glicose no sangue. Portanto, a L-carnitina mostra potencial para eliminar as influências da fadiga na COVID-19 e seu consumo é recomendado em futuros ensaios clínicos para estimar sua eficácia e segurança. Esta revisão enfocou a carnitina e seu efeito nos tecidos, abrangendo a biossíntese, metabolismo, biodisponibilidade, ações biológicas e seus efeitos em vários sistemas corporais e COVID-19.

Estudo retrospectivo dos achados cardiorrespiratórios e laboratoriais de cães atendidos para avaliação pré-operatória em um serviço de cardiologia e doenças respiratórias (2017-2021) / Retrospective study of cardiorespiratory and laboratory findings in dogs treated for preoperative evaluation in a cardiology and respiratory disease service (2017-2021)

Os cães idosos são acometidos com frequência por enfermidades no sistema cardiovascular e respiratório, estando muita das vezes assintomáticos até terem indicação para algum procedimento cirúrgico que requer a avaliação pré-operatória, momento este que muitos achados clínicos poderão ser detectados, ao ponto da necessidade de tratamento prévio à intervenção cirúrgica. Diante disso, o trabalho tem por objetivo detectar as principais manifestações cardiorrespiratórias e sua correlação aos dados encontrados nos exames complementares e informações epidemiológicas de 138 cães atendidos em um serviço especializado em cardiologia e doenças respiratórias, no período de 2017 a 2021, para fins de risco cirúrgico. Foi possível observar maior predominância de animais idosos, de pequeno porte e do sexo feminino. Dentre as doenças cardíacas, a doença degenerativa crônica de mitral foi a mais prevalente, seguida da dirofilariose. Em relação as afecções respiratórias, a bronquite crônica e o colapso de traqueia foram mais diagnosticadas, seguidas da broncopneumonia e da síndrome braquicefálica. Quando da observação do ritmo cardíaco por meio do eletrocardiograma, a arritmia sinusal, ritmo sinusal e sinus arrest foram os principais achados. Quanto aos achados laboratoriais, foi possível observar aumento da média de hematimetria, redução da média do hematócrito e das plaquetas. Entretanto, alguns animais apresentaram azotemia, leucocitose e eosinofilia. Observou-se que pacientes com doenças cardíacas em estágios de congestão possuem redução da pressão arterial, aumento da hematimetria e taquiarritmias, como taquicardia sinusal e/ou complexos atriais prematuros. Pacientes com idade mais avançada tendem a ter redução dos valores de leucometria global e maior probabilidade de manifestação de aumento da pressão arterial. Portadores de dirofilariose cursam com aumento de eosinófilos.

Elderly dogs are frequently affected by diseases in the cardiovascular and respiratory system, being often asymptomatic until they are indicated for a surgical procedure that requires preoperative evaluation, at which point many clinical findings can be detected, to the point of need for treatment prior to surgical intervention. Therefore, the work aims to detect the main cardiorespiratory manifestations and their correlation to data found in complementary exams and demographic information of 138 animals treated at a service specialized in cardiology and respiratory diseases, from 2017 to 2021, for risk purposes surgical. It was possible to observe a greater predominance of elderly, small and female animals. Among heart diseases, chronic degenerative mitral disease was the most prevalent, followed by heartworm disease. Regarding respiratory affections, chronic bronchitis and tracheal collapse were more commonly diagnosed, followed by bronchopneumonia and brachycephalic syndrome. When observing the cardiac rhythm through the electrocardiogram, sinus arrhythmia, sinus rhythm and sinus arrest were the main findings. As for laboratory findings, it was possible to observe an increase in mean hematimetry, a reduction in mean hematocrit and platelets. However, some animals showed azotemia, leukocytosis and eosinophilia. It was observed that patients with cardiac diseases in stages of congestion have reduced blood pressure, increased hematimetry and tachyarrhythmias, such as sinus tachycardia and/or premature atrial complexes. Older patients tend to have reduced global white blood cell values and more likely to manifest increased blood pressure. Heartworm patients have an increase in eosinophils.

Eletrocardiografia computadorizada em cadelas com tumores mamários / Electrocardiography in bitches with mammary tumors

The incidence of cancer has increased due to greater longevity of the animals as a consequence of better control of other diseases, improvement of nutrition and good practices in preventive medicine. Malignant tumors can cause paraneoplastic syndrome such as hypercalcemia, anemia, cachexia, among others and consequent cardiovascular disorders. The electrocardiography (ECG) is a complementary exam that can reveal with its traces these rhythmic disorders. Based on that, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ECG in bitches with mammary tumors in order to detect in which type of tumor would be found significant changes as in cardiac rhythm, ECG waves, segments or cardiac axis. Twenty-nine female dogs were used in this study, being 19 bitches with mammary tumor, and they were allocated in three groups: G1: control group (n = 10), G2: benign neoplasia group (n = 6) and G3: malignant neoplasia group (n = 13). The most prevalent type of neoplasia in G2 was the benign mixed tumor (83%), followed by adenoma (17%) whereas in G3: carcinoma in mixed tumor (61%); papillary carcinoma (23%). Regarding cardiac rhythm, it was found sinus arrhythmia (SA) and normal sinus rhythm (NS): G1: 50% SA and 50% NS; G2: 67% SA and 33% NS; G3: 54% SA and 46% NS. No ventricular or atrial arrhythmias were detected. For other parameters in G1, G2 and G3, respectively (mean ± Std error): FC (bpm): 110±9.2, 120 ± 8.5, 124±7,5; P (ms): 48 ± 1.6, 51 ± 1.8, 50 ± 1.2; P (mV) 0.19 ± 0.02, 0.2 ± 0.02, 0.19 ± 0.02; PR (ms): 94 ± 4.3, 93 ± 5.5, 89 ± 3.9; QRS (ms): 56 ± 1.54, 60 ± 4, 62 ± 1.2; R (mV): 1.1 ± 0.06, 1.2 ± 0.24, 0.9 ± 0.13; QT (ms): 203 ± 9.4; 204 ± 7.9; 182 ± 15.6; and cardiac axis (°): 66 ± 6.2, 61 ± 7.9, 70 ± 7.5. There were no significant differences for all cardiac parameters and also for ST interval and T wave morphology. All electrocardiographic parameters found are in accordance with other studies carried out in the canine species. The results regarding tumor types differ from what was found in another study, in which in 18 bitches with mammary tumors, 55% were benign, with prevalence of adenomas (38%) followed by benign mixed tumors, and 45% malignant, with adenocarcinoma prevailing (22%). In another study, it was verified in 63 bitches the predominance of tubular carcinoma (26.56%) and carcinoma in mixed tumors (23.44%). Diverging from the electrocardiographic parameters of this study, a significant difference was found in the R wave amplitude value in the research by Barros et al., (2015) who performed computerized electrocardiography in 50 dogs, not only with mammary neoplasms (55% mammary carcinomas), but also in mastocytomas, lymphomas, benign tumors and other sarcomas. This author found out that the R wave amplitude values of the neoplasia group were lower when compared to the control group. In addition, we suspect that other types of tumors could result in more paraneoplastic syndrome than the mammary neoplasms found in this research. Neoplasms as lymphomas (T cells), apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinomas, multiple myelomas and thymomas are known as a cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy and histiocytic sarcomas, myelomas, leukemia and lymphomas causing anemia. In conclusion, ECG has no changes in benign or malignant mammary tumors in dogs. However, this fact does not exclude the importance of its performance in pre-anesthetic evaluations. Further studies with a larger sample including the clinical staging of these bitches with a balanced number of animals with low and high staging are suggested.(AU)

Hipertensão em idosos: revisão de literatura de artigos nacionais / Hypertension in the elderly: brazilian review

Buscou-se, no presente trabalho, analisar os dados na literatura científica referentes à incidência da Hipertensão Arterial em idosos e suas possíveis associações. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão de publicações nacionais originais, dos anos 2008 a 2019, que abordam as palavraschave hipertensão arterial em idosos, doença cardiovascular e envelhecimento, disponíveis na base de dados SciELO e na plataforma de pesquisa Google Acadêmico. Foram excluídos artigos internacionais, estudos de revisão e os que não perfazem o público alvo dessa revisão. No total, foram selecionados 9 artigos, sendo 8 estudos transversais e 1 ensaio clínico não randomizado. Todos os estudos registraram maior prevalência da doença nas mulheres quando se comparado aos homens e em idades superiores a 60 anos, o que pode estar relacionado às alterações hormonais da menopausa. Outros fatores de risco foram confirmados pelos estudos, como o peso, o nível de escolaridade e a renda familiar. Através desta revisão foi concluído que há uma maior prevalência da doença em indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais. Sabendo disso, nota-se a importância de manter a prática de atividade física regular e bons hábitos alimentares, além de fazerem exames preventivos periodicamente para um eventual um diagnóstico precoce.(AU)

In the present study, we sought to analyze the data in the scientific literature regarding the incidence of arterial hypertension in the elderly and its possible associations. This is a review article of original national publications, from the years 2008 to 2019, which address the keywords arterial hypertension in the elderly, cardiovascular disease and aging, available in the SciELO database and in the Google Academic research platform. International articles, review studies and those that are not the target audience of this review were excluded. In total, 9 articles were selected, 8 cross-sectional studies and 1 nonrandomized clinical trial. All studies recorded a higher prevalence of the disease in women When compared to men and at ages over 60 years, which may be related to hormonal changes in menopause. Other risk factors were confirmed by the studies, such as weight, education level and family income. Through this review it was concluded that there is a higher prevalence of the disease in individuals aged 60 years or older. Knowing this, we note the importance of maintaining regular physical activity and good eating habits, in addition to periodically doing preventive exams for an eventual Early diagnosis.(AU)

Hipertensão em idosos: Revisão de literatura de artigos nacionais / Hypertension in the elderly: brazilian review

Buscou-se, no presente trabalho, analisar os dados na literatura científica referentes à incidência da Hipertensão Arterial em idosos e suas possíveis associações. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão de publicações nacionais originais, dos anos 2008 a 2019, que abordam as palavras-chave hipertensão arterial em idosos, doença cardiovascular e envelhecimento, disponíveis na base de dados SciELO e na plataforma de pesquisa Google Acadêmico. Foram excluídos artigos internacionais, estudos de revisão e os que não perfazem o público alvo dessa revisão. No total, foram selecionados 9 artigos, sendo 8 estudos transversais e 1 ensaio clínico não randomizado. Todos os estudos registraram maior prevalência da doença nas mulheres quando se comparado aos homens e em idades superiores a 60 anos, o que pode estar relacionado às alterações hormonais da menopausa. Outros fatores de risco foram confirmados pelos estudos, como o peso, o nível de escolaridade e a renda familiar. Através desta revisão foi concluído que há uma maior prevalência da doença em indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais. Sabendo disso, nota-se a importância de manter a prática de atividade física regular e bons hábitos alimentares, além de fazerem exames preventivos periodicamente para um eventual um diagnóstico precoce.(AU)

In the present study, we sought to analyze the data in the scientific literature regarding the incidence of arterial hypertension in the elderly and its possible associations. This is a review article of original national publications, from the years 2008 to 2019, which address the keywords arterial hypertension in the elderly, cardiovascular disease and aging, available in the SciELO database and in the Google Academic research platform. International articles, review studies and those that are not the target audience of this review were excluded. In total, 9 articles were selected, 8 cross-sectional studies and 1 nonrandomized clinical trial. All studies recorded a higher prevalence of the disease in women When compared to men and at ages over 60 years, which may be related to hormonal changes in menopause. Other risk factors were confirmed by the studies, such as weight, education level and family income. Through this review it was concluded that there is a higher prevalence of the disease in individuals aged 60 years or older. Knowing this, we note the importance of maintaining regular physical activity and good eating habits, in addition to periodically doing preventive exams for an eventual Early diagnosis.(AU)

Determination of the value of vertebral heart size regarding the weight and body area in canines / Determinação dos valores do vertebral heart size em relação ao peso e área corporal canina

The vertebral heart size is a method used to measure the cardiac dimension in order to identify the remodeling of the chambres in heart disease. This study aims to determinate the vertebral heart size values at right lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs views relating to canines weight and body area variations. For the purpose of the study 40 healthy dogs within the age of 1 to 6 years, males and females, with deep or intermediated thorax were selected, brachycephalic dogs were not included in the study; the dogs were separated in four groups: group 1(n=9) compound of dogs up to 5 kg; group 2 (n=8) with dogs from 5,1 to 10 kg; group 3 (n=12) with dogs from 10,1 to19 kg and group 4 (n=11) with dogs weighing more than 19,1 kg. The values of body score, body mass index and the thorax configuration where previously measured, as well as the vertebral heart size and the depth width ratio from the radiographs. The results demonstrated intervals of right lateral-lateral vertebral heart size 9.9 to 10.4v and ventro-dorsal vertebral heart size of 9.8-10.3v. The study results show that the vertebral heart size numbers did not correlate with weight or body area, regardless the type of radiography view. Therefore, it can be concluded that the vertebral heart size in right lateral and ventrodorsal radiography can be used to rate the cardiac area, not suffering influence by the dog's weight or body area.

O vertebral heart size é um método utilizado para mensurar a dimensão cardíaca visando identificar os remodelamentos das câmaras nas cardiopatias. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar os valores de vertebral heart size nas projeções radiográficas latero-lateral direita e ventro-dorsal conforme as variações do peso e área corporal. Para isso, foram selecionados 40 cães hígidos com idade entre 1 e 6 anos, machos e fêmeas, com padrão torácico intermediário e profundo, com exclusão dos braquicefálicos; os cães foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo 1 (n=9) composto por cães de até 5 kg; grupo 2 (n=8) com cães de 5,1 a 10 kg; grupo 3 (n=12) com cães de 10,1 a 19 kg e grupo 4 (n=11) com cães acima de 19,1 kg. Os valores de escore corporal, índice de massa corporal e conformação torácica foram previamente mensurados, bem como os valores dos vertebral heart size a relação profundidade/largura torácica das radiografias. Os resultados demonstraram intervalos de vertebral heart size latero-lateral 9.9 a 10.4v e vertebral heart size ventro dorsal de 9.8-10.3v. Os valores não apresentaram correlação com o peso e área corporal nos grupos estudados, independente das projeções estudas. Assim, pode-se concluir que método vertebral heart size nas projeções estudadas é aplicável na avaliação da área cardíaca, não sofrendo influências do peso e área corporal canina.

Fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e ingestão dietética em mulheres climatéricas não usuárias de Terapia de Reposição Hormonal (TRH) / Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and dietary intake in the climateric women not users of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Neste trabalho foram avaliados os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e o consumo alimentar de mulheres climatéricas não usuárias de terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH), de acordo com os períodos climatéricos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal em 95 mulheres climatéricas residentes em três municípios do Sudoeste do Paraná. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos por meio de entrevista, além de dados antropométricos e de consumo alimentar. A média etária foi de 52,5 ± 5,85 anos, 77,9% estudaram 8 ou mais anos, 76,8% possuíam renda familiar de até três salários mínimos, 70,5% possuíam cônjuge e 60% não tiveram nenhum ou até dois partos. Foi observada frequência de excesso de peso e de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em mais de 65% das mulheres. A presença de comorbidades (p = <0,001) foi mais frequentes nas mulheres pós-menopáusicas. Quanto à ingestão de lipídios e ácidos graxos saturados, observou-se maior consumo excessivo nas pré- e peri-menopáusicas (p = 0,042 e p = 0,022, respectivamente). Os achados do estudo demonstram a importância da prevenção de DCV independentemente do período climatérico e da utilização de TRH.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the dietary intake in climacteric women not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT), according to the climacteric periods. This is a cross-sectional study involving 95 climacteric women living in three municipalities located in the Southwest region of Parana. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected by interviews, in addiction to the anthropometric data and on the food consumption. The mean age was 52.5 ± 5.85 years, 77.9% studied for eight years or more, 76.8% had a family income of up to three minimum wages, 70.5% had a spouse, and 60% did not have any or up to two deliveries. Frequencies of overweight and risk for cardiovascular disease were observed in more than 65% of women. The occurrence of comorbidities (p = 0.001) was more frequent in postmenopausal women. With regard to the lipids and saturated fatty acids intake, a higher consumption in the preand peri-menopausal periods (p = 0.042 and p = 0.022 respectively). These findings demonstrate the importance of preventing CVD, independently of the climacteric period and the use of HRT.

Review of metal surface stents: biological validation using an in vitro endothelial cell model / Revisão de stents de superfície metálica: validação biológica usando modelo de células endotelial in vitro

Studies to determine effects of metal implants for humans frequently use an in vitro animal model. Despite this experimental model evaluating responses to an implant, it is usually only possible to elucidate physiological and molecular mechanisms of metallic biomaterials with in vitro experiments using animal endothelial cells. Thus, this review proposes to elucidate models of endothelial cells used to characterize and evaluate metallic biomaterials in stent manufacturing. Animal cells are able to adhere, proliferate and develop antiplatelet responses after specific treatments on metal surfaces. In vitro tests with an endothelial cell model provide insights into hemo-integration of metallic devices and assist in planning pre-clinical experimental designs. Thus, this review encourages studies and validation of commercially available endothelial cells, as well as creation of cryopreserved cell banks as an alternative to reduce in vitro assays and as primary cultures for in vitro testing. Moreover, we encourage creation of a standard protocol for characterizing metals subjected to surface modifications.

Estudos para determinar os efeitos de implantes metálicos em humanos frequentemente usam um modelo animal in vivo. Apesar deste modelo experimental avaliar as respostas do implante, normalmente só é possível elucidar mecanismos fisiológicos e moleculares de biomateriais metálicos com experimentos in vitro utilizando células endoteliais de animais. Assim, essa revisão propõe elucidar modelos de células endoteliais utilizados para caracterizar e avaliar biomateriais na fabricação de stents. As células de animais são capazes de aderir, proliferar e desenvolver respostas antiplaquetárias após tratamentos específicos em superfícies metálicas. Testes in vitro com um modelo de células endoteliais fornecem insights sobre a integração dos dispositivos metálicos e auxiliam no planejamento de projetos experimentais pré-clínicos. Assim, esta revisão encoraja estudos e validação de células endoteliais comercialmente disponíveis, bem como a criação de bancos de células criopreservadas como uma alternativa para reduzir ensaios in vivo e de culturas primárias para testes in vitro. Além disso, incentivamos a criação do protocolo padrão para caracterizar metais sujeitos a modificações de superfície.

Review of metal surface stents: biological validation using an in vitro endothelial cell model / Revisão de stents de superfície metálica: validação biológica usando modelo de células endotelial in vitro

Studies to determine effects of metal implants for humans frequently use an in vitro animal model. Despite this experimental model evaluating responses to an implant, it is usually only possible to elucidate physiological and molecular mechanisms of metallic biomaterials with in vitro experiments using animal endothelial cells. Thus, this review proposes to elucidate models of endothelial cells used to characterize and evaluate metallic biomaterials in stent manufacturing. Animal cells are able to adhere, proliferate and develop antiplatelet responses after specific treatments on metal surfaces. In vitro tests with an endothelial cell model provide insights into hemo-integration of metallic devices and assist in planning pre-clinical experimental designs. Thus, this review encourages studies and validation of commercially available endothelial cells, as well as creation of cryopreserved cell banks as an alternative to reduce in vitro assays and as primary cultures for in vitro testing. Moreover, we encourage creation of a standard protocol for characterizing metals subjected to surface modifications.(AU)

Estudos para determinar os efeitos de implantes metálicos em humanos frequentemente usam um modelo animal in vivo. Apesar deste modelo experimental avaliar as respostas do implante, normalmente só é possível elucidar mecanismos fisiológicos e moleculares de biomateriais metálicos com experimentos in vitro utilizando células endoteliais de animais. Assim, essa revisão propõe elucidar modelos de células endoteliais utilizados para caracterizar e avaliar biomateriais na fabricação de stents. As células de animais são capazes de aderir, proliferar e desenvolver respostas antiplaquetárias após tratamentos específicos em superfícies metálicas. Testes in vitro com um modelo de células endoteliais fornecem insights sobre a integração dos dispositivos metálicos e auxiliam no planejamento de projetos experimentais pré-clínicos. Assim, esta revisão encoraja estudos e validação de células endoteliais comercialmente disponíveis, bem como a criação de bancos de células criopreservadas como uma alternativa para reduzir ensaios in vivo e de culturas primárias para testes in vitro. Além disso, incentivamos a criação do protocolo padrão para caracterizar metais sujeitos a modificações de superfície.(AU)

Fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e ingestão dietética em mulheres climatéricas não usuárias de Terapia de Reposição Hormonal (TRH) / Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and dietary intake in the climateric women not users of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Neste trabalho foram avaliados os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e o consumo alimentar de mulheres climatéricas não usuárias de terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH), de acordo com os períodos climatéricos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal em 95 mulheres climatéricas residentes em três municípios do Sudoeste do Paraná. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos por meio de entrevista, além de dados antropométricos e de consumo alimentar. A média etária foi de 52,5 ± 5,85 anos, 77,9% estudaram 8 ou mais anos, 76,8% possuíam renda familiar de até três salários mínimos, 70,5% possuíam cônjuge e 60% não tiveram nenhum ou até dois partos. Foi observada frequência de excesso de peso e de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em mais de 65% das mulheres. A presença de comorbidades (p = <0,001) foi mais frequentes nas mulheres pós-menopáusicas. Quanto à ingestão de lipídios e ácidos graxos saturados, observou-se maior consumo excessivo nas pré- e peri-menopáusicas (p = 0,042 e p = 0,022, respectivamente). Os achados do estudo demonstram a importância da prevenção de DCV independentemente do período climatérico e da utilização de TRH.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the dietary intake in climacteric women not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT), according to the climacteric periods. This is a cross-sectional study involving 95 climacteric women living in three municipalities located in the Southwest region of Parana. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected by interviews, in addiction to the anthropometric data and on the food consumption. The mean age was 52.5 ± 5.85 years, 77.9% studied for eight years or more, 76.8% had a family income of up to three minimum wages, 70.5% had a spouse, and 60% did not have any or up to two deliveries. Frequencies of overweight and risk for cardiovascular disease were observed in more than 65% of women. The occurrence of comorbidities (p = 0.001) was more frequent in postmenopausal women. With regard to the lipids and saturated fatty acids intake, a higher consumption in the preand peri-menopausal periods (p = 0.042 and p = 0.022 respectively). These findings demonstrate the importance of preventing CVD, independently of the climacteric period and the use of HRT.(AU)

Pharmacological modulation of b-adrenoceptors as a new cardioprotective strategy for therapy of myocardial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion

Purpose: To evaluate the cardioprotective response of the pharmacological modulation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) in animal model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (CIR), in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (NWR) rats. Methods: CIR was induced by the occlusion of left anterior descendent coronary artery (10 min) and reperfusion (75 min). The SHR was treated with β-AR antagonist atenolol (AT, 10 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR, and NWR were treated with β-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 0.5 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR. Results: The treatment with AT increased the incidence of VA, AVB and LET in SHR, suggesting that spontaneous cardioprotection in hypertensive animals was abolished by blockade of β-AR. In contrast, the treatment with ISO significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular blockade and lethality in NWR (30%, 20% and 20%, respectively), suggesting that the activation of β-AR stimulate cardioprotection in normotensive animals. Serum CK-MB were higher in SHR/CIR and NWR/CIR compared to respective SHAM group (not altered by treatment with AT or ISO). Conclusion: The pharmacological modulation of β-AR could be a new cardioprotective strategy for the therapy of myocardial dysfunctions induced by CIR related to cardiac surgery and cardiovascular diseases.(AU)

Effects of leptin and adinopectin on cardiovascular, respiratory and haematological systems of healthy dogs

Adipocytokines are substances produced by adipocytes responsible for the regulation of several physiological processes. Among those substances, leptin and adiponectin have been intensively investigated because of their possible effects on metabolism, reproduction, hematopoiesis and cardiovascular system. The current study aimed to assess the effects of adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin on cardiac and respiratory functions, as well as on the hematological parameters of healthy female dogs of different breeds. Parameters of rectal temperature, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse, heart rate and respiratory rate were evaluated in fifty two healthy female dogs. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count and plasma leptin and adiponectin measurement via ELISA technique. There was no difference in circulating levels of adipocytokines among the different breeds (p ≤ 0,05). Negative correlation between leptin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was found, while it was positive regarding systolic blood pressure, heart rate and breathing. Adiponectin was positively correlated with red blood cells and platelets and negatively with heart rate, respiratory rate, diastolic blood pressure and pulse. Adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, exert regulatory effects on cardiorespiratory function and hematopoiesis in healthy female dogs.(AU)

Electrocardiographic evaluation of healthy dogs treated with ophthalmic solution of timolol maleate 0.5%: preliminary study / Avaliação eletrocardiográfica de cães clinicamente hígidos sob tratamento com solução oftálmica de maleato de timolol 0.5%: estudo preliminar

Timolol maleate 0.5% is a drug recommended for glaucoma treatment in dogs. After administration, it is absorbed to systemic circulation and being an antagonist of beta adrenergic receptors it has important systemic side effects on cardiac electrical conduction. The present study evaluated the modification caused by ophthalmic timolol 0.5% in the electrocardiogram. Six clinically normal dogs were selected to participate in two different ophthalmic treatments: in the first one, a placebo (hypromellose 0.5%) was used and in the second one, timolol 0.5% was administered. Each solution was applied twice a day, for 14 days. The electrocardiographic parameters were measured in times: zero, 10, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 720 min after ocular solution instillation in first, seventh and 14th days of each treatment. The differences found in electrocardiogram were more evident between 120 and 240 min after instillation of timolol 0.5% when compared with placebo treatment. The rhythm was irregular, with sinus arrhythmia and sinus bradycardia moments. The RR and PR intervals lengthen notoriously (p 0.05) from the first day of timolol administration, and are more expressive in the 14th day of treatment. The QT interval demonstrated a few changes, just lengthening noticeably (p 0.05) in the 14th day of timolol application. The QTc interval did not show expressive change. Despite the changes in the electrocardiogram, no clinical manifestation related to beta-adrenoceptor antagonists were observed. One must consider, however, that the animals studied were healthy and thus, clinical signs could result from the changes implied by the use of timolol in animals with pre-existing heart disease. Therefore, cardiac assessment of patients prior to prescription of ophthalmic timolol is recommended. (AU) 

O maleato de timolol 0,5% é um fármaco recomendado para tratamento de glaucoma em cães. Após instilação, e absorvido para a circulação sistêmica e por ser um antagonista beta-adrenérgico pode promover efeitos colaterais sistêmicos importantes sobre a condução elétrica cardíaca. No presente estudo, foi avaliada a alteração causada pelo timolol 0,5% oftálmico no eletrocardiograma. Foram selecionados seis cães hígidos para participar de dois tratamentos oftálmicos diferentes: no primeiro foi instilado placebo (hipromelose 0,5%) e no segundo utilizou-se timolol 0,5%. O colírio foi instilado a cada 12 horas por 14 dias. Os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos foram mensurados nos tempos: zero, 10, 60, 120, 240, 360 e 720 minutos após instilação da solução ocular nos dias primeiro, sétimo e décimo quarto de cada tratamento. As alterações eletrocardiográficas foram mais evidentes entre 120 e 240 minutos pós-instilação de timolol 0,5% quando comparado com o tratamento placebo. O ritmo foi irregular, com momentos de arritmia sinusal e bradicardia sinusal. Os intervalos RR e PR prolongaram significativamente (p 0,05) desde o primeiro dia de instilação de timolol, sendo o prolongamento mais expressivo no décimo quarto dia de tratamento. O intervalo QT demonstrou pouca variação, apenas prolongando significativamente (p 0,05) no décimo quarto dia de aplicação de timolol. O intervalo QTc não demonstrou alteração significativa (p > 0,05). Apesar das alterações encontradas, não foram observadas manifestações clínicas relacionadas ao timolol nos animais estudados. Deve-se considerar, porém, que os animais em questão eram hígidos e, portanto, as alterações decorrentes do uso do timolol em animais com cardiopatias preexistentes poderiam promover sinais clínicos, sendo recomendada a avaliação cardíaca de pacientes previamente à prescrição do timolol oftálmico. (AU)

Identificação e distribuição de lesões cardíacas em bovinos intoxicados por Amorimia exotropica / Identification and distribution of cardiac lesions in cattle poisoned by Amorimia exotropica

Amorimia exotropica é um arbusto escandente que pertence à família Malpighiacea, cujo princípio tóxico é o monofluoracetato de sódio e possui ação cardiotóxica em bovinos. Ela é a única representante, na região Sul do país, do grupo de plantas que causam morte súbita associada ao exercício. Este trabalho identificou e mapeou as lesões cardíacas observadas em bovinos intoxicados naturalmente por A. exotropica. Selecionaram-se nove corações bovinos, provenientes de um surto de intoxicação natural pela planta em uma propriedade de gado de corte do Rio Grande do Sul e procedeu-se o mapeamento de oito regiões topográficas distintas (ápice, ventrículos direito e esquerdo, septo interventricular, músculos papilares direito e esquerdo e átrios direito e esquerdo). À avaliação macroscópica quatro bovinos apresentaram lesão focal e bem delimitada no músculo papilar esquerdo. Estas áreas na histologia correspondiam à necrose de coagulação em diferentes estágios de evolução, similares a infartos. Todos os bovinos apresentavam necrose de cardiomiócitos, caracterizadas por retração e hipereosinofilia citoplasmática e fragmentação celular em todas as áreas amostradas. A severidade da injúria celular foi avaliada pela imuno-histoquímica anti-troponina C, a qual demonstrou acentuada perda e/ou diminuição de marcação citoplasmática em células necróticas. O músculo papilar esquerdo foi a região mais acometida nos casos de intoxicação por Amorimia exotropica.(AU)

Amorimia exotropica is a shrub of the Malpighiacea family that contains sodium monofluoroacetate as the toxic principle, which has a cardiotoxic action in cattle. In Southern Brazil it is the only species of the group of plants that causes "sudden death during exercise". This study has identified and mapped cardiac lesions observed in cattle naturally poisoned by A. exotropica. An outbreak of poisoning by the plant occurred in a beef cattle herd in Rio Grande do Sul, where nine bovine hearts were selected for examination and mapping of eight distinct topographical regions (apex, right and left ventricles, interventricular septum, right and left papillary muscles , right and left atrium). At gross examination, four cattle showed focal and well-defined lesions in the left papillary muscle. This corresponds to areas of coagulation necrosis in different stages of evolution on histology, similar to infarcts. All hearts showed cardiomyocytes necrosis, characterized by shrinkage and hypereosinophilic cytoplasm and cellular fragmentation in all sampled areas. The severity of cellular injury was evaluated by immunohistochemistry anti-troponin C, which showed marked decrease of cytoplasm staining in necrotic cells. The left papillary muscle was the most affected region in cases of poisoning by A. exotropica.(AU)

Does rosmarinic acid underestimate as an experimental cardiovascular drug? / Seria o ácido rosmarínico subestimado como droga cardiovascular experimental?

PURPOSE: The rationale of the present review is to analize the activity of Rosmarinus officinalis in the the cardiovascular system METHODS: A MEDLINE database search (from January 1970 to December 2011) using only rosmarinic acid as searched term. RESULTS: The references search revealed 509 references about rosmarinic acid in 40 years (the first reference is from 1970). There is a powerful prevalence of antioxidant and cancer studies. Other diseases are few cited, as inflammation, brain (Alzheimer and Parkinson disease) and, memory; allergy; diabetes; atherosclerosis, and; hypertension. It is necessary to consider the complete absence of studies on coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, heart failure or ischemia/reperfusion injury. CONCLUSION: Rosmarinic acid is underestimated as an experimental cardiovascular drug and deserves more attention.(AU)

OBJETIVO: A justificativa da revisão é analisar a atividade de Rosmarinus officinalis no sistema cardiovascular MÉTODOS: Uma busca de banco de dados MEDLINE (de janeiro de 1970 a dezembro de 2011), utilizando apenas o ácido rosmarínico como termo pesquisado. RESULTADOS: A busca referências revelou 509 referências sobre o ácido rosmarínico em 40 anos (a primeira referência é de 1970). Há uma prevalência poderoso antioxidante e estudos do câncer. Outras doenças são citados alguns, como o cérebro, inflamação (de Alzheimer e doença de Parkinson) e, a memória, hipertensão, alergia, diabetes, aterosclerose, e. É necessário ter em conta a ausência completa de estudos sobre a doença de artéria coronária, isquemia do miocárdio, insuficiência cardíaca ou isquemia / lesão de reperfusão. CONCLUSÃO: O ácido rosmarínico é subestimado como uma droga experimental cardiovascular e merece mais atenção.(AU)