Activity of essential oils from leaves, flower buds and stems of Tetradenia riparia on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus larvae / Atividade dos óleos essenciais das folhas, botões florais e caules de Tetradenia riparia sobre as larvas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Around the world, the main problems of livestock are caused by ectoparasites, however, commercial acaracide are toxic to the environment and detrimental to One Health. Therefore, research has increasingly focused on development of natural products as alternatives for tick control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal effect on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, through use of essential oils (EOs) extracted from the leaves, flower buds and stems of Tetradenia riparia. The chemical composition of these EOs was determined through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). They were tested on larvae at concentrations of 100.000 to 40 µg/mL, using the larval packet test and under semi-natural conditions. The main class of compounds in the chemical composition was sesquiterpenes (both oxygenates and hydrocarbons), whereas the predominant compounds in the leaves, flower buds and stems were 14-hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene, T-cadinol and 6-7-dehydroroyleanone, respectively. The leaves proved to be the most effective, with highest larvicidal activity (LC99.9 = 83.53 µg/mL). When tested under semi-natural conditions, the oils obtained efficiency above 98% in all compound tests. The results indicated that these EOs were effective against R. (B.) microplus larvae in vitro and ex-situ, proving that this plant has bioactive molecules with significant larvicidal activity.(AU)

Os principais problemas para a pecuária estão relacionados às ectoparasitoses, e ao fato dos carrapaticidas apresentarem elevada toxicidade ao meio ambiente e à saúde única. Surgem, então, demandas na busca por inovações e desenvolvimento de produtos naturais, como alternativas para o controle dos carrapatos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial da atividade larvicida sobre Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus a partir dos óleos essenciais de Tetradenia riparia (TrOEs) extraídos das folhas, botões florais e caules. A composição química foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC/MS). Os TrOEs foram testados sobre larvas nas concentrações de 100.000 a 40 µg/mL pelo teste de pacote de larvas e em condições seminaturais. Na composição química, a classe majoritária foi os sesquiterpenos (oxigenados e hidrocarbonetos); já os compostos em destaques foram 14-hidroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene, T-cadinol e 6-7-dehidroroyleanone para folhas, botões florais e caules, respectivamente. As folhas demonstraram ser mais eficientes e com maior poder larvicida (CL99.9 = 83.53 µg/mL). Quando testado em condições seminaturais os óleos obtiveram eficiência acima de 98% em todos os compostos testados. Os resultados indicaram que os TrOEs, foram eficazes sobre as larvas de R. (B.) microplus in vitro e ex-situ, evidenciando que esta planta possui moléculas bioativas com ação larvicidas significativas.(AU)

Eficácia “in vitro” do extrato etanólico das folhas de Hyptis suaveolens (L) Poit (Lamiaceae) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) / “In vitro” efficacy of ethanolic extract from the leaves of suaveolens (L) Poit (Lamiaceae) against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887)

This experiment was carried out to tudy the bioacaricidal efficacy of ethanolic extract from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens (L) Poit (Lamiaceae) against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. 100 engorged females of R. (B.) microplus were manually collected from a naturally infested herd. The females were subjected to the immersion test at three concentrations of the ethanolic extract: 0,1; 1,0 and 10µg/mL, with two replications in each reatment. It was ound efficacy of 10% in all concentrations. The data found in this study show that the ethanolic extract from the leaves of H. Suaveolens do not have bioacaricidal activity at the used concentrations.

Eficácia “in vitro” do extrato etanólico das folhas de Hyptis suaveolens (L) Poit (Lamiaceae) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) / “In vitro” efficacy of ethanolic extract from the leaves of suaveolens (L) Poit (Lamiaceae) against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887)

This experiment was carried out to tudy the bioacaricidal efficacy of ethanolic extract from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens (L) Poit (Lamiaceae) against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. 100 engorged females of R. (B.) microplus were manually collected from a naturally infested herd. The females were subjected to the immersion test at three concentrations of the ethanolic extract: 0,1; 1,0 and 10µg/mL, with two replications in each reatment. It was ound efficacy of 10% in all concentrations. The data found in this study show that the ethanolic extract from the leaves of H. Suaveolens do not have bioacaricidal activity at the used concentrations.(AU)

Effect of Otostegia persica extract on ischemia/reperfusion induced renal damage in diabetic rats. A biochemical study

PURPOSE:To evaluate the effect of Otostegia persica (O. persica) extract on renal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats.METHODS:Forty-eight rats were subjected to right nephrectomy; then, they were allocated into six groups: Sham; Diabetic sham; I/R; Diabetic I/R; I/R+O. persica; Diabetic I/R+O. persica. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (200 mg/kg, i.p.). O. persica (300 mg/kg/day, p.o) was administered for 2 weeks. On the 15th day, ischemia was induced in left kidney for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 24h. Renal functional and biochemical markers were estimated.RESULTS:I/R in both normal and diabetic rats, induced a significant elevation in serum levels of urea and creatinine (p<0.05). Renal I/R induced a significant increase of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide concentrations associated with significant reduction in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in comparison with the sham group (p<0.05). Diabetic rats that underwent renal I/R exhibited a significant increase in all the studied parameters with a reduction in the antioxidant enzymes as compared to nondiabetic rats (p<0.05). These deleterious effects associated with renal I/R were improved by the treatment with O. persica (p<0.05).CONCLUSION:Otostegia persica pretreatment protected the renal injury from ischemia-reperfusion in diabetic rats.(AU)

Seasonal variability of the essential oil of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth. ) Epling. / Variabilidade sazonal do óleo essencial de Hesperozygis ringens (Benth. ) Epling.

Abstract This study was developed to evaluate the effect of seasonality on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling, a native species from the Brazilian Pampa. Leaves were collected from four specimens of a single population in each of the four seasons for a year and were extracted in triplicate by hydro-distillation for 2 hours. The yield of EO (% w/w) was calculated on fresh weight basis (FWB), and the 16 oil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used as statistical tools to evaluate differences in chemical composition. The highest yields were obtained in autumn, spring and summer (2.32-4.38%), while the lowest yields were detected in winter, ranging from 1.15 to 1.91%. Oxygenated monoterpenoids were the predominant class of chemical constituents in the EO obtained in all seasons, showing the highest contents in autumn and summer, and pulegone was identified as a major compound, whose contents varied between 54.13 and 81.17%. The EO samples were divided into three chemical groups by HCA and PCA and were assigned to the same group, except for the three samples gathered in winter. The results showed a seasonal influence on the yield and chemical composition of the EO.(AU)

Resumo Este estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de avaliar o efeito da sazonalidade no rendimento e composição química do óleo essencial (OE) de Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling., uma espécie nativa do Pampa brasileiro. Folhas foram coletadas de quatro indivíduos de uma mesma população, em cada uma das quatro estações de um ano, e foram extraídas em triplicada por hidrodestilação durante 2 horas. O rendimento do OE (% m/m) foi calculado considerando a base fresca (BF) e as 16 amostras de óleo foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chamas (CG-DIC). Análise Hierárquica de Cluster (AHC) e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) foram utilizadas como ferramentas estatísticas para avaliar as diferenças na composição química. Os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos no outono, primavera e verão (2,32-4,38%), enquanto que os menores foram detectados no inverno, variando de 1,15 até 1,91%. Os monoterpenoides oxigenados foram a classe predominante dos constituintes do OE obtido em todas as estações, apresentando os maiores teores no outono e no verão, e a pulegona foi identificada como o constituinte majoritário, cujos teores variaram entre 54,13 e 81,17%. As amostras de OE foram divididas em três grupos químicos por AHC e ACP e foram classificadas no mesmo grupo, com exceção de três amostras coletadas no inverno. Os resultados demonstraram influência sazonal no rendimento e na composição química dos OE.(AU)

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd. (Lamiaceae) against cariogenic bacteria

In Brazilian folk medicine, Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd. (Lamiaceae) is used to treat toothaches and dental abscesses and diseases induced by worms, bacteria, or fungi. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition and the antibacterial effects of the essential oil obtained from Tetradenia riparia leaves (TR-EO) grown in Southeastern Brazil against a representative panel of oral pathogens. We evaluated the antibacterial activity of TR-EO in terms of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). We identified aromadendrene oxide (14.0%), (E,E)-farnesol (13.6%), dronabinol (12.5%), and fenchone (6.2%) as the major constituents of TR-EO. TR-EO displayed MIC values between 31.2 and 500 μg/mL, with the lowest MIC value being obtained against Streptococcus mitis (31.2 μg/mL), S. mutans (62.5 μg/mL), S. sobrinus (31.2 μg/mL), and Lactobacillus casei (62.5 μg/mL). In time-kill experiments, TR-EO demonstrated bactericidal activity against S. mutans within the first 12 h, resulting in a curve profile similar to that of chlorhexidine. These results revealed that the essential oil of Tetradenia riparia displays promising activity against most of the selected cariogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans.(AU)

Effect of grammage on the bonding quality of glue side of Tectona grandis wood / Efeito da gramatura sobre a qualidade de colagem lateral da madeira de Tectona grandis

Tectona grandis Linn f. wood (teak) is suitable for making Edge Glued Panels (EGP) due to its dimensional stability, physical, mechanical and chemical properties and its resemblance to hardwoods such as mahogany. In generating those products, a highly important variable is the grammage of the adhesive. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of grammage on the quality of bonded joints of Tectona grandis. To achieve this work teak wood and adhesive polyvinyl acetate were used. The density and the moisture content of the wood were evaluated according to the standard COPANT 461/1972 and 460/1972, respectively, and the chemical properties in accordance with TAPPI standards. The joints were glued using four grammages: 100 g m-2, 140 g m-2, 180 g m-2, and 220 g m-2. The quality of bonding was evaluated by means of shear strength and tested according to EN 13354/2003. The results showed that the mean apparent specific mass was 559 kg m-3, the average moisture content was 7.74% and the total content was 8.27% extractives. The bonded joints showed variation in shear strength of 0.924 MPa to 1.35 MPa for the wet state and 3.01 MPa to 5.43 MPa for dry conditions. There was no statistically significant difference between the averages of the different weights used on the quality of the EGP panels collage. It was concluded that the teak wood had adequate values of properties for the Brazilian standard for shear testing and the best condition was found with a weight of 140 g m-2.

A madeira de Tectona grandis Linn f. (teca) é adequada para a confecção de Edge Glued Panels (EGP) devido a sua estabilidade dimensional, propriedades físicas, mecânicas e químicas, além de sua semelhança com madeiras nobres como o mogno. Na geração deste produto, uma variável de elevada importância é a gramatura do adesivo. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da gramatura sobre a qualidade de juntas coladas de Tectona grandis. Para a concretização deste trabalho foi utilizada madeira de teca e adesivo Polivinil Acetato. A massa específica e o teor de umidade da madeira foram avaliados de acordo com a norma COPANT 461/1972 e COPANT 460/1972, respectivamente, e as propriedades químicas de acordo com as normas TAPPI. Os sarrafos foram colados utilizando-se quatro gramaturas: 100 g m-2, 140 g m-2, 180 g m-2 e 220 g m-2. A qualidade de colagem foi avaliada por meio do ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento, conforme a norma EN 13354:2003. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a massa específica aparente média foi de 559 kg m-3, o teor de umidade médio de 7,74% e o teor de extrativos totais de 8,27%. As juntas coladas apresentaram variação na resistência ao cisalhamento de 0,924 MPa a 1,35 MPa para o estado úmido e de 3,01 MPa a 5,43 MPa para a condição seca. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias das diferentes gramaturas utilizadas sobre a qualidade da colagem de painéis EGP. Concluiu-se que a madeira de teca apresentou valores adequados de propriedades da madeira, as juntas coladas apresentaram valores qualificados para o padrão brasileiro para o ensaio de cisalhamento e a melhor condição de gramatura encontrada foi de 140 g m-2.

Effect of grammage on the bonding quality of glue side of Tectona grandis wood / Efeito da gramatura sobre a qualidade de colagem lateral da madeira de Tectona grandis

Tectona grandis Linn f. wood (teak) is suitable for making Edge Glued Panels (EGP) due to its dimensional stability, physical, mechanical and chemical properties and its resemblance to hardwoods such as mahogany. In generating those products, a highly important variable is the grammage of the adhesive. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of grammage on the quality of bonded joints of Tectona grandis. To achieve this work teak wood and adhesive polyvinyl acetate were used. The density and the moisture content of the wood were evaluated according to the standard COPANT 461/1972 and 460/1972, respectively, and the chemical properties in accordance with TAPPI standards. The joints were glued using four grammages: 100 g m-2, 140 g m-2, 180 g m-2, and 220 g m-2. The quality of bonding was evaluated by means of shear strength and tested according to EN 13354/2003. The results showed that the mean apparent specific mass was 559 kg m-3, the average moisture content was 7.74% and the total content was 8.27% extractives. The bonded joints showed variation in shear strength of 0.924 MPa to 1.35 MPa for the wet state and 3.01 MPa to 5.43 MPa for dry conditions. There was no statistically significant difference between the averages of the different weights used on the quality of the EGP panels collage. It was concluded that the teak wood had adequate values of properties for the Brazilian standard for shear testing and the best condition was found with a weight of 140 g m-2.(AU)

A madeira de Tectona grandis Linn f. (teca) é adequada para a confecção de Edge Glued Panels (EGP) devido a sua estabilidade dimensional, propriedades físicas, mecânicas e químicas, além de sua semelhança com madeiras nobres como o mogno. Na geração deste produto, uma variável de elevada importância é a gramatura do adesivo. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da gramatura sobre a qualidade de juntas coladas de Tectona grandis. Para a concretização deste trabalho foi utilizada madeira de teca e adesivo Polivinil Acetato. A massa específica e o teor de umidade da madeira foram avaliados de acordo com a norma COPANT 461/1972 e COPANT 460/1972, respectivamente, e as propriedades químicas de acordo com as normas TAPPI. Os sarrafos foram colados utilizando-se quatro gramaturas: 100 g m-2, 140 g m-2, 180 g m-2 e 220 g m-2. A qualidade de colagem foi avaliada por meio do ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento, conforme a norma EN 13354:2003. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a massa específica aparente média foi de 559 kg m-3, o teor de umidade médio de 7,74% e o teor de extrativos totais de 8,27%. As juntas coladas apresentaram variação na resistência ao cisalhamento de 0,924 MPa a 1,35 MPa para o estado úmido e de 3,01 MPa a 5,43 MPa para a condição seca. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias das diferentes gramaturas utilizadas sobre a qualidade da colagem de painéis EGP. Concluiu-se que a madeira de teca apresentou valores adequados de propriedades da madeira, as juntas coladas apresentaram valores qualificados para o padrão brasileiro para o ensaio de cisalhamento e a melhor condição de gramatura encontrada foi de 140 g m-2.(AU)

Volatile compounds of Lamiaceae exhibit a synergistic antibacterial activity with streptomycin

Bacterial infections cause thousands of deaths in the world every year. In most cases, infections are more serious because the patient is already weakened, and often, the bacteria are already resistant to the antibiotics used. Counterparting this negative scenario, the interest in medicinal plants as an alternative to the synthetic antimicrobial drugs is blossoming worldwide. In the present work, we identified the volatile compounds of ethanol extracts of Melissa officinalis, Mentha sp., Ocimum basilicum, Plectranthus barbatus, and Rosmarinus officinalis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Also was evaluated antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts against 6 bacteria of clinical interest, and was tested the interaction of these extracts with a commercial antibiotic streptomycin. Phytol was a compound identified in all extracts by GC/MS, being majoritary component in Plectranthus barbatus and Rosmarinus officinalis. The Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to ethanol extracts, and Plectranthus barbatus and Rosmarinus officinalis were the most active extracts. Ethanol extracts exhibited a synergetic effect with streptomycin. These results encourage additional studies, in order to evaluate the possibilities of using ethanol extracts of Lamiaceae family as natural source for antibacterial activity.

Avaliação das características físico-químicas e da perda de peso de quibes adicionados de semente de chia (Salvia hispanica L. ) em substituição parcial

A preocupação com a saúde tem levado os consumidores à escolha de alimentos mais nutritivos. Os produtos cárneos reestruturados apresentam fácil preparo e características sensoriais agradáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar as características físico-químicas e de perda de peso de quibes adicionados de semente de chia em substituição parcial da gordura. Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de quibe, sendo uma formulação controle (QC), sem adição de semente chia, além de outras três adicionadas de semente de chia nas concentrações de 3 (Q3), 6 (Q6) e 9% (Q9), em substituição parcial da gordura. As formulações foram caracterizadas quanto à composição centesimal e porcentagem de perda de peso. Menores valores (p<0,05) de perda de peso foram observados nas amostras contendo maior porcentagem de chia. Para as análises de proteína, cinzas, umidade e pH, não houve diferença entre as amostras (p>0,05). Para a análise de gordura foi observada diferença (p<0,05) entre as amostras e redução linear do teor de lipídeos com o aumento do teor de chia. As amostras Q6 e Q9 foram consideradas light.(AU)

Concern about health has led consumers to choose more nutritious foods. The restructured meat products have easy preparation and pleasant sensory characteristics. The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate the physical-chemical and weight loss characteristics of chibes added to chia seed in partial replacement of fat. Four formulations of quibe were elaborated, being a control formulation (QC), without addition of chia seed, besides other three added of chia seed in the concentrations of 3 (Q3), 6 (Q6) and 9% (Q9), in partial substitution of fat. The formulations were characterized as to the centesimal composition and percentage of weight loss. Lower values (p <0.05) of weight loss were observed in samples containing a higher percentage of chia. For the protein, ash, moisture and pH analyzes, there was no difference between the samples (p> 0.05). For the fat analysis, a difference (p <0.05) was observed between the samples and a linear reduction of the lipid content with the increase of the chia content. Samples Q6 and Q9 were considered light.(AU)

Effect of aluminum concentration on growth and secondary metabolites production in three chemotypes of Cunila galioides Benth medicinal plant / Efeito da concentração de alumínio no crescimento e produção de metabólitos secundários em três quimiotipos da planta medicinal Cunila galioides Benth

Medicine plants play an important role in public health, especially in developing countries, and among them Cunila galioides Benth. is a naturally occurring medicinal and aromatic plant native from south Brazil. Flavonoids, present in significant amounts in some species of Cunila sp., possess several properties and its content may be affected by aluminum stress. In this context, the aim of this work was to assess the influence of different levels of aluminum in nutrient solution on the growth and content of essential oils and flavonoids in three chemotypes of Cunila galioides. The plant parameters evaluated were aerial dry matter, dry root matter, root length, root score, calcium and aluminum concentrations in the vegetable tissue, flavonoids content as well as essential oil yield and its major components concentration. Results showed that the addition of 30.0 mg.L-¹ of Al³+ to the nutrient solution leads to a decrease of all agronomic parameters evaluated with losses in the cultivation yield for the greatest concentration studied. The André da Rocha population was found to be the most tolerant to aluminum while Bom Jardim da Serra was the most sensitive. The aluminum concentration did not influence the extraction yield as well as the content of major components in the oils. The concentration of flavonoids increased significantly for the populations tolerant to aluminum concentration in the nutrient solution, thus indicating a relationship between tolerance and flavonoids production, which may be an interesting characteristic from the medicinal point of view.

Plantas medicinais desempenham um papel importante na saúde pública, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento, e entre elas Cunila galioides Benth., que é uma planta nativa de ocorrência no sul do Brasil. Os flavonoides, presentes em quantidades significativas em algumas espécies de Cunila sp., possuem diversas propriedades, sendo que seu teor pode ser afetado por estresse de alumínio. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes níveis de alumínio na solução nutritiva, em relação ao crescimento e teor de óleos essenciais e de flavonoides, em três quimiotipos de Cunila galioides Benth. Os parâmetros avaliados foram matéria seca da parte aérea, matéria seca da raiz, comprimento da raiz, contagem de raízes, concentrações de cálcio e alumínio no tecido vegetal, teor de flavonoides, assim como o rendimento do óleo essencial e concentração dos seus componentes principais. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de 30,0 mg.L-¹ de Al³+ à solução nutriente conduz à diminuição de todos os parâmetros agronômicos avaliados com perdas de rendimento em cultivos com a maior concentração avaliada. A população de André da Rocha foi a mais tolerante ao alumínio, enquanto que Bom Jardim da Serra foi a mais sensível. A concentração de alumínio não influenciou no rendimento de extração, assim como no teor dos componentes principais nos óleos. A concentração de flavonoides aumentou significativamente nas populações tolerantes ao alumínio, indicando uma relação entre a tolerância ao Al³+ e a produção de flavonoides, o que pode ser interessante do ponto de vista medicinal.