Comparison of Some Relative Gene Expressions in the Yolk Sac Membrane and Small Intestine of the Embryos in the Layer Hybrid and Pure Breeds

Pure breeds are important due to the fact that they adapt well to poor husbandry conditions. However, gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters of pure breeds and layer hybrids have not been studied yet. Therefore, this study was directed to detect the gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the yolk sac membrane and small intestine of the embryos in layer hybrid and pure breeds. A total of 354 hatching eggs were collected from 29 wk old Denizli, Gerze and Lohman White (LW) breeder flocks. Twelve eggs from each genotype were selected at embryonic day 19 (E19) and day 21 (E21). APN, SI, PepT1, EAAT3, CAT1, B0AT, SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA expressions were evaluated in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and small intestine of the embryos from different genotypes. Expressions of APN and EAAT3 in the small intestine of Denizli embryo were upregulated from E19 to E21. B0AT, PepT1 and SGLT1 expressions were upregulated in the small intestine of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos with increasing embryonic age. SI expression in the small intestine of the LW embryos was upregulated from E19 to E21. APN, B0AT and EAAT3 expressions in the YSM of Denizli embryos were dowregulated from E19 to E21. EAAT3 and SGLT1 expressions in the YSM of Gerze embryos were upregulated at E21 and compared to E19. Taken together, our results indicate that genotype and embryonic age influenced the expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporter genes in the small intestine and YSM of embryos.

Comparison of Some Relative Gene Expressions in the Yolk Sac Membrane and Small Intestine of the Embryos in the Layer Hybrid and Pure Breeds

Pure breeds are important due to the fact that they adapt well to poor husbandry conditions. However, gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters of pure breeds and layer hybrids have not been studied yet. Therefore, this study was directed to detect the gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the yolk sac membrane and small intestine of the embryos in layer hybrid and pure breeds. A total of 354 hatching eggs were collected from 29 wk old Denizli, Gerze and Lohman White (LW) breeder flocks. Twelve eggs from each genotype were selected at embryonic day 19 (E19) and day 21 (E21). APN, SI, PepT1, EAAT3, CAT1, B0AT, SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA expressions were evaluated in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and small intestine of the embryos from different genotypes. Expressions of APN and EAAT3 in the small intestine of Denizli embryo were upregulated from E19 to E21. B0AT, PepT1 and SGLT1 expressions were upregulated in the small intestine of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos with increasing embryonic age. SI expression in the small intestine of the LW embryos was upregulated from E19 to E21. APN, B0AT and EAAT3 expressions in the YSM of Denizli embryos were dowregulated from E19 to E21. EAAT3 and SGLT1 expressions in the YSM of Gerze embryos were upregulated at E21 and compared to E19. Taken together, our results indicate that genotype and embryonic age influenced the expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporter genes in the small intestine and YSM of embryos.(AU)

Efeito do tratamento antioxidante sistêmico em touros Bos taurus taurus submetidos ao estresse térmico e suplementados com dieta rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados sobre a capacidade de ligação de espermatozóides à membrana vitelínica de ovos de galinha / Effect of systemic antioxidant treatment in Bos taurus taurus bulls under heat stress and supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids on sperm binding capacity to the chicken egg perivitelline membrane

Diversos estudos indicam que touros europeus (Bos taurus) apresentam uma maior susceptibilidade ao estresse térmico com um consequentemente aumento do estresse oxidativo. Este, por sua vez, leva a uma diminuição na qualidade espermática. O espermatozoide possui, fisiologicamente, uma grande quantidade de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs) em sua membrana. As ligações duplas entre carbonos desses PUFAs confere a membrana plasmática uma maior fluidez, necessária aos processos fisiológicos do espermatozoide como motilidade e fertilização. No entanto essas ligações são mais facilmente oxidadas e, portanto, mais susceptíveis a peroxidação lipídica. Sendo assim, a suplementação com PUFAs promoveria uma melhoria na qualidade espermática, porém, tornaria o espermatozoide ainda mais susceptível à peroxidação lipídica. A vitamina E é um antioxidante chave na prevenção do estresse oxidativo através da interceptação do radical hidroxila, protegendo os PUFAs da membrana espermática contra a peroxidação lipídica. Portanto, uma alternativa para melhorar a qualidade espermática de touros europeus submetidos ao estresse térmico, seria a suplementação com PUFAs associada a um tratamento com vitamina E para prevenir um possível efeito deletério oxidativo desses ácidos graxos. Estudos sugerem uma importante relação entre os testes convencionais de avaliação de sêmen e fertilidade. No entanto, a limitação destes testes também tem sido reconhecida, principalmente em casos de infertilidade idiopática. Estudos demonstram que os testes funcionais de avaliação do sêmen, podem ser uma alternativa importante para a avaliação da capacidade fecundante de uma determinada amostra seminal. [...] No entanto, a associação entre estes tratamentos não foi eficiente para melhorar a qualidade espermática assim como a capacidade fecundante avaliada através do teste de ligação espermática em membrana perivitelínica de ovos de galinha.

Several studies suggest a high susceptibility of European bulls (Bos taurus) to the heat stress, which will lead to an increase on oxidative stress and consequent impairment on sperm viability. Sperm membranes are rich in poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The carbon-carbon double bounds (insaturations) that characterize these PUFAs confer the necessary fluidity to the sperm membrane, essential to motility and fecundation capacity. However, these insaturations are more unstable and, therefore, more susceptible to the lipid peroxidation (i.e., attack of reactive oxygen species to the lipids). Hence, PUFA supplementation would improve certain sperm characteristics but increase the already high susceptibility to the oxidative stress. Vitamin E is a key antioxidante on oxidative stress prevention by intercepting hydroxyl radical and protecting sperm membrane PUFAS against lipid peroxidation. Therefore, an alternative to improve sperm quality in heat stressed european bulls would be a PUFA supplementation associated to a Vitamin E therapy in order to avoid a possible deleterious oxidative effects of these fatty acids. Estudies suggest an important relationship between conventional tests for sperm evaluation and fertility. However, limitations have been also verified, especially in cases of idiopathic infertility. Thus, tests to evaluate sperm functionality may be an interesting alternative to assess fecundation capacity of semen samples. The binding of sperm to the zona pellucida occurs initially by the interaction between acrosomal receptors and oocyte proteins ZP3 and ZP2. The perivitelline membrane of chicken eggs present homologies to zona pellucida proteins, which allows sperm from several species to bind to this membrane. [...] However, the association between both treatments were not efficient to improve sperm quality as well as the fecundation capacity as evaluated by the sperm binding test to the chicken perivitelline membrane.

Efeito do tratamento antioxidante sistêmico em touros Bos taurus taurus submetidos ao estresse térmico e suplementados com dieta rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados sobre a capacidade de ligação de espermatozóides à membrana vitelínica de ovos de galinha / Effect of systemic antioxidant treatment in Bos taurus taurus bulls under heat stress and supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids on sperm binding capacity to the chicken egg perivitelline membrane

Diversos estudos indicam que touros europeus (Bos taurus) apresentam uma maior susceptibilidade ao estresse térmico com um consequentemente aumento do estresse oxidativo. Este, por sua vez, leva a uma diminuição na qualidade espermática. O espermatozoide possui, fisiologicamente, uma grande quantidade de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs) em sua membrana. As ligações duplas entre carbonos desses PUFAs confere a membrana plasmática uma maior fluidez, necessária aos processos fisiológicos do espermatozoide como motilidade e fertilização. No entanto essas ligações são mais facilmente oxidadas e, portanto, mais susceptíveis a peroxidação lipídica. Sendo assim, a suplementação com PUFAs promoveria uma melhoria na qualidade espermática, porém, tornaria o espermatozoide ainda mais susceptível à peroxidação lipídica. A vitamina E é um antioxidante chave na prevenção do estresse oxidativo através da interceptação do radical hidroxila, protegendo os PUFAs da membrana espermática contra a peroxidação lipídica. Portanto, uma alternativa para melhorar a qualidade espermática de touros europeus submetidos ao estresse térmico, seria a suplementação com PUFAs associada a um tratamento com vitamina E para prevenir um possível efeito deletério oxidativo desses ácidos graxos. Estudos sugerem uma importante relação entre os testes convencionais de avaliação de sêmen e fertilidade. No entanto, a limitação destes testes também tem sido reconhecida, principalmente em casos de infertilidade idiopática. Estudos demonstram que os testes funcionais de avaliação do sêmen, podem ser uma alternativa importante para a avaliação da capacidade fecundante de uma determinada amostra seminal. [...] No entanto, a associação entre estes tratamentos não foi eficiente para melhorar a qualidade espermática assim como a capacidade fecundante avaliada através do teste de ligação espermática em membrana perivitelínica de ovos de galinha. (AU)

Several studies suggest a high susceptibility of European bulls (Bos taurus) to the heat stress, which will lead to an increase on oxidative stress and consequent impairment on sperm viability. Sperm membranes are rich in poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The carbon-carbon double bounds (insaturations) that characterize these PUFAs confer the necessary fluidity to the sperm membrane, essential to motility and fecundation capacity. However, these insaturations are more unstable and, therefore, more susceptible to the lipid peroxidation (i.e., attack of reactive oxygen species to the lipids). Hence, PUFA supplementation would improve certain sperm characteristics but increase the already high susceptibility to the oxidative stress. Vitamin E is a key antioxidante on oxidative stress prevention by intercepting hydroxyl radical and protecting sperm membrane PUFAS against lipid peroxidation. Therefore, an alternative to improve sperm quality in heat stressed european bulls would be a PUFA supplementation associated to a Vitamin E therapy in order to avoid a possible deleterious oxidative effects of these fatty acids. Estudies suggest an important relationship between conventional tests for sperm evaluation and fertility. However, limitations have been also verified, especially in cases of idiopathic infertility. Thus, tests to evaluate sperm functionality may be an interesting alternative to assess fecundation capacity of semen samples. The binding of sperm to the zona pellucida occurs initially by the interaction between acrosomal receptors and oocyte proteins ZP3 and ZP2. The perivitelline membrane of chicken eggs present homologies to zona pellucida proteins, which allows sperm from several species to bind to this membrane. [...] However, the association between both treatments were not efficient to improve sperm quality as well as the fecundation capacity as evaluated by the sperm binding test to the chicken perivitelline membrane. (AU)