Chemodectoma in a bitch

Background: Chemodectomas, better known as tumors of the base of the heart, arise from aortic bodies, respiratory chemoreceptors located near or inside the aortic arch or originate from receptors located in the carotid arteries. Relatively rare, they affect dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats. They gain great importance when they influence the function of the cardiovascular system, with animals showing clinical signs related to congestive heart failure. Clinical diagnosis is based on symptomatology and complementary tests such as radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography, while the definitive diagnosis is obtained by cytological and histopathological exams. This study aims to reports a case of malignant chemodectoma in a bitch, whose main symptomatology was neurological and not cardiovascular. Case: A 1-year-old Rottweiler bitch was attended with neurological alterations compatible with vestibular syndrome, hyporexia, dysphagia, apathy, melena, emesis, and purulent nasal discharge on the right nostril. On physical examination, the animal showed depressed level of consciousness, poor body condition, bilateral quemosis, paralysis of the right eye, inspiratory dyspnea and muffling of cardiac auscultation, besides a subcutaneous nodule between the scapulae. On neurological evaluation, horizontal nystagmus, head tilt to the right side, ventromedial strabismus and facial nerve paralysis on the right side were observed so that the localization of the lesion was set in peripheral vestibular system. During anesthesia for esophageal tube placement, a mass from the hard palate to the oropharynx was noted, making endotracheal intubation impossible to perform. Biopsy of this nodule was performed, and tracheostomy was indicated, but the owner opted for euthanasia before the procedure. Necropsy revealed white soft masses in the bilateral retromandibular region, on the subcutaneous tissue near the scapulae, in the right ear and since nasopharynx to the soft palate, in addition to sparse white nodules in the heart, lung, carotid artery, kidneys, right ovary, mesentery near to the spleen, and axillary lymph node. Histologically, the nodules were characterized by neoplastic cells population organized in short bundles or cords, arranged around small blood vessels surrounded by delicate connective tissue. Neoplastic cells infiltrated muscles and blood and lymphatic vessels were filled by multiple neoplastic emboli. The histological pattern of the cells allowed the diagnosis of chemodectoma. Discussion: The bitch from this case had 1-year-old when diagnosed with chemodectoma, differently from most cases from literature, that are between 7 to 15 years old. Furthermore, primarily cardiac tumors are considered rare, being chemodectoma the most common, often reported in Boxer and Boston Terrier dogs, but unusual in Rottweilers. Despites some articles mentioning seizure and Horner's Syndrome secondary to a carotid body chemodectoma, neurological signs are not commonly observed in these cases. The presence of the tumor in the middle ear region of the right side supports the occurrence of peripheral vestibular syndrome and facial nerve paralysis on the same side. Because it is a neoplasm that is usually detected late during the course of the disorder, most patients either cannot obtain diagnosis in vivo, as in this reported animal, which was in such a critical condition that underwent euthanasia, or there are no more possible therapeutic choices. In the patient described, there were numerous metastatic masses and nodules spread throughout the body. Although the typical clinical signs in animals with chemodectomas are often related to heart disease, neurological signs may also be present. This report emphasizes the importance of chemodectoma being included as a differential diagnosis in young dogs and even in breeds such as Rottweiler.

Síndrome vestibular secundária à otite média em gata / Secondary vestibular syndrome to otitis media in a cat

A Síndrome Vestibular é um distúrbio frequente na neurologia felina que é caracterizado como um conjunto de sinais neurológicos, causados por uma disfunção de qualquer parte do sistema vestibular. Este é dividido nos componentes periférico e central e o exame neurológico é essencial para localizar a origem da lesão. A Síndrome Vestibular Periférica pode ser causada por anomalias congênitas, neoplasias, traumas, pólipos e doenças inflamatórias; sendo a otite média/interna uma das principais etiopatogenias em cães e gatos. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso de um felino, fêmea, sem raça definida, de sete meses de idade, apresentando Síndrome Vestibular secundária à otite média. O animal deu entrada na clínica com sinais neurológicos súbitos, apresentando nistagmo e incoordenação motora, bem como secreção nasal unilateral. Foram solicitados exames hematológicos e bioquímicos, ultrassonografia abdominal e radiografia de crânio, além de recomendada a internação. Nos exames bioquímicos, os valores de bilirrubina total e frações estavam acima do valor de referência e a relação albumina/globulina estava diminuída. O exame radiográfico confirmou a suspeita de otite média. O tratamento foi realizado com marbofloxacino e gabapentina. Após o tratamento, o animal apresentou melhora significativa do quadro clínico. Baseado no exposto, conclui-se que a Síndrome Vestibular secundária à alteração otológica é um quadro presente na rotina veterinária, sendo importante a associação de exame clínico e exames complementares para que seja possível chegar ao diagnóstico.

Vestibular syndrome is a frequent disorder in feline neurology that is characterized as a set of neurological signs caused by a dysfunction of any part of the vestibular system. The vestibular system is divided into peripheral and central components, and a neurological examination is essential to locate the origin of the lesion. The peripheral vestibular syndrome can be caused by congenital anomalies, neoplasms, trauma, polyps, and inflammatory diseases, with otitis media/internal being one of the main etiologies in dogs and cats. Thus, the present work aims to present a case report of a feline, female, mixed breed, seven months old, with secondary vestibular syndrome to otitis media. The animal was admitted to the clinic with sudden neurological signs, presenting nystagmus and motor incoordination, as well as unilateral nasal secretion. Hematological and biochemical tests, abdominal ultrasound, and skull radiography were requested, and hospitalization was recommended. In the biochemical tests, the values of total bilirubin and fractions were above the reference value and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased. The radiographic examination confirmed the suspicion of otitis media. The treatment was performed with marbofloxacin and gabapentin. After treatment, the animal showed a significant improvement in clinical condition. Therefore, it is concluded that secondary vestibular syndrome to otologic alteration is a condition present in the veterinary routine, and the association of clinical examination and complementary exams is important so that it is possible to reach the diagnosis.

Infestation por Rhabditis spp: una revisión / Infestations by Rhabditis spp: a review / Infestações por Rhabditis spp: uma revisão

Os nematoides do gênero Rhabditis são responsáveis por causar a otite parasitária em bovinos leiteiros da raça Gir. Esta afecção parasitária tem sido relatada em vários países de clima quente e úmido. No Brasil, a rhabditiose tem sido descrita em diversas regiões, sendo responsável pela queda na produção de leite nos rebanhos afetados. De acordo com a literatura, a otite parasitária gera danos diretos na economia e sanidade animal, contudo, existe uma certa discrepância no controle e terapêutica utilizados. O objetivo dessa revisão foi proporcionar a comunidade científica, técnicos e aos produtores rurais uma atualização do conhecimento da problemática da otite parasitária no Brasil e no mundo. O controle parasitário do Rhabditis spp., bem como a sua terapêutica ainda são considerados ineficazes, visto que as recidivas são comuns. Dessa forma, a problemática da otite parasitária no Brasil ainda carece de novos estudos, mas alguns protocolos alternativos experimentais recentes apontam sinergicamente para um “horizonte” mais produtivo no controle desta parasitose.

Nematodes of the genus Rhabditis are responsible for parasitic otitis in Gir dairy cattle. This parasitic condition has been reported in several countries with hot and humid climates. In Brazil, it has been described in several regions, being responsible for the drop in milk production in the affected herds. To the best of our knowledge, parasitic otitis causes direct damage to the economy and animal health, however it still lacks a standardized and effective protocol for treatment and control. The purpose of this review was to provide the scientific community, technicians and rural producers with an update on the knowledge of the problem of parasitic otitis in Brazil and worldwide. Parasitic control of Rhabditis spp., as well as its treatment, are still considered ineffective, since recurrences are common. Thus, the problem of parasitic otitis in Brazil requires further studies, but some recent experimental alternative protocols point synergistically towards a more promising “horizon” in the control of this parasitosis.

Los nematodos del género Rhabditis son responsables de causar otitis parasitaria en el ganado lechero de raza Gyr. Esta condición parasitaria se ha informado en varios países con climas cálidos y húmedos. En Brasil, la otitis parasitaria por Rhabditis spp., se ha descrito en varias regiones, siendo responsable de la caída en la producción de leche en los rebaños afectados. Según nuestro conocimiento literario, la otitis parasitaria causa daño directo a la economía y la salud animal, sin embargo, hubo una cierta discrepancia en el control y el tratamiento utilizado. El objetivo de esta revisión fue proporcionarle a la comunidad científica, técnicos y productores rurales una actualización sobre el conocimiento del problema de la otitis parasitaria en Brasil y en todo el mundo. El control parasitario de Rhabditis spp., como también su tratamiento, todavía se consideran ineficaces, ya que las recurrencias son comunes. Por lo tanto, el problema de la otitis parasitaria en Brasil todavía necesita más estudios, pero algunos protocolos alternativos experimentales recientes apuntan sinérgicamente hacia un "horizonte" más productivo en el control de esta parasitosis.

Infestation por Rhabditis spp: una revisión / Infestations by Rhabditis spp: a review / Infestações por Rhabditis spp: uma revisão

Os nematoides do gênero Rhabditis são responsáveis por causar a otite parasitária em bovinos leiteiros da raça Gir. Esta afecção parasitária tem sido relatada em vários países de clima quente e úmido. No Brasil, a rhabditiose tem sido descrita em diversas regiões, sendo responsável pela queda na produção de leite nos rebanhos afetados. De acordo com a literatura, a otite parasitária gera danos diretos na economia e sanidade animal, contudo, existe uma certa discrepância no controle e terapêutica utilizados. O objetivo dessa revisão foi proporcionar a comunidade científica, técnicos e aos produtores rurais uma atualização do conhecimento da problemática da otite parasitária no Brasil e no mundo. O controle parasitário do Rhabditis spp., bem como a sua terapêutica ainda são considerados ineficazes, visto que as recidivas são comuns. Dessa forma, a problemática da otite parasitária no Brasil ainda carece de novos estudos, mas alguns protocolos alternativos experimentais recentes apontam sinergicamente para um “horizonte” mais produtivo no controle desta parasitose.(AU)

Nematodes of the genus Rhabditis are responsible for parasitic otitis in Gir dairy cattle. This parasitic condition has been reported in several countries with hot and humid climates. In Brazil, it has been described in several regions, being responsible for the drop in milk production in the affected herds. To the best of our knowledge, parasitic otitis causes direct damage to the economy and animal health, however it still lacks a standardized and effective protocol for treatment and control. The purpose of this review was to provide the scientific community, technicians and rural producers with an update on the knowledge of the problem of parasitic otitis in Brazil and worldwide. Parasitic control of Rhabditis spp., as well as its treatment, are still considered ineffective, since recurrences are common. Thus, the problem of parasitic otitis in Brazil requires further studies, but some recent experimental alternative protocols point synergistically towards a more promising “horizon” in the control of this parasitosis.(AU)

Los nematodos del género Rhabditis son responsables de causar otitis parasitaria en el ganado lechero de raza Gyr. Esta condición parasitaria se ha informado en varios países con climas cálidos y húmedos. En Brasil, la otitis parasitaria por Rhabditis spp., se ha descrito en varias regiones, siendo responsable de la caída en la producción de leche en los rebaños afectados. Según nuestro conocimiento literario, la otitis parasitaria causa daño directo a la economía y la salud animal, sin embargo, hubo una cierta discrepancia en el control y el tratamiento utilizado. El objetivo de esta revisión fue proporcionarle a la comunidad científica, técnicos y productores rurales una actualización sobre el conocimiento del problema de la otitis parasitaria en Brasil y en todo el mundo. El control parasitario de Rhabditis spp., como también su tratamiento, todavía se consideran ineficaces, ya que las recurrencias son comunes. Por lo tanto, el problema de la otitis parasitaria en Brasil todavía necesita más estudios, pero algunos protocolos alternativos experimentales recientes apuntan sinérgicamente hacia un "horizonte" más productivo en el control de esta parasitosis.(AU)

Doença vestibular central por infarto isquêmico secundário a hipotireoidismo em cão / Central vestibular disease due to ischemic stroke secondary to hypothyroidism in a dog

Background: Hypothyroidism in dogs can cause lethargy, weight gain, dermatological signs and, uncommonly, neurological signs. These may involve the peripheral or central nervous system, leading to a decreased level of consciousness, central or peripheral vestibular disease, epileptic seizures, cognitive dysfunction, facial nerve paralysis, laryngeal paralysis, and polyneuropathy. There are few cases reported in the literature relating hypothyroidism and central vestibular disease. The aim of this study was to report a case of a stroke secondary to hypothyroidism that resulted in central vestibular syndrome in a dog. Case: A 13-year-old female Pitbull, weighting 37 kg, was referred to a Veterinary University Hospital with a two weeks history of dyspnea, coughing and walking difficulty. On neurological examination, the animal presented vertical nystagmus, somnolence, non-ambulatory tetraparesis, decreased postural reaction in all limbs and normal spinal reflexes. The laboratory exams revealed a mild leukocytosis and increased creatinine, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Due to historical, clinical, neurological and laboratory tests findings, the animal was diagnosed with central vestibular syndrome secondary to an intracranial neoplasm. Clinical treatment was instituted with corticosteroids, however the animal did not respond and died. On necropsy, the heart was enlarged and coronary arteries were thicker. No macroscopic changes were found in the brain. On histological analysis, the coronary arteries were congest by lipids that almost occluded the arterial lumen. The same alteration were found in splenic and renal arterioles, and in the brain’s leptomeninges. Also in the brain, it was observed perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells and focal gliosis. The thyroid was atrophied and fibrosed bilaterally. Therefore, those changes were compatible with atherosclerosis secondary to hypothyroidism...

Doença vestibular central por infarto isquêmico secundário a hipotireoidismo em cão / Central vestibular disease due to ischemic stroke secondary to hypothyroidism in a dog

Background: Hypothyroidism in dogs can cause lethargy, weight gain, dermatological signs and, uncommonly, neurological signs. These may involve the peripheral or central nervous system, leading to a decreased level of consciousness, central or peripheral vestibular disease, epileptic seizures, cognitive dysfunction, facial nerve paralysis, laryngeal paralysis, and polyneuropathy. There are few cases reported in the literature relating hypothyroidism and central vestibular disease. The aim of this study was to report a case of a stroke secondary to hypothyroidism that resulted in central vestibular syndrome in a dog. Case: A 13-year-old female Pitbull, weighting 37 kg, was referred to a Veterinary University Hospital with a two weeks history of dyspnea, coughing and walking difficulty. On neurological examination, the animal presented vertical nystagmus, somnolence, non-ambulatory tetraparesis, decreased postural reaction in all limbs and normal spinal reflexes. The laboratory exams revealed a mild leukocytosis and increased creatinine, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Due to historical, clinical, neurological and laboratory tests findings, the animal was diagnosed with central vestibular syndrome secondary to an intracranial neoplasm. Clinical treatment was instituted with corticosteroids, however the animal did not respond and died. On necropsy, the heart was enlarged and coronary arteries were thicker. No macroscopic changes were found in the brain. On histological analysis, the coronary arteries were congest by lipids that almost occluded the arterial lumen. The same alteration were found in splenic and renal arterioles, and in the brains leptomeninges. Also in the brain, it was observed perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells and focal gliosis. The thyroid was atrophied and fibrosed bilaterally. Therefore, those changes were compatible with atherosclerosis secondary to hypothyroidism...(AU)

Sindrome vestibular central de causa bacteriana em cães Revisão de literatura / Central vestibular disease cause of bacterial in dogs - Literature review

A síndrome vestibular central constitui uma série de sinais clínicos ocasionados por alterações diretamente no sistema vestibular central ou em estruturas localizadas próximo ao tronco encefálico ou cerebelo. A partir do exame neurológico é possível diferenciar a doença vestibular central da periférica. A etiologia pode ter diversas origens. Apesar de a meningoencefalite bacteriana ter progressão aguda e rápida, deve ser sempre considerada como diagnóstico diferencial para síndrome vestibular central. Essa revisão de literatura tem como objetivo descrever a síndrome vestibular central, abordando a meningoencefalite bacteriana como etiologia e os aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos etratamento. (AU)

The central vestibular disease is a number of clinical signs caused by changes in the central vestibular system or structures located near the brainstem or cerebellum. On the basis of the neurological examination is possible to differentiate central to peripheral vestibular disease. The etiology may have many origins. Despite bacterial meningoencephalitis have acute and rapid progression, must always be considered as a differential diagnosis for central vestibular syndrome. This literature review aims to describe the central vestibular disordes, discussing the bacterial meningoencephalitis as etiology and clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment. (AU)

Sindrome vestibular central de causa bacteriana em cães – Revisão de literatura / Central vestibular disease cause of bacterial in dogs - Literature review

A síndrome vestibular central constitui uma série de sinais clínicos ocasionados por alterações diretamente no sistema vestibular central ou em estruturas localizadas próximo ao tronco encefálico ou cerebelo. A partir do exame neurológico é possível diferenciar a doença vestibular central da periférica. A etiologia pode ter diversas origens. Apesar de a meningoencefalite bacteriana ter progressão aguda e rápida, deve ser sempre considerada como diagnóstico diferencial para síndrome vestibular central. Essa revisão de literatura tem como objetivo descrever a síndrome vestibular central, abordando a meningoencefalite bacteriana como etiologia e os aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos etratamento.

The central vestibular disease is a number of clinical signs caused by changes in the central vestibular system or structures located near the brainstem or cerebellum. On the basis of the neurological examination is possible to differentiate central to peripheral vestibular disease. The etiology may have many origins. Despite bacterial meningoencephalitis have acute and rapid progression, must always be considered as a differential diagnosis for central vestibular syndrome. This literature review aims to describe the central vestibular disordes, discussing the bacterial meningoencephalitis as etiology and clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment.

Metronidazole-induced central vestibular syndrome in a horse case report / Síndrome vestibular central em equino após tratamento com metronidazol relato de caso

Metronidazole-induced central vestibular syndrome (CVS) is uncommon in horses. A case of CVS following treatment with metronidazole at therapeutic doses is reported. An adult male mixed breed horse was submitted to antimicrobial therapy with metronidazole (15 mg.kg-1 IV), penicillin-streptomycin (22.000UI.kg-1 IM) and gentamicin (6.6 mg.kg-1 IV) following small intestinal resection. Clinical signs consistent with CVS (ataxia, horizontal gaze nystagmus, strabismus and head tilt) developed on the 12th post-operative day. Metronidazole administration was immediately discontinued. Initial disease progression followed by progressive improvement of clinical signs from day 10 after recognition of CVS manifestations was observed. Metronidazole-induced CVS diagnosis was based on typical CVS manifestations, medical history and remission of clinical signs following discontinuation of treatment

Síndrome vestibular central (SVC) em equinos decorrente de intoxicação por metronidazol é um distúrbio raro. Este relato descreve um caso de SVC após uso de metronidazol em dose terapêutica em equino macho adulto sem raça definida. O animal foi submetido à enterectomia de intestino delgado e a terapia antimicrobiana pós-cirúrgica constava de metronidazol 15 mg.kg-1, por via intravenosa (IV), associado a penicilina com estreptomicina 22.000UI.kg-1, por via intramuscular (IM) e gentamicina 6,6 mg.kg-1, IV. A partir do 12º dia de pós-operatório com administração do metronidazol, o animal iniciou com sinais clínicos que caracterizavam SVC. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se atáxico, com nistagmo horizontal, estrabismo e inclinação lateral da cabeça. Foi suspensa a administração do metronidazol. Nos dias seguintes o quadro agravou-se sendo que a partir do 10º dia após o início das manifestações clínicas os sinais passaram a regredir gradativamente. Diante do quadro apresentado e sua regressão após a suspensão da administração do metronidazol, foi diagnosticada SVC em decorrência de intoxicação por metronidazol baseado no histórico e nas manifestações clínicas do animal

Metronidazole-induced central vestibular syndrome in a horse case report / Síndrome vestibular central em equino após tratamento com metronidazol relato de caso

Metronidazole-induced central vestibular syndrome (CVS) is uncommon in horses. A case of CVS following treatment with metronidazole at therapeutic doses is reported. An adult male mixed breed horse was submitted to antimicrobial therapy with metronidazole (15 mg.kg-1 IV), penicillin-streptomycin (22.000UI.kg-1 IM) and gentamicin (6.6 mg.kg-1 IV) following small intestinal resection. Clinical signs consistent with CVS (ataxia, horizontal gaze nystagmus, strabismus and head tilt) developed on the 12th post-operative day. Metronidazole administration was immediately discontinued. Initial disease progression followed by progressive improvement of clinical signs from day 10 after recognition of CVS manifestations was observed. Metronidazole-induced CVS diagnosis was based on typical CVS manifestations, medical history and remission of clinical signs following discontinuation of treatment(AU)

Síndrome vestibular central (SVC) em equinos decorrente de intoxicação por metronidazol é um distúrbio raro. Este relato descreve um caso de SVC após uso de metronidazol em dose terapêutica em equino macho adulto sem raça definida. O animal foi submetido à enterectomia de intestino delgado e a terapia antimicrobiana pós-cirúrgica constava de metronidazol 15 mg.kg-1, por via intravenosa (IV), associado a penicilina com estreptomicina 22.000UI.kg-1, por via intramuscular (IM) e gentamicina 6,6 mg.kg-1, IV. A partir do 12º dia de pós-operatório com administração do metronidazol, o animal iniciou com sinais clínicos que caracterizavam SVC. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se atáxico, com nistagmo horizontal, estrabismo e inclinação lateral da cabeça. Foi suspensa a administração do metronidazol. Nos dias seguintes o quadro agravou-se sendo que a partir do 10º dia após o início das manifestações clínicas os sinais passaram a regredir gradativamente. Diante do quadro apresentado e sua regressão após a suspensão da administração do metronidazol, foi diagnosticada SVC em decorrência de intoxicação por metronidazol baseado no histórico e nas manifestações clínicas do animal(AU)

Doença vestibular em cães: 81 casos (2006-2013) / Vestibular disease in dogs: 81 cases (2006-2013)

Eighty-one cases of vestibular disease in dogs were diagnosed by the neurology service in a veterinary teaching hospital in southern Brazil from 2006 to 2013. Approximately 2/3 of these cases were interpreted as central vestibular disease (CVD) with the remaining cases being considered as peripheral vestibular disease (PVD). Pure breed dogs, especially Dachshunds (PVD) and Boxers (CVD) were more affected than mixed breed dogs. The main clinical signs observed in cases of CVD and PVD included head tilt, vestibular ataxia, and ventral or ventrolateral strabismus. Proprioceptive deficits, cranial nerve V-XII dysfunction, and changes in the levels of conscience were observed only in cases of CVD, whereas absence of palpebral reflex occurred only in cases of PVD. Inflammatory or infectious diseases, especially canine distemper and bacterial otitis were the most commonly observed conditions associated with CVD and PVD, respectively. This article establishes the epidemiology (sex, age, and breed) and prevalence of clinical signs related to canine vestibular disease in the Central Rio Grande do Sul State; discusses the use of the clinical findings in the correct diagnosis and differentiation between CVD and PVD; and defines the main specific diseases responsible for the occurrence of CVD and PVD in dogs.(AU)

De 2006 a 2013 foram diagnosticados 81 casos de doença vestibular canina no serviço de rotina em neurologia de um hospital veterinário universitário do sul do Brasil. Desses, aproximadamente dois terços foram diagnosticados com doença vestibular central (DVC) e cerca de um terço como doença vestibular periférica (DVP). Cães com raça definida foram mais acometidos que aqueles sem raça definida, principalmente Dachshund (DVP) e Boxer (DVC). Os principais sinais clínicos observados, tanto na DVP quanto na DVC, incluíram: inclinação de cabeça, ataxia vestibular e estrabismo ventral ou ventrolateral. Deficiência proprioceptiva, disfunção dos nervos cranianos V-XII e alteração de nível de consciência foram vistos apenas em casos de DVC, já a ausência de reflexo palpebral ocorreu apenas em casos de DVP. Doenças inflamatórias/infecciosas, principalmente cinomose e otite bacteriana, foram as condições mais comumente associadas à DVC e à DVP, respectivamente. Esse artigo estabelece os aspectos epidemiológicos (sexo, idade e raça) e a prevalência dos sinais clínicos observados em cães com doença vestibular na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, discute a utilização dos achados clínicos no diagnóstico correto e na diferenciação entre DVC e DVP, e define quais as principais doenças responsáveis pela ocorrência dessas duas síndromes clínicas.(AU)

Potencial evocado auditivo para diagnóstico de surdez em gato com síndrome vestibular periférica / Auditory evoked potential for deafness diagnosis in a cat with peripheral vestibular syndrome

Potencial evocado auditivo é um método eletrodiagnóstico que permite avaliação funcional das vias auditivas desde a orelha média até o tronco encefálico. O uso desse teste em medicina veterinária é pouco difundido no Brasil. O presente artigo relata o uso do potencial evocado auditivo para detecção de deficiência auditiva unilateral em um gato com síndrome vestibular periférica secundária a otite média.(AU)

The brainstem auditory evoked potential is an electrodiagnostic test that allows a functional assessment of the auditory pathways from the middle ear to the brainstem. This test, in veterinary medicine, is not commonly used in Brazil. This paper reports the use of auditory evoked potential for deafness detection in a cat with unilateral peripheral vestibular syndrome secondary to otitis media.(AU)

Doença vestibular em gatos - revisão de literatura / Vestibular disease in cats - literature review / Enfermedad vestibular en gatos - revisión de literatura

O sistema vestibular é o principal componente do sistema nervoso responsável pela manutenção do equilíbrio e da coordenação dos movimentos da cabeça (com os dos olhos), do tronco e dos membros. Doenças neurológicas que acometem essa região são observadas com certa frequência em gatos, portanto, um conhecimento básico da anatomia e da fisiologia do sistema vestibular e a realização do exame neurológico são essenciais para interpretar os sinais clínicos e diferenciar se o problema é vestibular, central ou periférico. Interpretar e localizar corretamente os sinais clínicos é de suma importância para elaborar diagnósticos diferenciais e solicitar os exames complementares de maneira criteriosa. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente trabalho é revisar a anatomia e a fisiologia do sistema vestibular e os sinais clínicos que auxiliam a localizar a lesão e discorrer sobre as possíveis causas de doença vestibular em gatos.

The vestibular system is the main component of the nervous system responsible for maintaining balance, coordination of movements of the head with those of the eyes, trunk and limbs. Neurological diseases that affect this region are frequently observed in cats. Thus, a basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system and neurological examination are essential for the interpretation of clinical signs and correct diagnosis of vestibular problems of central or peripheral origins. The correct interpretation of clinical signs and location of the lesions are of paramount importance for the development of differential diagnoses and judicious request of additional tests. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system and the clinical signs that assist the clinician in locating lesions, as well as to discuss the possible causes of vestibular disease in cats.

El sistema vestibular es el principal componente del sistema nervioso, y es responsable por el mantenimiento del equilibrio y de la coordinación de los movimientos de la cabeza (con los dos ojos), del tronco y de los miembros. Algunas enfermedades neurologicas que afectan esta región pueden ser observadas con una relativa frecuencia en los gatos, razon por la cual es necesario conocer los fundamentos básicos de la anatomía y de la fisiología del sistema vestibular, asi como tambien para que pueda ser realizado el examen neurológico. De esta forma podran ser interpretados los signos clínicos, diferenciando si se está ante un problema vestibular, central o periférico. Es fundamental interpretar y localizar correctamente los signos clínicos, para poder elaborar el diagnóstico diferencial y solicitar los examenes complementarios de manera criteriosa. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido revisar la anatomia y la fisiologia del sistema vestibular, los signos clínicos que ayudan a localizar la lesión, y discutir sobre las posibles causas de la enfermedad vestibular en los gatos.

Doença vestibular em gatos - revisão de literatura / Vestibular disease in cats - literature review / Enfermedad vestibular en gatos - revisión de literatura

O sistema vestibular é o principal componente do sistema nervoso responsável pela manutenção do equilíbrio e da coordenação dos movimentos da cabeça (com os dos olhos), do tronco e dos membros. Doenças neurológicas que acometem essa região são observadas com certa frequência em gatos, portanto, um conhecimento básico da anatomia e da fisiologia do sistema vestibular e a realização do exame neurológico são essenciais para interpretar os sinais clínicos e diferenciar se o problema é vestibular, central ou periférico. Interpretar e localizar corretamente os sinais clínicos é de suma importância para elaborar diagnósticos diferenciais e solicitar os exames complementares de maneira criteriosa. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente trabalho é revisar a anatomia e a fisiologia do sistema vestibular e os sinais clínicos que auxiliam a localizar a lesão e discorrer sobre as possíveis causas de doença vestibular em gatos.(AU)

The vestibular system is the main component of the nervous system responsible for maintaining balance, coordination of movements of the head with those of the eyes, trunk and limbs. Neurological diseases that affect this region are frequently observed in cats. Thus, a basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system and neurological examination are essential for the interpretation of clinical signs and correct diagnosis of vestibular problems of central or peripheral origins. The correct interpretation of clinical signs and location of the lesions are of paramount importance for the development of differential diagnoses and judicious request of additional tests. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system and the clinical signs that assist the clinician in locating lesions, as well as to discuss the possible causes of vestibular disease in cats.(AU)

El sistema vestibular es el principal componente del sistema nervioso, y es responsable por el mantenimiento del equilibrio y de la coordinación de los movimientos de la cabeza (con los dos ojos), del tronco y de los miembros. Algunas enfermedades neurologicas que afectan esta región pueden ser observadas con una relativa frecuencia en los gatos, razon por la cual es necesario conocer los fundamentos básicos de la anatomía y de la fisiología del sistema vestibular, asi como tambien para que pueda ser realizado el examen neurológico. De esta forma podran ser interpretados los signos clínicos, diferenciando si se está ante un problema vestibular, central o periférico. Es fundamental interpretar y localizar correctamente los signos clínicos, para poder elaborar el diagnóstico diferencial y solicitar los examenes complementarios de manera criteriosa. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido revisar la anatomia y la fisiologia del sistema vestibular, los signos clínicos que ayudan a localizar la lesión, y discutir sobre las posibles causas de la enfermedad vestibular en los gatos.(AU)