Development of an intervertebral disc prosthesis prototype for the canine cervical spine / Desenvolvimento de um protótipo de prótese de disco intervertebral para a coluna vertebral cervical de cães

Cervical arthroplasty with disc prosthesis has been proposed as a treatment option for dogs with Cervical Spondylomyelopathy. The present study developed a novel vertebral disc prosthesis for dogs. Sixteen Functional Spinal Units (C5-C6) were collected from dog cadavers with body weights ranging between 25 and 35 kg, and their vertebral measurements were used to design a prosthetic disc. The sizing of the prosthesis was performed based on the averages of the measurements of width, height, and length of the vertebral bodies from C5-C6 of all specimens. The prosthesis was developed using the Rhinoceros 3D® and SolidWorks® programs, and 3D prototyping was carried out to define the best design. The developed prosthesis consisted of two independent parts that are fixed to the cranial and caudal vertebral bodies, in the intervertebral space, and fitted together by metal-to-metal surfaces capable of moving in the lateral, ventral, and dorsal directions. Each part of the prosthesis is angled in two portions: vertically, in the intervertebral space, and horizontally, in contact with the ventral surface of the vertebral bodies, both of which are fixed by means of monocortical locking screws. The design of the developed prototype allowed a good fit in the intervertebral space between C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7.

A artroplastia cervical com prótese de disco tem sido proposta como uma opção de tratamento para cães com Espondilomielopatia Cervical. O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma nova prótese de disco intervertebral para cães. Dezesseis Unidades Funcionais de Coluna Vertebral (C5-C6) foram coletadas de cadáveres de cães com peso corporal variando entre 25 e 35 kg, e suas medidas vertebrais foram usadas para projetar um disco intervertebral protético. O dimensionamento da prótese foi realizado com base nas médias das mensurações da largura, altura e comprimento dos corpos vertebrais de C5-C6 de todos os espécimes. A prótese foi desenvolvida nos programas Rhinoceros 3D® e SolidWorks® e utilizou-se prototipagem em 3D para a definição do melhor design. A prótese desenvolvida é formada por duas partes independentes que se fixam às espífises dos corpos vertebrais cranial e caudalmente ao espaço intervertebral, e se encaixam entre si por superfícies de metal-metal com capacidade de movimentação nas direções lateral, ventral e dorsal. Cada parte da prótese é angulada em duas porções: a vertical, que fica no espaço intervertebral, e a horizontal, que fica em contato com a superfície ventral dos corpos vertebrais, ambas as quais são fixadas por meio de parafusos bloqueados monocorticais. O design do protótipo desenvolvido permitiu bom encaixe no espaço intervertebral entre C4-C5, C5-C6 e C6-C7.

Enostose múltipla em equino puro sangue de corrida / Enostosis-like lesion in thoroughbred horse

Background: Enostosis like lesions are characterized by areas of intramedullary sclerosis affecting the long bones andtheir presence in any cases may be not associated with lameness. It has a migratory characteristic and, therefore there isthe occurrence of lameness at different sites from the initial lesion. Its etiology is speculative and has been attributed tointraosseous increased pressure, of Havers’ canals compression, stimulation of unmyelinated fibers and circulating plateletaggregates. Diagnosis is made through nuclear scintigraphy and associated with radiographic examination. This paperaims to report a clinical case on the use of scintigraphy for the reference diagnosis of enostosis-type injury and treatmentthrough surgical bone decompression.Case: A 2-year-old thoroughbred mare, weighing 483 kg, with a history of acute lameness of the left pelvic limb associatedwith the no previous signs of trauma and no noteworthy changes in radiographic and ultrasound images, was referred to theHorse Center Veterinary Clinic. In the examination of the locomotor system, the animal presented a 2/5 degree lamenessin a straight line, with accentuated exacerbation of the same after flexion of the left femoro-tibio-patellar joint. In addition,presented a reduction in the caudal phase of the stride and croup asymmetry associated with mild myopenia. The findingsof the scintigraphic exam characterized by intense focal area of hyperconcentration of medullary radiopharmaceutical inthe proximal third of the right third metatarsal, and multiple areas of hyperconcentration in the aspect proximal to thedistal third of the left tibia. In the radiographic images, multifocal radiopaque regions that coincided with the areas ofradiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration were observed. The initial treatment was based on rest, use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and acetylsalicylic acid. In the 60 days...

Extradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine in a Saint Bernard

Background: Extradural synovial cysts (ESC) originate from an extrusion of the synovium in unstable or degeneratedjoints. In the spine, this condition can cause neurological signs such as hyperesthesia, proprioceptive ataxia and paresis.Since extradural presentations of synovial cysts are unusual in dogs, the aim of this manuscript is to report a case ofextradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine, as well as the clinical findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment and clinicalevolution after therapy.Case: A 3-year-old spayed Saint Bernard weighing 60 kg was presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with ahistory of acute paraparesis that evolved to non-ambulatory tetraparesis five days after the appearance of the first clinicalsigns. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, normal muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexesin the thoracic and pelvic limbs, as well as cervical pain associated with limited neck movement. According to the neurological examination, the likely lesion location was the C1-C5 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnosis list includedintervertebral disc disease, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, neoplasm, infectious or noninfectious inflammatorydisease, and cystic diseases. Complete blood (cell) count and serum biochemistry tests were within reference limits. Thecerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed 35 mg/dL of protein (< 30 mg/dL) and 27 cells (up to 5 cells/mm3) with a predominance of lymphocytes. In plain radiography, bone proliferations of the C4 (caudal) C5 (cranial) articular processes wereobserved and, in myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was evident between C4-C5 on the right side. The animal underwent dorsal laminectomy for spinal cord decompression. An extradural synovial cyst and proliferated articularprocesses were removed. At 1,281 days after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and presented no neurological deficits...

Extradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine in a Saint Bernard

Background: Extradural synovial cysts (ESC) originate from an extrusion of the synovium in unstable or degeneratedjoints. In the spine, this condition can cause neurological signs such as hyperesthesia, proprioceptive ataxia and paresis.Since extradural presentations of synovial cysts are unusual in dogs, the aim of this manuscript is to report a case ofextradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine, as well as the clinical findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment and clinicalevolution after therapy.Case: A 3-year-old spayed Saint Bernard weighing 60 kg was presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with ahistory of acute paraparesis that evolved to non-ambulatory tetraparesis five days after the appearance of the first clinicalsigns. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, normal muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexesin the thoracic and pelvic limbs, as well as cervical pain associated with limited neck movement. According to the neurological examination, the likely lesion location was the C1-C5 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnosis list includedintervertebral disc disease, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, neoplasm, infectious or noninfectious inflammatorydisease, and cystic diseases. Complete blood (cell) count and serum biochemistry tests were within reference limits. Thecerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed 35 mg/dL of protein (< 30 mg/dL) and 27 cells (up to 5 cells/mm3) with a predominance of lymphocytes. In plain radiography, bone proliferations of the C4 (caudal) C5 (cranial) articular processes wereobserved and, in myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was evident between C4-C5 on the right side. The animal underwent dorsal laminectomy for spinal cord decompression. An extradural synovial cyst and proliferated articularprocesses were removed. At 1,281 days after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and presented no neurological deficits...(AU)

Extrusão de disco intervertebral intradural em um cão / Intradural disc extrusion in a dog

Background: Intervertebral disc extrusion is an important cause of spinal cord dysfunction in dogs. Intradural localizationof the extruded disc material is rare, and is generally associated with a traumatic event or with recurrence of disc extrusionat a previously affected site. We report the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment of a dog with intraduralintervertebral disc extrusion not preceded by a traumatic event.Case: A 6-year-old male Dachshund was referred for neurological evaluation due to acute onset of hind-end paralysispreceded by claudication of the left hindlimb. The patient had been receiving conservative treatment to no effect. Neurological examination revealed asymmetric non-ambulatory paraparesis, absence of postural reactions and decreased muscletone in both hindlimbs, a bilaterally diminished patellar reflex, and a hindlimb withdrawal reflex which was normal onthe right and greatly diminished to absent on the left. The lower back was tender to epaxial palpation. Plain radiographsof the lumbar spine in the lateral projection showed calcified material within the spinal canal between the third and fourthlumbar vertebrae. Myelography was suggestively abnormal at the same level, with epidural leakage of contrast at L3-L4.Considering the clinical history, breed, age, neurological signs, and radiographic findings, intervertebral disc disease wassuspected despite the inconclusive myelography findings. A dorsolateral lumbar hemilaminectomy was performed. Intraoperatively, the diagnosis was confirmed by visualization of a discolored spinal cord and absence of extradural material.The intradural space was accessed via durotomy. A firm, straw-yellow material was seen compressing the spinal cord andremoved. Subsequent histopathological...

Extrusão de disco intervertebral intradural em um cão / Intradural disc extrusion in a dog

Background: Intervertebral disc extrusion is an important cause of spinal cord dysfunction in dogs. Intradural localizationof the extruded disc material is rare, and is generally associated with a traumatic event or with recurrence of disc extrusionat a previously affected site. We report the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment of a dog with intraduralintervertebral disc extrusion not preceded by a traumatic event.Case: A 6-year-old male Dachshund was referred for neurological evaluation due to acute onset of hind-end paralysispreceded by claudication of the left hindlimb. The patient had been receiving conservative treatment to no effect. Neurological examination revealed asymmetric non-ambulatory paraparesis, absence of postural reactions and decreased muscletone in both hindlimbs, a bilaterally diminished patellar reflex, and a hindlimb withdrawal reflex which was normal onthe right and greatly diminished to absent on the left. The lower back was tender to epaxial palpation. Plain radiographsof the lumbar spine in the lateral projection showed calcified material within the spinal canal between the third and fourthlumbar vertebrae. Myelography was suggestively abnormal at the same level, with epidural leakage of contrast at L3-L4.Considering the clinical history, breed, age, neurological signs, and radiographic findings, intervertebral disc disease wassuspected despite the inconclusive myelography findings. A dorsolateral lumbar hemilaminectomy was performed. Intraoperatively, the diagnosis was confirmed by visualization of a discolored spinal cord and absence of extradural material.The intradural space was accessed via durotomy. A firm, straw-yellow material was seen compressing the spinal cord andremoved. Subsequent histopathological...(AU)

Clinical management of dogs with presumptive diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease: 164 cases (2006-2017) / Tratamento clínico de cães com diagnóstico presuntivo de doença do disco intervertebral toracolombar: 164 casos (2006-2017)

This study aimed to identify dogs with presumptive diagnosis of cervical intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) submitted to clinical management and to evaluate the outcomes. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients with neurological dysfunction assisted at a University Veterinary Hospital from 2006 to 2017. In addition to the patients' records, dog owners responded to a questionnaire on the success of therapy. Four hundred and thirteen neurological records were evaluated, and 164 met the inclusion criteria of the study. The most common breed was Dachshund, followed by mongrels. Classification of neurological dysfunction in the study sample was as follows: 15.9% with grade I, 25.6% with grade II, 26.8% with grade III, 8.5% with grade IV, and 23.2% with grade V. Outcome was satisfactory in 71.6% of the dogs and unsatisfactory in 28.4% of them. Recurrence was observed in 27.7% of those with satisfactory outcomes. The clinical treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD is satisfactory, particularly for animals with milder disease grades (I, II, and III). There is possibility of recurrence with conservative therapy and clinical signs may be more severe.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar cães com diagnóstico presuntivo de DDIV toracolombar submetidos ao tratamento clínico, a fim de avaliar a resposta à terapia instituída. Foram revisados os registros neurológicos de cães atendidos pelo Serviço de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia Veterinária no período de 2006 a 2017 de um Hospital Veterinário Universitário. Foi realizada coleta de dados a partir dos registros e por meio de um questionário respondido pelos tutores. Foram avaliadas 413 fichas neurológicas de cães e obtidas informações para inclusão no estudo em 164 delas. As raças mais frequentes foram dachshunds, seguido de cães sem raça definida. Quanto ao grau de disfunção neurológica foi definido como grau I para 15,9% dos cães, grau II para 25,6%, grau III para 26,8%, grau IV para 8,5% e grau V para 23,2%. A recuperação foi satisfatória em 71,6% dos cães e insatisfatória em 28,4%. Dos que se recuperaram satisfatoriamente, 27,7% tiveram recidivas. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o tratamento clínico em repouso absoluto e administração de anti-inflamatórios e analgésicos opióides para cães com DDIV toracolombar é efetivo, principalmente para cães em graus mais leves da doença (grau I, II e III). Há possibilidade de recidiva com esse tipo de terapia cujos sinais clínicos poderão ser mais graves.(AU)

Clinical management of dogs with presumptive diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease: 164 cases (2006-2017) / Tratamento clínico de cães com diagnóstico presuntivo de doença do disco intervertebral toracolombar: 164 casos (2006-2017)

This study aimed to identify dogs with presumptive diagnosis of cervical intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) submitted to clinical management and to evaluate the outcomes. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients with neurological dysfunction assisted at a University Veterinary Hospital from 2006 to 2017. In addition to the patients' records, dog owners responded to a questionnaire on the success of therapy. Four hundred and thirteen neurological records were evaluated, and 164 met the inclusion criteria of the study. The most common breed was Dachshund, followed by mongrels. Classification of neurological dysfunction in the study sample was as follows: 15.9% with grade I, 25.6% with grade II, 26.8% with grade III, 8.5% with grade IV, and 23.2% with grade V. Outcome was satisfactory in 71.6% of the dogs and unsatisfactory in 28.4% of them. Recurrence was observed in 27.7% of those with satisfactory outcomes. The clinical treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD is satisfactory, particularly for animals with milder disease grades (I, II, and III). There is possibility of recurrence with conservative therapy and clinical signs may be more severe.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar cães com diagnóstico presuntivo de DDIV toracolombar submetidos ao tratamento clínico, a fim de avaliar a resposta à terapia instituída. Foram revisados os registros neurológicos de cães atendidos pelo Serviço de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia Veterinária no período de 2006 a 2017 de um Hospital Veterinário Universitário. Foi realizada coleta de dados a partir dos registros e por meio de um questionário respondido pelos tutores. Foram avaliadas 413 fichas neurológicas de cães e obtidas informações para inclusão no estudo em 164 delas. As raças mais frequentes foram dachshunds, seguido de cães sem raça definida. Quanto ao grau de disfunção neurológica foi definido como grau I para 15,9% dos cães, grau II para 25,6%, grau III para 26,8%, grau IV para 8,5% e grau V para 23,2%. A recuperação foi satisfatória em 71,6% dos cães e insatisfatória em 28,4%. Dos que se recuperaram satisfatoriamente, 27,7% tiveram recidivas. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o tratamento clínico em repouso absoluto e administração de anti-inflamatórios e analgésicos opióides para cães com DDIV toracolombar é efetivo, principalmente para cães em graus mais leves da doença (grau I, II e III). Há possibilidade de recidiva com esse tipo de terapia cujos sinais clínicos poderão ser mais graves.(AU)

Aparência tomográfica dos discos intervertebrais mineralizados em cães da raça Dachshund Miniatura / Tomographic appearance of calcified intervertebral discs in miniature dachshund

Objetivou-se com este trabalho descrever os aspectos de tomografia computadorizada de discos intervertebrais de cães da raça Dachshund com um ano de idade, assim como quantificar, qualificar e localizar a mineralização nos componentes do DIV e no espaço intervertebral da coluna vertebral. Dez cães dessa raça, com um ano de idade, foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada (TC). Nas imagens de reconstrução sagital dos animais, procedeu-se à identificação de sete DIV em cada animal, entre as vértebras T9 e L3, totalizando a análise de 70 DIV. Entre os DIV mineralizados, a presença da alteração foi determinada quanto à localização no núcleo pulposo (NP), no anel fibroso (AF) e em AF/NP. Dos 70 DIV avaliados, 45 foram considerados como mineralizados. Entre os classificados como mineralizados, 20% (9/45), 17,8% (8/45) e 62,2% (28/45) estavam localizados nas regiões do NP, AF e AF/NP, respectivamente. A mineralização encontrada neste estudo esteve caracterizada por aumento de atenuação radiográfica com densidade mineral na topografia do DIV, havendo variações da localização e da radiodensidade de área calcificada entre animais e DIV no mesmo indivíduo. As alterações relativas à mineralização dos DIV podem ser classificadas tomograficamente quanto à localização da alteração no disco em AF, NP e AF/NP.(AU)

The objective was to describe CT imaging of calcified IVD in one-year-old Dachshunds, as well as describe the location in the soft tissue structures that make up the IVD. Ten one-year-old dogs underwent computed tomography (CT). In sagittal reconstruction images of animals, the identification of 70 IVD present in the spaces between L3 - T9 were performed. Among calcified IVDs, the presence of the change was determined as the location in the nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF) and both. Of a total of 70 evaluated IVDs, 45 were found to calcified and 25 not calcified. Among calcified discs, location was determined in nine (20%) in NP, eight discs (17.77%) in AF and 28 (62, 23%) NP & AF. Calcification in this study was characterized by increased radiographic attenuation mineral density in the IVD topography. There is variation in the location and radiodensity of calcified areas between animals and IVD in the same individual. Changes related to IVD calcification can be classified as tomographic location in AF, NP and NP & AF.(AU)

Aparência tomográfica dos discos intervertebrais mineralizados em cães da raça Dachshund Miniatura / Tomographic appearance of calcified intervertebral discs in miniature dachshund

Objetivou-se com este trabalho descrever os aspectos de tomografia computadorizada de discos intervertebrais de cães da raça Dachshund com um ano de idade, assim como quantificar, qualificar e localizar a mineralização nos componentes do DIV e no espaço intervertebral da coluna vertebral. Dez cães dessa raça, com um ano de idade, foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada (TC). Nas imagens de reconstrução sagital dos animais, procedeu-se à identificação de sete DIV em cada animal, entre as vértebras T9 e L3, totalizando a análise de 70 DIV. Entre os DIV mineralizados, a presença da alteração foi determinada quanto à localização no núcleo pulposo (NP), no anel fibroso (AF) e em AF/NP. Dos 70 DIV avaliados, 45 foram considerados como mineralizados. Entre os classificados como mineralizados, 20% (9/45), 17,8% (8/45) e 62,2% (28/45) estavam localizados nas regiões do NP, AF e AF/NP, respectivamente. A mineralização encontrada neste estudo esteve caracterizada por aumento de atenuação radiográfica com densidade mineral na topografia do DIV, havendo variações da localização e da radiodensidade de área calcificada entre animais e DIV no mesmo indivíduo. As alterações relativas à mineralização dos DIV podem ser classificadas tomograficamente quanto à localização da alteração no disco em AF, NP e AF/NP.(AU)

The objective was to describe CT imaging of calcified IVD in one-year-old Dachshunds, as well as describe the location in the soft tissue structures that make up the IVD. Ten one-year-old dogs underwent computed tomography (CT). In sagittal reconstruction images of animals, the identification of 70 IVD present in the spaces between L3 - T9 were performed. Among calcified IVDs, the presence of the change was determined as the location in the nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF) and both. Of a total of 70 evaluated IVDs, 45 were found to calcified and 25 not calcified. Among calcified discs, location was determined in nine (20%) in NP, eight discs (17.77%) in AF and 28 (62, 23%) NP & AF. Calcification in this study was characterized by increased radiographic attenuation mineral density in the IVD topography. There is variation in the location and radiodensity of calcified areas between animals and IVD in the same individual. Changes related to IVD calcification can be classified as tomographic location in AF, NP and NP & AF.(AU)

Tratamento de doença de disco intervertebral em cão com fisioterapia e reabilitação veterinária: relato de caso / Treatment of intervertebral disc disease by physical therapy and rehabilitation in a dog: a case report

A doença do disco intervertebral (DDIV) é a causa mais frequente de lesão medular em cães. Aproximadamente 15% das discopatias em cães acometem a região cervical. A fisioterapia veterinária tem despertado grande interesse nos médicos veterinários, tendo em vista sua importante aplicação, não invasiva, em diversos tratamentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir com informações referentes à possibilidade de tratamento de cães acometidos pela DDIV cervical com as técnicas de fisioterapia veterinária e relatar o caso de um tratamento bem sucedido, bem como revisar a literatura sobre o tema.

The intervertebral disk disease (IDD) is the most common cause of spinal cord injuries in dogs. Approximately 15% of discopathies in dogs affects the cervical region. The veterinary physiotherapy has aroused great interest among clinical veterinarians, in view of the non-invasive treatments in several cases. The objective of this paper is to contribute with more information related to the treatment of dogs affected by cervical IDD by using veterinary physiotherapy techniques and to describe a well succeeded case of treatment, as well as to review the literature related to cervical IDD.

Tratamento de doença de disco intervertebral em cão com fisioterapia e reabilitação veterinária: relato de caso / Treatment of intervertebral disc disease by physical therapy and rehabilitation in a dog: a case report

A doença do disco intervertebral (DDIV) é a causa mais frequente de lesão medular em cães. Aproximadamente 15% das discopatias em cães acometem a região cervical. A fisioterapia veterinária tem despertado grande interesse nos médicos veterinários, tendo em vista sua importante aplicação, não invasiva, em diversos tratamentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir com informações referentes à possibilidade de tratamento de cães acometidos pela DDIV cervical com as técnicas de fisioterapia veterinária e relatar o caso de um tratamento bem sucedido, bem como revisar a literatura sobre o tema.(AU)

The intervertebral disk disease (IDD) is the most common cause of spinal cord injuries in dogs. Approximately 15% of discopathies in dogs affects the cervical region. The veterinary physiotherapy has aroused great interest among clinical veterinarians, in view of the non-invasive treatments in several cases. The objective of this paper is to contribute with more information related to the treatment of dogs affected by cervical IDD by using veterinary physiotherapy techniques and to describe a well succeeded case of treatment, as well as to review the literature related to cervical IDD.(AU)

Eficácia da acupuntura e moxabustão no tratamento de cadela com doença do disco intervertebral: Relato de caso / Acupuncture and moxibustion effectiveness in treatment of female dog with intervertebral disc disease: Case report / Eficacia de la acupuntura y moxibustión en tratamiento de perra con enfermidad de disco intervertebral: Relato de caso

Existem relatos do uso terapêutico de acupuntura e moxabustão para a doença do disco intervertebral, muitas vezes, inclusive como terapia complementar. Neste estudo, relatou-se a eficácia da acupuntura e moxabustão no tratamento de uma cadela diagnosticada com doença do disco intervertebral. De acordo com a Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (MTC), o animal foi diagnosticado com deficiência de Yang do Rim, gerando deficiência de Qi do Baço e um quadro geral de Frio por deficiência, com acúmulo de Umidade. Para o tratamento, foram prescritas seis sessões semanais de acupuntura, além de estímulo dos acupontos com bastão de moxa três vezes por semana. A evolução do quadro foi evidente após a segunda sessão de acupuntura, com a melhora progressiva da propriocepção e da coordenação motora na marcha observadas antes mesmo da quinta sessão de acupuntura, apenas permanecendo uma leve ataxia. Assim, comprovou-se que a associação da acupuntura e moxabustão como tratamento de eleição de discopatia toracolombar em cão foi efetiva no restabelecimento da saúde do paciente. Considerando a visão holística da MTC, os benefícios da acupuntura e moxabustão incluem não só a solução da doença manifestada, como também o re-equilíbrio do indivíduo como um todo, ajudando no restabelecimento completo da saúde e bem-estar do paciente.(AU)

There are reports of the therapeutic use of acupuncture and moxibustion for the intervertebral disc disease, often including as complementary therapy. In this study, we have reported the efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of a dog diagnosed with intervertebral disc disease. As the history and clinical signs, the animal had the presumptive diagnosis of thoracolumbar discopathy. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the animal was diagnosed with Kidney Yang deficiency generating Spleen Qi deficiency and a general clinical condition for cold by deficiency, with accumulation of Damp. For treatment, six sessions of acupuncture were required weekly, and stimulation of the acupoints with moxa stick three times a week. The evolution of the clinical condition was evident after the second acupuncture session, progressive improvement of proprioception and coordination in gait was observed even before the fifth session of acupuncture, remaining only a mild ataxia. Thus, it was shown that the combination of acupuncture and moxibustion as a treatment of choice for thoracolumbar disc disease in dog was effective in restoring the health of the patient. Considering the holistic view of TCM, the benefits of acupuncture and moxibustion include not only the solution of the manifested disease, as well as the re-balancing of the individual as a whole, helping in the full restoration of health and the patient's well-being.(AU)

Hay informes sobre el uso terapéutico de la acupuntura y moxibustión para la enfermedad de disco intervertebral, a menudo incluido como terapia complementaria. En este estudio, se informó la eficacia de la acupuntura y la moxibustión en el tratamiento de una perra diagnosticado con enfermedad de disco intervertebral. Según la Medicina Tradicional China (MTC), el animal fue diagnosticado con deficiencia de Yang del Riñón generando deficiencia de Qi del Bazo y un cuadro general de Frío por discapacidad, con acumulo de Humedad. Para el tratamiento, fueron prescritas seis sesiones semanales de acupuntura, además de estímulos de los puntos de acupuntura con bastón de moxa tres veces a la semana. La evolución del cuadro clínico fue evidente después de la segunda sección de acupuntura, con mejora progresiva de la propiocepción y de la coordinación motora en marcha, observadas antes de la quinta sesión de acupuntura, permaneciendo solamente una ligera ataxia. Así, se comprobó que la combinación de la acupuntura y moxibustión como tratamiento elegido de la enfermedad discal toracolumbar en perro ha sido eficaz en la restauración de la salud del paciente. Considerando la visión holística de la MTC, los beneficios de la acupuntura y moxibustión incluyen no solamente la solución de la enfermedad manifestada, así como el reequilibrio del individuo en su conjunto, lo que ayuda el restablecimiento de la salud y bienestar del paciente.(AU)

Ressonância magnética do diagnóstico de doença do disco intervertebral em cães - revisão / Magnetic resonance as a diagnostic tool for intervertebral disc disease in dogs - review / La resonancia magnética en el diagnostico de la enfermedad del disco intervertebral en perro - revisión

A ressonância magnética tem sido substancialmente utilizada nos EUA, Canadá e na Europa na análise das doenças do sistema nervoso em pequenos animais. Para a coluna vertebral, o exame de ressonância magnética permite a avaliação da integridade do disco intervertebral, das estruturas adjacentes aos corpos vertebrais e da medula espinhal. Para a interpretação, o radiogista precisa conhecer a forma, as principais sequências e os planos de imagem a serem executados. Uma boa qualidade técnica e um conhecimento anatômico são imprescindíveis para se evitar falhas e erros diagnósticos. Esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever os princípios técnicos, as séries específicas e os planos de imagem da ressonância magnética para análise da coluna vertebral do cão, a anatomia da coluna vertebral na ressonância magnética e os principais achados a serem detectados nos diferentes tipos de doenças do disco intervertebral.

Magnetic resonance imaging has been significantly used in USA, Canada and Europe for the evaluation of diseases affecting the nervous system in small animals. As far as the spine is concerned, the technique can be employed to assess the integrity of intervertebral discs and of structures adjacent to the vertebral body and to the spinal cord. To interpret the images, the radiologist needs to know how to execute the main pulse sequences and image planes. A good technical quality and anatomical knowledge are essential to avoid diagnostic failures and mistakes. The aim of this review is to describe the technical principles, specific pulse sequences and image planes when examining the dog spine, as well as the spine anatomy seen through magnetic resonance and the most common findings in the different types of intervertebral disc diseases in dogs.

La resonancia magnética se ha utilizado principalmente en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, Canadá y Europa para la evaluación de las enfermedades del sistema nervioso en pequeños animales. En la columna vertebral, la resonancia magnética permite la evaluación de la integridad del disco intervertebral, de las estructuras cercanas a los cuerpos vertebrales y de la medula espinal. Para su interpretación, el radiólogo necesita conocer la forma en que será realizado el examen, las principales secuencias y los cortes de las imágenes. Resultan imprescindibles la obtención de una buena calidad técnica y un conocimiento anatómico de la región, para evitar fallas y errores diagnósticos. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo describir los principios técnicos, la series específicas y los cortes de imagen de la resonancia magnética para la evaluación de la columna vertebral del perro, así como también las características anatómicas de la columna vertebral en la resonancia magnética, y los principales cambios que pueden detectarse en los diferentes tipos de enfermedades del disco intervertebral.

Ressonância magnética do diagnóstico de doença do disco intervertebral em cães - revisão / Magnetic resonance as a diagnostic tool for intervertebral disc disease in dogs - review / La resonancia magnética en el diagnostico de la enfermedad del disco intervertebral en perro - revisión

A ressonância magnética tem sido substancialmente utilizada nos EUA, Canadá e na Europa na análise das doenças do sistema nervoso em pequenos animais. Para a coluna vertebral, o exame de ressonância magnética permite a avaliação da integridade do disco intervertebral, das estruturas adjacentes aos corpos vertebrais e da medula espinhal. Para a interpretação, o radiogista precisa conhecer a forma, as principais sequências e os planos de imagem a serem executados. Uma boa qualidade técnica e um conhecimento anatômico são imprescindíveis para se evitar falhas e erros diagnósticos. Esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever os princípios técnicos, as séries específicas e os planos de imagem da ressonância magnética para análise da coluna vertebral do cão, a anatomia da coluna vertebral na ressonância magnética e os principais achados a serem detectados nos diferentes tipos de doenças do disco intervertebral.(AU)

Magnetic resonance imaging has been significantly used in USA, Canada and Europe for the evaluation of diseases affecting the nervous system in small animals. As far as the spine is concerned, the technique can be employed to assess the integrity of intervertebral discs and of structures adjacent to the vertebral body and to the spinal cord. To interpret the images, the radiologist needs to know how to execute the main pulse sequences and image planes. A good technical quality and anatomical knowledge are essential to avoid diagnostic failures and mistakes. The aim of this review is to describe the technical principles, specific pulse sequences and image planes when examining the dog spine, as well as the spine anatomy seen through magnetic resonance and the most common findings in the different types of intervertebral disc diseases in dogs.(AU)

La resonancia magnética se ha utilizado principalmente en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, Canadá y Europa para la evaluación de las enfermedades del sistema nervioso en pequeños animales. En la columna vertebral, la resonancia magnética permite la evaluación de la integridad del disco intervertebral, de las estructuras cercanas a los cuerpos vertebrales y de la medula espinal. Para su interpretación, el radiólogo necesita conocer la forma en que será realizado el examen, las principales secuencias y los cortes de las imágenes. Resultan imprescindibles la obtención de una buena calidad técnica y un conocimiento anatómico de la región, para evitar fallas y errores diagnósticos. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo describir los principios técnicos, la series específicas y los cortes de imagen de la resonancia magnética para la evaluación de la columna vertebral del perro, así como también las características anatómicas de la columna vertebral en la resonancia magnética, y los principales cambios que pueden detectarse en los diferentes tipos de enfermedades del disco intervertebral.(AU)