Effects of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of morphine-induced vomiting, sedation and some physiological variables in dogs

Background: Acepromazine was found to reduce the incidence of vomiting induced by opioids such as morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone in dogs. Despite the effectiveness of the phenothiazine in preventing opioid-induced vomiting in this species, a single dose of acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) was tested and the influence of dose on the antiemetic effect of the drug is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of vomiting induced by morphine in dogs. A secondary aim was to assess the degree of sedation and effects on physiological variables following administration of the combinations tested.Materials, Methods & Results: All dogs received 0.5 mg/kg morphine (IM). Fifteen min before morphine, dogs in the Control, ACPLD, ACPMD and ACPHD groups were administered (IM) physiological saline or acepromazine at doses of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. In Phase 1, purpose-bred dogs (n = 8) underwent each of the four treatments in a randomized, crossover design; the incidence of vomiting, sedation, pulse rate (PR), systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures (SAP, MAP and DAP) were investigated for 60 min. Sedation was assessed by a numeric descriptive scale (NDS, range 0-3) and a simple numerical scale (SNS, range 1-10). In Phase 2, client-owned dogs (n = 50) received a single treatment and only the incidence of vomiting was assessed. There was no significant difference between groups on the incidence of vomiting recorded in Phase 1, Phase 2 and the average of Phases 1 and 2. A significant decrease in PR was observed in most groups but no significant difference was detected between groups. Blood pressure decreased in all groups; during most of the evaluation period, SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly higher in the Control than in other treatments. Dogs in this study presented mild to intense sedation.[...]

Effects of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of morphine-induced vomiting, sedation and some physiological variables in dogs

Background: Acepromazine was found to reduce the incidence of vomiting induced by opioids such as morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone in dogs. Despite the effectiveness of the phenothiazine in preventing opioid-induced vomiting in this species, a single dose of acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) was tested and the influence of dose on the antiemetic effect of the drug is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of vomiting induced by morphine in dogs. A secondary aim was to assess the degree of sedation and effects on physiological variables following administration of the combinations tested.Materials, Methods & Results: All dogs received 0.5 mg/kg morphine (IM). Fifteen min before morphine, dogs in the Control, ACPLD, ACPMD and ACPHD groups were administered (IM) physiological saline or acepromazine at doses of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. In Phase 1, purpose-bred dogs (n = 8) underwent each of the four treatments in a randomized, crossover design; the incidence of vomiting, sedation, pulse rate (PR), systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures (SAP, MAP and DAP) were investigated for 60 min. Sedation was assessed by a numeric descriptive scale (NDS, range 0-3) and a simple numerical scale (SNS, range 1-10). In Phase 2, client-owned dogs (n = 50) received a single treatment and only the incidence of vomiting was assessed. There was no significant difference between groups on the incidence of vomiting recorded in Phase 1, Phase 2 and the average of Phases 1 and 2. A significant decrease in PR was observed in most groups but no significant difference was detected between groups. Blood pressure decreased in all groups; during most of the evaluation period, SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly higher in the Control than in other treatments. Dogs in this study presented mild to intense sedation.[...](AU)

Manejo farmacológico do vômito em felinos – revisão / Pharmacological management of vomiting in feline patients - a review / Manejo farmacológico del vómito en felinos – revisión

O vômito é um reflexo protetor complexo mediado pelo centro emético, região do sistema nervoso central, que recebe impulsos provenientes de outros e a noradrenalina são os principais mediadores do vômito, tendo a histamina, a dopamina, a acetilcolina e as encefalinas um papel secundário. Em vista de variações na fisiologia do vômito e na farmacologia entre as espécies, ressalta-se a importância de estudos focados em felinos. Entre os agentes indutores do vômito, os adrenérgicos alfa-2 agonistas, de que são exemplos a dexmedetomidina e a xilazina, são os mais estudados na espécie com essa finalidade. O maropitant e a ondansetrona estão entre os fámacos antieméticos mais recentes. A mirtazapina pode ter utilidade na prevenção do vômito crônico.

Vomiting is a complex protective reflex mediated by the emetic center, a region of the central nervous system that receives impulses from other central and peripheral afferent areas. In cats, substance P, serotonin and norepinephrine are the main mediators of vomiting, with histamine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and enkephalins having a secondary role. In view of variations in the physiology of vomiting and pharmacology across species, the importance of studies focused on felines is emphasized. Among the emetic agents, alpha-2-adrenergic agonists, such as dexmedetomidine and xylazine, are the most studied in the species for this purpose. Maropitant and ondansetron are the more recent antiemetic drugs. Mirtazapine may be useful to prevent chronic vomiting.

El vómito es un reflejo protector complejo mediado por el centro del vómito, una región del sistema nervioso central que recibe impulsos de otras áreas centrales y periféricas aferentes. En los gatos, los principales mediadores de la emesis son la sustancia P, la serotonina y la noradrenalina, mientras que la histamina, la dopamina, la acetilcolina y las encefalinas cumplen un papel secundario. Teniendo en cuenta que la fisiología y la farmacología del vómito varían de acuerdo a las diferentes especies, cabe resaltar la importancia de ciertos estudios realizados en felinos. Entre los agentes inductores del vómito más estudiados en felinos están los adrenérgicos alfa-2 agonistas como dexmedetomidina y xilacina. El maropitant y el ondansetron se encuentran entre los fármacos más recientemente introducidos. La mirtazapin puede ser útil en la prevención del vómito crónico.

Manejo farmacológico do vômito em felinos revisão / Pharmacological management of vomiting in feline patients - a review / Manejo farmacológico del vómito en felinos revisión

O vômito é um reflexo protetor complexo mediado pelo centro emético, região do sistema nervoso central, que recebe impulsos provenientes de outros e a noradrenalina são os principais mediadores do vômito, tendo a histamina, a dopamina, a acetilcolina e as encefalinas um papel secundário. Em vista de variações na fisiologia do vômito e na farmacologia entre as espécies, ressalta-se a importância de estudos focados em felinos. Entre os agentes indutores do vômito, os adrenérgicos alfa-2 agonistas, de que são exemplos a dexmedetomidina e a xilazina, são os mais estudados na espécie com essa finalidade. O maropitant e a ondansetrona estão entre os fámacos antieméticos mais recentes. A mirtazapina pode ter utilidade na prevenção do vômito crônico.(AU)

Vomiting is a complex protective reflex mediated by the emetic center, a region of the central nervous system that receives impulses from other central and peripheral afferent areas. In cats, substance P, serotonin and norepinephrine are the main mediators of vomiting, with histamine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and enkephalins having a secondary role. In view of variations in the physiology of vomiting and pharmacology across species, the importance of studies focused on felines is emphasized. Among the emetic agents, alpha-2-adrenergic agonists, such as dexmedetomidine and xylazine, are the most studied in the species for this purpose. Maropitant and ondansetron are the more recent antiemetic drugs. Mirtazapine may be useful to prevent chronic vomiting.(AU)

El vómito es un reflejo protector complejo mediado por el centro del vómito, una región del sistema nervioso central que recibe impulsos de otras áreas centrales y periféricas aferentes. En los gatos, los principales mediadores de la emesis son la sustancia P, la serotonina y la noradrenalina, mientras que la histamina, la dopamina, la acetilcolina y las encefalinas cumplen un papel secundario. Teniendo en cuenta que la fisiología y la farmacología del vómito varían de acuerdo a las diferentes especies, cabe resaltar la importancia de ciertos estudios realizados en felinos. Entre los agentes inductores del vómito más estudiados en felinos están los adrenérgicos alfa-2 agonistas como dexmedetomidina y xilacina. El maropitant y el ondansetron se encuentran entre los fármacos más recientemente introducidos. La mirtazapin puede ser útil en la prevención del vómito crónico.(AU)

Perfuração de úlcera gastroduodenal em felino – relato de caso / Gastroduodenal perfuration ulcer in a cat – case report

As úlceras gastroduodenais são incomuns em gatos e suas causas ainda não estão bem esclarecidas (LIPTAK et al., 2002; CARIOU et al., 2010). Contudo, elas podem estar associadas a neoplasias, anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, estresse, hiperacidez gástrica, hipovolemia, falência renal, endoparasitas e intoxicações (LIPTAK et al., 2002; NELSON e COUTO, 2006; CARIOU et al., 2010). O presente estudo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de úlcera gastroduodenal em felino.

Perfuração de úlcera gastroduodenal em felino relato de caso / Gastroduodenal perfuration ulcer in a cat case report

As úlceras gastroduodenais são incomuns em gatos e suas causas ainda não estão bem esclarecidas (LIPTAK et al., 2002; CARIOU et al., 2010). Contudo, elas podem estar associadas a neoplasias, anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, estresse, hiperacidez gástrica, hipovolemia, falência renal, endoparasitas e intoxicações (LIPTAK et al., 2002; NELSON e COUTO, 2006; CARIOU et al., 2010). O presente estudo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de úlcera gastroduodenal em felino.(AU)

Leiomioma gástrico: relato de dois casos clínicos / Leiomioma gástrico: apresentación de dos casos / Gastric leiomyoma: report of two clinical cases

El cáncer gástrico en perros son infrecuentes. El leiomioma es un tumor benigno que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en el estómago de los perros mayores. La sintomatología está associada con el trastorno funcional del flujo de estómago. La mejor investigación para el cáncer gástrico es la ecografía abdominal y el diagnóstico se basa en histopatológico. El tratamiento se administra con la resección quirúrgica, con un buen pronóstico cuando se obtiene la escisión completa. Presentamos dos casos de leiomioma gástrico, tanto en perras mayores asintomáticos, donde el leiomioma fue encontrado por ultrasonido abdominal. Escisión quirúrgica Held del nódulo, con una buena supervivencia.(AU)

Gastric cancer in dogs are rare. Leiomyoma is a benign tumor that occurs most commonly in the stomach of older dogs. Symptomatology is associated with functional disorder of the stomach flow. The best investigation for gastric cancer is the abdominal ultrasound and the diagnosis is based on histopathological. Treatment of gastric cancer is by surgical resection, with a good prognosis when complete excisionis obtained. In this article, we report two cases of gastric leiomyoma, both in asymptomatic older bitches, where the leiomyoma was found by abdominal ultrasound. Held surgical excision ofthe nodule, with good survival.(AU)

Neoplasias gástricas em cães são raras. O leiomioma é o tumor benigno que ocorre mais comumente em estômago de cães idosos. Sintomatologia é associada ao distúrbio funcional do fluxo gástrico. O exame mais indicado para neoplasias gástricas é o ultrassom abdominal e o diagnóstico baseia-se no histopatológico. O tratamento se dá por ressecção cirúrgica, sendo o prognóstico bom quando a excisão completa for obtida. Neste trabalho relatamos dois casos de leiomioma gástrico, ambos em cadelas idosas assintomáticas, onde o leiomioma foi achado de ultrassom abdominal. Realizou-se excisão cirúrgica do nódulo, com boa sobrevida.(AU)

Leiomioma gástrico: relato de dois casos clínicos / Leiomioma gástrico: apresentación de dos casos / Gastric leiomyoma: report of two clinical cases

El cáncer gástrico en perros son infrecuentes. El leiomioma es un tumor benigno que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en el estómago de los perros mayores. La sintomatología está associada con el trastorno funcional del flujo de estómago. La mejor investigación para el cáncer gástrico es la ecografía abdominal y el diagnóstico se basa en histopatológico. El tratamiento se administra con la resección quirúrgica, con un buen pronóstico cuando se obtiene la escisión completa. Presentamos dos casos de leiomioma gástrico, tanto en perras mayores asintomáticos, donde el leiomioma fue encontrado por ultrasonido abdominal. Escisión quirúrgica Held del nódulo, con una buena supervivencia.

Gastric cancer in dogs are rare. Leiomyoma is a benign tumor that occurs most commonly in the stomach of older dogs. Symptomatology is associated with functional disorder of the stomach flow. The best investigation for gastric cancer is the abdominal ultrasound and the diagnosis is based on histopathological. Treatment of gastric cancer is by surgical resection, with a good prognosis when complete excisionis obtained. In this article, we report two cases of gastric leiomyoma, both in asymptomatic older bitches, where the leiomyoma was found by abdominal ultrasound. Held surgical excision ofthe nodule, with good survival.

Neoplasias gástricas em cães são raras. O leiomioma é o tumor benigno que ocorre mais comumente em estômago de cães idosos. Sintomatologia é associada ao distúrbio funcional do fluxo gástrico. O exame mais indicado para neoplasias gástricas é o ultrassom abdominal e o diagnóstico baseia-se no histopatológico. O tratamento se dá por ressecção cirúrgica, sendo o prognóstico bom quando a excisão completa for obtida. Neste trabalho relatamos dois casos de leiomioma gástrico, ambos em cadelas idosas assintomáticas, onde o leiomioma foi achado de ultrassom abdominal. Realizou-se excisão cirúrgica do nódulo, com boa sobrevida.