Ruptura bilateral do músculo fibular terceiro em bovino / Bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in bovine

Background: The peroneus tertius muscle is responsible for tarsal flexion and coordinate extension of the stifle joint. The most common causes of rupture are excessive effort when trying to rise on a slippery surface, mounting, or being mounted. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is characterized by an inability to flex the hock. Most cases are not curable, presenting an unfavorable to poor prognosis, and the animal has to be euthanized. This study aimed to report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a cow from the municipality of Castanhal, state of Pará (Amazonian biome). Case: We report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a 4-year-old cow, mixed breed, weighing approximately 400 kg, calved 3 months ago, belonging to a batch of 40 cattle kept on extensive breeding system in a pasture of Urochloa (Brachiaria) brizantha. The clinical signs appeared after the cow was mounted by a 1,100 kg bull and consisted of lameness, falling into sternal decubitus with hind limbs extended backward, hyperextension of the hocks with flexed stifle, with the tibia and metatarsus in a straight line, which lead to a 90-degree position of the femur and knee. Abrasions in the dorsal region of the fetlocks reinforce evidence of dragging hooves. Diagnosis of bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle was performed by a clinical examination and semiological test. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (flunixin meglumine, 2,2 mg/kg, every 24 h for 4 days) were prescribed for treatment, in addition to resting in a paddock with good availability of pasture, water, and mineral salt. After 3 months, we observed an improvement of the clinical signs, and after 6 months, an almost complete recovery. Only a slight difficulty in flexing the hock when moving remained. Discussion: In the present report, bull mounting was the probable cause of the hyperextension of both hocks and the bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle. According to the handler, these clinical signs were only evidenced after the animal was mounted. As stated in the literature, accidents such as falls, slips, mounting or being mounted, as well as excessive traction and over-elevation of the limb are considered predisposing factors for the onset of the disease. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is unusual in production animals; therefore, the low occurrence of reports on this kind of rupture in the literature makes this case even more unique. The bilateral injury differs from cases described in the literature, in which the reported injuries were always unilateral. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that the act of mounting was the triggering factor for the bilateral rupture of the animal peroneus tertius muscle. The breeding system also differs from the cases diagnosed by the same authors, since they describe the disease in bovines kept on intensive or semi-intensive breeding. In the present case, the cattle were kept on an extensive breeding system. The extension and flexion tests used in the clinical examination allowed for the diagnosis of rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in both limbs, similarly to what has been reported by other authors. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and exclusion of different diagnoses were decisive for establishing the diagnosis. The treatment chosen was efficient, even though the case was severe, as the injury occurred in both hind limbs.

Evaluation of Mangalarga Marchador foal development in the first year of life / Avaliação do desenvolvimento de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador em seu primeiro ano de vida

The purpose of this study was to examine the development pattern of Mangalarga-Marchador foals by determination of muscle development and deposition of adipose tissue associated with the evaluation of blood-based biomarkers. Thus, 72 Mangalarga Marchador foals (ages ranged from 1-12 mo) were randomly selected and divided into 12 age groups (n=6 per group), evaluated monthly. The thickness of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) and rump fat (RF) were determined through an ultrasound performed on each foal's left side. Such parameters were used to calculate the percentage of body fat (BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Morphometric measurements were taken on the foal's right side using a tape measure and a hypsometer. Blood samples were collected for determinations of total proteins, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and glucose. Morphometric measurements, the thickness of the LD and RF, weight, BF, FM, and FFM showed differences between age groups (P<0.001). Muscle development and fat deposition in subcutaneous tissue were greater between six and 12 months and average weight gain and FFM were proportionally greater between one and six months. We concluded that morphometric measurements increase steadily and linearly during the first 12 months of life, indicating that it is feasible to use the linear regression formula. Moreover, significant differences between age and biochemical biomarkers may be attributed to nutritional and digestive physiology adaptations during these periods.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi examinar o padrão de desenvolvimento de potros Mangalarga Marchador através da determinação do desenvolvimento muscular e da deposição de tecido adiposo associado com avaliação de biomarcadores sanguíneos. Assim, 72 potros Mangalarga Marchador (idades entre 1 e 12 meses) foram selecionados ao acaso e divididos em 12 grupos etários (n=6/grupo), avaliados mensalmente. A espessura do Longissimus dorsi (LD) e da cobertura de gordura da garupa (RF) foi determinada através de ultrassonografia realizada do lado esquerdo de cada animal, tais parâmetros foram usados para calcular percentagem de gordura corporal (BF), massa de gordura (FM) e massa livre de gordura (FFM). Mensurações morfométricas foram obtidas do lado direito de cada potro, usando fita métrica e hipômetro. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas para determinações de proteínas totais, albumina, triglicérides, colesterol, uréia, creatinina e glicose. Medidas morfométricas, espessura de LD e RF, peso corporal, BF, FM e FFM mostraram diferenças entre os grupos etários (P<0,001). O desenvolvimento muscular e a deposição de gordura no tecido subcutâneo foram maiores entre 6 e 12 meses e a média de ganho de peso e de FFM foi proporcionalmente maior entre entre 1 e 6 meses . Foi possível concluir que as medidas morfométricas aumentam de forma constante e linear nos primeiros 12 meses de vida, indicando que é factível usar fórmulas de regressão linear. Ainda, diferenças significativas entre idade e biomarcadores bioquímicos podem ser atribuídos às adaptações nutricionais e digestivas durante esses períodos.(AU)

Study on the mechanisms of Suaeda rigida polysaccharides on the heart inhibition and skeletal muscle promotion in the frog / [Estudo sobre os mecanismos dos polissacarídeos de Suaeda rigida na inibição do coração e promoção da musculatura esquelética no sapo]

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different concentrations of Suaeda rigida polysaccharides (SRPs) on the physiological characteristics of the frog heart and gastrocnemius muscle, compare their similarities and differences, and analyze the mechanisms. CaCl2 and acetylcholine (Ach) were selected respectively to be co-incubated with the high concentration SRPs to observe the effects on the heart contraction of frog. The effects of different concentrations of the SRPs on the activities of acetylcholinesterase (A-CHE), Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in the isolated frog heart were detected by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The gastrocnemius muscle was immersed in the high concentration of SRPs for 10 min, and the systolic indexes were recorded. The effects of SRPs on the Ach content and A-CHE activity at the sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius junction were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the SRPs had significant inhibitory effects on the contractile amplitude of isolated heart and the contractile amplitude induced by CaCl2 and Ach, respectively (P<0.01). The activity of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase was significantly promoted, and the activity of A-CHE was significantly inhibited (P<0.01). The contraction amplitude, contraction rate, relaxation rate of gastrocnemius muscle and the Ach content at the junction of sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the activity of A-CHE at the junction was significantly inhibited (P<0.01) by the SRPs. All the results suggested that the SRPs could inhibit the contraction of heart and promote the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. The mechanism was related to blocking the fast INa channel, inhibiting the ICa-L and activating the M receptors of myocardial membrane and then inhibiting external Ca2+ influx, increasing Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity, decreasing a-che activity.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de Suaeda rigida polissacarídeos (SRPs) sobre as características fisiológicas do coração de rã e do músculo gastrocnêmio, comparar suas semelhanças e diferenças, e analisar os mecanismos. CaCl2 e acetilcolina (Ach) foram selecionados respectivamente para serem co-incubados com os SRPs de alta concentração para observar os efeitos sobre a contração do coração de rã. Os efeitos das diferentes concentrações dos SRPs sobre as atividades da acetilcolinesterase (A-CHE), Na+-K+-ATPase e Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase no coração isolado de rã foram detectados pela espectrofotometria UV-Vis. O músculo gastrocnêmio foi imerso na alta concentração de SRP por 10 min, e os índices sistólicos foram registrados. Os efeitos das SRPs no conteúdo de Ach e na atividade de A-CHE na junção nervo-gastrocnêmio ciático foram determinados pela espectrofotometria UV-Vis e pelo ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA). Os resultados mostraram que os SRPs tiveram efeitos inibidores significativos sobre a amplitude contrátil do coração isolado e a amplitude contrátil induzida por CaCl2 e Ach, respectivamente (P<0,01). A atividade do Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase foi significativamente promovida e a atividade do A-CHE foi significativamente inibida (P<0,01). A amplitude de contração, a taxa de contração, a taxa de relaxamento do músculo gastrocnêmio e o conteúdo de Ach na junção do músculo nervo ciático-gastrocnêmio foram significativamente aumentados (P<0,01), e a atividade do A-CHE na junção foi significativamente inibida (P<0,01) pelas SRPs. Todos os resultados sugeriram que os SRPs poderiam inibir a contração do coração e promover a contração e o relaxamento do músculo esquelético. O mecanismo estava relacionado ao bloqueio do canal INa rápido, inibindo a ICa-L e ativando os receptores M da membrana miocárdica e depois inibindo o influxo externo de Ca2+, aumentando a atividade de Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, diminuindo a atividade a-che.

Protective effects of ischemic postconditioning on skeletal muscle following crush syndrome in the rat

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the effect of ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) on skeletal muscle and its optimal protocol. Methods This article is about an animal study of rat model of crush syndrome. Sixty rats were randomized into nine different IPostC intervention groups and a control group. The anesthetized rats were subjected to unilateral hindlimb 3-kg compression with a compression device for 6 h, followed by nine different IPostC intervention protocols. Results Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) at 3 h post-crush became 2.3-3.9 times among all 10 groups after crush. At 72 h post-crush, serum CK level was reduced to 0.28-0.53 time in all intervention groups. The creatinine (CREA) level in the control group was elevated to 3.11 times at 3 h post-crush and reduced to1.77 time at 72 h post-crush. The potassium (K+) level in the control group was elevated to 1.65 and 1.41 time at 3 and 72 h post-crush, respectively. Conclusions Our IPostC intervention protocols can effectively protect rats from crush-induced elevation of serum CK, CREA, and K+ levels. The timing of IPostC intervention should be as early as possible, to ensure the protective effect.

Effects of dietary creatine supplementation on kidney and striated skeletal muscles of rats submitted to ischemia and reperfusion of hind limbs

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the effect of creatine supplementation in the diet of rats subjected to ischemia and reperfusion of hind limbs. Methods Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomized to receive dietary creatine supplementation (G1) or no supplementation (G2), before being subjected to 4 h of ischemia followed by 4 h of reperfusion. In addition, 10 rats (G3) underwent the same surgical procedure, without ischemia, but with supplementation. After reperfusion, kidney and musculature were evaluated for histological damage and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, urea and creatinine were obtained. Results The urea dosage showed significant differences between the groups (averages G1 = 155.1; G2 = 211.27; G3 = 160.42). Histological analysis found significant differences between G1 and G2 (but not between G1 and G3) in renal myoglobin cylinders and vacuolar degeneration variables and in hypereosinophilia and karyopyknosis variables in muscle fibers. There were no significant differences in the other variables studied. Conclusions Creatine supplementation was related to fewer histological lesions, as well as lower levels of plasma urea, which may suggest a protective effect against lesions caused by ischemia and reperfusion of posterior paws muscles in Wistar rats.

Does the type of electrode affect the electromyoneurographic parameters in rats?

Purpose:To evaluate if the type of electrode (needle vs. surface) affects the electromyoneurography parameters in rats.Methods:Twenty male rats were anesthetized, then compound muscle action potential were recorded using a Neuropack S1 MEB- 9400©. All animals were submitted to two electroneuromyography analysis: first with surface electrode and then by needle electrode. We evaluated the latency, amplitude, duration and area of the negative peak of the gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles.Results:There were no significant differences between the groups in the mean of duration, latency, amplitude or area of the negative peak in gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles.Conclusion:The type of electrode does not affect the electroneuromyography parameters.(AU)

Análise estatística multivariada da expressão de microRNAs no exercício exaustivo em Rattus norvegicus / Multivariate statistical analysis of expression of microRNAs in the exhaustive exercise in Rattus norvegicus

MicroRNAs são pequenas moléculas de RNA que atuam na regulação e silenciamento gênico em organismos eucariotos. Na atividade física a compreensão da expressão de microRNAs pode ser relevante para entendimento da sua fisiologia. Feito o transcriptoma do exercício exaustivo agudo em Rattus norvegicus, buscou-se analisar a expressão diferencial (através do valor obtido de Fold-Change) de microRNAs, com o auxílio de avaliação estatística multivariada, em ambiente R. Os métodos usados mostraram expressão de 71 miRNAs. Destes, destacaram-se 6 (por análise PCoA) e dois microRNAs: mir145 e mir186 (por análise de expressão diferencial, EBseq). Concluiu-se que com os métodos usados (PCoA, Permanova e Simper) foi possível analisar a expressão diferencial de microRNAs e destacar possíveis alvos de estudo para o exercício experimental extenuante.

MicroRNAs are small molecules of RNA that act on the regulation and gene silencing in eukaryotic organisms. In physical activity the understanding of the expression of microRNAs may be relevant to understanding their physiology. The transcriptome of acute exhaustive exercise in Rattus norvegicus was used to analyze the differential expression (through the Fold-Change value obtained) of microRNAs, with the aid of multivariate statistical evaluation, in the R environment. The methods used showed expression of 71 miRNAs. Of these, six (by PCoA analysis) and two microRNAs: mir145 and mir186 (by differential expression analysis, EBseq) were highlighted. It was concluded that with the methods used (PCoA, Permanova and Simper) it was possible to analyze the differential expression of microRNAs and to highlight possible study targets for the strenuous experimental exercise.

Análise estatística multivariada da expressão de microRNAs no exercício exaustivo em Rattus norvegicus / Multivariate statistical analysis of expression of microRNAs in the exhaustive exercise in Rattus norvegicus

MicroRNAs são pequenas moléculas de RNA que atuam na regulação e silenciamento gênico em organismos eucariotos. Na atividade física a compreensão da expressão de microRNAs pode ser relevante para entendimento da sua fisiologia. Feito o transcriptoma do exercício exaustivo agudo em Rattus norvegicus, buscou-se analisar a expressão diferencial (através do valor obtido de Fold-Change) de microRNAs, com o auxílio de avaliação estatística multivariada, em ambiente R. Os métodos usados mostraram expressão de 71 miRNAs. Destes, destacaram-se 6 (por análise PCoA) e dois microRNAs: mir145 e mir186 (por análise de expressão diferencial, EBseq). Concluiu-se que com os métodos usados (PCoA, Permanova e Simper) foi possível analisar a expressão diferencial de microRNAs e destacar possíveis alvos de estudo para o exercício experimental extenuante.(AU)

MicroRNAs are small molecules of RNA that act on the regulation and gene silencing in eukaryotic organisms. In physical activity the understanding of the expression of microRNAs may be relevant to understanding their physiology. The transcriptome of acute exhaustive exercise in Rattus norvegicus was used to analyze the differential expression (through the Fold-Change value obtained) of microRNAs, with the aid of multivariate statistical evaluation, in the R environment. The methods used showed expression of 71 miRNAs. Of these, six (by PCoA analysis) and two microRNAs: mir145 and mir186 (by differential expression analysis, EBseq) were highlighted. It was concluded that with the methods used (PCoA, Permanova and Simper) it was possible to analyze the differential expression of microRNAs and to highlight possible study targets for the strenuous experimental exercise.(AU)

Análise proteica e estrutural da musculatura diafragmática e do fígado de ratas pós-imobilização com terapia aquática / Protein and structural analysis of diaphragmatic musculature and liver of post-immobilization rats with aquatic therapy

A imobilização é uma prática comum na reabilitação de lesões musculo esqueléticas, mas que pode, por sua vez, ocasionar, adicionalmente, diversos danos à estrutura inicialmente comprometida. Dentre os recursos empregados para reverter os danos oriundos da imobilização, a principal foi a terapia aquática que, aliada aos efeitos benéficos da imersão em água auxilia nos ajustes fisiológicos do corpo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o conteúdo proteico e estrutural da musculatura diafragmática e hepática de ratas pós-imobilização com terapia aquática. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para o Uso de Animais da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, sob o protocolo nº 1122178 de 05/10/2017. Foram utilizadas 32 ratos, fêmeas, Wistar, divididas em quatro grupos: Controle (CTR), Imobilizado (I), Terapia Aquática (TA) e Imobilizado/Terapia Aquática (ITA). A imobilização ocorreu no membro posterior direito, incluindo a pelve, o quadril, fêmur, o joelho (extensão), tíbia e tornozelo (flexão plantar) ,durante duas semanas. A terapia aquática ocorreu durante seis dias por semana, ao longo de duas semanas. Após esse período, os animais foram eutanasiados e as estruturas de interesse dissecadas: diafragma e fígado. Para avaliação muscular e hepática, foi realizada uma dosagem de proteínas. O trofismo muscular foi calculado pela razão entre o peso úmido do músculo diafragmático (mg) e o peso corporal final (g) dos animais. Os dados foram analisados por Anova-One-Way, com p<0,05 e teste de Brown-Forsythee Kruskal-Wallis, além de uma correlação de Pearson. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± erro padrão da média. O processo de não utilização por duas semanas, associados ao tratamento de terapia aquática não foi capaz de alterar significativamente o conteúdo proteico e estrutural da musculatura diafragmática e das reservas hepáticas.

Immobilization is a common practice in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries, but this may in turn cause several damages to the initially compromised structure. Among the resources used to reverse the damage from immobilization, the main one was the aquatic therapy, combined with the beneficial effects of immersion in water, helps with the physiological adjustments of the body. The objective of the present study was to analyze the protein and structural content of the diaphragmatic and hepatic muscles of post-immobilization rats with aquatic therapy. The project was approved by the Committee of Ethics for the Use of Animals of the State University of Ceará, under the protocol nº1122178 of 05/10/2017. Thirty-two female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (CTR), Immobilized (I), Aquatic Therapy (TA) and Immobilized with Aquatic Therapy (ITA). Immobilization occurred in the right hind limb, including the pelvis, hip, femur, knee (extension), tibia, and ankle (plantar flexion) for two weeks. Aquatic therapy occurred for six days a week over two weeks. After this period the animals were euthanized and the structures of interest were dissected: diaphragm and liver. For muscular and hepatic evaluation, protein quantity was evaluated. Muscle trophism was calculated by the ratio of wet diaphragmatic muscle weight (mg) to the final body weight (g) of the animals. The data were analyzed by Anova-one-Way, with p<0.05 and test of Brown-Forsythe and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation. Results were expressed as the average ± the standard error of measurement. It was found that the process of not using associated with aquatic therapy treatment for two weeks was not able to significantly alter the protein and structural content of the diaphragmatic muscles and liver reserves.

Análise proteica e estrutural da musculatura diafragmática e do fígado de ratas pós-imobilização com terapia aquática / Protein and structural analysis of diaphragmatic musculature and liver of post-immobilization rats with aquatic therapy

A imobilização é uma prática comum na reabilitação de lesões musculo esqueléticas, mas que pode, por sua vez, ocasionar, adicionalmente, diversos danos à estrutura inicialmente comprometida. Dentre os recursos empregados para reverter os danos oriundos da imobilização, a principal foi a terapia aquática que, aliada aos efeitos benéficos da imersão em água auxilia nos ajustes fisiológicos do corpo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o conteúdo proteico e estrutural da musculatura diafragmática e hepática de ratas pós-imobilização com terapia aquática. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para o Uso de Animais da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, sob o protocolo nº 1122178 de 05/10/2017. Foram utilizadas 32 ratos, fêmeas, Wistar, divididas em quatro grupos: Controle (CTR), Imobilizado (I), Terapia Aquática (TA) e Imobilizado/Terapia Aquática (ITA). A imobilização ocorreu no membro posterior direito, incluindo a pelve, o quadril, fêmur, o joelho (extensão), tíbia e tornozelo (flexão plantar) ,durante duas semanas. A terapia aquática ocorreu durante seis dias por semana, ao longo de duas semanas. Após esse período, os animais foram eutanasiados e as estruturas de interesse dissecadas: diafragma e fígado. Para avaliação muscular e hepática, foi realizada uma dosagem de proteínas. O trofismo muscular foi calculado pela razão entre o peso úmido do músculo diafragmático (mg) e o peso corporal final (g) dos animais. Os dados foram analisados por Anova-One-Way, com p<0,05 e teste de Brown-Forsythee Kruskal-Wallis, além de uma correlação de Pearson. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± erro padrão da média. O processo de não utilização por duas semanas, associados ao tratamento de terapia aquática não foi capaz de alterar significativamente o conteúdo proteico e estrutural da musculatura diafragmática e das reservas hepáticas.(AU)

Immobilization is a common practice in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries, but this may in turn cause several damages to the initially compromised structure. Among the resources used to reverse the damage from immobilization, the main one was the aquatic therapy, combined with the beneficial effects of immersion in water, helps with the physiological adjustments of the body. The objective of the present study was to analyze the protein and structural content of the diaphragmatic and hepatic muscles of post-immobilization rats with aquatic therapy. The project was approved by the Committee of Ethics for the Use of Animals of the State University of Ceará, under the protocol nº1122178 of 05/10/2017. Thirty-two female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (CTR), Immobilized (I), Aquatic Therapy (TA) and Immobilized with Aquatic Therapy (ITA). Immobilization occurred in the right hind limb, including the pelvis, hip, femur, knee (extension), tibia, and ankle (plantar flexion) for two weeks. Aquatic therapy occurred for six days a week over two weeks. After this period the animals were euthanized and the structures of interest were dissected: diaphragm and liver. For muscular and hepatic evaluation, protein quantity was evaluated. Muscle trophism was calculated by the ratio of wet diaphragmatic muscle weight (mg) to the final body weight (g) of the animals. The data were analyzed by Anova-one-Way, with p<0.05 and test of Brown-Forsythe and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation. Results were expressed as the average ± the standard error of measurement. It was found that the process of not using associated with aquatic therapy treatment for two weeks was not able to significantly alter the protein and structural content of the diaphragmatic muscles and liver reserves.(AU)

Effect of Sciatic Nerve Transection on acetylcholinesterase activity in spinal cord and skeletal muscles of the bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus / Efeito da Secção do Nervo Isquiático sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase em medula espinal e músculos esqueléticos da rã-touro Lithobates catesbeianus

Sciatic nerve transection (SNT), a model for studying neuropathic pain, mimics the clinical symptoms of "phantom limb", a pain condition that arises in humans after amputation or transverse spinal lesions. In some vertebrate tissues, this condition decreases acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, the enzyme responsible for fast hydrolysis of released acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses. In spinal cord of frog Rana pipiens, this enzymes activity was not significantly changed in the first days following ventral root transection, another model for studying neuropathic pain. An answerable question is whether SNT decreases AChE activity in spinal cord of frog Lithobates catesbeianus, a species that has been used as a model for studying SNT-induced neuropathic pain. Since each animal model has been created with a specific methodology, and the findings tend to vary widely with slight changes in the method used to induce pain, our study assessed AChE activity 3 and 10 days after complete SNT in lumbosacral spinal cord of adult male bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus. Because there are time scale differences of motor endplate maturation in rat skeletal muscles, our study also measured the AChE activity in bullfrog tibial posticus (a postural muscle) and gastrocnemius (a typical skeletal muscle that is frequently used to study the motor system) muscles. AChE activity did not show significant changes 3 and 10 days following SNT in spinal cord. Also, no significant change occurred in AChE activity in tibial posticus and gastrocnemius muscles at day 3. However, a significant decrease was found at day 10, with reductions of 18% and 20% in tibial posticus and gastrocnemius, respectively. At present we cannot explain this change in AChE activity. While temporally different, the direction of the change was similar to that described for rats.[...](AU)

A transecção do nervo isquiático (SNT), um modelo para estudar dor neuropática, simula os sintomas clínicos do membro fantasma, uma condição dolorosa que ocorre nos humanos após amputação ou secção completa da medula espinal. Essa condição muda a atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), a enzima responsável pela rápida hidrólise da acetilcolina liberada nas sinapses colinérgicas, em alguns tecidos de vertebrados. Em medula espinal de rã Rana pipiens, a atividade da AChE não foi significativamente alterada nos primeiros dias após a secção da raiz ventral, outro modelo para o estudo da dor neuroptípica. Uma questão ainda não respondida é se a SNT diminui a atividade da AChE na medula espinal de rã Lithobates catesbeianus, uma espécie que vem sendo usada como modelo em estudos da dor neuropática induzida por SNT. Como cada modelo animal é criado a partir de metodologia específica, e seus resultados tendem a variar com pequenas mudanças na metodologia de indução da dor, o presente estudo avaliou a atividade da AChE em medula espinal lombossacral de rã-touro Lithobates catesbeianus, adultos, machos, 3 e 10 dias após a completa SNT. Como há diferenças temporais na maturação de placas motoras em músculos esqueléticos de ratos, nosso estudo ainda demonstrou, na rã-touro, os efeitos da SNT sobre a atividade da AChE nos músculos esqueléticos tibial posticus, um músculo postural, e gastrocnêmio, um músculo frequentemente usado em estudos do sistema motor. A atividade da AChE não mudou significativamente na medula espinal aos 3 e 10 dias após a SNT. Nos músculos, a atividade não alterou significativamente aos 3 dias após a lesão, mas reduziu de forma significativa aos 10 dias após a SNT. Aos 10 dias, a diminuição foi 18% no músculo tibial posticus e 20% no gastrocnêmio. No momento, nós não temos explicação para essa mudança na atividade da AChE. Embora temporalmente diferente, o sentido da mudança é similar ao que é descrito em ratos.[...](AU)

Pathological findings of post-anesthetic myopathy associated with type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in a percheron horse

Background: Post-anesthetic myopathy is the most common complication associated with general anesthesia in horses. Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of glycogen and glycogen-related polysaccharides in the skeletal muscle, which is categorized in type 1 (PSSM1) and type 2 (PSSM2). The purpose of this study is to report the clinical, pathological and molecular findings in a Percheron mare with post-anesthetic myopathy associated with a PSSM1. Case: A 9-year-old Percheron mare was submitted to a caesarean section due to clinical dystocia during labor. Xylazine was employed during pre-anesthesia, followed by induction with ketamine and diazepam, while anesthetic maintenance was obtained with isoflurane. The mare showed good recovery, however 24 h later, sternal recumbency and hyperthermia (41° C) were observed. The mare was euthanized, and a necropsy was performed. Samples of multiple tissues were collected and routinely processed for histology. At necropsy, segments of skeletal muscles had bilateral pale areas. The kidneys had old and recent infarcts. The heart had whitish areas in the myocardium. The brain showed focally extensive reddish areas, with flattening of gyri. Histologically, skeletal muscle fibers had in the sarcoplasm multiple homogeneous globular clear eosinophilic formations, in addition to mild hyaline necrosis. In the heart and in the kidney, there were extensive areas of acute coagulative necrosis. The brain showed marked multifocal fibrinoid degeneration of vessels and hemorrhage. Refrigerated liver samples were submitted to DNA extraction to detect mutations in the GYS1 (type 1 PSSM) and RyR1 genes (malignant hyperthermia). A positive result for a homozygous dominant mutation in GYS1 (type 1 PSSM) was observed, while the mutation responsible for malignant hyperthermia was not identified.[...]

Pathological findings of post-anesthetic myopathy associated with type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in a percheron horse

Background: Post-anesthetic myopathy is the most common complication associated with general anesthesia in horses. Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of glycogen and glycogen-related polysaccharides in the skeletal muscle, which is categorized in type 1 (PSSM1) and type 2 (PSSM2). The purpose of this study is to report the clinical, pathological and molecular findings in a Percheron mare with post-anesthetic myopathy associated with a PSSM1. Case: A 9-year-old Percheron mare was submitted to a caesarean section due to clinical dystocia during labor. Xylazine was employed during pre-anesthesia, followed by induction with ketamine and diazepam, while anesthetic maintenance was obtained with isoflurane. The mare showed good recovery, however 24 h later, sternal recumbency and hyperthermia (41° C) were observed. The mare was euthanized, and a necropsy was performed. Samples of multiple tissues were collected and routinely processed for histology. At necropsy, segments of skeletal muscles had bilateral pale areas. The kidneys had old and recent infarcts. The heart had whitish areas in the myocardium. The brain showed focally extensive reddish areas, with flattening of gyri. Histologically, skeletal muscle fibers had in the sarcoplasm multiple homogeneous globular clear eosinophilic formations, in addition to mild hyaline necrosis. In the heart and in the kidney, there were extensive areas of acute coagulative necrosis. The brain showed marked multifocal fibrinoid degeneration of vessels and hemorrhage. Refrigerated liver samples were submitted to DNA extraction to detect mutations in the GYS1 (type 1 PSSM) and RyR1 genes (malignant hyperthermia). A positive result for a homozygous dominant mutation in GYS1 (type 1 PSSM) was observed, while the mutation responsible for malignant hyperthermia was not identified.[...](AU)

Descrição anatômica dos músculos do membro torácico da preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus) / Anatomical description of the forelimb muscles of the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus)

Background: Brown-throated sloths are mammals of the order Xenarthra, suborder Pilosa, family Bradypodidae. These folivorous and arboreal animals, which possess a peculiar type of arboreal quadrupedalism, move through the forest canopy by means of suspensory locomotion. On the ground, their extremely slow movements make them easy targets for road accidents, often leading to serious injury or even death. This paper describes the forelimb muscles of the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus), updating the literature on the subject to help veterinarians in clinical and surgical interventions on this species, and to provide data for comparative animal anatomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Five brown-throated sloths (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825), two adults and three babies were dissected. The animals were donated by the Arruda Câmara Zoo and Botanical Park in João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, Brazil, where they were thawed and fixed in 10% formalin. The sloths’ forelimbs were dissected by lifting and folding over a skin flap to expose, identify and describe the underlying musculature. The dissection revealed the following muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoideus, teres major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, anconeus epitrochlearis, dorsoepitrochlearis, brachioradialis, supinator, pronator teres, pronator quadratus, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi obliquus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum communis, extensor digitorum lateralis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, extensor indicis longus second finger, extensor indicis brevis second finger, extensor digitorum third finger, abductor digitorum second finger, abductor digitorum third finger, palmaris brevis, and interosseous muscles.[...]

Descrição anatômica dos músculos do membro torácico da preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus) / Anatomical description of the forelimb muscles of the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus)

Background: Brown-throated sloths are mammals of the order Xenarthra, suborder Pilosa, family Bradypodidae. These folivorous and arboreal animals, which possess a peculiar type of arboreal quadrupedalism, move through the forest canopy by means of suspensory locomotion. On the ground, their extremely slow movements make them easy targets for road accidents, often leading to serious injury or even death. This paper describes the forelimb muscles of the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus), updating the literature on the subject to help veterinarians in clinical and surgical interventions on this species, and to provide data for comparative animal anatomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Five brown-throated sloths (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825), two adults and three babies were dissected. The animals were donated by the Arruda Câmara Zoo and Botanical Park in João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, Brazil, where they were thawed and fixed in 10% formalin. The sloths forelimbs were dissected by lifting and folding over a skin flap to expose, identify and describe the underlying musculature. The dissection revealed the following muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoideus, teres major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, anconeus epitrochlearis, dorsoepitrochlearis, brachioradialis, supinator, pronator teres, pronator quadratus, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi obliquus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum communis, extensor digitorum lateralis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, extensor indicis longus second finger, extensor indicis brevis second finger, extensor digitorum third finger, abductor digitorum second finger, abductor digitorum third finger, palmaris brevis, and interosseous muscles.[...](AU)

Comparative study between standard and inside-out vein graft techniques on sciatic nerve repair of rats: muscular and functional analysis

Purpose: To compare the functional result of standart vein grafts and inside-out vein graft technique on sciatic nerve repair. Methods: We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control group (CG), standard vein graft group (SVG), Inside-out vein graft group (IOVG) and denervated Group (DG). SVG, IOVG and DG underwent total section of the sciatic nerve, SVG and IOVG however underwent nerve repair surgery using a graft with normal jugular vein and inside-out jugular vein, respectively. Histological analysis of the soleus and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL), and Sciatic Functional Index were used to compare the results after 6 weeks. Results: Both grafts acted favorably in muscle recovery and improved functionality; They were similar in all parameters, however, in more points SVG achieved similar to the CG, in the other hand IOVG more times was similar to DG. Fact that makes the graft with normal vein the most viable option between the two options. Conclusion: Both types of grafts acted beneficially wherein the graft normal vein has proved to be the best option.(AU)

Fine needle aspiration cytology in feline skeletal muscle as a diagnostic tool for extramedullary plasmacytoma / Citologia aspirativa por agulha fina no músculo esquelético felino como ferramenta diagnóstica para o plasmocitoma extramedular

Extramedullary noncutaneous plasmacytoma (ENP) is a myeloproliferative disorder of plasma cells that rarely affects cats. This paper describes an ENP case revealed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the mass in the skeletal muscle of an 8-month-old, male, mixed breed cat, which had a nodule in the left hind limb. The rapid immunoassay test confirmed the presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV). The animal necropsy macroscopically showed the nodule came from the semimembranosus muscle. Histopathological examination ratified the cytological findings. Thus, this paper alerts to the existence of plasmacytoma located in the skeletal muscle of feline species. FNAC is a quick and efficient method for diagnosis of ENP.(AU)

O plasmocitoma extramedular (PEM) não cutâneo é um distúrbio mieloproliferativo de plasmócitos que raramente acomete felinos. Este trabalho descreve um caso de PEM no músculo esquelético de um gato, macho, sem raça definida, de oito meses de idade, que apresentava um aumento de volume no membro pélvico esquerdo. A citologia aspirativa por agulha fina (CAAF) da massa revelou tratar-se de PEM. O teste imunoenzimático rápido confirmou a presença do vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV). Na necropsia do animal, macroscopicamente, percebeu-se que o nódulo era originário do músculo semimembranoso. O exame histopatológico ratificou os achados citológicos. Desta forma, alerta-se para a existência de plasmocitoma com localização em músculo esquelético na espécie felina, sendo a CAAF um método alternativo rápido e eficaz para o seu diagnóstico.(AU)

Bilateral gastrocnemius muscle rupture in a bovine

Background: Locomotor system diseases are quite common in the field practice in dairy cattle and represent an important cause of economics losses. The rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle has been reported in humans, cattle, horses, camels and llamas. It can be complete or partial. The rupture of muscle as well as sacral fractures are infrequent, and consequently not commonly reported in veterinary medicine. The aim of this work was to report a case of bilateral gastrocnemius rupture in a dairy cow related to a sacral (S2) fracture. Case: A 3-year-old Holstein cow with lameness and urinary incontinence was presented for clinical examination. After three days, clinical signs progressed to sternal recumbency and difficulty to keep normal posture. While standing, the cows tarsal joint showed a 90º degree angle with tibia, in a manner that the metatarsal bones were completely leant on the ground. Also, a marked enlargement in both gastrocnemius area were observed. The animal was in good body condition and alert, although unable to maintain both hind limbs extended straight, and was not able to raise the tarsal joint off the ground. Physiological parameters presented normal values. Due to the poor prognosis, euthanasia and necropsy were conducted. At necropsy, it was observed that in both hind limbs the gastrocnemius muscle was ruptured, presenting severe diffuse dark red color, [...]

Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of primary muscular peripheral T cell lymphoma in a dog

Background: Canine lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic neoplasm in dogs and reveals divergent biological behaviors correlated to histopathological subtype, the immunophenotypic (T or B) and tumor stage. The multi-centric form is the most common presentation for canine lymphoma, followed by gastrointestinal and cutaneous forms. Miscellaneous forms of canine lymphoma (nasal, osseous, central nervous system and muscle) represent less than 1% of all cases. This report describes the clinical, macroscopic, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings detected in a dog with a primary muscular lymphoma. Case: The subject was referred to the Emergency and Critical Care Service at the Veterinary Hospital with a history of claudication in the left pelvic limb, severe dehydration, hypovolemia, vomiting and diarrhea caused by gastroenteritis associated with the use of phenylbutazone. After death, the post-mortem examination revealed ulcerative gastritis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Histopathological examination of the GIT specimens, mesenteric lymph nodes, and the left popliteal lymph node revealed no neoplastic alterations. Histological examination of semitendinosus muscle revealed proliferation of cells with round or oval nucleus, an evident pleomorphic nucleolus and scanty, eosinophilic cytoplasm. There were five to six mitosis per each 400x field. These cells infiltrated through the muscle fibers. The muscle fibers displayed marked eosinophilic sarcoplasm, loss of striations and fragmentation (degeneration). Immunohistochemical staining revealed negative reaction for CD79a and positive for CD45 and CD3. Discussion: The primary muscle lymphoma it is very rare disease and patients commonly have clinical signs related with muscle location...

Fine needle aspiration cytology in feline skeletal muscle as a diagnostic tool for extramedullary plasmacytoma / Citologia aspirativa por agulha fina no músculo esquelético felino como ferramenta diagnóstica para o plasmocitoma extramedular

Extramedullary noncutaneous plasmacytoma (ENP) is a myeloproliferative disorder of plasma cells that rarely affects cats. This paper describes an ENP case revealed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the mass in the skeletal muscle of an 8-month-old, male, mixed breed cat, which had a nodule in the left hind limb. The rapid immunoassay test confirmed the presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV). The animal necropsy macroscopically showed the nodule came from the semimembranosus muscle. Histopathological examination ratified the cytological findings. Thus, this paper alerts to the existence of plasmacytoma located in the skeletal muscle of feline species. FNAC is a quick and efficient method for diagnosis of ENP.(AU)

O plasmocitoma extramedular (PEM) não cutâneo é um distúrbio mieloproliferativo de plasmócitos que raramente acomete felinos. Este trabalho descreve um caso de PEM no músculo esquelético de um gato, macho, sem raça definida, de oito meses de idade, que apresentava um aumento de volume no membro pélvico esquerdo. A citologia aspirativa por agulha fina (CAAF) da massa revelou tratar-se de PEM. O teste imunoenzimático rápido confirmou a presença do vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV). Na necropsia do animal, macroscopicamente, percebeu-se que o nódulo era originário do músculo semimembranoso. O exame histopatológico ratificou os achados citológicos. Desta forma, alerta-se para a existência de plasmocitoma com localização em músculo esquelético na espécie felina, sendo a CAAF um método alternativo rápido e eficaz para o seu diagnóstico.(AU)