O uso de ducha: efeito sobre o bem-estar e a qualidade da carcaça e da carne em suínos transportados para o abate / Use of shower: the effect on welfare and carcass and meat quality of pigs transported to slaughter

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do uso da ducha de água, antes e após o transporte, sobre o bem-estar dos animais e a qualidade da carne dos suínos. Foram utilizados 384 animais (fêmeas e machos castrados), frutos de cruzamento industrial e provenientes de 16 granjas de Santa Catarina/Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em um fatorial 2x4, com duas distâncias da granja até o frigorífico (menos de 50km; mais de 50km) e quatro protocolos de ducha, que consistiram em: suínos não molhados na granja e no frigorífico (NMG_NMF); não molhados na granja e molhados no frigorífico (NMG_MOF); molhados na granja e não molhados no frigorífico (MOG_NMF); molhados na granja e molhados no frigorífico (MOG_MOF). Nenhum dos fatores teve influência (P>0,05) sobre as variáveis fisiológicas relacionadas ao estresse (cortisol e lactato sanguíneo), ao número de lesões na carcaça e às características de qualidade da carne.(AU)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of a shower before and after pig transportation on welfare, meat and carcass quality. We used 384 crossbreeding animals (females and castrated males), from 16 farms in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. A 2x4 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed with two distances from farm to slaughter plant (less than 50km and more than 50km) and four showering protocols. These protocols were applied on pigs: no showering at farm or slaughter plant (Control), no showering at farm but showering at the plant (NMG_MOF); showering at the farm and no showering at the plant (MOG_NMF); showering at the farm and plant (MOG_MOF). None of the factors influenced (P>0.05) physiological variables related to stress (cortisol and lactate in blood samples), number of carcass lesions and the characteristics of meat quality.(AU)

O uso de ducha: efeito sobre o bem-estar e a qualidade da carcaça e da carne em suínos transportados para o abate / Use of shower: the effect on welfare and carcass and meat quality of pigs transported to slaughter

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do uso da ducha de água, antes e após o transporte, sobre o bem-estar dos animais e a qualidade da carne dos suínos. Foram utilizados 384 animais (fêmeas e machos castrados), frutos de cruzamento industrial e provenientes de 16 granjas de Santa Catarina/Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em um fatorial 2x4, com duas distâncias da granja até o frigorífico (menos de 50km; mais de 50km) e quatro protocolos de ducha, que consistiram em: suínos não molhados na granja e no frigorífico (NMG_NMF); não molhados na granja e molhados no frigorífico (NMG_MOF); molhados na granja e não molhados no frigorífico (MOG_NMF); molhados na granja e molhados no frigorífico (MOG_MOF). Nenhum dos fatores teve influência (P>0,05) sobre as variáveis fisiológicas relacionadas ao estresse (cortisol e lactato sanguíneo), ao número de lesões na carcaça e às características de qualidade da carne.(AU)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of a shower before and after pig transportation on welfare, meat and carcass quality. We used 384 crossbreeding animals (females and castrated males), from 16 farms in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. A 2x4 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed with two distances from farm to slaughter plant (less than 50km and more than 50km) and four showering protocols. These protocols were applied on pigs: no showering at farm or slaughter plant (Control), no showering at farm but showering at the plant (NMG_MOF); showering at the farm and no showering at the plant (MOG_NMF); showering at the farm and plant (MOG_MOF). None of the factors influenced (P>0.05) physiological variables related to stress (cortisol and lactate in blood samples), number of carcass lesions and the characteristics of meat quality.(AU)

Influence of the peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine on the survival and resistance of colonic anastomoses performed under fecal peritonitis in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine on survival and initial resistance of anastomosis on distal colon, performed under peritonitis or not. METHODS: Forty rats, weighing from 300 to 350g (321.29±11.31g), were randomly divided in four groups and underwent laparotomy and anastomosis on the distal colon six hours after induction of peritonitis by intraperitoneal injection of autologous fecal material or not. Group 1: No peritonitis and lavage with 3ml NS; Group 2: No peritonitis and lavage with 8 mg.kg-1 (± 0.5 mL) of 0.5% bupivacaine added to 2.5 mL of NS; Group 3: Peritonitis and lavage with 3ml NS; Group 4: Peritonitis and lavage with 8 mg.kg-1 (± 0.5 mL) of 0.5% bupivacaine added to 2.5 mL of NS. Necropsies were performed on the animals that died and the time of death was recorded. Surviving animals were submitted to euthanasia on the fifth post-operative day and Total Energy of Rupture biomechanical test (TER) was applied. RESULTS: Group 4 showed survival increase compared to Group 3, without statistical significance. Group 3 presented the smallest average TER, with statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Peritonitis increased mortality and influenced negatively the resistance of colic anastomosis in rats. Peritoneal lavage with bupivacaine increased anastomotic resistance.(AU)

Determination of presence of Tritrichomonas foetus in uterine lavages from cows with reproductive problems / Determinação da presença de Tritrichomonas foetus em lavados uterinos de vacas com problemas reprodutivos

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Tritrichomonasfoetus in two dairy herds on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. Twenty-one low-volume uterine lavages from cows with a history of reproductive problems in two dairy herds located in the municipality of Sibaté (Cundinamarca) and Ventaquemada (Boyacá) were evaluated. In the first herd, 10 cows were sampled and in the second, 11 cows, based on three inclusion criteria. The uterine lavages were obtained through infusion of physiological saline solution into the uterine body. The samples were centrifuged and seeded in Tritrichomonas basal medium for 10-15 days at 37 ºC. The protozoa were evaluated on the day of sampling and 10 and 15 days after incubation by means of direct viewing under a dark-field microscope. Positive samples were stained with Wright and Lugol to identify the morphological characteristics. This study showed that T. foetus was present in 61.8% of the animals sampled. The determination that T. foetus was present in 61.8% of the samples analyzed is a significant finding given that in the herds evaluated, this agent had not previously been diagnosed.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo, foi determinar a presença de Tritrichomonas foetus em dois rebanhos leiteiros no Altiplano Cundiboyacense. De vacas com um histórico de problemas reprodutivos, foram avaliados 21 lavados uterinos de pequeno volume, em dois rebanhos leiteiros localizados nos municípios de Sibaté (Cundinamarca) e Ventaquemada (Boyacá). No primeiro rebanho, 10 vacas foram amostradas e no segundo 11, baseado em três critérios de inclusão. Os lavados uterinos foram obtidos mediante infusão de solução salina fisiológica no corpo do útero. As amostras foram centrifugadas e semeadas em meio de cultura básico para Tritrichomonas por 10-15 dias a 37 ºC. Os protozoários foram avaliados no dia da colheita de amostras e 10 e 15 dias após incubação por meio de visualização direta sob um microscópio de campo escuro. As amostras positivas foram coradas com Wright e Lugol para identificar as características morfológicas. Este estudo mostrou que T. foetus estava presente em 61,8% dos animais amostrados. A determinação de que T. foetus estava presente em 61,8% das amostras analisadas é um achado significativo, dado que nos rebanhos avaliados, esse agente não tinha sido previamente diagnosticado.(AU)

Maceração fetal em pônei / Fetal maceration in pony

Background: Equines have some specific characteristics in comparison to other domestic species, such as low fertility index and low prolificity. Additionally, they also have a reproductive cycle that starts at approximately three years of age, gestation period of 11 months, only one animal per gestation and abortions or reabsorptions are common occurrences. In equines, embryonic losses occur mostly between the 27th and 33rd day of pregnancy. The death of the fetus may result in abortion or retention inside the uterus, with consequent mummification or maceration. In twin pregnancies, during the fetal period, the mummification or maceration of one of the fetuses is frequent. In single pregnancies, such alterations are rare and they may be associated with uterine torsions or malformation of the fetus. Fetal maceration is a septic process caused by viral or bacterial ascendant infections, producing emphysema and necrosis of the fetal tissue. The presence of microorganisms in the uterus is necessary for fetal maceration. They may be the cause of fetal death or be decomposing microorganisms that enter the uterus after the death of the fetus. Fetal disintegration causes endometritis and, the treatment includes removal of macerated parts, uterine lavage with physiological solution and antibiotics. In all species, the prognosis of severe cases of fetal maceration followed by endometritis is guarded, due to the possibility of involvement of other uterine layers and the subsequent development of septicemia and toxemia. The evolution of the condition may affect the reproductive ability of the animal. Case: A female pony was sent to Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFGRS). The animal had a purulent vulvar discharge. Transrectal palpation of the uterine cornua revealed liquid contents and palpable structures which, later, were identified as fetal skeletal remains. Periodic hysteroscopies were the auxiliary method in the diagnosis and visualization of the uterine environment, in order to realize the evolution of the disease. The treatment chosen consisted of uterine lavage with ringer lactate solution for the mechanical removal of the secretion, in addition to the manual removal of the bone fragments found in the vagina and administration of effervescent intrauterine tetracycline tablets. Discussion: Fetal maceration cases in single equine pregnancy are associated with uterine torsion or fetal development problems. In the present case, there was no colic history or other disorders associated with uterine torsion. However, the possibility of abnormal fetal development should not be ruled out, since the fetus came from the crossing of a pony with a Crioulo horse which, due to the differences in size, could predispose to malformations. Uterine lavage with ringer lactate is advocated as a method to have an effective mechanical antibacterial action. However, some authors recommend uterine lavage and local antimicrobial therapy by infusion as the preferred method in endometritis cases. According to this principle, the treatment was administrated and the animal of this case reacted satisfactorily, showing uterine retraction, absence of purulent secretion and cervical closure. In 15 days, it was discharged from hospital.(AU)

Maceração fetal em pônei / Fetal maceration in pony

Background: Equines have some specific characteristics in comparison to other domestic species, such as low fertility index and low prolificity. Additionally, they also have a reproductive cycle that starts at approximately three years of age, gestation period of 11 months, only one animal per gestation and abortions or reabsorptions are common occurrences. In equines, embryonic losses occur mostly between the 27th and 33rd day of pregnancy. The death of the fetus may result in abortion or retention inside the uterus, with consequent mummification or maceration. In twin pregnancies, during the fetal period, the mummification or maceration of one of the fetuses is frequent. In single pregnancies, such alterations are rare and they may be associated with uterine torsions or malformation of the fetus. Fetal maceration is a septic process caused by viral or bacterial ascendant infections, producing emphysema and necrosis of the fetal tissue. The presence of microorganisms in the uterus is necessary for fetal maceration. They may be the cause of fetal death or be decomposing microorganisms that enter the uterus after the death of the fetus. Fetal disintegration causes endometritis and, the treatment includes removal of macerated parts, uterine lavage with physiological solution and antibiotics. In all species, the prognosis of severe cases of fetal maceration followed by endometritis is guarded, due to the possibility of involvement of other uterine layers and the subsequent development of septicemia and toxemia. The evolution of the condition may affect the reproductive ability of the animal. Case: A female pony was sent to Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFGRS). The animal had a purulent vulvar discharge. Transrectal palpation of the uterine cornua revealed liquid contents and palpable structures which, later, were identified as fetal skeletal remains. Periodic hysteroscopies were the auxiliary method in the diagnosis and visualization of the uterine environment, in order to realize the evolution of the disease. The treatment chosen consisted of uterine lavage with ringer lactate solution for the mechanical removal of the secretion, in addition to the manual removal of the bone fragments found in the vagina and administration of effervescent intrauterine tetracycline tablets. Discussion: Fetal maceration cases in single equine pregnancy are associated with uterine torsion or fetal development problems. In the present case, there was no colic history or other disorders associated with uterine torsion. However, the possibility of abnormal fetal development should not be ruled out, since the fetus came from the crossing of a pony with a Crioulo horse which, due to the differences in size, could predispose to malformations. Uterine lavage with ringer lactate is advocated as a method to have an effective mechanical antibacterial action. However, some authors recommend uterine lavage and local antimicrobial therapy by infusion as the preferred method in endometritis cases. According to this principle, the treatment was administrated and the animal of this case reacted satisfactorily, showing uterine retraction, absence of purulent secretion and cervical closure. In 15 days, it was discharged from hospital.