Pyometra in a tiger (Panthera tigris)

Background: Captive tigers can live a long life, around 26 years. Among the diseases described some of non-infectious origin are quite common, such as chronic kidney disease, spondylosis, and biliary cysts or tumors. On the other hand, pyometra has been frequently reported in lions, who have a higher risk of developing the disease than tigers and leopards. Pyometra is a disease with few descriptions in tigers and it may be related to the physiological features of the species. The animal is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened. The present report aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of pyometra in a captive tigress. Case: A 7-year-old entire female tiger (Panthera tigris) weighing 140 kg was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia and prostration. For clinical examinations, collection of laboratory and imaging tests, the patient initially underwent dissociative anesthesia to allow catheterization of the cephalic vein and intravenous general anesthesia for orotracheal intubation followed by anesthetic maintenance in isoflurane. On general physical examination, the animal had normal colored mucosa, vital parameters within normal limits, and a body condition score of 6 on a scale of 9. There was no presence of vulvar secretion. The blood count and the biochemical exams showed values within the normal range for the species. The chest X-ray in the right and left views did not demonstrate pulmonary abnormalities. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed distension of the uterine body and horns, which have intraluminal hyperechoic fluid content without flocculation. Based on the imaging exam, the diagnosis was suggestive of pyometra. Exploratory celiotomy was performed via ventral midline, confirming the condition, which was treated by ovariohysterectomy. The surgical technique was performed as described for therapeutic ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli. The histological analysis identified diffuse endometritis associated with follicular cysts. The tiger had complete recovery without any complications. The patient was releasing 13 days after the surgical procedure and in the last contact four months after the surgery, it was in perfect health conditions. Discussion: Pyometra in large exotic felids has been occasionally reported, mainly in animals more than 10 years of age. Although the tigress in the report is estimated to be seven years old. The patient in question started with anorexia and prostration and as there was already a history of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, a possible pyometra was suspected, despite being uncommon in the species. There was not vaginal discharge. The definitive diagnosis was by means of ultrasound examination and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Abdominal surgery for these large felids is complex, due to the intra-abdominal volume the flank approach or by laparoscopic is suggested, however in this case a ventral midline incision was performed without intercurrences and complications in the post-operative period. The surgical technique like that used in small animals was effective for the treatment of pyometra in the tigress with the use of ovariohysterectomy. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli, which has been the most commonly isolated pathogen in pyometra of large felids. It was concluded that, as in bitches with pyometra, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is ideal for the patient's recovery.

Evaluation of fertilization capability of frozen-thawed completely immotile spermatozoa collected from a white bengal tiger after interspecific ICSI with bovine oocytes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fertilization capability of White Bengal Tiger frozen-thawed completely immotile spermatozoa after interspecific intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with bovine oocytes. The fertilization status of presumptive zygotes was assessed 18 h after ICSI by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. The fertilization rate was 34.8% (8/23), as confirmed by the extrusion of two polar bodies, or male and female pronuclei formation. For unfertilized oocytes (65.2%, 15/23), one activated oocyte had an activated spermatozoon but most were unactivated oocytes with unactivated spermatozoa (1/15, 6.7% vs 10/15, 66.7%, respectively, p < 0.05). These results showed that White Bengal Tiger frozen-thawed completely immotile spermatozoa retained the capacity to fertilize bovine oocytes after interspecific ICSI. This is the first report of in vitro produced zygotes using tiger immotile sperm with bovine oocytes by interspecific ICSI technique, which provides an efficient and feasible method for preservation and utilization of endangered feline animals.(AU)

Cutaneous metastatic melanoma in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) - case report / Melanoma cutâneo metastático em um tigre-siberiano (Panthera tigris altaica) - relato de caso

A male 15-year-old captive Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) developed pelvic limb hypermetry over the past 10 years. Recently, an ulcerated black nodule located caudally to the right ear was observed. The animal was submitted to surgery for removing the tumor, but died during anesthetic recovery. At necropsy, another infiltrative nodule was observed caudally to the right ear. Histologically, both nodules corresponded to melanocytic neoplasia, varying from heavily pigmented to amelanotic, with metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen and lung. Lipofuscinosis and corpora amylacea were histologically observed in the central nervous system. Macroscopic and histologic findings confirmed the diagnosis of skin metastatic melanoma in a captive adult Siberian tiger.(AU)

Um tigre-siberiano (Panthera tigris altaica) de cativeiro, macho, de 15 anos de idade, apresentou hipermetria dos membros pélvicos nos últimos 10 anos, e recentemente, foi observado um nódulo preto e ulcerado caudalmente à orelha direita. O animal foi submetido à cirurgia para remoção do nódulo e morreu durante a recuperação anestésica. À necropsia, outro nódulo infiltrativo, foi detectado caudalmente a orelha direita. Histologicamente, ambos os nódulos correspondiam à neoplasia melanocítica, com células variando de fortemente pigmentadas a amelanóticas, com metástase para linfonodos mediastinais, baço e pulmão. Havia lipofucsinose e corpora amilácea no sistema nervoso central. Os achados macroscópicos e histológicos confirmam o diagnóstico de melanoma cutâneo metastático em um tigre-siberiano adulto de cativeiro.(AU)

Cutaneous metastatic melanoma in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) - case report / Melanoma cutâneo metastático em um tigre-siberiano (Panthera tigris altaica) - relato de caso

A male 15-year-old captive Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) developed pelvic limb hypermetry over the past 10 years. Recently, an ulcerated black nodule located caudally to the right ear was observed. The animal was submitted to surgery for removing the tumor, but died during anesthetic recovery. At necropsy, another infiltrative nodule was observed caudally to the right ear. Histologically, both nodules corresponded to melanocytic neoplasia, varying from heavily pigmented to amelanotic, with metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen and lung. Lipofuscinosis and corpora amylacea were histologically observed in the central nervous system. Macroscopic and histologic findings confirmed the diagnosis of skin metastatic melanoma in a captive adult Siberian tiger.(AU)

Um tigre-siberiano (Panthera tigris altaica) de cativeiro, macho, de 15 anos de idade, apresentou hipermetria dos membros pélvicos nos últimos 10 anos, e recentemente, foi observado um nódulo preto e ulcerado caudalmente à orelha direita. O animal foi submetido à cirurgia para remoção do nódulo e morreu durante a recuperação anestésica. À necropsia, outro nódulo infiltrativo, foi detectado caudalmente a orelha direita. Histologicamente, ambos os nódulos correspondiam à neoplasia melanocítica, com células variando de fortemente pigmentadas a amelanóticas, com metástase para linfonodos mediastinais, baço e pulmão. Havia lipofucsinose e corpora amilácea no sistema nervoso central. Os achados macroscópicos e histológicos confirmam o diagnóstico de melanoma cutâneo metastático em um tigre-siberiano adulto de cativeiro.(AU)

Enriquecimento ambiental aplicado a tigres (Panthera tigris) e onças pintadas (Panthera onca) cativos no zoológico Zoo Park da Montanha - Marechal Floriano - ES

O elevado quadro de degradação ambiental coloca em risco de extinção um grande número de espécies, sendo necessário alternativas para conservação destes animais. Os zoológicos são instituições muito importantes neste sentido, pois constituem reservatórios genéticos e possibilitam estudos com estes animais, a fim de entender as melhores formas para sua conservação ex situ e,em alguns casos, a melhor forma de retornar estes animais à vida livre. Como os animais cativos sofrem com a diminuição do espaço e a previsibilidade do cativeiro, zoológicos e criadouros de vários lugares passaram a usar técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos animais que ali estão. O estudo consistiu na aplicação de algumas técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental para três onças pintadas e dois tigres no Zoológico Zoo Park da Montanha – ES. A metodologia aplicada apresentou uma etapa de observação do tipo ad libitum e três etapas de observação do tipo animal focal: Pré-Enriquecimento (B), Enriquecimento (E) e Pós-Enriquecimento (PE). Os itens utilizados foram canela em pó (enriquecimento sensorial), caixa e saco surpresa(enriquecimento alimentar e físico), presa viva (enriquecimento alimentar) e coco (enriquecimento físico e cognitivo). Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado e apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as etapas de observação, mostrando então a eficácia dos métodos utilizados para melhora de qualidade de vida dos animais, tornando-os mais ativos e apresentando menor frequência de comportamentos do estresse.

The high level of environmental degradation puts a large number of species at risk of extinction and alternatives for conservation of these animals are necessary. The zoos are important institutions in this sense, because constitute genetic reservoirs and allow studies with these animals, in order to understand the best ways for their ex situ conservation and in some cases the best way to return these animals to free life. As captive animals suffer from decreasing space and predictability of captivity, zoos and breeding sites from various places have begun to use environmental enrichment techniques to improve the quality of life of the animals there. The study consisted of the application of some environmental enrichment techniques for three jaguar and two tigers at Zoo Zoo Park da Montanha – ES. The applied methodology presented an ad libitum type of observation stage and three observation stages of the focal animal type: Pre-Enrichment (B), Enrichment (E) and Post-Enrichment (PE). The items used were cinnamon powder (sensory enrichment), box and surprise bag (food and physical enrichment), live prey (food enrichment) and coconut (physical and cognitive enrichment). The results were analyzed by the chi-square test and showed significant differences between the observation stages, showing the effectiveness of the methods used to improve the animals' quality of life, making them more active and showing a lower frequency of stress behaviors.

Enriquecimento ambiental aplicado a tigres (Panthera tigris) e onças pintadas (Panthera onca) cativos no zoológico Zoo Park da Montanha - Marechal Floriano - ES

O elevado quadro de degradação ambiental coloca em risco de extinção um grande número de espécies, sendo necessário alternativas para conservação destes animais. Os zoológicos são instituições muito importantes neste sentido, pois constituem reservatórios genéticos e possibilitam estudos com estes animais, a fim de entender as melhores formas para sua conservação ex situ e,em alguns casos, a melhor forma de retornar estes animais à vida livre. Como os animais cativos sofrem com a diminuição do espaço e a previsibilidade do cativeiro, zoológicos e criadouros de vários lugares passaram a usar técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos animais que ali estão. O estudo consistiu na aplicação de algumas técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental para três onças pintadas e dois tigres no Zoológico Zoo Park da Montanha ES. A metodologia aplicada apresentou uma etapa de observação do tipo ad libitum e três etapas de observação do tipo animal focal: Pré-Enriquecimento (B), Enriquecimento (E) e Pós-Enriquecimento (PE). Os itens utilizados foram canela em pó (enriquecimento sensorial), caixa e saco surpresa(enriquecimento alimentar e físico), presa viva (enriquecimento alimentar) e coco (enriquecimento físico e cognitivo). Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado e apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as etapas de observação, mostrando então a eficácia dos métodos utilizados para melhora de qualidade de vida dos animais, tornando-os mais ativos e apresentando menor frequência de comportamentos do estresse.(AU)

The high level of environmental degradation puts a large number of species at risk of extinction and alternatives for conservation of these animals are necessary. The zoos are important institutions in this sense, because constitute genetic reservoirs and allow studies with these animals, in order to understand the best ways for their ex situ conservation and in some cases the best way to return these animals to free life. As captive animals suffer from decreasing space and predictability of captivity, zoos and breeding sites from various places have begun to use environmental enrichment techniques to improve the quality of life of the animals there. The study consisted of the application of some environmental enrichment techniques for three jaguar and two tigers at Zoo Zoo Park da Montanha ES. The applied methodology presented an ad libitum type of observation stage and three observation stages of the focal animal type: Pre-Enrichment (B), Enrichment (E) and Post-Enrichment (PE). The items used were cinnamon powder (sensory enrichment), box and surprise bag (food and physical enrichment), live prey (food enrichment) and coconut (physical and cognitive enrichment). The results were analyzed by the chi-square test and showed significant differences between the observation stages, showing the effectiveness of the methods used to improve the animals' quality of life, making them more active and showing a lower frequency of stress behaviors.(AU)

Effects of environmental enrichment techniques on stereotypical behaviours of captive Sumatran tigers: A preliminary case study

Wild animals are maintained in Zoological facilities for purposes of education, conservation, research, and recreation. Several studies have proven that the surroundings of an animals artificial habitat, as well as environmental enrichment techniques, are factors that influence behaviour and have an impact on animals welfare. In the present work carried out at Fota Wildlife Park, Cork, Republic of Ireland, we observed and collected information concerning three Sumatran Tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). The research achievements, registered on an ethogram, seem to demonstrate a link between the enclosure features and the environmental enrichment techniques applied with the stereotypical behaviours directly observed. In fact, the obtained resultsshow that the characteristics of the enclosures were a determining factor on the tigers behaviour. The obtained results also depict and highlight the extreme relevance of individual ethos when choosing the environmental enrichment techniques applied in order to reduce stereotypical behaviours observed in the captive tigers.(AU)

Effects of environmental enrichment techniques on stereotypical behaviours of captive Sumatran tigers: A preliminary case study

Wild animals are maintained in Zoological facilities for purposes of education, conservation, research, and recreation. Several studies have proven that the surroundings of an animal’s artificial habitat, as well as environmental enrichment techniques, are factors that influence behaviour and have an impact on animals’ welfare. In the present work carried out at Fota Wildlife Park, Cork, Republic of Ireland, we observed and collected information concerning three Sumatran Tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). The research achievements, registered on an ethogram, seem to demonstrate a link between the enclosure features and the environmental enrichment techniques applied with the stereotypical behaviours directly observed. In fact, the obtained resultsshow that the characteristics of the enclosures were a determining factor on the tiger’s behaviour. The obtained results also depict and highlight the extreme relevance of individual ethos when choosing the environmental enrichment techniques applied in order to reduce stereotypical behaviours observed in the captive tigers.

Mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in a captive Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common oral neoplasm in domestic cats, but there are only a few reports in wild felids. A captive 10-years-old, female Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), with history of chronic renal disease and serologically positive for Leishmania sp. developed a lytic mandibular nodule that was histologically diagnosed as SCC. At necropsy was also observed an exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, which was considered an incidental finding, and a chronic lympho-plasmocytic interstitial nephritis associated with a membranous glomerulopathy, compatible with the chronic renal disease presented by the animal. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of an invasive and non-metastatic mandibular SCC in a Siberian tiger.

Mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in a captive Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common oral neoplasm in domestic cats, but there are only a few reports in wild felids. A captive 10-years-old, female Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), with history of chronic renal disease and serologically positive for Leishmania sp. developed a lytic mandibular nodule that was histologically diagnosed as SCC. At necropsy was also observed an exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, which was considered an incidental finding, and a chronic lympho-plasmocytic interstitial nephritis associated with a membranous glomerulopathy, compatible with the chronic renal disease presented by the animal. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of an invasive and non-metastatic mandibular SCC in a Siberian tiger.(AU)

Biochemical parameters of wild felids (Panthera leo and Panthera tigris altaica) kept in captivity / Parâmetros bioquímicos de felídeos selvagens (Panthera leo e Panthera tigris altaica) mantidos em cativeiro

Most populations of wild felines are now considered endangered or near extinction due to the indiscriminate hunting and the reduction of their natural habitat, caused by man. Due to the limited number of animals within a population, these species are especially vulnerable to the impacts of diseases and endogamy. In addition, wild felines are also susceptible to metabolic and behavioral changes related to a change in their natural conditions, habitat, and feeding, when the animal enters into captivity. There are few descriptions in the literature of the serum biochemistries of lions and tigers. This study presents the biochemical parameters of 23 captive lions (Panthera leo) and 10 captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from the Zoological Park of the Sao Paulo Foundation. Serum urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total, direct and indirect bilirubin were measured. In addition, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, glucose, CK, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined, as well as calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, and potassium. Biochemical parameters did not differ significantly among males and females lions, but higher albumin values were observed in male Panthera tigris altaica in comparison to females. The values obtained in this study may be used as reference for captive individuals of Panthera leo and Panthera tigris altaica.(AU)

A maioria das populações de felinos selvagens é considerada ameaçada ou em extinção devido à caça indiscriminada e à redução de seu habitat natural causada pelo homem. Devido ao número limitado de animais, essas espécies são vulneráveis às doenças e endogamia, além das alterações metabólicas e comportamentais relacionadas à mudança das condições naturais, habitat e alimentação e, ainda, à condição de cativeiro. Há poucos relatos na literatura sobre a bioquímica sérica em leões e tigres. Este estudo apresenta os parâmetros bioquímicos de 23 leões de cativeiro (Panthera leo) e 10 tigres siberianos de cativeiro (Panthera tigris altaica) do Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. Ureia; creatinina; AST; ALT; ALP; GGT; bilirrubinas totais, diretos e indiretos; proteína total; albumina; CK; lactato desidrogenase; os níveis de triglicérides, de colesterol e de glicose séricas foram determinados; e também os eletrólitos cálcio, fósforo, cloro, sódio e potássio. Não foram encontradas diferenças de parâmetros bioquímicos relacionados ao sexo de Panthera leo, mas para Panthera tigris altaica foram observados valores mais elevados de albumina em machos. Os valores obtidos neste estudo podem ser usados como referência para os indivíduos em cativeiro de Panthera leo e Panthera tigris altaica.(AU)

Hematologic parameters of captive lions (Panthera leo) and Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)

Background: The clinical evaluation of captive large felids has been a challenge for veterinarians and the diversity of management of this animals can complicate the standardization of hematologic parameters to these species. Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelet counts were measured, as well as plasma fibrinogen levels, from captive lions and Siberian tigers in Brazil. The objective of this study is to provide veterinarians an additional source of information concerning the reference values of hematologic parameters of lions and Siberian tigers.Materials, Methods & Results: This study presents the hematologic parameters of 29 captive lions (Panthera leo) and 16 captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from the Zoological Park of São Paulo Foundation. For inclusion in the experiment, animals were clinically examined, and those with recent physiological and/or concurrent alterations, those who were receiving any type of medication, those with an inadequate body condition score, those with dehydration, and those infested by ectoparasites or affected by some disease were excluded. The animals were chemically restrained on their own premises using anesthetic darts containing ketamine and xylazine. Blood samples were collected by jugular, cephalic or saphenous venipuncture. The appropriated volume intended for a hemogram evaluation was collected in tubes containing 2.7 nM Na2 EDTA, to preserving the ideal ratio of blood to anticoagulant. For statistical analysis, Unpaired Student t tests were performed and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant differences were found in the hematological values between male and female lions, except for the mature neutrophils values, which was higher in males.[...](AU)

Hematologic parameters of captive lions (Panthera leo) and Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)

Background: The clinical evaluation of captive large felids has been a challenge for veterinarians and the diversity of management of this animals can complicate the standardization of hematologic parameters to these species. Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelet counts were measured, as well as plasma fibrinogen levels, from captive lions and Siberian tigers in Brazil. The objective of this study is to provide veterinarians an additional source of information concerning the reference values of hematologic parameters of lions and Siberian tigers.Materials, Methods & Results: This study presents the hematologic parameters of 29 captive lions (Panthera leo) and 16 captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from the Zoological Park of São Paulo Foundation. For inclusion in the experiment, animals were clinically examined, and those with recent physiological and/or concurrent alterations, those who were receiving any type of medication, those with an inadequate body condition score, those with dehydration, and those infested by ectoparasites or affected by some disease were excluded. The animals were chemically restrained on their own premises using anesthetic darts containing ketamine and xylazine. Blood samples were collected by jugular, cephalic or saphenous venipuncture. The appropriated volume intended for a hemogram evaluation was collected in tubes containing 2.7 nM Na2 EDTA, to preserving the ideal ratio of blood to anticoagulant. For statistical analysis, Unpaired Student t tests were performed and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant differences were found in the hematological values between male and female lions, except for the mature neutrophils values, which was higher in males.[...]

Enriquecimento ambiental com felinos em cativeiro / Environmental enrichment for felines in captivity

Environmental enrichment is a tool to improve the quality of life of animals in captivity, reducing their idle time and their stereotypic behaviors. Captive animals have to have the opportunity to exercise with stimuli that mimic those of their natural environment. This study was conducted at the Brasilia Zoo, with five lions (arranged in 1 couple, 2 males and 1 male) and an tiger, all adults, that were captured by the IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources), and were kept in areas smaller than the public precincts and with little interaction. In order to improve the welfare of these felines, different strategies of environmental enrichment were used. Animals behavior were recorded using the focal-animal sampling, with records every minute, during the pre-enrichment, enrichment, and post-enrichment period. Each of these enrichment strategies was presented twice to the animals: hose with water, cinnamon, coconut, surprise box, hay with basil and milk. The results showed a 53.75% decrease, in average, in animal inactive behavior after the removal of all enrichment strategies from the precincts. The best results were obtained with the enrichment strategy using milk. These data suggest that the strategies used were successful, since the animals decreased the inactive behaviors, replacing them by interactions with the enrichment strategy. Moreover, as these strategies are simple and affordable, contributing to animal welfare, they may be used in other institutions that house large felines.

O enriquecimento ambiental é uma ferramenta que busca melhorar a qualidade de vida do animal em cativeiro, diminuindo o seu tempo inativo e suas estereotipias. O animal cativo deve ter a oportunidade de se exercitar com estímulos que mimetizem aqueles de seu ambiente natural, por essa razão esse estudo foi realizado no Zoológico de Brasília, com cinco leões (dispostos em: 1 casal, 2 machos e 1 macho) e um tigre, animais adultos que foram apreendidos pelo IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Ambientais Renováveis), sendo mantidos em áreas menores do que os recintos de exposição e com pouca interação. Com o objetivo de elevar o bem-estar destes felinos, foram utilizadas diferentes estratégias de enriquecimento ambiental e os animais foram observados pelo método animal focal, com registro a cada minuto, nos períodos de pré-enriquecimento, enriquecimento e pós-enriquecimento. Cada um dos seguintes enriquecimentos foi apresentado duas vezes aos animais: mangueira com água, canela em pó, coco verde, caixa surpresa e leite. Com os resultados observou-se uma diminuição em média de 53,75% na inatividade dos animais após a retirada de todos os enriquecimentos dos recintos, apresentando o enriquecimento com leite, os melhores resultados. Os dados sugerem que a estratégia utilizada obteve êxito, já que os animais diminuíram a frequência de comportamentos de inatividade, substituindo por interações com o enriquecimento. Além disso, os enriquecimentos utilizados neste estudo são estratégias simples e acessíveis, que contribuem para o bem-estar animal, podendo ser aplicadas em outras instituições que abrigam grandes felinos.

Enriquecimento ambiental com felinos em cativeiro / Environmental enrichment for felines in captivity

Environmental enrichment is a tool to improve the quality of life of animals in captivity, reducing their idle time and their stereotypic behaviors. Captive animals have to have the opportunity to exercise with stimuli that mimic those of their natural environment. This study was conducted at the Brasilia Zoo, with five lions (arranged in 1 couple, 2 males and 1 male) and an tiger, all adults, that were captured by the IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources), and were kept in areas smaller than the public precincts and with little interaction. In order to improve the welfare of these felines, different strategies of environmental enrichment were used. Animals behavior were recorded using the focal-animal sampling, with records every minute, during the pre-enrichment, enrichment, and post-enrichment period. Each of these enrichment strategies was presented twice to the animals: hose with water, cinnamon, coconut, surprise box, hay with basil and milk. The results showed a 53.75% decrease, in average, in animal inactive behavior after the removal of all enrichment strategies from the precincts. The best results were obtained with the enrichment strategy using milk. These data suggest that the strategies used were successful, since the animals decreased the inactive behaviors, replacing them by interactions with the enrichment strategy. Moreover, as these strategies are simple and affordable, contributing to animal welfare, they may be used in other institutions that house large felines.(AU)

O enriquecimento ambiental é uma ferramenta que busca melhorar a qualidade de vida do animal em cativeiro, diminuindo o seu tempo inativo e suas estereotipias. O animal cativo deve ter a oportunidade de se exercitar com estímulos que mimetizem aqueles de seu ambiente natural, por essa razão esse estudo foi realizado no Zoológico de Brasília, com cinco leões (dispostos em: 1 casal, 2 machos e 1 macho) e um tigre, animais adultos que foram apreendidos pelo IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Ambientais Renováveis), sendo mantidos em áreas menores do que os recintos de exposição e com pouca interação. Com o objetivo de elevar o bem-estar destes felinos, foram utilizadas diferentes estratégias de enriquecimento ambiental e os animais foram observados pelo método animal focal, com registro a cada minuto, nos períodos de pré-enriquecimento, enriquecimento e pós-enriquecimento. Cada um dos seguintes enriquecimentos foi apresentado duas vezes aos animais: mangueira com água, canela em pó, coco verde, caixa surpresa e leite. Com os resultados observou-se uma diminuição em média de 53,75% na inatividade dos animais após a retirada de todos os enriquecimentos dos recintos, apresentando o enriquecimento com leite, os melhores resultados. Os dados sugerem que a estratégia utilizada obteve êxito, já que os animais diminuíram a frequência de comportamentos de inatividade, substituindo por interações com o enriquecimento. Além disso, os enriquecimentos utilizados neste estudo são estratégias simples e acessíveis, que contribuem para o bem-estar animal, podendo ser aplicadas em outras instituições que abrigam grandes felinos.(AU)

Efeito do sítio de venopunção nos parâmetros hematológicos em tigre-d'água-americano, Trachemys scripta elegans / Effect of the blood collection site on the hematological parameters in red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a comparação entre dois sítios de coleta sanguínea em 24 exemplares de tigre-d'água-americano (Trachemys scripta elegans) oriundos de um criadouro comercial, localizado no município de Antonina, litoral do Paraná, Brasil. Os animais foram submetidos a contenção física e as venopunções foram realizadas no seio supraocciptal e na veia coccígea dorsal. As amostras heparinizadas foram identificadas e refrigeradas para posterior análise laboratorial. A contagem total de eritrócitos e leucócitos foi realizada pela técnica de hemocitometria. O hematócrito (Ht) e a hemoglobina (Hb) foram determinados pelo método de microhematócrito e cianometahemoglobina, respectivamente. A proteína plasmática total (PPT) foi determinada por refratometria e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos foi realizada através da técnica de Shilling. Houve diferença significativa no número de leucócitos e no valor da proteína plasmática total, e em ambos os casos os valores encontrados nas amostras provenientes da veia coccígea dorsal foram inferiores. A diferença encontrada no número de leucócitos provavelmente foi devido à contaminação por linfa, que também justifica o menor valor na concentração da proteína plasmática total. Conclui-se que é mais indicada a venopunção no seio supraocciptal quando comparado a veia coccígea dorsal.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to compare two different blood collection sites of 24 red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) from a commercial breeder, situated in Antonina, Paraná, Brasil. The animals were physically restrained and paired blood samples were collected from the dorsal coccygeal vein and the occipital sinus. The samples were collected in syringes containing heparin. After collection the samples were identified and refrigerated to posterior hematological analysis. Red blood cell and white blood count were performed using a hemocytometer. The packed cell volume and hemoglobin were determined by the microhematocrit method and cyanmethemoglobin method, respectively. Total plasma protein was determined by refractometry and differential leukocyte count was performed by the Shilling technique. There was a significant difference in the total white blood cell count and on the total plasma protein value, and on both cases the results found on the samples from the dorsal coccygeal vein were lower. The difference found on the white blood cell count was probably due to the lymph contamination of the samples, which also justifies the lower values of total plasma protein. In conclusion, the occipital sinus is more recommended blood collection site than the dorsal coccygeal vein.(AU)

Microbiologia de swabs retais e otológicos em carnívoros silvestres do zoológico do Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos, Pernambuco / Microbiology of rectal and otologic swabs of wild carnivores from the Zoo of the Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos, Pernambuco, Brazil

O estudo epidemiológico de patógenos em populações selvagens no ambiente in situ e ex situ é fundamental para implementação de programas de prevenção, controle e monitoramento de enfermidades e para elaboração de políticas públicas de saúde pública e animal. O estudo foi realizado no zoológico do Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos no período de janeiro a julho de 2011 onde foram coletados swabs anais e otológicos referentes a 29 carnívoros silvestres cativos do zoológico. Dos swabs otológicos analisados, 1/29 (3,4%) foi positivo para Malassezia pachy dermatis no exame direto. No exame microbiológico dos swabs otológicos, observou-se maior freqüência para bactérias do gênero Bacillus 16/29 (55,2%), seguida de Sta phylococcus 15/29 (51,7%), Escherichia coli 7/29 (24,1%), Streptobacillus 1/29 (3,4%), Micrococcus 1/29 (3,4%) e Klebsiella 1/29 (3,4%). Com relação ao exame presuntivo para o gênero Salmonella a partir das amostras de swab retal, observou-se positividade para seis raposas (Cerdocyon thous) e um guaxinim (Procyon cancrivorus). O isolamento de Salmonella spp. em C. thous e em P. cancrivorus indica um risco à saúde pública, principalmente para os profissionais do zoológico que trabalham diretamente com esses animais. Essa pesquisa reforça a importância da criação de estratégias de vigilância epidemiológica voltadas para a prevenção, controle e monitoramento de potenciais reservatórios de agentes etiológicos de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias no ambiente dos zoológicos.(AU)

The epidemiological study of pathogens in wild populations in the environment in situ and ex situ is essential for implementation of prevention, control and monitoring of diseases and for development of public policies for public and animal health. The study was conducted at the Zoo of Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos, Recife/PE, Brazil, from January to July 2011, where we collected anal and otological swabs from 29 Zoo's captive wild carnivores. The analysis of the otological swabs showed that 1/29 (3.4%) were positive for Malassezia pachydermatis on direct examination. In the microbiological examination of otologic swabs we found mainly bacteriae of the genus Bacillus 16/29 (55.2%), followed by Staphylococcus 15/29 (51.7%), Escherichia coli 7/29 (24.1%), Streptobacillus 1/29 (3.4%), Micrococcus 1/29 (3.4%) and Klebsiella 1/29 (3.4%). Regarding the presumptive test for the genus Sal monella from rectal swabs, positive samples were observed in six foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and a raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus). The isolation of Salmonella spp. in C. thous and P. can crivorus indicates risks to public health, especially for zoo professionals who work directly with these animals. This research reinforces the importance of establishing surveillance strategies aimed at prevention, control and monitoring of potential reservoirs of the etiologic agents of infectious and parasitic diseases in the environment of zoos.(AU)

Facoemulsificação bilateral seguida de implante de lentes acrílicas dobráveis em uma tigresa-de-Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) – relato de caso / Bilateral phacoemulsification followed by a foldable acrylic lens implant in a Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) – case report / Facoemulsificación bilateral e implante de lentes de acrílico flexibles en un tigre de Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) – reporte de un caso

O advento da facoemulsificação com implante de lentes intraoculares (LIOs) acrílicas dobráveis trouxe melhores resultados nas cirurgias de catarata na medicina veterinária. Além de devolver a boa acuidade visual (detalhe da imagem), as lentes artificiais diminuem a opacidade de cápsula posterior, diminuindo a proliferação celular lenticular e também a incidência de glaucoma a longo prazo. O poder dióptrico de uma lente artificial varia de espécie para espécie, devido às variações encontradas nas dimensões do bulbo ocular. As particularidades anatômicas encontradas nos animais variam, o que pode prejudicar o prognóstico cirúrgico em muitos casos. Este relato de caso tem como objetivo descrever o preparo, a técnica utilizada e os resultados obtidos na facoemulsificação bilateral seguida de implante de lentes acrílicas dobráveis em uma tigresa-de-Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) de 2,5 anos de idade.

The advent of phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens (IOLs) implants has provided improved outcomes for cataract surgery in veterinary patients. Besides restoring good visual acuity (image details), artificial lenses decrease posterior capsular opacification, diminishing the proliferation of lens cells and also the incidence of glaucoma in the long run. The dioptric power of artificial lenses varies among species because of the great variations of ocular globe dimensions. Species and anatomical differences vary greatly, which complicates the postoperative predictability in some cases. This report describes the preparation, employed technique and results obtained in a bilateral cataract surgery using phacoemulsification followed by a foldable acrylic IOL implant in a two and a half year-old Bengal Tigress (Panthera tigris tigris).

La llegada de la facoemulsificación con implante de lentes intraoculares (LIOs) de acrílico flexible a la medicina veterinaria trajo mejores resultados en las cirugías de catarata. Además de devolver una buena definición visual (detalle de imagen), las lentes artificiales disminuyen la opacidad de la cápsula posterior, disminuyendo la proliferación celular en la lente, y también, a largo plazo, la incidencia de glaucoma. El poder dióptrico de una lente artificial varía de una especie a otra debido a las variaciones que existen en la dimensión del bulbo ocular. Las particularidades anatómicas encontradas en los animales pueden variar, lo que puede llegar a perjudicar el pronóstico quirúrgico en muchos casos. Este relato de caso tiene como objetivo describir la preparación, la técnica y los resultados obtenidos con una facoemulsificación bilateral y colocación de implantes acrílicos flexibles en una tigresa de Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) de dos años y medio de edad.

Facoemulsificação bilateral seguida de implante de lentes acrílicas dobráveis em uma tigresa-de-Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) relato de caso / Bilateral phacoemulsification followed by a foldable acrylic lens implant in a Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) case report / Facoemulsificación bilateral e implante de lentes de acrílico flexibles en un tigre de Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) reporte de un caso

O advento da facoemulsificação com implante de lentes intraoculares (LIOs) acrílicas dobráveis trouxe melhores resultados nas cirurgias de catarata na medicina veterinária. Além de devolver a boa acuidade visual (detalhe da imagem), as lentes artificiais diminuem a opacidade de cápsula posterior, diminuindo a proliferação celular lenticular e também a incidência de glaucoma a longo prazo. O poder dióptrico de uma lente artificial varia de espécie para espécie, devido às variações encontradas nas dimensões do bulbo ocular. As particularidades anatômicas encontradas nos animais variam, o que pode prejudicar o prognóstico cirúrgico em muitos casos. Este relato de caso tem como objetivo descrever o preparo, a técnica utilizada e os resultados obtidos na facoemulsificação bilateral seguida de implante de lentes acrílicas dobráveis em uma tigresa-de-Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) de 2,5 anos de idade.(AU)

The advent of phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens (IOLs) implants has provided improved outcomes for cataract surgery in veterinary patients. Besides restoring good visual acuity (image details), artificial lenses decrease posterior capsular opacification, diminishing the proliferation of lens cells and also the incidence of glaucoma in the long run. The dioptric power of artificial lenses varies among species because of the great variations of ocular globe dimensions. Species and anatomical differences vary greatly, which complicates the postoperative predictability in some cases. This report describes the preparation, employed technique and results obtained in a bilateral cataract surgery using phacoemulsification followed by a foldable acrylic IOL implant in a two and a half year-old Bengal Tigress (Panthera tigris tigris).(AU)

La llegada de la facoemulsificación con implante de lentes intraoculares (LIOs) de acrílico flexible a la medicina veterinaria trajo mejores resultados en las cirugías de catarata. Además de devolver una buena definición visual (detalle de imagen), las lentes artificiales disminuyen la opacidad de la cápsula posterior, disminuyendo la proliferación celular en la lente, y también, a largo plazo, la incidencia de glaucoma. El poder dióptrico de una lente artificial varía de una especie a otra debido a las variaciones que existen en la dimensión del bulbo ocular. Las particularidades anatómicas encontradas en los animales pueden variar, lo que puede llegar a perjudicar el pronóstico quirúrgico en muchos casos. Este relato de caso tiene como objetivo describir la preparación, la técnica y los resultados obtenidos con una facoemulsificación bilateral y colocación de implantes acrílicos flexibles en una tigresa de Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) de dos años y medio de edad.(AU)

Biochemical parameters of wild felids (Panthera leo and Panthera tigris altaica) kept in captivity / Parâmetros bioquímicos de felídeos selvagens (Panthera leo e Panthera tigris altaica) mantidos em cativeiro

Most populations of wild felines are now considered endangered or near extinction due to the indiscriminate hunting and the reduction of their natural habitat, caused by man. Due to the limited number of animals within a population, these species are especially vulnerable to the impacts of diseases and endogamy. In addition, wild felines are also susceptible to metabolic and behavioral changes related to a change in their natural conditions, habitat, and feeding, when the animal enters into captivity. There are few descriptions in the literature of the serum biochemistries of lions and tigers. This study presents the biochemical parameters of 23 captive lions (Panthera leo) and 10 captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from the Zoological Park of the Sao Paulo Foundation. Serum urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total, direct and indirect bilirubin were measured. In addition, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, glucose, CK, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined, as well as calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, and potassium. Biochemical parameters did not differ significantly among males and females lions, but higher albumin values were observed in male Panthera tigris altaica in comparison to females. The values obtained in this study may be used as reference for captive individuals of Panthera leo and Panthera tigris altaica.

A maioria das populações de felinos selvagens é considerada ameaçada ou em extinção devido à caça indiscriminada e à redução de seu habitat natural causada pelo homem. Devido ao número limitado de animais, essas espécies são vulneráveis às doenças e endogamia, além das alterações metabólicas e comportamentais relacionadas à mudança das condições naturais, habitat e alimentação e, ainda, à condição de cativeiro. Há poucos relatos na literatura sobre a bioquímica sérica em leões e tigres. Este estudo apresenta os parâmetros bioquímicos de 23 leões de cativeiro (Panthera leo) e 10 tigres siberianos de cativeiro (Panthera tigris altaica) do Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. Ureia; creatinina; AST; ALT; ALP; GGT; bilirrubinas totais, diretos e indiretos; proteína total; albumina; CK; lactato desidrogenase; os níveis de triglicérides, de colesterol e de glicose séricas foram determinados; e também os eletrólitos cálcio, fósforo, cloro, sódio e potássio. Não foram encontradas diferenças de parâmetros bioquímicos relacionados ao sexo de Panthera leo, mas para Panthera tigris altaica foram observados valores mais elevados de albumina em machos. Os valores obtidos neste estudo podem ser usados como referência para os indivíduos em cativeiro de Panthera leo e Panthera tigris altaica.