Calves with arthritis - changes in antioxidant parameters

Background: In a healthy organism, oxidants and antioxidants are in balance. However, in cases such as inflammation, infection, and stress, this balance is disrupted in favor of oxidants, creating oxidative stress that can cause damage to cells or tissues. It is known that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance, especially in inflammatory diseases, plays an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease and developing treatment strategies. This study, it was aimed to reveal the oxidant status in inflammatory disease of calves with septic and aseptic arthritis. Materials, Methods & Results: The material of the study consisted of 21 calves up to 2 months old, of different races and genders, 14 (9 male, 5 female) with arthritis and 7 healthy (control, 5 male, 2 female). Of the calves with arthritis, 11 were septic and 3 were acute aseptic. In the calves with arthritis, the affected joint or joints were determined by clinical examinations. By palpating the joints, swelling, local temperature increase, tension in the joint capsule, presence of pain, and the presence and severity of lameness were examined. The color, clarity, viscosity, odor, and clot formation of the synovial fluid were examined and determined to be septic or aseptic. To determine the antioxidant status, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the most important oxidative stress marker, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluta-thione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), which are the enzymatic antioxidant enzymes, were measured spectro-photometrically in serum samples. Vitamin E, C, and A levels, which are nonenzymatic antioxidants, were also measured colorimetrically. In the clinical examination, lameness was detected in the relevant extremity of all patients with arthritis. In the macroscopic examination of the synovial fluids taken from animals with arthritis, the colors of the synovial fluids varied between yellow and yellow tones in 11 cases; in 3 cases, it was determined that they were red and brown. It was observed that the colors of the synovial fluids were transparent in the subjects in the control group. It was observed that the synovial fluid clarity of the calves with arthritis was lost, with severe turbidity (+++) in 3 cases, moderately turbid (++) in 6 cases, slightly turbid (+) in 2 cases, and clear (-) in 3 cases. It was observed that the viscosity of synovial fluid taken from calves with arthritis decreased in varying degrees according to the severity of the disease, severe (+++) in 5 cases, moderately decreased (++) in 4 cases, slightly decreased (+) in 2 cases, and normal in 3 cases. It was determined that the viscosity of the synovial fluid taken from the calves in the control group was normal. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of MDA (P < 0.01), SOD (P < 0.01), GSH-Px (P < 0.05), vitamin E (P < 0.001), and vitamin C (P < 0.01), while MDA levels increased in calves with arthritis, SOD and GSH-Px activities and vitamin E and C levels decreased significantly. Although there was no statistically significant difference in CAT (P > 0.05) enzyme activity, it was determined that it was at a lower level in calves with arthritis, and there was no significant difference be-tween the groups in terms of vitamin A (P > 0.05). Discussion: According to the results of the study, there is an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant status in calves with arthritis. It is thought that these changes may be due to efforts to reduce tissue damage by reducing lipid peroxidation. As a result, it was determined that oxidant and antioxidant balance was impaired in calves with arthritis, and oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation developed due to the increase in free radicals. It is thought that giving additional antioxidants to the calves may contribute to the recovery of the disease and reduce treatment costs.

Vitamin and mineral supplementation improves erythrocytic recovery and productive performance of infected by gastrointestinal parasites / A suplementação de vitaminas e minerais melhora a recuperação eritrocítica e o desempenho produtivo de cordeiros infectados por parasitas gastrointestinais

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a vitamin and mineral complex, associated with the application of an efficient anthelmintic, in parasitized lambs, with characteristic signs of gastrointestinal nematode infection, on hematological clinical parameters of clinical improvementand weight gain. 60 lambs Australian Merino breed, with 8 and 9 months of age, were segregated in four groups: control (no supplemetation); formula 1 (Iron Dextran, Organic Phosphorus, Cyanocobalamin and Vitamin k); formula 2 (Iron Dextran, Organic Phosphorus and Cyanocobalamin); and formula 3 (Vitamin k). Hematocrit, prothrombin time, total plasma proteins, color of the conjunctiva and weight gain were analyzed. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) through the repeated measures test. There was no statistical difference between treatments for the variables of hematocrit (P = 0.564), prothrombin time (P = 0.911) and plasma proteins (P = 0.6), for the conjunctiva color variable there was a difference (P = 0.052 ), with greater results for the groups supplemented with Vitamin K, Butafosfan, Cyanocobalamin and Iron (groups F1 and F3), as well as those same groups reached higher body weight at D35 (P = 0.023). It can be concluded that the administration of vitamin and mineral complex, associated with efficient anthelmintic, promoted a better performance in parasitized lambs.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de um complexo vitamínico e mineral, aplicado junto com a administração de um anti-helmíntico eficiente, em cordeiros parasitados, com sinais característicos de infecção por nematóide gastrointestinal, sobre os parâmetros clínicos hematológicos de melhora clínica e ganho de peso. Foram utilizados 60 cordeiros da raça Merino Australiano, com 8 e 9 meses de idade, segregados em quatro grupos: controle (não suplementado); fórmula 1 (Ferro Dextrano, Fósforo Orgânico, Cianocobalamina e Vitamina k); fórmula 2 (Ferro Dextrano, Fósforo Orgânico e Cianocobalamina); e fórmula 3 (Vitamina k). Foram analisados hematócrito, tempo de protrombina, proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT), coloração da conjuntiva e ganho de peso. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) através do teste de medidas repetidas. Não houve diferença estatísticas entre os tratamentos para as variáveis de hematócrito (P=0,564), tempo de protrombina (P=0,911) e PPT (P=0,6), para a variável de coloração da conjuntiva houve diferença (P=0,052), com resultados superiores para os grupos suplementados com Vitamina K, Butafosfan, Cianocobalamina e Ferro (grupos F1 e F3), assim como esses mesmos grupos atingiram peso vivo no D35 superior (P=0,023). Podendo concluir que a administração de complexo vitamínico e mineral, administrado em conjunto com anti-helmíntico eficiente, promoveu um melhor desempenho em cordeiros parasitados.(AU)

Vitamin and mineral supplementation improves erythrocytic recovery and productive performance of infected by gastrointestinal parasites / A suplementação de vitaminas e minerais melhora a recuperação eritrocítica e o desempenho produtivo de cordeiros infectados por parasitas gastrointestinais

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a vitamin and mineral complex, associated with the application of an efficient anthelmintic, in parasitized lambs, with characteristic signs of gastrointestinal nematode infection, on hematological clinical parameters of clinical improvementand weight gain. 60 lambs Australian Merino breed, with 8 and 9 months of age, were segregated in four groups: control (no supplemetation); formula 1 (Iron Dextran, Organic Phosphorus, Cyanocobalamin and Vitamin k); formula 2 (Iron Dextran, Organic Phosphorus and Cyanocobalamin); and formula 3 (Vitamin k). Hematocrit, prothrombin time, total plasma proteins, color of the conjunctiva and weight gain were analyzed. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) through the repeated measures test. There was no statistical difference between treatments for the variables of hematocrit (P = 0.564), prothrombin time (P = 0.911) and plasma proteins (P = 0.6), for the conjunctiva color variable there was a difference (P = 0.052 ), with greater results for the groups supplemented with Vitamin K, Butafosfan, Cyanocobalamin and Iron (groups F1 and F3), as well as those same groups reached higher body weight at D35 (P = 0.023). It can be concluded that the administration of vitamin and mineral complex, associated with efficient anthelmintic, promoted a better performance in parasitized lambs.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de um complexo vitamínico e mineral, aplicado junto com a administração de um anti-helmíntico eficiente, em cordeiros parasitados, com sinais característicos de infecção por nematóide gastrointestinal, sobre os parâmetros clínicos hematológicos de melhora clínica e ganho de peso. Foram utilizados 60 cordeiros da raça Merino Australiano, com 8 e 9 meses de idade, segregados em quatro grupos: controle (não suplementado); fórmula 1 (Ferro Dextrano, Fósforo Orgânico, Cianocobalamina e Vitamina k); fórmula 2 (Ferro Dextrano, Fósforo Orgânico e Cianocobalamina); e fórmula 3 (Vitamina k). Foram analisados hematócrito, tempo de protrombina, proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT), coloração da conjuntiva e ganho de peso. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) através do teste de medidas repetidas. Não houve diferença estatísticas entre os tratamentos para as variáveis de hematócrito (P=0,564), tempo de protrombina (P=0,911) e PPT (P=0,6), para a variável de coloração da conjuntiva houve diferença (P=0,052), com resultados superiores para os grupos suplementados com Vitamina K, Butafosfan, Cianocobalamina e Ferro (grupos F1 e F3), assim como esses mesmos grupos atingiram peso vivo no D35 superior (P=0,023). Podendo concluir que a administração de complexo vitamínico e mineral, administrado em conjunto com anti-helmíntico eficiente, promoveu um melhor desempenho em cordeiros parasitados.

Nutritional value of non-conventional vegetables prepared by family farmers in rural communities / Valor nutricional de hortaliças não convencionais preparadas por agricultores familiares em comunidades rurais

Four most consumed non-conventional vegetables were analyzed raw and after cooking techniques routinely used by family farmers: ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Mill.); wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), serralha (Sonchus arvensis L), and capiçova (Erechtites valeriana). Chemical composition was determined according to AOAC. Vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and phenolic compounds and minerals by spectrophotometry. Vitamin E and carotenoids concentrations were higher in stir fried wild mustard (7.68 mg.100 g-1 and 7.45 mg.100 g-1, respectively). Cooking reduced some minerals concentration in the non-conventional vegetables, but increased vitamins and carotenoids concentrations. The vegetables presented high content of minerals but low protein concentration and total energy content. Non-conventional vegetables can be considered of excellent nutritional value and frequent consumption of these vegetables can contribute to improve the feeding of farmers and their families.(AU)

Quatro hortaliças não convencionais mais consumidas foram analisadas cruas e após as técnicas de cocção utilizadas rotineiramente pelos agricultores familiares: ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Mill.); mostarda selvagem (Sinapis arvensis L.), serralha (Sonchus arvensis L) e capiçova (Erechtites valeriana). A composição química foi determinada de acordo com a AOAC. A vitamina C, vitamina E e os carotenoides foram determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), e compostos fenólicos e minerais foram determinados por espectrofotometria. As concentrações de vitamina E e carotenoides foram maiores na mostarda selvagem (7,68 mg.100 g-1e 7,45 mg.100 g-1, respectivamente). A cocção reduziu a concentração de alguns minerais nas hortaliças não convencionais, mas aumentou as concentrações de vitaminas e carotenoides. As hortaliças apresentaram alto teor de minerais, mas baixa concentração protéica e valor energético total. As hortaliças não convencionais podem ser consideradas de excelente valor nutricional. O consumo frequente dessas hortaliças pode contribuir para melhorar a alimentação dos agricultores e suas famílias.(AU)

Desempenho e avaliação da carcaça em suínos alimentados com rações de terminação com fitase associada à retirada de microminerais, vitaminas e fósforo inorgânico / Performance and carcass evalution of swine fed finishing ration with phytase associated with the withdrawal of micromineral-vitamin supplement and the reduction of inorganic phosphorus

Desenvolveu-se o estudo para avaliar a utilização da enzima fitase em rações de suínos na fase de terminação, sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico e níveis reduzidos de fósforo inorgânico no desempenho, características da carcaça, percentagem de cinzas e de minerais nos ossos, além da viabilidade econômica. Utilizaram-se 24 fêmeas suínas, híbridas com peso médio inicial de 66 ± 1,4 kg e peso final médio de 106 ± 1,8 kg. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 –ração basal, T2 – ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, T3 – ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico com fitase, T4 – ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico e sem 1/3 de fósforo inorgânico com fitase, T5 – ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, sem 2/3 do fósforo inorgânico com fitase, T6 – ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, sem fósforo inorgânico e com fitase. A retirada do suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, a redução dos níveis de fósforo inorgânico e a adição de fitase não influenciaram (P>0,05) as características de carcaça, mas reduziram (P<0,05) o consumo e o ganho de peso com pior conversão alimentar. Da mesma forma, a redução de fósforo e a adição de fitase, nas condições deste experimento, não apresentaram viabilidade econômica comparado às rações basais.

The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of phytase enzyme in rations for swine at the finishing phase without the use of mineral-vitamin supplement and with reduced levels of inorganic phosphorus on performance and carcass characteristics, ashes and mineral percentage in the bones and economic viability. Twenty-four hybrid females with starter weight of 66 ± 1.4 kg and final weight of 106 ± 1.8 kg were housed for 38 days in 24 stalls and allotted in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and four replications of two animals each. The following treatments were used: T1 –basal feed; T2 – basal feed without micromineral-vitamin supplement; T3 – basal feed with phytase and without micromineral-vitamin supplement; T4 – basal feed with phytase, without micromineral-vitamin supplement and without 1/3 of inorganic phosphorus; T5 – basal feed with phytase, without micromineral-vitamin supplement ans without 2/3 of inorganic phosphorus; and T6 – basal feed with phytase, without micromineral vitamin supplement and without inorganic phosphorus supplementation. The withdrawal of the micromineralvitamin supplemet, the reduction of inorganic phosphorus level and the addition of phytase enzyme did not affect (P>0.05) the carcass characteristics, but they reduced (P<0.05) feed intake and weight gain, and showed worse feed conversion. Likewise, reduction of inorganic phosphorus levels and phytase addition did not improve economic efficiency when compared to basal feed.

Desempenho e avaliação da carcaça em suínos alimentados com rações de terminação com fitase associada à retirada de microminerais, vitaminas e fósforo inorgânico / Performance and carcass evalution of swine fed finishing ration with phytase associated with the withdrawal of micromineral-vitamin supplement and the reduction of inorganic phosphorus

Desenvolveu-se o estudo para avaliar a utilização da enzima fitase em rações de suínos na fase de terminação, sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico e níveis reduzidos de fósforo inorgânico no desempenho, características da carcaça, percentagem de cinzas e de minerais nos ossos, além da viabilidade econômica. Utilizaram-se 24 fêmeas suínas, híbridas com peso médio inicial de 66 ± 1,4 kg e peso final médio de 106 ± 1,8 kg. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 –ração basal, T2 ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, T3 ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico com fitase, T4 ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico e sem 1/3 de fósforo inorgânico com fitase, T5 ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, sem 2/3 do fósforo inorgânico com fitase, T6 ração basal sem suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, sem fósforo inorgânico e com fitase. A retirada do suplemento micromineral-vitamínico, a redução dos níveis de fósforo inorgânico e a adição de fitase não influenciaram (P>0,05) as características de carcaça, mas reduziram (P<0,05) o consumo e o ganho de peso com pior conversão alimentar. Da mesma forma, a redução de fósforo e a adição de fitase, nas condições deste experimento, não apresentaram viabilidade econômica comparado às rações basais.(AU)

The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of phytase enzyme in rations for swine at the finishing phase without the use of mineral-vitamin supplement and with reduced levels of inorganic phosphorus on performance and carcass characteristics, ashes and mineral percentage in the bones and economic viability. Twenty-four hybrid females with starter weight of 66 ± 1.4 kg and final weight of 106 ± 1.8 kg were housed for 38 days in 24 stalls and allotted in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and four replications of two animals each. The following treatments were used: T1 –basal feed; T2 basal feed without micromineral-vitamin supplement; T3 basal feed with phytase and without micromineral-vitamin supplement; T4 basal feed with phytase, without micromineral-vitamin supplement and without 1/3 of inorganic phosphorus; T5 basal feed with phytase, without micromineral-vitamin supplement ans without 2/3 of inorganic phosphorus; and T6 basal feed with phytase, without micromineral vitamin supplement and without inorganic phosphorus supplementation. The withdrawal of the micromineralvitamin supplemet, the reduction of inorganic phosphorus level and the addition of phytase enzyme did not affect (P>0.05) the carcass characteristics, but they reduced (P<0.05) feed intake and weight gain, and showed worse feed conversion. Likewise, reduction of inorganic phosphorus levels and phytase addition did not improve economic efficiency when compared to basal feed.(AU)