Alterações leucocitárias ocasionadas pelo estresse toxicológico agudo do óleo diesel em juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo / Change in leukocyte by acute toxicological stress of diesel oil in juveniles of Nile tilapia

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o estresse e as alterações no leucograma dos juvenis de Oreochromis niloticus submetidos à toxicidade aguda do óleo diesel. A toxicidade foi avaliada em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco diluições (20, 25, 30, 35 e 40%) e um controle, ambos com três repetições. Para a avaliação dos níveis glicêmicos e alteração no leucograma, foi retirado sangue por punção caudal dos peixes moribundos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o óleo diesel pode apresentar riscos ao ecossistema aquático, provocando toxicidade aos organismos aquáticos e alterações fisiológicas.

This study aimed to evaluate the stress and changes in white blood cell count of juveniles Oreochromis niloticus subjected to acute toxicity of diesel oil. The toxicity was evaluated in a completely randomized design with five dilutions (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40%) and one control, both with three replicates. For the assessment of blood glucose levels and changes in white blood cell count, blood was drawn by caudal puncture of the dying fish. It was concluded that diesel oil can present risks to aquatic ecosystem, causing toxicity and physiological changes to fish.

Alterações leucocitárias ocasionadas pelo estresse toxicológico agudo do óleo diesel em juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo / Change in leukocyte by acute toxicological stress of diesel oil in juveniles of Nile tilapia

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o estresse e as alterações no leucograma dos juvenis de Oreochromis niloticus submetidos à toxicidade aguda do óleo diesel. A toxicidade foi avaliada em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco diluições (20, 25, 30, 35 e 40%) e um controle, ambos com três repetições. Para a avaliação dos níveis glicêmicos e alteração no leucograma, foi retirado sangue por punção caudal dos peixes moribundos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o óleo diesel pode apresentar riscos ao ecossistema aquático, provocando toxicidade aos organismos aquáticos e alterações fisiológicas.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the stress and changes in white blood cell count of juveniles Oreochromis niloticus subjected to acute toxicity of diesel oil. The toxicity was evaluated in a completely randomized design with five dilutions (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40%) and one control, both with three replicates. For the assessment of blood glucose levels and changes in white blood cell count, blood was drawn by caudal puncture of the dying fish. It was concluded that diesel oil can present risks to aquatic ecosystem, causing toxicity and physiological changes to fish.(AU)

Effect of pregnancy and correlation of weight and heart rate with electrocardiographic parameters in the American Miniature Horse / Efeito da prenhez e correlação do peso e frequência cardíaca com os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos de equinos Mini-horse

There are studies on electrocardiogram (ECG) in several breeds of horses, which highlights the growing importance of cardiology in this species. But few authors have addressed the influence of pregnancy on the cardiac physiology of the mare, and specifically, there are no studies on the Mini-horse breed, as well as no correlation of body weight (BW) and heart rate (HR) with electrocardiographic parameters in this breed. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of pregnancy on ECG parameters and to examine the relationships between these variables and body weight (BW) and heart rate (HR). A total of 203 animals were used, including 143 females (66 pregnant) and 60 males. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed by computerized electrocardiogram (TEB), and the parameters were evaluated in six leads in the frontal plane (Lead I, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF) and base-apex (BA). BW was inversely proportional to HR, which in turn showed an inverse relationship with the duration of the P-wave and the PR and QT intervals. The P-wave amplitude (lead II) was higher in pregnant animals than in non-pregnant animals. The effect of reproductive status should be monitored by ECG throughout the entire gestational period. The 66 pregnant mares in this study were examined during the first third of their pregnancies, thus, few differences were observed between pregnant and non-pregnant animals.(AU)

Existem estudos sobre eletrocardiograma (ECG) em diversas raças de equinos, o que ressalta a crescente relevância da cardiologia nessa espécie. Porém, poucos autores abordaram a influência da gestação na fisiologia cardíaca da égua, e, especificamente, não há trabalhos sobre a raça Mini-horse, assim como não há correlação do peso vivo (PV) e frequência cardíaca (FC) com os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos nessa raça. O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a influência da prenhez sobre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos, além de verificar a correlação do PV e FC com essas variáveis. Utilizaram-se 203 animais dessa raça, hígidos, sendo 143 fêmeas (66 prenhes) e 60 machos. Os exames eletrocardiográficos foram realizados por eletrocardiograma computadorizado (TEB), e os parâmetros foram avaliados em seis derivações do plano frontal (I, II, III, aVR, aVL e aVF) e base-ápice. O PV foi inversamente proporcional à FC, que também mostrou relação inversa com a duração da onda P e os intervalos PR e QT. Na derivação II, a amplitude da onda P foi maior nos animais prenhes do que vazios. No entanto, sugere-se que a influência do estado reprodutivo seja estudada de forma progressiva pelo acompanhamento de todo o período gestacional, visto que as 66 éguas estudadas se apresentavam no terço inicial da prenhez, portanto poucas diferenças foram observadas entre animais prenhes e vazios.(AU)

Development of a subcutaneous endometriosis rat model

PURPOSE: To present a rat model of subcutaneous endometriosis for the study of pathophysiology and the effects of drugs. METHODS: Fifty three-month-old female Wistar rats (Rattus norvergicus) were distributed into one control group and four treatment groups: estradiol (2.5; 5; 10mg/kg sc), medroxyprogesterone acetate (0.5; 2; 5mg/kg sc), triptorelin pamoate (0.18; 0.56mg/kg sc) and acetylsalicylic acid (3mg/kg per os). The animals were autoimplanted subcutaneously with 4x4-mm uterine fragments to induce endometriosis. The endometriomas were measured on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. The relative dry and wet weights of the endometrioma were used to evaluate response to the drug. Endometrial –like tissue was confirmed by histology. The greatest weight gain was observed on day 14 (relative wet weight: 29.1 ± 6.7mg%, relative dry weight: 5.3 ± 0.9mg %). Treatments were administered between day 5 and day 14. RESULTS: The relative wet weight of the hemiuterus in the 10mg/kg estradiol group differed significantly from control and the other two estradiol groups (p=0.0001). In the medroxyprogesterone acetate group the weight decreased significantly but this decrease was not dose-dependent. Weight reduction was also significant in the triptorelin pamoate and the acetylsalicylic acid groups. CONCLUSION: The model of subcutaneous endometriosis is reproducible, low-cost and easy to perform, and suitable for the study of pathophysiology and the effects of drugs.(AU)

Comparison of maximal lactate steady state with V2, V4, individual anaerobic threshold and lactate minimum speed in horses / Comparação da máxima fase estável do lactato com a V2, V4, o limiar anaeróbio individual e lactato mínimo em equinos

The anaerobic threshold is a physiologic event studied in various species. There are various methods for its assessment, recognized in the human and equine exercise physiology literature, several of these involving the relationship between blood lactate concentration (LAC) and exercise load, measured in a standardized exercise test. The aim of this study was to compare four of these methods: V2, V4, individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) and lactate minimum speed (LMS) with the method recognized as the gold standard for the assessment of anaerobic threshold, maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS). The five tests were carried out in thirteen trained Arabian horses, in which velocities and associated LAC could be measured. The mean velocities and the LAC associated with the anaerobic threshold for the five methods were respectively: V2 = 9.67±0.54; V4 = 10.98±0.47; V IAT = 9.81±0.72; V LMS = 7.50±0.57 and V MLSS = 6.14±0.45m.s-1 and LAC IAT = 2.17±0.93; LAC LMS = 1.17±0.62 and LAC MLSS = 0.84±0.21mmol.L-1. None of the velocities were statistically equivalent to V MLSS (P<0.05). V2, V4 and V LMS showed a good correlation with V MLSS , respectively: r = 0.74; r = 0.78 and r = 0.83, and V IAT did not significantly correlate with V MLSS. Concordance between the protocols was relatively poor, i.e., 3.28±1.00, 4.84±0.30 and 1.43±0.32m.s-1 in terms of bias and 95% agreement limits for V2, V4 and LMS methods when compared to MLSS. Only LAC LMS did not differ statistically from LAC MLSS. Various authors have reported the possibility of the assessment of anaerobic threshold using rapid protocols such as V4 and LMS for humans and horses. This study corroborates the use of these tests, but reveals that adjustments in the protocols are necessary to obtain a better concordance between the tests and the MLSS.(AU)

O limiar anaeróbio é um evento fisiológico estudado em várias espécies. Sua mensuração possui vários métodos reconhecidos na literatura da fisiologia do exercício humano e equino, muitos deles envolvendo a relação entre a concentração sanguínea de lactato (LAC) e a carga de exercício. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar quatro desses métodos: V2 , V4 , limiar anaeróbio individual (LAI) e o teste do lactato mínino (LM) com o método reconhecido na literatura como o padrão ouro para a mensuração do limiar anaeróbio, a máxima fase estável do lactato (MFEL). Os cinco testes foram realizados em treze equinos árabes treinados, nos quais as velocidades e suas respectivas LAC puderam ser quantificadas. As velocidades médias e LAC associadas ao limiar anaeróbio aferido pelos cinco métodos foram respectivamente: V2 = 9,67±0,54; V4 = 10,98±0,47; V LAI = 9.81±0.72; V LM = 7,50±0,57 e V MFEL = 6,14±0,45m.s-1 ; e LAC LAI = 2,17±0,93; LAC LM = 1,17±0,62 e LAC MFEL = 0,84±0,21mmol.L-1. Nenhuma dessas velocidades foi estatisticamente igual à V MFEL (P<0,05). A V2 , a V4 e a V LM mostraram uma boa correlação com a V MFEL , respectivamente r = 0,74; r = 0,78 e r = 0,83, e a V LAI não se correlacionou significativamente com a V MFEL. A concordância entre os protocolos foi relativamente fraca, sendo 3,28±1,00; 4,84±0,30 e 1,43±0,32m.s-1 em termos de viés e limites de concordância a 95% para os métodos V2 , V4 e LM comparados à MFEL. Muitos autores relataram a possibilidade da mensuração do limiar anaeróbio pelo uso de protocolos rápidos, como a V4 e o LM, para humanos e equinos. O presente estudo corrobora a utilização desses testes, mas revela que ajustes nos protocolos são necessários para se obter uma melhor concordância entre os mesmos e a MFEL.(AU)

Utilização de modelos unicaracterística e multicaracterística na estimação de parâmetros genéticos na raça Nelore / Utilization of single-trait and multi-trait models applied to genetic parameter estimation in Nellore Cattle

Estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos e dos componentes de covariância para peso ao nascimento (PN), peso à desmama (PD), circunferência escrotal (CE), ganho de peso pós-desmama (GP) e musculosidade (MUSC) foram obtidas com modelos unicaracterística, bicaracterística e multicaracterística, utilizando-se um banco de dados de 69.525 animais da raça Nelore. Os parâmetros foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, com modelos que incluíram o efeito genético aditivo direto e materno, além do grupo de manejo a desmama e de ambiente permanente da vaca, todos como aleatórios, e do efeito fixo de grupo de contemporâneo. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade estimados para as características pós-desmama com o modelo multicaracterística (0,45; 0,31 e 0,25, respectivamente, para CE, GP e MUSC) foram maiores que as estimativas obtidas com os modelos unicaracterística (0,42; 0,21 e 0,22) e bicaracterística (0,39; 0,25 e 0,24). Da mesma forma, as correlações genéticas estimadas foram, em grande parte, maiores para o modelo multicaracterística. Estes resultados indicam que a redução do viés, proporcionada pelo modelo multicaracterística, aumenta as estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos e demonstra que os resultados com análises unicaracterística e bicaracterística são subestimados. Os resultados da resposta à seleção demonstraram que a musculosidade apresentou grande potencial seletivo, e o cálculo das respostas correlacionadas de musculosidade e demais características estudadas demonstrou que sua utilização em programas de seleção pode ser vantajosa aos criadores.(AU)

Genetic parameters and components of (co)variance for birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), scrotal circumference (SC), weight gain at post-weaning (WG), and muscle score (MUSC) were obtained with univariate, bivariate and multivariate models, using a dataset of 69,525 Nellore cattle. The parameters were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood method. Direct and maternal additive genetic effects, group of management, and maternal permanent environmental effect were adjusted as random effects, while contemporary group was adjusted as fixed effect. Multivariate approach allowed higher estimate heritability for postweaning traits (0.45; 0.31 and 0.25, respectively for SC, WG and MUSC) than univariate (0,42; 0,21 and 0,22) and bivariate models (0,39; 0,25 and 0,24). Similarly, the genetic correlations were higher in the multivariate approach. These results indicate that reducing the bias provided by the mutivariate model improves the estimates of genetic parameters and shows that the results of bivariate and univarite models are underestimated. Selection for muscle score presented great potential for correlated response in other traits and its use in selection programs can be a useful tool for breeders.(AU)

Medidas corporais e características de carcaça de bubalinos Mediterrâneo castrados e inteiros / Body measurements and carcass traits of castrated and non-castrated Mediterranean buffalos

In this study was evaluated the effect of sex condition on body measurements and carcass traits as well as the correlations between them, using data of 20 Mediterranean, from Fazenda Três Rios, at Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro, managed in tangola grass pasture, receiving mineral salt ad libitum, slaughtered at approximately 462,05 kg (±28.34). The body measurements were: thoracic depth (TD), croup length (CL), withers height (WH), rump width (RW), rump height (RH), ischium distance (ID), cushion thickness (CT), thoracic perimeter (TP), and dorsal line length (DLL). Data were submited to variance analysis and Pearson correlation. The castrated animals presented higher height of croup. Non-castrated animals had bigger yield from leather than the castrated animals, which influenced the lowest yield of carcass regarding the castrated ones. There was no difference for yield of paws, innards and head in function of the sexual condition. There was significant correlation between the slaughter weight (SW) and the following corporal measures: TP, TD, RW, ID and WH.

Neste estudo, foi avaliado o efeito da condição sexual sobre medidas corporais e características de carcaça, bem como as correlações entre as mesmas, utilizando registros de 20 búfalos Mediterrâneo (BM), sendo 10 castrados e 10 inteiros, provenientes da Fazenda Três Morros, em Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro, abatidos com média de 462,05 kg (±28,34). Os animais foram criados em regime de pasto, recebendo sal mineral à vontade. Foram obtidas as seguintes medidas corporais: profundidade torácica (PRT), comprimento da garupa (CG), altura da cernelha (AC), largura da garupa (LG), altura da garupa (AG), distância entre os ísquios (DIS), espessura decoxão (ECX), perímetro torácico (PT) e comprimento dorso lombo (DOR). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e correlação de Pearson. Os animais castrados tiveram maior rendimento de carcaça que os inteiros. Os animais inteiros tiveram maior rendimento de couro que os animais castrados, o que influenciou o menor rendimento de carcaça em relação aos castrados. Não houve diferença para rendimentos de patas, vísceras e cabeça em função da condição sexual. Houve correlação significativa (P<0,05) entre o peso de abate (PA) e as seguintes medidas corporais: PT, PRT, LG, DIS e AC.

Medidas corporais e características de carcaça de bubalinos Mediterrâneo castrados e inteiros / Body measurements and carcass traits of castrated and non-castrated Mediterranean buffalos

In this study was evaluated the effect of sex condition on body measurements and carcass traits as well as the correlations between them, using data of 20 Mediterranean, from Fazenda Três Rios, at Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro, managed in tangola grass pasture, receiving mineral salt ad libitum, slaughtered at approximately 462,05 kg (±28.34). The body measurements were: thoracic depth (TD), croup length (CL), withers height (WH), rump width (RW), rump height (RH), ischium distance (ID), cushion thickness (CT), thoracic perimeter (TP), and dorsal line length (DLL). Data were submited to variance analysis and Pearson correlation. The castrated animals presented higher height of croup. Non-castrated animals had bigger yield from leather than the castrated animals, which influenced the lowest yield of carcass regarding the castrated ones. There was no difference for yield of paws, innards and head in function of the sexual condition. There was significant correlation between the slaughter weight (SW) and the following corporal measures: TP, TD, RW, ID and WH.(AU)

Neste estudo, foi avaliado o efeito da condição sexual sobre medidas corporais e características de carcaça, bem como as correlações entre as mesmas, utilizando registros de 20 búfalos Mediterrâneo (BM), sendo 10 castrados e 10 inteiros, provenientes da Fazenda Três Morros, em Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro, abatidos com média de 462,05 kg (±28,34). Os animais foram criados em regime de pasto, recebendo sal mineral à vontade. Foram obtidas as seguintes medidas corporais: profundidade torácica (PRT), comprimento da garupa (CG), altura da cernelha (AC), largura da garupa (LG), altura da garupa (AG), distância entre os ísquios (DIS), espessura decoxão (ECX), perímetro torácico (PT) e comprimento dorso lombo (DOR). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e correlação de Pearson. Os animais castrados tiveram maior rendimento de carcaça que os inteiros. Os animais inteiros tiveram maior rendimento de couro que os animais castrados, o que influenciou o menor rendimento de carcaça em relação aos castrados. Não houve diferença para rendimentos de patas, vísceras e cabeça em função da condição sexual. Houve correlação significativa (P<0,05) entre o peso de abate (PA) e as seguintes medidas corporais: PT, PRT, LG, DIS e AC.(AU)

Maturação fisiológica de sementes de ingazeiro (Inga striata) Benth / Physiological maturity of ingazeiro Inga striata Benth. Seeds

Inga striata Benth., popularmente conhecida como ingazeiro, é uma frutífera nativa das florestas tropicais e matas ciliares da Amazônia, Nordeste e Minas Gerais. É utilizada na recuperação de solos de áreas degradadas e na arborização urbana e rural. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar os índices mais adequados para avaliação da maturidade e o ponto ideal de colheita das sementes de I. striata Benth. As árvores de I. striata estavam em floresta de brejo de altitude no Campus II da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), em Areia-PB. As avaliações da maturação das sementes foram realizadas em seis épocas de colheitas de frutos após a antese (95, 110, 125, 140, 155 e 170 DAA) e em dois anos de observações consecutivos (duas safras). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado seguindo um esquema fatorial 2 x 6 (dois períodos de observação e seis épocas de colheitas dos frutos). Em cada colheita foram avaliadas as dimensões de frutos e sementes, teor de água e massa seca das sementes, bem como a germinação e o vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento e massa seca da raiz primária e parte aérea). A maturidade fisiológica das sementes foi atingida aos 146 a 166 dias após a antese no primeiro ano e aos 155 dias no segundo ano, períodos em que apresentaram o menor teor de água, máximo acúmulo de massa seca e poder germinativo; O tamanho, teor de água, massa seca da semente, capacidade germinativa e ainda a massa seca da parte aérea da plântula, foram os parâmetros que melhor determinaram a maturação fisiológica das sementes de I. striata.(AU)

Inga striata Benth., Popularly known as ingazeiro, is a native fruit of tropical forests and riparian forests of the Amazon, Northeast and Minas Gerais. It is used in the reclamation of degraded areas and in rural and urban forestry. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate indices for assessing the maturity and ideal harvest seeds I. striata Benth. Trees I. striata were in swamp forest of altitude on Campus II of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia-PB. Assessments of seed maturation were performed in six seasons fruit harvests after anthesis (95, 110, 125, 140, 155 and 170 DAA) and two consecutive years of observations (two seasons). The experimental design was completely randomized following a factorial 2 x 6 (two periods of observation and six seasons crop of fruit). At each harvest were evaluated dimensions of fruits and seeds, water content and dry weight of seeds and their germination and vigor (first germination, speed of germination, length and mass of the primary root and shoot). The seed physiological maturity was reached at 146 to 166 days after flowering in the first year and 155 days in the second year, in which periods had the lowest water content, maximum dry matter accumulation and germination; The size, content water, dry mass of seed germination and the dry weight of the aerial part of the seedling, were the best parameters that determined the physiological maturity of seeds of I. striata.(AU)

The effect of increased light intensity on the aggressive behavior of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

Animals show behavioral and physiological changes that emerge in response to environmental perturbations (i.e., emergency life-history stages). In this study, we investigate the effects of light intensity on aggressive encounters and social stability in groups of adult male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). The study compared the behavior observed under low (280.75 ± 50.60 lx) and high (1394.14 ± 520.32 lx) light intensities, with 12 replicates for each treatment. Adult fish were isolated in 36-L aquaria for 96 hours, and three males were grouped for 11 days in 140-L aquaria. Agonistic behavior was video-recorded (10 min/day) on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th day to quantify aggressive interactions and social stability. There was an effect of light intensity and day of observation on the total number of agonistic behaviors performed by the fish group. Besides, increased frequency of aggressive interactions (the sum of the four sessions) by the alpha, beta and gamma fish occurred at the higher light intensity. The dominance ranks of the fish remained unchanged across the observation sessions under both the low and high light intensities. We concluded that enhanced light intensity has a cumulative effect that increases the aggressiveness of the Nile tilapia but that this effect is not sufficiently strong to destabilize the social hierarchy.

The effect of increased light intensity on the aggressive behavior of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

Animals show behavioral and physiological changes that emerge in response to environmental perturbations (i.e., emergency life-history stages). In this study, we investigate the effects of light intensity on aggressive encounters and social stability in groups of adult male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). The study compared the behavior observed under low (280.75 ± 50.60 lx) and high (1394.14 ± 520.32 lx) light intensities, with 12 replicates for each treatment. Adult fish were isolated in 36-L aquaria for 96 hours, and three males were grouped for 11 days in 140-L aquaria. Agonistic behavior was video-recorded (10 min/day) on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th day to quantify aggressive interactions and social stability. There was an effect of light intensity and day of observation on the total number of agonistic behaviors performed by the fish group. Besides, increased frequency of aggressive interactions (the sum of the four sessions) by the alpha, beta and gamma fish occurred at the higher light intensity. The dominance ranks of the fish remained unchanged across the observation sessions under both the low and high light intensities. We concluded that enhanced light intensity has a cumulative effect that increases the aggressiveness of the Nile tilapia but that this effect is not sufficiently strong to destabilize the social hierarchy.(AU)

Perdas qualitativas na colheita mecanizada de sementes de soja / Qualitative losses in the soybean seeds mechanized harvesting

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas e fisiológicas de sementes de soja coletadas no tanque graneleiro e na saída do tubo de descarga, em função do ano e da velocidade de deslocamento da colhedora. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, sendo testados duas colhedoras de anos diferentes, duas velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora e dois locais de coleta das amostras, perfazendo oito tratamentos, com quatro repetições.A colheita de sementes de soja cv. COODETEC 217 foi realizada com duas colhedoras tangenciais, com idade de três e quatro anos, com rotação de 900 rpm no cilindro, operando com velocidades de deslocamento de 4 ± 0,5 km h-1 e 7 ± 0,5 km h‑1. As amostras de sementes (aproximadamente 3 kg) foram retiradas no tanque graneleiro e na saída do tubo de descarga das colhedoras e submetidas a determinações de teor de água no campo e no laboratório. Posteriormente, avaliou-se pureza, dano mecânico, germinação e vigor das sementes. A colhedora mais nova resultou em maior percentual de sementes puras e menor de material inerte. O aumento da velocidade de deslocamento proporcionou o aumento da percentagem de bandinhas e a redução de sementes puras e material inerte. A percentagem de material inerte foi maior para as sementes coletadas no tubo de descarga. O aumento da velocidade influenciou positivamente a emergência em areia para a colhedora mais antiga (4 anos) e negativamente para a colhedora mais nova (3 anos). Na menor velocidade a colhedora mais nova proporcionou sementes com maior porcentagem de emergência de plântulas em areia.(AU)

The study aimed to assess the physical and physiological characteristics of soybean seeds collected in grain tank and the outlet of the discharge tube of the harvester, depending on the year and the forward speed of the harvester. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2 tested two harvesters of different years, two displacements speeds and two locations of sample collection, totaling eight treatments with four replications. The harvest of soybean cv. COODETEC 217, was performed with two tangential harvesters, aged three and four years, with 900 rpm rotation of the cylinder, operating at forward speeds of 4 ± 0.5 km h-1 and 7 ± 0.5 km h-1. Seed samples (approximately subjected to determinations of water content in field and laboratory. Subsequently, we evaluated purity, mechanical damage, germination and seed vigor. The younger harvester had a higher percentage of pure seed and lowest percentage of inert material. The increase in forward speed provides the higher the bands percentage and reduction of percentages of pure seed and inert material. The percentage of inert material was higher for seeds collected in the discharge pipe. The speed increase has positively influenced the emergence in sand for the harvester oldest (4 years) and negatively to the harvester youngest (3 years). At lower speeds the youngest harvester higher percentage of germination in sand. (AU)

Characteristics of a b-1, 4-D endoglucanase from Trichoderma virens wholly applied in a palm-fruit husk-based diet for poultry layers

The characteristics of an endoglucanase produced by a Trichoderma virens strain T9 newly isolated from a palm-fruit husk dump site, its physiological characteristics and enzyme production were studied. Whole cells of the depolymerizing-enzyme producing T. virens were applied to palm-fruit husk and bird performance characteristics when employed as poultry diet additive were considered. Endoglucanase activity in submerged fermentation was 1.6 nkat. Optimum activity was recorded at pH 6.0 and 55ºC. The enzyme retained 50% residual glucanase activity at 70ºC for 10 minutes. 1.0% Tween-80 and SDS yielded endoglucanase activity 2.15 times higher than the control. Activity wasboosted by 20mM Ca2+ (115.0%); 10mM K+ (106.5%); and was totally inhibited by 1mM Hg2+. The addition of T. virens -fermented palm-fruit husk with other layer feed components on the bird characteristics showed that change in bird weight between the control and test birds were not significantly different (p>0.05) but differed in terms of daily feed ingested (p<0.05). The feed to weight-gain ratio was best with the unmodified palm-fruit husk based diet (8.59). There was no significant difference in the egg weights from modified palm-fruit husk based diet and control (p>0.05). The shell thickness (0.64mm) and yolk content (23.61%) were highest in the microbially-modified husk diet. The alternative to maize based diets proffered by the application of T. virens -modified palm-fruit husk in poultry nutrition in terms of bird weight and feed to weight-gain ratio affords the poultry farmer an economic advantage and allows for a greater utilization of the maize in human diets.(AU)

Fisiologia e biotecnologia da reprodução de asininos / Physiology and biotechnology on the donkey reproduction

São abordados aspectos relacionados à fisiologia e biotecnologias aplicadas à reprodução de jumentos. Embora a espécie apresente semelhanças com os equinos na maioria dos processos reprodutivos, devem ser consideradas suas diferenças na aplicação das biotecnologias da reprodução. A transferência de embriões e a inseminação artificial têm sido aplicadas em jumentos ainda de forma experimental com pouca aplicação produtiva.

Are presented aspects related to physiology and biotechnology for breeding of donkeys. Although the species shows similarities with the horses in most reproductive processes, their differences should be considered in the application of reproductive biotechnologies. Embryo transfer and artificial insemination have been applied in donkeys still in an experimental way with little productive investment.

Fisiologia e biotecnologia da reprodução de asininos / Physiology and biotechnology on the donkey reproduction

São abordados aspectos relacionados à fisiologia e biotecnologias aplicadas à reprodução de jumentos. Embora a espécie apresente semelhanças com os equinos na maioria dos processos reprodutivos, devem ser consideradas suas diferenças na aplicação das biotecnologias da reprodução. A transferência de embriões e a inseminação artificial têm sido aplicadas em jumentos ainda de forma experimental com pouca aplicação produtiva.(AU)

Are presented aspects related to physiology and biotechnology for breeding of donkeys. Although the species shows similarities with the horses in most reproductive processes, their differences should be considered in the application of reproductive biotechnologies. Embryo transfer and artificial insemination have been applied in donkeys still in an experimental way with little productive investment.(AU)

Suínos como modelos experimentais / Swine as experimental model

Uma abordagem sobre a utilização de suínos como modelos experimentais em diferentes áreas de pesquisa biomédica será apresentada, com ênfase em genética, modelos para xenotransplantes e alotransplantes, comportamento, instalações, condições de ambiente, manejo, contenção, dieta, estado sanitário, dados fisiológicos, anestesia, cuidados pós-operatórios, coleta de amostras, vias de acesso e administração de medicamento.

As approach of pigs as experimental models in different areas of biomedical research is presented, with emphasis on genetic models for xenotransplantation and allotransplantation, behavior, facilities, environmental conditions, handling, restraint, diet, health status, physiological data, anesthesia, post-operative care, sampling, access routes and drug delivery.

An overview of spermatogonial stem cell physiology, niche and transplantation in fish

Similar to mammals, spermatogenesis in fish is initiated by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) which either self-renew or gradually differentiate to produce mature sperm. SSCs are located in a particular testis microenvironment called SSC ni che, formed by Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells, the basement membrane and other cellular components/factors from the intertubular compartment that regulate SSCs maintenance and fate. Considering the great variation in testis structure/arrangemen t across fish species, the study of the niche components is crucial to understand SSCs physiology. Additionally, the germ cell transplantation technique, which has been applied to fish in the last decade, is a unique approach to elucidating important functional aspects of SSCs biology such as: (i) the capacity of SSCs to colonize the testis of recipient species (syngeneic and xenogeneic transplantation) giving rise to donor sperm; (ii) the plasticity of these cells, considering that spermatogonia and oogonia can be derived from SSCs collected from the opposite sex; and (iii) the possibility of genetically manipulating SSCs before transplantation to produce transgenic fish. However, fish SSC isolation and characterization has been lim ited so far by the lack of specific molecular markers fo r these cells. Therefore, various research groups are currently investigating specific SSCs markers and, up to date, few proteins have been identified in different spermatogonial populations from distinct fish species (e.g. Notch1, Ly75, Plzf, Oct-4, SGSA -1). Furthermore, the development of a fish SSC culture system would allow the investigation of important regulatory aspects of the SSC physiology in well-defined conditions as well as to in vitro amplify these rare cells. Overall, the study of SSC physiology, niche and transplantation in fish has opened up new scenarios for the development of aquaculture and reproductive biotechnologies such as germplasm conservation of endangered or commercially important species and the possibility of generating transgenic fish.

Suínos como modelos experimentais / Swine as experimental model

Uma abordagem sobre a utilização de suínos como modelos experimentais em diferentes áreas de pesquisa biomédica será apresentada, com ênfase em genética, modelos para xenotransplantes e alotransplantes, comportamento, instalações, condições de ambiente, manejo, contenção, dieta, estado sanitário, dados fisiológicos, anestesia, cuidados pós-operatórios, coleta de amostras, vias de acesso e administração de medicamento.(AU)

As approach of pigs as experimental models in different areas of biomedical research is presented, with emphasis on genetic models for xenotransplantation and allotransplantation, behavior, facilities, environmental conditions, handling, restraint, diet, health status, physiological data, anesthesia, post-operative care, sampling, access routes and drug delivery.(AU)

Do opioid receptors play a role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis? / Os receptores opioides desempenham papel na patogênese da resposta inflamatória na pancreatite aguda?

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of the opioid blocker naltrexone in the inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: Acute pancreatitis was induced in anesthetized male Wistar rats by retrograde injection of 2.5% sodium taurocholate diluted in 0.5ml saline into the main pancreatic duct. Animals were randomized to the following experimental groups: Control Group (n=9): animals received an intraperitoneal injection of saline solution (0.5ml), 15 minutes before the induction of AP. Naltrexone Group (n=9): animals received an intraperitoneal injection of naltrexone 0.5ml (15 mg/kg), 15 minutes before induction of AP. Peritoneal levels of TNF-α and serum levels of IL-6 and amylase were determined The volume of the ascitic fluid was also evaluated. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities were analyzed in homogenates of pulmonary tissue. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the ascitic fluid volume, nor in TNF-a and IL-6 levels in the naltrexone group compared to controls. Treatment with naltrexone did not affect the lung MPO activity compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: The opioid receptors don't play an important role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis. If opioids affect leukocytes inflammatory signaling, there are no major implications in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do bloqueador opióide naltrexone na resposta inflamatória da pancreatite aguda. METODOS: Pancreatite aguda foi induzida em ratos machos Wistar, através de injeção retrógada de solução de taurocolato de sódio a 2,5% nos ductos pancreáticos. Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo controle (n=9) animais receberam 0,5 ml de solução salina intra-peritonial 15 minutos antes da indução da pancreatite aguda e Grupo naltrexone (n=9) animais receberam naltrexone (15mg/kg de peso), em 0,5 ml de volume final por via intraperitoneal, 15 minutos antes da indução da pancreatite aguda. Foram avaliados o volume de ascite, os níveis séricos de amilase e IL-6, assim como TNF-α peritoneal e a atividade da mieloperoxidase (MPO) no tecido pulmonar. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes nos parâmetros analisados entre o grupo que recebeu solução salina e o que recebeu naltrexone . CONCLUSÕES: Os receptores opióides não desempenham papel importante na resposta inflamatória sistêmica associada à pancreatite aguda. Se os opioides alteram a sinalização inflamatória nos leucócitos está ação não se reflete na patogênese da pancreatite aguda.(AU)

An overview of spermatogonial stem cell physiology, niche and transplantation in fish

Similar to mammals, spermatogenesis in fish is initiated by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) which either self-renew or gradually differentiate to produce mature sperm. SSCs are located in a particular testis microenvironment called SSC ni che, formed by Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells, the basement membrane and other cellular components/factors from the intertubular compartment that regulate SSCs maintenance and fate. Considering the great variation in testis structure/arrangemen t across fish species, the study of the niche components is crucial to understand SSCs physiology. Additionally, the germ cell transplantation technique, which has been applied to fish in the last decade, is a unique approach to elucidating important functional aspects of SSCs biology such as: (i) the capacity of SSCs to colonize the testis of recipient species (syngeneic and xenogeneic transplantation) giving rise to donor sperm; (ii) the plasticity of these cells, considering that spermatogonia and oogonia can be derived from SSCs collected from the opposite sex; and (iii) the possibility of genetically manipulating SSCs before transplantation to produce transgenic fish. However, fish SSC isolation and characterization has been lim ited so far by the lack of specific molecular markers fo r these cells. Therefore, various research groups are currently investigating specific SSCs markers and, up to date, few proteins have been identified in different spermatogonial populations from distinct fish species (e.g. Notch1, Ly75, Plzf, Oct-4, SGSA -1). Furthermore, the development of a fish SSC culture system would allow the investigation of important regulatory aspects of the SSC physiology in well-defined conditions as well as to in vitro amplify these rare cells. Overall, the study of SSC physiology, niche and transplantation in fish has opened up new scenarios for the development of aquaculture and reproductive biotechnologies such as germplasm conservation of endangered or commercially important species and the possibility of generating transgenic fish.(AU)