Estabilização de ombro em um gato ­ Relato de caso / Shoulder estabilization in a cat ­ Case report

A estabilidade da articulação do ombro é garantida por ligamentos, cápsula articular, tendões e músculos, contudo traumas podem causar falência dos mecanismos estabilizadores, com consequente luxação ou instabilidade articular. Objetivou-se relatar o caso de instabilidade medial e lateral de ombro direito em felino sem raça definida, atendido com queixa de claudicação aguda de membro torácico secundária a trauma por confronto com outro animal. Inicialmente foi realizado tratamento clínico por meio de imobilização articular. Contudo, devido ao insucesso da técnica, procedeu-se para o tratamento cirúrgico de estabilização articular com prótese ligamentar sintética. No pós-operatório imediato, evidenciou-se ausência de crepitações e instabilidade articular. Após oito dias da cirurgia, o paciente apresentou retorno total às funções de apoio do membro e sem sinais de dor ou redução de movimentos. Concluiu-se que, embora de reduzida ocorrência, a instabilidade de origem traumática do ombro configura-se como um diferencial para claudicação aguda de membro torácico e que o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser necessário, mostrando-se eficiente na resolução de tais casos com o acesso e técnica de estabilização propostos.

The stability of the shoulder joint is granted by ligaments, joint capsule, tendons and muscles. However, traumatic injuries can cause failure of the stabilization mechanisms, which leads to articular luxation or instability. The aim of the paper is to report a case of medial and lateral right shoulder joint instability in a mixed-breed cat, presenting acute forelimb lameness after a fight trauma with another cat. Initially, it was recommended a conservative treatment through articular immobilization. However, the technique was unsuccessful, and the surgery treatment was performed, to stabilize the joint with synthetic ligament prosthetic. In the postoperative period, no crepitation or instability were identified. After eight days of surgery, the patient returned totally to the normal function of the forelimb, without movement restriction or pain. It was concluded that, although rare, the traumatic shoulder joint instability is a differential diagnosis for acute forelimb lameness and the surgical treatment can be necessary, showing a good result in the resolution of these injuries with the surgical approach and stabilization method proposed.

Correção de luxação valga da articulação rádio-cárpica em um cão através da reconstrução ligamentar com fio sintético: uma alternativa à artrodese / Correction of valgus dislocation of the radio-carpal joint in a dog through ligament reconstruction with synthetic wire: an alternative to arthrodesis

Background: Radio-carpal dislocations are normally related to situations of trauma and may be treated with open or closed reduction, reconstruction of injured structures or arthrodesis. The treatment aims to eliminate pain, abnormal joint movement and restore member functions, avoiding or minimizing the development of arthrosis. Notwithstanding the literature on the treatment options, few of them explain the restorative technical applications and their evolution in a later postoperative period. The aim of the present report is to discuss extra-articular joint reconstruction with nylon wire in a canine patient with radio-carpal joint dislocation and ligament rupture. Case: A 10-year-old mixed-breed bitch, weighing 10 kg, after an 8-meter fall, received care at Animal Care Barueri Clínica Veterinária. The animal presented left thoracic member functional impotence and radio-carpal joint valgus dislocation, pain and joint swelling. The patient was sedated and medium-lateral and dorso-palmar X-rays of the distal area of the thoracic member were performed, showing radio-carpal dislocation and a slight radiotransparent line in caudal cortical of the middle third of the left radium, possibly related to an incomplete fracture due to compaction. At this point, the choice was for a closed reduction performed by means of traction followed by internal rotation of the distal extremity of the member. An immobilization device was placed using a vinyl splint for 4 days, until the date of the surgery. For the surgical procedure, a dorso-medial access was opened in the left radio-carpal joint, restoring the short radium collateral joint with nylon 0 suture, anchored on 3 pathways opened in the bones (2 pathways in the radium and 1 in the carpo-radial bone), forming one knot. The subcutaneous tissue was closed and sutured using absorbable wire of 2-0 polyglycolic acid. The skin was sutured using nonabsorbable wire of 3-0 nylon. The immediate postoperative X-rays showed the pathways created, conservation of the bone structures and restoration of the anatomic axis of the radio-carpal joint. The member was again immobilized for 70 days and, 30 days after removal of the splint, the animal could already bear load over the member, without lameness. At 10 months after the surgery, the patient performed X-rays of the medium-lateral and dorso-palmar projections, showing absence of the signs of arthrosis or any joint impairment. There was also absence of lameness and pain, however with reduction in joint movement amplitude, with total extension but more limited flexion. Discussion: Through comparison with the literature it was possible to find similarities with the joint injury approach reported, mainly regarding the form of the suture and the clinical alterations observed, such as short radium collateral ligament rupture related to joint valgus deviation. The treatment strategy in the case combined temporary closed reduction of the joint, immobilization, later joint access and restoration with synthetic wire and long-term immobilization. The postoperative results obtained showed favorable evolution, without signs of joint degeneration, pain or lameness. Possible unwanted consequences related to arthrodesis make the options for reconstruction techniques seem more interesting; however, further information of their application and the combination of its variations in a more directed fashion are still required. Understanding the types of injuries, together with the development of research that assess their diagnosis and evolution, may help treatments to show even better perspectives.

Congenital elbow luxation grade I treated by radial head ostectomy in an English Bulldog / Luxação congênita de cotovelo grau I tratada por ostectomia da cabeça do rádio em um Bulldog Inglês

The aim of this study is to report a long term follow up of a congenital luxation of the radial head (CLRH) case of a young Bulldog treated by radio head ostectomy (RHO). CLRH is an uncommon condition in dogs, but it is the most commom form of elbow dislocation (grade I). An English Bulldog, male, 6 months, 14 kilograms, was suspected of elbow dislocation. Physical examination revealed a lateral proeminence on the lateral surface of the right elbow, as well as grade I lameness and mild pain. Range of motion was normal. Previous radiographs and tomography confirmed CLHR. RHO was chosen instead of corrective techniques, due to the age of the animal at the time of the procedure and the difficulty in repositioning the radial head in the joint. Three and a half years after surgery, new clinical and radiographic examaminations were performed. The patient had no pain, good limb support and good range of motion, allowing good elbow movement. There was a partial regrowth of the proximal segment of the radial head causing better readjustment of it in the joint. Mild signs of joint degeneration were present. RHO proved to be effective in this case, proving to be a good technique to be used in cases of CLRH when conservative treatment or reduction techniques can no longer be used.

O objetivo deste relato foi o de apresentar o acompanhamento tardio de um caso de luxação congênita de cabeça de rádio (LCCR) em um Buldog Inglês jovem, tratada por ostectomia da cabeça radial (OCR). A LCCR é uma condição incomum nos cães, mas é a forma mais comum de luxação de cotovelo nos mesmos (grau I). Um Bulldog Inglês, macho, 6 meses, 14 quilos, foi atendido com suspeita de luxação do cotovelo. Exame físico revelou uma proeminência na superfície lateral do cotovelo direito, além de claudicação grau I e dor leve. Amplitude de movimento apresentava-se normal. Radiografias e tomografia prévias confirmaram LCCR. Optou-se pela OCR ao invés de técnicas corretivas, devido à idade do animal à época do procedimento e à dificuldade no reposicionamento do rádio na articulação. Após 3 anos e meio de pós-operatório, foram realizados novos exames clínicos e radiográficos. O paciente não apresentava dor, apresentava bom apoio do membro e boa amplitude de movimento, permitindo bom movimento do cotovelo. Houve um novo crescimento parcial do segmento proximal da cabeça do rádio ocasionando melhor readequamento do mesmo na articulação. Sinais leves de degeneração articular estavam presentes. A OCR se mostrou efetiva neste caso, provando ser uma boa técnica a ser utilizada nos casos de LCCR quando tratamento conservativo ou técnicas de redução já não podem ser mais utilizados.

Estabilização cirúrgica da coluna vertebral cervical em ovino / Cervical spinal cord surgical stabilization in a sheep

Background: Trauma is the main cause of spinal fractures and dislocations in humans and large animals. Clinical signspresent with acute onset and vary according to the location and severity of the spinal cord injury. The treatment of fractures in large animals depends on economic value, cost of procedures, prognosis, location and type of fracture. However,although spinal fractures in large animals are not uncommon, the literature about their clinical aspects and treatment isscanty. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to describe a surgical stabilization of atlantoaxial subluxation, fracture ofthe third cervical vertebra and C2-C3 subluxation.Case: An approximately 2-year-old Île-de-France sheep, weighing 101 kg, with a history of cervical trauma and nonambulatory tetraparesis was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Institution (UNIPAMPA). During physical examination, the animal presented good general physical condition and heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature was accordingto physiological parameters for the species. The animal remained in lateral decubitus, with minimal head and limb movements, and exhibited deep pain sensitivity. Clinical treatment with dexamethasone, limb physiotherapy and change inlateral decubitus position were employed, but failed to improve the animal’s condition. After five days of unresponsive toclinical treatment, the patient was referred to the neurology department, where it underwent neurological examination andradiographic examination of the cervical region was performed under general anesthesia. The radiographic examinationrevealed atlantoaxial subluxation, by displacement of the odontoid process into the vertebral canal, fracture of the thirdcervical vertebra and C2-C3 vertebral subluxation. The surgical planning aimed cervical vertebral instability repair usingatlantoaxial arthrodesis associated the stabilization of C1-C2 and C2-C3 vertebrae with Schanz pins and bone cement...

Estabilização cirúrgica da coluna vertebral cervical em ovino / Cervical spinal cord surgical stabilization in a sheep

Background: Trauma is the main cause of spinal fractures and dislocations in humans and large animals. Clinical signspresent with acute onset and vary according to the location and severity of the spinal cord injury. The treatment of fractures in large animals depends on economic value, cost of procedures, prognosis, location and type of fracture. However,although spinal fractures in large animals are not uncommon, the literature about their clinical aspects and treatment isscanty. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to describe a surgical stabilization of atlantoaxial subluxation, fracture ofthe third cervical vertebra and C2-C3 subluxation.Case: An approximately 2-year-old Île-de-France sheep, weighing 101 kg, with a history of cervical trauma and nonambulatory tetraparesis was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Institution (UNIPAMPA). During physical examination, the animal presented good general physical condition and heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature was accordingto physiological parameters for the species. The animal remained in lateral decubitus, with minimal head and limb movements, and exhibited deep pain sensitivity. Clinical treatment with dexamethasone, limb physiotherapy and change inlateral decubitus position were employed, but failed to improve the animals condition. After five days of unresponsive toclinical treatment, the patient was referred to the neurology department, where it underwent neurological examination andradiographic examination of the cervical region was performed under general anesthesia. The radiographic examinationrevealed atlantoaxial subluxation, by displacement of the odontoid process into the vertebral canal, fracture of the thirdcervical vertebra and C2-C3 vertebral subluxation. The surgical planning aimed cervical vertebral instability repair usingatlantoaxial arthrodesis associated the stabilization of C1-C2 and C2-C3 vertebrae with Schanz pins and bone cement...(AU)

Comparação clínica entre dois métodos de estabilização em desvio angular distal de tíbia corrigido pela metodologia CORA / Clinical comparison between two stabilization methods in distal tibial angular deviation corrected by the CORA method

Background: Angular deformity is characterized by the deviation of part of the bone that can occur in three different planes, frontal, sagittal and transverse. Trauma on physeal plates is the most common cause of angular deviations of the limbs in dogs. Currently the CORA (Center of Rotation of Angulation) methodology is the best way to evaluate and surgically correct these deformities. The objective of this study is to describe the surgical procedures performed to treat the uniapical valgus deviation affecting both tibial bones in a dog, comparing the outcomes of hybrid external skeletal fixator used in the right pelvic limb in relation to the locking plate used in the left pelvic limb. Case: A 10-month old Border Collie dog was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital with history of lameness and deviation of both pelvic limbs. In the orthopedic examination, it was possible to identify bilateral valgus deviation in the region of the tibio-tarsal joints and moderate lameness, with absence of pain or joint crepitation. Radiographic examination showed that the deformity was only uniapical in the frontal plane, affecting both tibial bones of the dog. Signs of osteoarthrosis were not observed and the preoperative examinations were within the normal limits for the species. The deformities were corrected in two surgical times starting with the procedure in the right tibia, which appeared to be clinically worse. Due to the fact that it was a bilateral affection and there was not a healthy pelvic limb to obtain the normal angles values of this dog, for planning according to the CORA methodology, the values of the tibial mechanical angles for dogs of similar size were taken from the literature. For surgical correction of the right tibia, a closed wedge osteotomy was performed following the second rule of Paley

Comparação clínica entre dois métodos de estabilização em desvio angular distal de tíbia corrigido pela metodologia CORA / Clinical comparison between two stabilization methods in distal tibial angular deviation corrected by the CORA method

Background: Angular deformity is characterized by the deviation of part of the bone that can occur in three different planes, frontal, sagittal and transverse. Trauma on physeal plates is the most common cause of angular deviations of the limbs in dogs. Currently the CORA (Center of Rotation of Angulation) methodology is the best way to evaluate and surgically correct these deformities. The objective of this study is to describe the surgical procedures performed to treat the uniapical valgus deviation affecting both tibial bones in a dog, comparing the outcomes of hybrid external skeletal fixator used in the right pelvic limb in relation to the locking plate used in the left pelvic limb. Case: A 10-month old Border Collie dog was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital with history of lameness and deviation of both pelvic limbs. In the orthopedic examination, it was possible to identify bilateral valgus deviation in the region of the tibio-tarsal joints and moderate lameness, with absence of pain or joint crepitation. Radiographic examination showed that the deformity was only uniapical in the frontal plane, affecting both tibial bones of the dog. Signs of osteoarthrosis were not observed and the preoperative examinations were within the normal limits for the species. The deformities were corrected in two surgical times starting with the procedure in the right tibia, which appeared to be clinically worse. Due to the fact that it was a bilateral affection and there was not a healthy pelvic limb to obtain the normal angles values of this dog, for planning according to the CORA methodology, the values of the tibial mechanical angles for dogs of similar size were taken from the literature. For surgical correction of the right tibia, a closed wedge osteotomy was performed following the second rule of Paley…(AU)

Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of fourth lumbar vertebral fracture and dorsocranial luxation in puppy

Background: Acute spinal traumas can lead to irreversible damage associated with vascular and inflammatory changes in neural tissue. Since spine and spinal cord traumas have an unfavorable prognosis in small animals, and reports of the use of Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of lumbar vertebra fracture-luxation in puppies are rare in the literature, the present paper aimed to report the surgical treatment of transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment by using Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate in a 7-month-old Labrador Retriever male dog. Case: A 7-month-old intact male Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.0 kg was attended at School Veterinary Hospital with a history of hit by car and paraplegia of the hind limbs. On neurological examination was observed no proprioception and no deep pain sensitivity on the both pelvic limbs. The lumbar spinal palpation showed intense pain, and the motor function and patellar reflexes were reduced. The values of haematological and biochemical analysis remained within the reference values for the species. Radiographs revealed a transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment, and was decided to perform a surgical treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. The dog was positioned in ventral recumbency for surgery, and a dorsal midline incision was made from the second lumbar vertebra to the sixth lumbar vertebra. Two crossed 1.5 mm Kirschner wires were placed through the caudal articular facets of the fourth lumbar vertebra to provide initial stability...

Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of fourth lumbar vertebral fracture and dorsocranial luxation in puppy

Background: Acute spinal traumas can lead to irreversible damage associated with vascular and inflammatory changes in neural tissue. Since spine and spinal cord traumas have an unfavorable prognosis in small animals, and reports of the use of Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of lumbar vertebra fracture-luxation in puppies are rare in the literature, the present paper aimed to report the surgical treatment of transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment by using Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate in a 7-month-old Labrador Retriever male dog. Case: A 7-month-old intact male Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.0 kg was attended at School Veterinary Hospital with a history of hit by car and paraplegia of the hind limbs. On neurological examination was observed no proprioception and no deep pain sensitivity on the both pelvic limbs. The lumbar spinal palpation showed intense pain, and the motor function and patellar reflexes were reduced. The values of haematological and biochemical analysis remained within the reference values for the species. Radiographs revealed a transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment, and was decided to perform a surgical treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. The dog was positioned in ventral recumbency for surgery, and a dorsal midline incision was made from the second lumbar vertebra to the sixth lumbar vertebra. Two crossed 1.5 mm Kirschner wires were placed through the caudal articular facets of the fourth lumbar vertebra to provide initial stability...(AU)

Fraturas e luxações vertebrais em cães / Vertebral fractures and luxation in dogs

Background: Vertebral fractures and luxations (VFL) are a major cause of neurologic injury in small animals. They aremost commonly associated with severe external trauma from road traffic accidents, aggression, or falls from heights. Therewere few studies concerning VFL, mainly on results of treatments and sequelae. This retrospective work aimed to studypatients with extrinsic trauma in the spinal cord that were treated at the Neurology and Neurosurgery Service of a HigherEducation Institution in Brazil from 2007 to 2018, describing main etiologies, location of lesion, degree of neurologicaldysfunction, treatment, results and sequelae after surgical or conservative therapy.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and nine dogs of various breed and ages were included in this study. Themain etiology of the spinal cord injury in these dogs were fractures and/or dislocations caused by road traffic accidents(66%), followed by interaction with other animals (5.5%). The body region most frequently affected by the lesions were thethoracolumbar segment (T3-L3) of the vertebral spine (52.3%), followed the lumbosacral segment [L4-S3] (38.5%). Thedegrees of the most prevalent neurological dysfunctions for each of the segments were grade V in 73.7% of the dogs withlesions between T3-L3, and grade III in 54.8% of the dogs with lesions in L4-S3. Twenty-one tutors of dogs subjected tosurgery and 20 tutors of dogs that underwent clinical treatment could be contacted by phone. Statistical analysis performedon data from these patients indicated that there was no significant correlation between the motor recovery and the type oftreatment instituted. However, when the degree of motor dysfunction was analyzed in conjunction with recovery, mildergrades were found to be accompanied by the best recovery results.Discussion: Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of damage to the spinal cord, a finding described inother studies on...

Fraturas e luxações vertebrais em cães / Vertebral fractures and luxation in dogs

Background: Vertebral fractures and luxations (VFL) are a major cause of neurologic injury in small animals. They aremost commonly associated with severe external trauma from road traffic accidents, aggression, or falls from heights. Therewere few studies concerning VFL, mainly on results of treatments and sequelae. This retrospective work aimed to studypatients with extrinsic trauma in the spinal cord that were treated at the Neurology and Neurosurgery Service of a HigherEducation Institution in Brazil from 2007 to 2018, describing main etiologies, location of lesion, degree of neurologicaldysfunction, treatment, results and sequelae after surgical or conservative therapy.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and nine dogs of various breed and ages were included in this study. Themain etiology of the spinal cord injury in these dogs were fractures and/or dislocations caused by road traffic accidents(66%), followed by interaction with other animals (5.5%). The body region most frequently affected by the lesions were thethoracolumbar segment (T3-L3) of the vertebral spine (52.3%), followed the lumbosacral segment [L4-S3] (38.5%). Thedegrees of the most prevalent neurological dysfunctions for each of the segments were grade V in 73.7% of the dogs withlesions between T3-L3, and grade III in 54.8% of the dogs with lesions in L4-S3. Twenty-one tutors of dogs subjected tosurgery and 20 tutors of dogs that underwent clinical treatment could be contacted by phone. Statistical analysis performedon data from these patients indicated that there was no significant correlation between the motor recovery and the type oftreatment instituted. However, when the degree of motor dysfunction was analyzed in conjunction with recovery, mildergrades were found to be accompanied by the best recovery results.Discussion: Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of damage to the spinal cord, a finding described inother studies on...(AU)

Surgical stabilization of canine lateralscapulohumeral luxation using extracapsular tension suture with screws and nylon wire – case report

A dog was consulted with functional disability of the right thoracic limb.Radiographic image showed lateral luxation of the scapulohumeral joint.The animal was submitted to surgical treatment using tension suture withscrews and Nylon wire, with satisfactory result and functional use of thelimb 30 days postoperatively.

Índice de normalidade da distância atlantoaxial dorsal em cães / Normal index of dorsal atlantoaxial distance in dogs

Foram utilizados 30 cães neurologicamente saudáveis e realizadas radiografias da coluna cervical, sendo mensurada a menor distância atlantoaxial dorsal e outros parâmetros anatômicos vertebrais. Esses dados foram avaliados por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Após detecção do melhor parâmetro de correlação, utilizou-se a fórmula de coeficiente de correlação dimensional (CCD). Na segunda etapa desta pesquisa, foram utilizadas imagens radiográficas de 33 cães com subluxação atlantoaxial (SAA) e aplicou-se a fórmula CCD. Todas as imagens atlantoaxiais normais e subluxadas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente e submetidas à análise subjetiva. Observou-se que o parâmetro anatômico de maior correlação foi o comprimento do processo espinhoso do áxis, obtendo-se valor de índice médio de 0,056 e desvio-padrão de 0,019. O valor de índice médio obtido em cães com SAA foi de 0,287, e o desvio-padrão de 0,123. A análise subjetiva revelou acerto de 88,89% a 95,24%, enquanto a avaliação por meio da fórmula CCD demonstrou ser 100% eficiente no diagnóstico da SAA. Sugeriu-se a utilização da fórmula CCD para obtenção do índice de normalidade da distância atlantoaxial com valor de normalidade médio de 0,056 e limite máximo de 0,098, sendo esse índice eficaz no diagnóstico da subluxação entre o atlas e o áxis.(AU)

Thirty healthy dogs had their cervical spines radiographed, and the dorsal atlantoaxial distance and others vertebral anatomical parameters were measured. These data were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. After detection of the best correlation parameter, we used the dimensional correlation coefficient of formula (CCD). In the second stage of the study, radiographs of the 33 dogs with atlantoaxial subluxation (SAA) were used. In each radiographic image, the CCD formula was applied. All normal and subluxation radiographic images were randomized, and submitted to subjective analysis. It was observed that the anatomical parameter with the highest correlation is the length of the spinous process of the axis, obtaining a mean value of 0.056 index and 0.019 standard deviation. Index mean value obtained in dogs with the disease of 0.287 and standard deviation of 0.123. The subjective analysis revealed 88.89% to 95.24% agreement, while the result obtained by the CCD formula was shown to be 100% effective in the diagnosis of SAA. We suggest the use of the CCD formula to obtain the index of normality of the atlantoaxial distance with a mean value of 0.056 and maximum of 0.098, and it is concluded that the index is highly effective in the diagnosis of subluxation between the atlas and the axis.(AU)

Índice de normalidade da distância atlantoaxial dorsal em cães / Normal index of dorsal atlantoaxial distance in dogs

Foram utilizados 30 cães neurologicamente saudáveis e realizadas radiografias da coluna cervical, sendo mensurada a menor distância atlantoaxial dorsal e outros parâmetros anatômicos vertebrais. Esses dados foram avaliados por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Após detecção do melhor parâmetro de correlação, utilizou-se a fórmula de coeficiente de correlação dimensional (CCD). Na segunda etapa desta pesquisa, foram utilizadas imagens radiográficas de 33 cães com subluxação atlantoaxial (SAA) e aplicou-se a fórmula CCD. Todas as imagens atlantoaxiais normais e subluxadas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente e submetidas à análise subjetiva. Observou-se que o parâmetro anatômico de maior correlação foi o comprimento do processo espinhoso do áxis, obtendo-se valor de índice médio de 0,056 e desvio-padrão de 0,019. O valor de índice médio obtido em cães com SAA foi de 0,287, e o desvio-padrão de 0,123. A análise subjetiva revelou acerto de 88,89% a 95,24%, enquanto a avaliação por meio da fórmula CCD demonstrou ser 100% eficiente no diagnóstico da SAA. Sugeriu-se a utilização da fórmula CCD para obtenção do índice de normalidade da distância atlantoaxial com valor de normalidade médio de 0,056 e limite máximo de 0,098, sendo esse índice eficaz no diagnóstico da subluxação entre o atlas e o áxis.(AU)

Thirty healthy dogs had their cervical spines radiographed, and the dorsal atlantoaxial distance and others vertebral anatomical parameters were measured. These data were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. After detection of the best correlation parameter, we used the dimensional correlation coefficient of formula (CCD). In the second stage of the study, radiographs of the 33 dogs with atlantoaxial subluxation (SAA) were used. In each radiographic image, the CCD formula was applied. All normal and subluxation radiographic images were randomized, and submitted to subjective analysis. It was observed that the anatomical parameter with the highest correlation is the length of the spinous process of the axis, obtaining a mean value of 0.056 index and 0.019 standard deviation. Index mean value obtained in dogs with the disease of 0.287 and standard deviation of 0.123. The subjective analysis revealed 88.89% to 95.24% agreement, while the result obtained by the CCD formula was shown to be 100% effective in the diagnosis of SAA. We suggest the use of the CCD formula to obtain the index of normality of the atlantoaxial distance with a mean value of 0.056 and maximum of 0.098, and it is concluded that the index is highly effective in the diagnosis of subluxation between the atlas and the axis.(AU)

Surgical stabilization of canine lateralscapulohumeral luxation using extracapsular tension suture with screws and nylon wire case report

A dog was consulted with functional disability of the right thoracic limb.Radiographic image showed lateral luxation of the scapulohumeral joint.The animal was submitted to surgical treatment using tension suture withscrews and Nylon wire, with satisfactory result and functional use of thelimb 30 days postoperatively.(AU)

Estudo clínico e epidemiológico em cães com fraturas e luxações vertebrais toracolombares / Clinical and epidemiological study in dogs with thoracolumbar vertebrae fractures and luxations

Fraturas e luxações vertebrais (FLV) estão dentre as principais afecções que acometem a coluna vertebral em cães, com elevado risco de danos permanentes às estruturas neurais. Objetivou-se estudar as características e implicações associadas às FLV toracolombares em 37 cães, visando auxiliar uma melhor abordagem clínica em pacientes com esta afecção. As FLV foram mais comuns em machos não castrados com acesso a rua. Dentre a etiologia, 32 cães foram acometidos por acidente automobilístico. 14 cães apresentaram lesões não neurológicas em outros sistemas orgânicos. A presença de fraturas instáveis foi a alteração radiográfica mais comum. Em 16,2% dos animais, observaram-se lesões vertebrais fora do foco principal. O tempo até o atendimento neurológico inicial variou de um a 720 dias, no qual a maioria foi encaminhada sem imobilização externa. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante quanto à recuperação neurológica ao se comparar os graus de deslocamento de 0 a 25% e de 76 a 100%.(AU)

Vertebral fractures and luxations (VFL) are one of the most common and severe neurological issues found in clinical practice, with an elevated risk of permanent damage to the spinal cord. Our objective was to study the characteristics and implications associated with thoracolumbar VFL in 37 dogs, aiming assist a better clinical approach to patients with this disease. The VFL were more common in intact males with access to the street. Regarding etiology, 32 dogs were involved in car accidents. Of the dogs included in this research, 14 had non-neurological issues in other systems. The presence of unstable fractures was the most common radiographic change. In 16.2% of the dogs, vertebral lesions were observed outside the main site. Mean time until initial neurologic exam varied between one and 720 days, and most dogs were referred without external coaptation. There was a significant difference in recovery of the dogs when comparing a degree of dislocation of 0 to 25% and 76 to 100%.(AU)

Estudo clínico e epidemiológico em cães com fraturas e luxações vertebrais toracolombares / Clinical and epidemiological study in dogs with thoracolumbar vertebrae fractures and luxations

Fraturas e luxações vertebrais (FLV) estão dentre as principais afecções que acometem a coluna vertebral em cães, com elevado risco de danos permanentes às estruturas neurais. Objetivou-se estudar as características e implicações associadas às FLV toracolombares em 37 cães, visando auxiliar uma melhor abordagem clínica em pacientes com esta afecção. As FLV foram mais comuns em machos não castrados com acesso a rua. Dentre a etiologia, 32 cães foram acometidos por acidente automobilístico. 14 cães apresentaram lesões não neurológicas em outros sistemas orgânicos. A presença de fraturas instáveis foi a alteração radiográfica mais comum. Em 16,2% dos animais, observaram-se lesões vertebrais fora do foco principal. O tempo até o atendimento neurológico inicial variou de um a 720 dias, no qual a maioria foi encaminhada sem imobilização externa. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante quanto à recuperação neurológica ao se comparar os graus de deslocamento de 0 a 25% e de 76 a 100%.(AU)

Vertebral fractures and luxations (VFL) are one of the most common and severe neurological issues found in clinical practice, with an elevated risk of permanent damage to the spinal cord. Our objective was to study the characteristics and implications associated with thoracolumbar VFL in 37 dogs, aiming assist a better clinical approach to patients with this disease. The VFL were more common in intact males with access to the street. Regarding etiology, 32 dogs were involved in car accidents. Of the dogs included in this research, 14 had non-neurological issues in other systems. The presence of unstable fractures was the most common radiographic change. In 16.2% of the dogs, vertebral lesions were observed outside the main site. Mean time until initial neurologic exam varied between one and 720 days, and most dogs were referred without external coaptation. There was a significant difference in recovery of the dogs when comparing a degree of dislocation of 0 to 25% and 76 to 100%.(AU)

Estabilização de luxação da articulação teporomandibular em gato / Stabilization of teporomandibular joint luxation in cat

Patient who presented with vehicular trauma presented dislocation of the teporomandibular Joint (TMJ) associated with fractures of the skull and mandible. Performed open reduction and stabilization of the joint to correct the defect. The animal obtained complete healing after two months of postoperative and return of normal chewing functions. The objective of this work was to report the use of the open reduction technique applied in TMJ dislocation in feline, after a clinical history of trampling.

Estabilização de luxação da articulação teporomandibular em gato / Stabilization of teporomandibular joint luxation in cat

Patient who presented with vehicular trauma presented dislocation of the teporomandibular Joint (TMJ) associated with fractures of the skull and mandible. Performed open reduction and stabilization of the joint to correct the defect. The animal obtained complete healing after two months of postoperative and return of normal chewing functions. The objective of this work was to report the use of the open reduction technique applied in TMJ dislocation in feline, after a clinical history of trampling.(AU)

Osteotomia de nivelamento do platô tibial na ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial em cães: revisão / Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in the rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs: review / Ostectomía de nivelación de la meseta tibial en la ruptura del ligamiento cruzado craneal en perros: revisión

A ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial é uma das afecções mais comuns que ocorrem no joelho dos cães. O tratamento ainda é bastante controverso na medicina veterinária, e muitos profissionais encontram obstáculos em relação ao diagnóstico e ao procedimento cirúrgico a ser adotado. No Brasil, é crescente a abordagem terapêutica por meio das osteotomias corretivas, sendo a osteotomia de nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) uma das técnicas indicadas atualmente. Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma revisão dos principais tópicos relacionados à ruptura do ligamento cruzado e descrever os fundamentos técnicos do planejamento e da execução da TPLO, já que esses fatores estão diretamente relacionados ao sucesso ou insucesso desse procedimento, tendo em vista a importância das possíveis complicações pós-operatórias.

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture is one of the most common conditions encounter in the stifle of dogs. It still has a controversial etiology and treatment in veterinary medicine. Many professionals find difficulties in to diagnose and chose the surgical procedure to be adopted. In Brazil, the treatment approach using corrective osteotomies is increasing, and Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) is one ofthe techniques most widely used by professionals. The objective of this study was to review the most important issues associated to the rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament, and to describe the technical principies behind the use of correcting tibial plateau angle, and surgical technique of TPLO. The surgical procedure is directly associated to the success ar failure of treatment, and the importance of the postoperative complications must be taken into consideration.

La ruptura del ligamento cruzado craneal es una de Ias afecciones más frecuentes de la articulación femoro tibio patelar de los perros. El tratamiento sigue syendo bastante discutido en medicina veterinaria. Muchos veterinarios tienen dificultades en el diagnóstico y en cuanto a la conducta terapéutica a ser tomada. Las técnicas correctivas mediante osteotomías correctivas están siendo cada vez más utilizadas, siendo la técnica de nivelación de la meseta tibial (TPLO) una de las más indicadas actualmente. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión de los principales tópicos relacionados con la ruptura del ligamento cruzado, y describir los fundamentos técnicos en cuanto a planificación y ejecución de la TPLO, ya que estas están directamente relacionados con el éxito o fracaso del procedimiento quirúrgico,teniendo en consideración la importancia de las eventuales complicaciones postoperatorias.