Ovarian papillary carcinoma in a Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Neoplasms are among the most impacting disease diagnoses in veterinary medicine and have become increasingly common due to the greater longevity of animals as living conditions improved. The Mongolian gerbil is a small rodent species that has become popular recently. In these animals, the occurrence of neoplastic processes is relatively common, mainly tumors of the ventral gland in males and ovarian tumors in females. This work aims to report an ovarian tumor in a Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards 1867 (Rodentia, Muridae). At the initial presentation, the animal had dyspnea, prostration, and increased abdominal volume in the topography of the right ovary of approximately 2 cm. The animal was submitted to exploratory laparotomy because of the emergency nature of the case and the owners' refusal of additional exams due to financial restrictions. Thus, an ovariohysterectomy was performed, followed by a histopathological examination. The histopathology revealed an ovarian papillary carcinoma affecting both ovaries and cystic endometrial hyperplasia. With surgical removal and drainage of the thoracic fluid, the animal showed good recovery, with general improvement and return to regular activity, with a life expectancy of two years. Currently, the demand for specialized veterinarians for unconventional pets is increasing. This condition allows owners to raise their animals more properly, favoring greater longevity. Knowledge about the prevalence and incidence of diseases in different species is of enormous relevance in establishing the appropriate therapy, improving life quality, and increasing life expectancy in animals' lives.(AU)

The role of B3GNT3 as an oncogene in the growth, invasion and migration of esophageal cancer cells

Purpose: To investigate the role and mechanism of ß1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-3 gene (B3GNT3) in esophageal cancer (ESCA). Methods: The starBase database was used to evaluate the expression of B3GNT3. B3GNT3 function was measured using KYSE-30 and KYSE-410 cells of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines. The mRNA levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell counting kit-8, clone formation assay and transwell assay were used to detect the changes of proliferation, invasion and migration. Results: B3GNT3 expression was higher in ESCA tissues than in normal tissues. The overall survival rate of ESCA patients with high B3GNT3 expression was lower than that of ESCA patients with low B3GNT3 expression. In vitro functional experiments showed that the proliferation ability, migration and invasion ability of KYSE-30 and KYSE-410 cells with B3GNT3 interference were lower than those of the control, and the overexpression of B3GNT3 had the opposite effect. After silencing B3GNT3 expression in ESCC cell lines, the growth of both cell lines was inhibited and the invasiveness was decreased. Knockdown of B3GNT3 reduced the growth rate and Ki-67 expression level. Conclusion: B3GNT3, as an oncogene, may promote the growth, invasion and migration of ESCC cell.

Histopathological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical examination of changes in the placenta as a result of severe preeclampsia

Purpose: To investigate the role of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and angiogenetic factor endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in regulating hypoxia and placental development by routine histopathological methods. Methods: Twenty preeclamptic and normal placentas were used. Placenta tissue pieces were examined histopathologically after routine paraffin follow-ups. HIF-1α and ET-1 proteins were examined immunohistochemically, and placental tissues were examined ultrastructurally. Results: Increase in syncytial proliferation, endothelial damage in vessels, and increase in collagen were observed in preeclamptic placentas. As a result of preeclampsia, an increase was observed in HIF-1α and ET-1 protein levels in the placenta. Dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and loss of cristae in mitochondria were observed in trophoblast cells in preeclamptic placental sections. Conclusion: High regulation of oxygen resulting from preeclampsia has been shown to be a critical determinant of placentagenesis and plays an important role in placental differentiation, changes in maternal and fetal blood circulation, trophoblastic invasion, and syncytial node increase. It has been thought that preeclampsia affects secretion by disrupting the endoplasmic reticulum structure and induces mitochondrial damage, and that ET-1 may potentially help in the induction of stress pathways as a result of hypoxia in preeclampsia.

Epidemiological and anatomopathological findings of type 1 and 2 abomasum ulcers in cattle with different comorbidities / Achados epidemiológicos e anatomopatológicos de úlceras do abomaso tipo 1 e 2 em bovinos com diferentes comorbidades primárias

This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and pathological findings of type 1 and 2 abomasal ulcers in cattle with different primary comorbidities. A total of 201 animals; 40/201 (20%) were young cattle under the age of two years and 161/201 (80%) were adult cattle over the age of two years, which were hospitalized for clinical care 152/201 (75,62%), 19/201 (9,45%) obstetric care, 17/201 (8,46%) surgical care and 13/201 (6,47%) for anatomopathological diagnosis, being euthanized or had natural death. The diagnosis of ulcers was based on the result of the post-mortem examination (macroscopic and histopathological analysis). Histopathological examination was performed on 201 fragments of ulcers and classified as type 1 or type 2. Of these, 193/201 (96.01%) corresponded to type 1 ulcers, of which 12/193 (5.97%) corresponded to subtype 1a lesions, 101/193 (50.25%) to subtype 1b, 77/ 193 (38.31%) to subtype 1c, 03/193 (1.49%) to subtype 1d, while 08/201 (3.98%) were type 2 ulcers. The ulcers were characterized by a focal, focally extensive, multifocal or diffuse inflammatory process, mainly by mononuclear cells. Abomasitis associated with ulcerated mucosa was found in 160/201 (79.60%). In 26/201 (12.93%) the abomasitis had diffuse foci of multifocal lymphocytic proliferation by atypical lymphocytes. Digestive and reproductive comorbidities were seen more frequently in cattle with type 1 or type 2 ulcers. The Subtype 1b focal ulcers and subtype 1a and 1b multifocal ulcers were more prevalent. In addition to the presence of comorbidities, most cases occur in the dry period, associated with feeding with higher amounts of concentrates and silages.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar os achados epidemiológico e anatomopatológico de úlceras do abomaso tipo 1 e 2 em bovinos com diferentes comorbidades primárias. Um total de 201 animais; 40/201 (20%) eram bovinos jovens com idade inferior a dois anos e 161/201 (80%) eram bovinos adultos com idade superior a dois anos, os quais foram internados para atendimento clínico 152/201 (75,62%), 19/201 (9,45%) obstétrico, 17/201 (8,46%) para atendimento clínico-cirúrgico e 13/201 (6,47%) para diagnóstico anatomopatológico, sendo eutanasiados ou tiveram morte natural. O diagnóstico das úlceras foi baseado no exame post-mortem (análise macroscópica e histopatológica). O exame histopatológico foi realizado em 201 fragmentos de úlceras e classificado como tipo 1 ou do tipo 2. Destes, 193/201 (96,01%) corresponderam a úlceras tipo 1, das quais, 12/193 (5,97%) corresponderam a lesões subtipo 1a, 101/193 (50,25%) a subtipo 1b, 77/193 (38,31%) a subtipo 1c, 03/193 (1,49%) ao subtipo 1d, enquanto 08/201 (3,98%) foram úlceras tipo 2. As úlceras foram caracterizadas por processo inflamatório focal, focalmente extenso, multifocais ou difusos, principalmente por células mononucleares. Abomasite associada à mucosa ulcerada foi encontrada em 160/201 (79,60%). Em 26/201 (12,93%) a abomasite apresentava focos difusos de proliferação linfocítica multifocal por linfócitos atípicos. As comorbidades digestivas e reprodutivas foram observadas com maior frequência em bovinos com úlceras tipo 1 ou tipo 2. As úlceras focais subtipo 1b e úlceras multifocais subtipo 1a e 1b foram mais prevalentes. Além da presença de comorbidades, a maioria dos casos ocorrerem no período seco, associados à alimentação com maiores aportes de concentrados e silagens.(AU)

Carcinoma de células escamosas (cce) em cão na região prepucial: relato de caso / Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) in dog in the preputial region: case report / Carcinoma de células escamosas (cce) en perro de la región prepucial: reporte de un caso

A expectativa de vida dos animais de companhia vem aumentando devido as mudanças comportamentais e de cuidados dos tutores. Em analogia, com as idades cada vez mais avançadas, é comum o desenvolvimento de doenças associadas, sendo o tumor o mais comum entre elas. Todavia, as neoplasias mais comuns na clínica de pequenos animais estão associadas ao sistema tegumentar. O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE), ou carcinoma espinocelular, é uma neoplasia de epitélio, maligno, de crescimento lento e de baixo potencial metastático. Sua etiologia ainda não é precisamente conhecida e a causa exógena mais comum e descrita pela literatura é a exposição à luz ultravioleta, gerando consequentes lesões nas estruturas genéticas e imunogênicas na pele. Além disso, essas lesões apresentam-se de forma mais comum em animais de pelagem clara, com grande exposição solar e em área anatômicas hipopigmentadas. O prognóstico varia de acordo com a localização e o estágio clínico, sendo favorável o diagnóstico realizado precocemente, e o tratamento consiste na avaliação clínica seguida do protocolo adequado O presente relato de caso tem como objetivo principal reunir e discutir informações associadas sobre o carcinoma de células escamosas em caninos e felinos, abordando aspectos clínicos e patológicos, a fim de facilitar o raciocínio sobre o CCE, desde sua abordagem inicial, até seu diagnóstico final e estadiamento.(AU)

The life expectancy of companion animals has been increasing due to behavioral and care changes of the guardians. In analogy, with the increasingly advanced ages, the development of associated diseases is common, the tumor being the most common among them. However, the most common neoplasms in the small animal clinic are associated with the integumentary system. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or squamous cell carcinoma, is a malignant, slow-growing, low-potential metastatic epithelial neoplasm. Its etiology is not yet precisely known and the most common exogenous cause described by the literature is exposure to ultraviolet light, generating consequent lesions on the genetic and immunogenic structures in the skin. In addition, these lesions are more common in light-haired animals, with high exposure to the sun, and in hypopigmented anatomical areas. The prognosis varies according to the location and clinical stage, being favorable to the early diagnosis, and the treatment consists in the clinical evaluation followed by the appropriate protocol. The present case report has as its main objective to gather and discuss associated information about squamous cell carcinoma in canines and cats, addressing clinical and pathological aspects, in order to facilitate the reasoning about the CCE, from its initial approach, to its final diagnosis and staging.(AU)

La esperanza de vida de los animales de compañía ha ido en aumento debido a los cambios de comportamiento y cuidado de los guardianes. Por analogía, con las edades cada vez más avanzadas, el desarrollo de enfermedades asociadas es común, siendo el tumor el más común entre ellos. Sin embargo, las neoplasias más comunes en la clínica de animales pequeños se asocian con el sistema tegumentario. El carcinoma epidermoide (CCE), o carcinoma epidermoide, es una neoplasia epitelial metastásica maligna de crecimiento lento y bajo potencial. Su etiología aún no se conoce con precisión y la causa exógena más común descrita por la literatura es la exposición a la luz ultravioleta, generando lesiones consecuentes en las estructuras genéticas e inmunogénicas de la piel. Además, estas lesiones son más comunes en animales de pelo claro, con alta exposición al sol, y en áreas anatómicas hipopigmentadas. El pronóstico varía según la localización y el estadio clínico, siendo favorable al diagnóstico precoz, y el tratamiento consiste en la evaluación clínica seguida del protocolo adecuado. El presente reporte de caso tiene como objetivo principal reunir y discutir información asociada sobre el carcinoma epidermoide en caninos y gatos, abordando aspectos clínicos y patológicos, con el fin de facilitar el razonamiento sobre el CCE, desde su abordaje inicial, hasta su diagnóstico final y estadificación.(AU)

Metastatic gallbladder adenocarcinoma in a cat

Biliary neoplasms are uncommon in cats and affect older animals. A 12-year-old female crossbreed cat showed prostration, lethargy, apathy, and severe jaundice. Ultrasonography showed distention of the gallbladder associated with severe obstruction of the bile ducts with thickening of the biliary wall, forming amorphous masses of irregular contour and heterogeneous appearance directed to the lumen measuring up to 2 cm. Necropsy showed a gallbladder with a yellowish and soft nodule measuring 3 × 3 cm, compressing the extrahepatic bile duct, occluding the passage of bile. There were also firm, yellowish multifocal to coalescing nodules in the liver, ranging from 0.5 to 1 cm, affecting 10% of the organ, in addition to lungs with firm, yellowish multifocal nodules ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 cm, affecting 20% of the organ. Histologically, gallbladder and bile ducts had malignant epithelial neoplastic proliferation, which was organized into multiple papillary and ductal projections, separated by moderate fibrovascular stroma compatible with gallbladder adenocarcinoma. The liver and lungs also contained neoplastic structures with a ductal appearance and papilliform projections identical to those observed in the gallbladder. The immunohistochemical examination (IHC) showed intense positive staining of epithelial neoplastic cells for pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and no staining for vimentin (Clone V9). The diagnosis of gallbladder adenocarcinoma with metastasis in the liver and lungs was established based on the clinical, macroscopic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings.(AU)

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses associated to pituitary adenoma / Disfunção da pars intermedia da hipófise em equinos associado a adenoma pituitário

The clinical syndrome of the pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is the most common endocrinopathy of older horses. This syndrome is characterized by several clinical and pathological changes, which are usually associated with adenomas of the pars intermedia (PI) of the pituitary gland. The aim of this work is to describe five cases of pituitary adenoma of the PI associated with PPID in horses, addressing its clinical and pathological aspects. The horses had a mean of 22 years of age. The main clinical signs were hirsutism and paresis of hind limbs, and at post mortem examination all horses had hirsutism, and a nodule in the pituitary gland, which was histologically characterized as an adenoma of PI (5/5). Furthermore, two horses had gross lesions suggestive of chronic laminitis. Moreover, there was intense parasitism of Sarcocystis neurona (2/5), Strongylus vulgaris (1/5), Parascaris equorum (1/5), Draschia megastoma (1/5), and Klossiella equi (1/5).

A síndrome clínica da disfunção da pars intermedia da hipófise (PPID) é a endocrinopatia mais comum em cavalos idosos. Essa síndrome é caracterizada por várias alterações clínicas e patológicas, geralmente associadas a adenomas da pars intermedia (PI) da hipófise. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever cinco casos de adenoma hipofisário de PI associado a PPID em equinos, abordando seus aspectos clínicos e patológicos. Os cavalos apresentaram média de 22 anos de idade. Os principais sinais clínicos incluíam hirsutismo e paresia dos membros pélvicos, e no exame post mortem todos os equinos apresentavam hirsutismo e um nódulo na glândula pituitária, que foi histologicamente caracterizada como um adenoma de PI (5/5). Além disso, dois cavalos tinham lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de laminite crônica. Ainda, havia intenso parasitismo de Sarcocystis neurona (2/5), Strongylus vulgaris (1/5), Parascaris equorum (1/5), Draschia megastoma (1/5) e Klossiella equi (1/5).

Tetanus in a canine: clinical and therapeutic aspects / Tétano em um canino: aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos

Tetanus is a serious and rare disease in small animals, of an acute nature and mediated by the action of the neurotoxin tetanospasmin, from the bacillus Clostridium tetani. This report describes a case of tetanus in a canine, with emphasis on its clinical and therapeutic aspects, in addition to its clinical recovery. A canine, female, Pitbull breed, five months old, in status epilepticus, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Passo Fundo. After stabilizing the patient, the animal was found in a trestle position, with generalized spastic paralysis, risus sardonicus, trismus, erect tail and ears, and difficulty in expanding the thorax. The presumptive diagnosis of tetanus was established based on the anamnesis, clinical signs, and laboratory findings. The established supportive treatment included hydro electrolytic replacement, antitetanus serum, antibiotic therapy, analgesia, myorelaxant and anticonvulsant drugs. The patient's intensive management was carried out with urethral and gastroesophageal probing, changes of position every two hours, and reduction of environmental stimuli. Physiotherapy and acupuncture were also used to complement the treatment and accelerate recovery. The patient was discharged one month after the beginning of the treatment, presenting satisfactory evolution. In the present case, the clinical examination in association with the characteristic clinical signs of the disease, added to the detailed anamnesis, was essential for the presumptive diagnosis of tetanus. In addition, intensive management, drug treatment, physiotherapy, and acupuncture enabled the evolution of the clinical condition to cure.

O tétano é uma doença grave e rara em pequenos animais, de caráter agudo e mediada pela ação da neurotoxina tetanospasmina, proveniente do bacilo Clostridium tetani. Neste relato descreve-se um caso de tétano em um canino, com ênfase em seus aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos, além da sua recuperação clínica. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Passo Fundo, um canino, fêmea, da raça Pitbull, com cinco meses, em status epilepticus. Após a estabilização da paciente, constataram-se animal em posição de cavalete, com paralisia espástica generalizada, risus sardonicus, trismo, cauda e orelhas eretas e dificuldade em expandir o tórax. O diagnóstico presuntivo de tétano foi firmado a partir da anamnese, sinais clínicos e achados laboratoriais. O tratamento suporte estabelecido incluiu reposição hidroeletrolítica, soro antitetânico, antibioticoterapia, analgesia, fármacos miorrelaxantes e anticonvulsivantes. O manejo intensivo da paciente foi realizado com sondagem uretral e nasoesofágica, trocas de decúbito a cada duas horas e diminuição de estímulos ambientais. A fisioterapia e a acupuntura também foram utilizadas para complementar o tratamento e acelerar a recuperação. A paciente recebeu alta médica um mês após o início do tratamento, apresentando evolução satisfatória. No presente caso, o exame clínico em associação aos sinais clínicos característicos da doença, acrescidos da anamnese minuciosa foram fundamentais ao diagnóstico presuntivo de tétano. Além disso, o manejo intensivo, o tratamento medicamentoso, assim como a realização de fisioterapia e acupuntura, possibilitaram a evolução do quadro clínico à cura.

Eletrocardiografia basal e após exercício em cães braquicefálicos / Baseline and post exercise electrocardiography in brachycephalic dogs

Background: The brachycephalic dog breeds have been increasing in Brazil, and these animals are predisposed to present the brachycephalic dog syndrome, consisting of anatomical defects that lead to physiological changes and clinical signs such as wheezing, dyspnea, and hypoxia. Electrocardiography (ECG) is a simple test that can detect disturbances in the electrical activity of the heart, including changes present in hypoxia. The brachycephalic dog syndrome can lead to pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. Based on this, the present work aimed to evaluate the ECG of brachycephalic dogs in search of significant changes in heart rhythm, ECG waves, and cardiac axis. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-nine dogs were evaluated in this study, 19 brachycephalic and 10 mesaticephalic, after approval by an ethics committee the animals were selected. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed in 2 stages, at rest and immediately after a 3-min trot. The exam was performed with a computerized electrocardiograph, with a standard time of 5 min. The standard positioning for performing the examination was the right lateral decubitus position. To improve the electrical conductivity, 70% alcohol was used between the animal's skin and the electrodes. In statistical analysis, paired t test was performed for comparison of the same group before and after exercise and unpaired t test between groups at the same moments, considering P < 0.05 as significant. Nineteen brachycephalic animals were evaluated, 10 Pugs and 9 French Bulldogs, 9 males and 10 females. The mean age was 3.4 ± 1.8 years; and the mean weight was 12.5 kg ± 2.7 kg. In the control group, consisting of ten mesaticephalic animals, all were non-breed, three males and seven females; the mean age and weight in this group were 4.4 ± 1.5 years and 7.5 kg ± 0.5 kg, respectively. There was a significant increase in heart rate (bpm) after exercise in brachycephalic dogs (baseline: 119.3 ± 4.3; after exercise: 135.1 ± 4.9; P = 0.0005). The same occurred for P wave amplitude (mV) (baseline: 0.20 ± 0.01; after exercise: 0.22 ± 0.01; P = 0.0001). These differences were not found in the control group. There were no alterations in the duration of the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, and QT interval, and all were within normal values for the species in both groups. The R-wave amplitude remained unaltered and within normal values in both the control and brachycephalic groups. Discussion: The elevation in heart rate may be associated with the chemoreflex secondary to the increased demand for oxygenation during exercise and the hypoxia generated by it. The increase in P amplitude suggests right atrial overload. The P wave corresponds to the atrial depolarization and its amplitude corresponds to the electrical activity in the right atrium. Thus, it is possible to relate the increase in P amplitude and heart rate to the hypoxia caused by exercise in brachycephalic, since this hypoxia results in chemoreceptor activation that increases chronotropism and heart rate. Also, there may be increased pressure in the pulmonary trunk, this increased pressure occurs due to vasoconstriction generated as a reflex to hypoxia in the pulmonary alveoli, leading to a possible picture of acute pulmonary hypertension that, in a cascade effect, leads to hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle, increased strength of contractility and ejection affecting the tricuspid valve causing a reflux and consequent overload of the right atrium.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle - antioxidant status and some biochemical parameters

Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle result in significant economic losses due to reproductive performance deficiencies caused by gastrointestinal, respiratory system infections, and transplacental infections. BVDV is one of the most important and widespread pathogens in cattle worldwide, including Turkey. Methods such as virus neutralization, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are used for the detection of the disease. The diagnosis of the disease in its subclinical form is challenging due to the lengthy and costly procedures involved. Investigating oxidative stress parameters in ruminants with various diseases contributes significantly to diagnosis and prognosis. This study aimed to investigate some oxidative stress and biochemical parameters in cattle infected with BVDV. Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, blood samples were collected from 80 Simmental breed cows aged between approximately 4 and 8 years to determine the presence of BVDV antibodies using the ELISA method. Based on the results obtained, study groups were organized. The study included a group of 10 animals with positive antibody levels as the infected group, and a group of 10 animals with negative antibody levels as the healthy group. Blood samples were taken from the animals, and serum separation was ensured. In the obtained serum samples, levels of vitamin E, vitamin A, ß-Carotene, catalase, GSH-Px, and MDA were determined using spectrophotometric methods. In addition, serum total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) were measured using commercial test kits and an autoanalyzer. In the study, it was observed that the differences in serum MDA, vitamin E, vitamin A, ß-carotene, and catalase levels were statistically significant between the healthy and BVDV-infected groups (P < 0.001). The activity of GSH-Px was also found to be statistically different between the groups (P < 0.01). Among the biochemical parameters, HDL, LDL, and AST levels were found to be statistically significant between the healthy and BVDV-infected groups (P < 0.001). Additionally, ALP and glucose levels were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01). However, although there were differences in the levels of total protein, albumin, Ca, and P between the groups, these results were not statistically significant. Discussion: Although the diagnosis of the disease was partially made based on clinical observations in BVDV infections, the ELISA method was used for accurate diagnosis. Furthermore, it was found that there was a significant difference in MDA concentration between the healthy and infected groups, indicating oxidative damage caused by the virus. Similarly, significant differences in vitamin E, vitamin A, ß-carotene, GSH-Px, and catalase levels were observed between the groups, indicating a decrease in antioxidant values due to the infection. In addition, differences in ALP, AST, glucose, LDL, and HDL levels were found between the groups. This difference is thought to be related to the effects of the disease agent on the liver and systemically. This study demonstrates that, in addition to the viral pathogen, antioxidant and biochemical values are important criteria in the detection of the disease.

Experimental model of nephropathy associated with diabetes mellitus in mice

Purpose: Nontransmissible chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and nephropathy, affect a significant portion of the population, often treated due to injuries that require healing and regeneration. To create an experimental model of associated comorbidities, for healing and regeneration studies, protocols for induction of nephropathy by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and induction of DM by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) were associated. Methods: Sixty-four mice (Mus musculus), female, adult, Swiss strain, weighing approximately 20 g, were divided into four groups: G1: control (n = 24), G2: nephropathy group (N) (n = 7), G3, DM (n = 9), and G4: N+DM (n = 24). Arteriovenous stenosis (I/R) of the left kidney was performed as the first protocol. The animals received a hyperlipidemic diet for 7 days after the injection of STZ (150 mg/kg, via i.p.) and an aqueous glucose solution (10%) for 24 h. The animals in the G3 and G4 groups were observed for 14 days before receiving the diet and STZ. The evolution of nephropathy was observed using a urine test strip and the DM, through the analysis of blood glucose with a reagent strip on a digital monitor. Results: The ischemic induction protocols of nephropathy and DM with STZ, associated, were sustainable, low-cost, and without deaths. There were alterations compatible with initial renal alterations, in the first 14 days, such as increased urinary density, pH alteration, presence of glucose, proteins and leukocytes, when compared to the control group. DM was confirmed by the presence of hyperglycemia 7 days after induction and its evolution after 14 days. The animals in the G4 group showed constant weight loss when compared to the other groups. It was possible to observe morphological alterations in the kidneys submitted to I/R, regarding coloration, during surgery and after the end of the observation period, in the volume and size of the left kidney, when compared to the contralateral kidney. Conclusion: It was possible to induce nephropathy and DM associated in the same animal, in a simple way, confirmed with rapid tests, without losses, providing a basis for future studies.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside plays a protective role against renal ischemia/ reperfusion injury via the JAK/STAT pathway

Purpose: To investigate the role of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) in renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the potential mechanisms. Methods: Mouse models were established by clamping the left renal vessels, and in vitro cellular models were established by hypoxic reoxygenation. Results: Renal dysfunction and tissue structural damage were significantly higher in the I/R group. After treatment with different concentrations of C3G, the levels of renal dysfunction and tissue structural damage decreased at different levels. And its protective effect was most pronounced at 200 mg/kg. The use of C3G reduced apoptosis as well as the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced apoptosis and ERS are dependent on oxidative stress in vitro. In addition, both AG490 and C3G inhibited the activation of JAK/STAT pathway and attenuated oxidative stress, ischemia-induced apoptosis and ERS. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that C3G blocked renal apoptosis and ERS protein expression by preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after I/R via the JAK/STAT pathway, suggesting that C3G may be a potential therapeutic agent for renal I/R injury.

Clostridial enterocolitis in an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Clinical History: A 25-year-old female emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) presented with a 1-week history of lethargy, hyporexia, and recumbency. The bird had lived its entire life at the Winnie Carter Wildlife Center in Texas and had an unremarkable medical history, apart from bilateral congenital blindness. Necropsy Findings: Within the coelomic cavity, the serosal surface of the intestines was coated with a moderate amount of tan to green, mucoid, opaque, foul-smelling fluid (fibrinoheterophilic coelomitis) (Fig. 1). The large intestine was diffusely dilated and filled with dark red fluid and strands of yellow, friable material (fibrin). The mucosa of the small intestine, and most severely the colon, was diffusely roughened, thickened, dull, and covered by a thick yellow to green, opaque, friable diphtheritic membrane (Fig. 2). The distal colon was diffusely, markedly distended and focally contained a 50x7x5 cm, semi-firm accumulation of feces coated by a 4-5 mm diameter layer of tan, friable material (fibrin) located 21 cm from the opening of the cloaca. Gross evaluation of the eyes revealed bilateral aphakia. Follow-up questions: Morphologic diagnosis Ancillary tests to determine the etiology (AU)

Histopathological changes in Lithobates catesbeianustadpoles used as biomarkers of pesticide poisoning / Alterações histopatológicas utilizadas em girinos de Lithobates catesbeianuscomo biomarcadores de intoxicações causadas por pesticidas

The use of biological indicators has increased in recent years with the aim of investigating environ-mental pollution in aquatic environments that are vulnerable to the constant use of pesticides. Some biomarkers can help assess the health status, indicating physical, metabolic, and behavioral changes under acute and sublethal poisoning. The mixture of the active ingredients cyproconazole and pico-xystrobin is a widely used fungicide for the control of pests in cotton, rice, coffee, sugarcane, corn, soybean, and wheat. The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of possible histopatholo-gical lesions in the liver and kidneys of bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) caused by a fungi-cide commercial formula composed of picoxystrobin and cyproconazole. The animals were subjected to different concentrations of the fungicide to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50-96h = 0.05 mg L-1), that is, the lethal dose for 50% of the animals in 96 h. After determining the value of LC50-96h, the animals were subjected to three sublethal concentrations (LC50-96h/2, LC50-96h/10, and LC-50-96h/100). Through histological biomarkers, it was verified that this fungicide changed the morphology of the animals' kidney and liver tissues in a chronic way, impairing the functioning of organs that are essential for their survival and metamorphosis, which can result in an imbalance in the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems.(AU)

O uso de indicadores biológicos tem aumentado nos últimos anos, com o intuito de investigar a po-luição ambiental em ambientes aquáticos que são vulneráveis ao constante uso de pesticidas. Alguns biomarcadores podem ajudar a avaliar o estado de saúde, indicando alterações físicas, metabólicas e comportamentais de intoxicações agudas e subletais. A mistura dos ingredientes ativos picoxistrobina e ciproconazol é amplamente usada como fungicida para o controle de pragas da cultura de algodão, arroz, café, cana-de-açúcar, milho, soja e trigo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de possíveis lesões histopatológicas em fígado e rins de girinos de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) causadas pela mistura dos fungicidas picoxistrobina e ciproconazol. Os animais foram submetidos a diferentes concentrações do fungicida para determinação da concentração letal mediana (CL50-96h = 0,05 mg L-1), ou seja, a dose letal para 50% dos animais em 96 horas. Após a determinação do valor da CL50-96h, os animais foram submetidos a três concentrações subletais (CL50-96h/2, CL50-96h/10 e CL50-96h/100). Através dos biomarcadores histológicos, a pesquisa verificou que esse fungicida alterou a morfolo-gia dos tecidos renais e hepáticos dos animais de maneira crônica, prejudicando o funcionamento de órgãos que são fundamentais para sua sobrevivência e metamorfose, o que pode resultar em um desequilíbrio para a biodiversidade dos ecossistemas aquáticos.(AU)

Objective lameness assessment in horses used for equine-assisted therapy in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil / Avaliação objetiva da claudicação em cavalos de equoterapia no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Equine-assisted therapy is a method used since ancient times to rehabilitate individuals. The biomechanics provided by horses and the friction between their back and the riders' saddle generate impulses that are transmitted to riders' central nervous system; thus, these horses must be healthy enough to enable the desired therapeutic effect. The aim of the current study is to investigate lameness prevalence and intensity in equine-assisted therapy horses in Rio Grande do Sul State. The adopted methodology consisted of the objective evaluation of lameness based on Lameness Locator® wireless inertial sensors, which were placed in the 21 horses assessed in six equestrian centers in Rio Grande do Sul State. Results have shown that 90.1% of the assessed horses presented lameness in the hind (54.2%) and forelimbs (45.8%), as well as that 72% of them with presented mild lameness degree. This outcome has evidenced the need, and significance, of assessing these horses' locomotor system. To support effective therapy and protect equine welfare, it is essential that veterinarians should regularly monitor these animals in order to treat and prevent disease. Even subtle lameness can influence the generated stimuli; thus, it is an important factor to be taken into consideration when selecting equine-assisted therapy.

A equoterapia é um método de terapia, utilizada para reabilitação do praticante desde a antiguidade. A biomecânica proporcionada pelo cavalo e o atrito entre o dorso do cavalo e a sela do praticante geram impulsos que são transmitidos ao sistema nervoso central do mesmo, por isso a importância desse cavalo estar em condições aptas para promover o efeito terapêutico desejado. Nosso objetivo foi identificar a prevalência e intensidade da claudicação em equinos de equoterapia no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia utilizada foi a avaliação objetiva da claudicação com base na utilização de sensores inerciais sem fio Lameness Locator® em seis centros equestres do Rio Grande do Sul, totalizando 21 equinos avaliados. Foi constatado que 90,1% dos equinos avaliados apresentavam claudicação, 54,2% do membro pélvico e 45,8% do membro torácico, quanto a intensidade 72% foram leves. A partir desse resultado, verifica-se a necessidade e a importância da avaliação no sistema locomotor destes animais. Para uma terapia eficaz e proteger o bem-estar dos equinos, é essencial o acompanhamento periódico por um médico veterinário para tratamento e prevenção de afecções. Claudicações, mesmo sutis, podem interferir nos estímulos gerados, sendo um importante fator de escolha do cavalo apto para a equoterapia.

Linfoma com manifestações periorbitais em um cão da raça fox americano: relato de caso / Lymphoma with periorbital manifestations in an american fox dog: case report / Linfoma con manifestaciones periorbitarias en un perro zorro americano: reporte de caso

Caracterizado como uma neoplasia maligna, o linfoma avança inicialmente em tecidos linfoides, mas pode apresentar-se em tecidos distintos. Os cães em comparação as outras espécies, tendem a manifestar o linfoma de maneira mais agressiva, independente do seu local de expressão. O presente trabalho objetivou descrever um caso de um cão da raça Fox Americano que apresentou aumento de volume da região periorbital e terceira pálpebra, sendo diagnosticado com linfoma, após exames ultrassonográfico e histopatológico. Após o diagnóstico definitivo de linfoma, iniciou-se o tratamento quimioterápico que teve duração de 19 semanas. Ao término do protocolo, o paciente apresentou remissão completa das manifestações oftálmicas, porém, foi orientado o acompanhamento mensal, e durante 3 meses consecutivos nas avalições o paciente não apresentou nenhuma alteração clínica. Conclui-se que quadros de linfoma podem apresentar manifestações que acometam a região periorbital, sendo de suma importância a avaliação clínica e realização de exames complementares para exclusão de outras doenças oftálmicas, e adoção de medidas terapêuticas efetivas.(AU)

Characterized as a malignant neoplasm, lymphoma advances initially in lymphoid tissues, but can present itself in different tissues. Dogs, in comparison to other species, tend to manifest lymphoma in a more aggressive way, regardless of their place of expression. The present study aimed to describe a case of a dog of the Fox American breed that presented an increase in the volume of the periorbital region and third eyelid, being diagnosed with lymphoma, after ultrasound and histopathological exams. After the definitive diagnosis of lymphoma, chemotherapy treatment was started, which lasted 19 weeks. At the end of the protocol, the patient showed complete remission of the ophthalmic manifestations, however, monthly follow-up was advised, and for three consecutive months in the evaluations, the patient did not present any clinical changes. It is concluded that lymphoma pictures can present manifestations that affect the periorbital region, being extremely important the clinical evaluation and accomplishment of complementary exams for exclusion of other ophthalmic diseases, and adoption of effective therapeutic measures.(AU)

Caracterizado como una neoplasia maligna, el linfoma avanza inicialmente en los tejidos linfoides, pero puede presentarse en diferentes tejidos. Los perros, en comparación con otras especies, tienden a manifestar el linfoma de forma más agresiva, independientemente de su lugar de expresión. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir un caso de un perro de la raza Fox American que presentó aumento de volumen de la región periorbitaria y tercer párpado, siendo diagnosticado de linfoma, luego de exámenes ecográficos e histopatológicos. Tras el diagnóstico definitivo de linfoma se inició tratamiento de quimioterapia, que duró 19 semanas. Al final del protocolo, el paciente presentó remisión completa de las manifestaciones oftálmicas, sin embargo, se recomendó un seguimiento mensual y durante 3 meses consecutivos en las evaluaciones, el paciente no presentó cambios clínicos. Se concluye que los cuadros de linfoma pueden presentar manifestaciones que afecten a la región periorbitaria, siendo de suma importancia la evaluación clínica y la realización de exámenes complementarios para la exclusión de otras enfermedades oftálmicas y la adopción de medidas terapéuticas efectivas.(AU)

Parvovirose canina ­ Revisão de literatura / Canine parvovirus ­ Literature review

Embora atualmente existam maneiras de prevenção contra a parvovirose, tal patologia ainda preocupa a comunidade veterinária, pois trata-se de uma zoonose extremamente contagiosa, que, em geral, acomete animais jovens. Seus principais sinais clínicos são hematêmese e fezes diarreicas de conteúdo sanguinolento, podendo levar à confusão diagnóstica com gastroenterites bacterianas e virais, como cinomose e salmonelose. Deste modo, torna-se de suma importância que os médicos veterinários tenham total domínio dos conhecimentos sobre a parvovirose, e que promovam também educação em saúde em meio aos propritários.(AU)

Although there are currently ways to prevent parvovirus infection, this pathology is still of concern to the veterinary community, as it is an extremely contagious zoonosis, which usually affects young animals. Its main clinical signs are hematemesis and bloody diarrheal stools, which can lead to diagnostic confusion with bacterial and viral gastroenteritis such as distemper and salmonellosis. It is therefore of paramount importance that veterinary practitioners should have full knowledge of parvovirus disease and that they should also promote health education among their staff.(AU)

Pesquisa de agentes transmitidos por carrapatos em fragmentos de mata urbana com presença de capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) no município de Dourados / Research on agents transmitted by ticks in urban forest fragments with the presence of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in the municipality of Dourados / Investigación sobre agentes transmitidos por garrapatas en fragmentos de bosque urbano con presencia de capibaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) en el municipio de Dourados

A febre maculosa é uma doença que vem se destacando dentro das patologias que acometem seres humanos, sendo esta causada pela bactéria do gênero Rickettsia cujo principal vetor são os carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma spp. As capivaras têm sido associadas ao ciclo dessa riquetsiose por serem hospedeiras naturais destes parasitas e desta forma constituírem os vetores da doença. As capivaras são amplamente encontradas no território urbano da cidade de Dourados ­ MS. Diante disso, o presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de detectar o DNA de bactérias do gênero Rickettsia rickettsii em carrapatos presentes no ambiente no Parque Arnulpho Fioravanti. Os carrapatos foram coletados por meio de armadilhas de CO2 e pano de arraste no parque urbano Arnulpho Fioravanti, em Dourados - MS, local de elevado fluxo de pessoas e morada de capivaras. Nesse estudo realizou-se a identificação da espécie e estágio de vida bem como a detecção do DNA de bactérias do gênero Rickettsia por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Nos carrapatos coletados, independentemente da espécie, Amblyomma sculptum (58) e Amblyomma dubitatum (25), não foi detectado o DNA das bactérias do gênero Rickettsia. Esses resultados indicam que os carrapatos coletados não são vetores para a febre maculosa brasileira e que as capivaras ali presentes provavelmente estariam sadias para conviver em ambiente urbano.(AU)

Spotted fever is a disease that has been standing out among the pathologies that affect human beings, which is caused by bacteria of the genus Rickettsia whose main vector are ticks of the genus Amblyomma spp. Capybaras have been associated with the cycle of this rickettsiosis as they are natural hosts of these parasites and thus constitute the disease vectors. Capybaras are widely found in the urban territory of the city of Dourados ­ MS. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the aim of detecting the DNA of bacteria of the genus Rickettsia rickettsii in ticks present in the environment of Parque Arnulpho Fioravanti. The ticks were collected using CO2 traps and a drag cloth in the urban park Arnulpho Fioravanti, in Dourados - MS, a place with a high flow of people and home to capybaras. In this study, the identification of the species and life stage was carried out, as well as the detection of the DNA of bacteria of the genus Rickettsia through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the ticks collected, regardless of the species, Amblyomma sculptum (58) and Amblyomma dubitatum (25), the DNA of bacteria of the genus Rickettsia was not detected. These results indicate that the ticks collected are not vectors for Brazilian spotted fever and that the capybaras present there would probably be healthy to live in an urban environment.(AU)

La fiebre maculosa es una enfermedad que se viene destacando entre las patologías que afectan al ser humano, la cual es causada por bacterias del género Rickettsia cuyo principal vector son las garrapatas del género Amblyomma spp. Los capibaras se han asociado con el ciclo de esta rickettsiosis, ya que son huéspedes naturales de estos parásitos y, por lo tanto, constituyen los vectores de la enfermedad. Los capibaras se encuentran ampliamente en el territorio urbano de la ciudad de Dourados - MS. Por tanto, el presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de detectar el ADN de bacterias del género Rickettsia rickettsii en garrapatas presentes en el entorno del Parque Arnulpho Fioravanti. Las garrapatas se recolectaron mediante trampas de CO2 y un paño de arrastre en el parque urbano Arnulpho Fioravanti, en Dourados - MS, un lugar con un alto flujo de personas y hogar de capibaras. En este estudio se llevó a cabo la identificación de la especie y etapa de vida, así como la detección del ADN de bacterias del género Rickettsia mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). En las garrapatas recolectadas, independientemente de la especie, Amblyomma escultum (58) y Amblyomma dubitatum (25), no se detectó ADN de bacterias del género Rickettsia. Estos resultados indican que las garrapatas recolectadas no son vectores de la fiebre maculosa brasileña y que los capibaras presentes allí probablemente serían saludables para vivir en un entorno urbano.(AU)

Identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in preputial washes of bulls in Brazil / Identificação de Pentatrichomonas hominis em lavado prepucial de touros no Brasil

The parabasalid Pentatrichomonas hominis is generally considered to represent a symbiotic component of the gastrointestinal microbiota in a wide variety of vertebrate hosts including humans. Nevertheless, a limited number of studies have raised the possibility that it may act as a pathogen of humans, dogs, and pigs and that some human infections may have a zoonotic origin. Data from North America revealed an association between P. hominis and the bovine urogenital tract, principally in bulls and rarely in cows. The importance of this observation is linked to possible interference in the accurate diagnosis of the economically important venereal pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus. The current study employed culture-based and molecular methods to examine the preputial cavities of four breeding bulls, raised in open pasture in southeastern Brazil, for the presence of trichomonads. Motile protozoa were isolated from three of the bulls and were definitively identified as P. hominis based on nucleotide sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons derived from the ribosomal RNA operon (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) of the parasite. The potential implications of these findings for bovine and human health are discussed.(AU)

O parabasalídeo Pentatrichomonas hominis é geralmente considerado um componente simbiótico da microbiota gastrointestinal em uma ampla variedade de hospedeiros vertebrados, incluindo os humanos. No entanto, um número limitado de estudos levantou a possibilidade de que possa atuar como patógeno de humanos, cães e suínos, e que algumas infecções humanas possam ter origem zoonótica. Dados da América do Norte revelaram uma associação entre P. hominis e o trato urogenital bovino, principalmente, em touros e raramente em vacas. A importância dessa observação está ligada a uma possível interferência no diagnóstico preciso do patógeno venéreo de importância econômica Tritrichomonas foetus. O presente estudo empregou métodos baseados em cultura em combinação com técnicas moleculares, para examinar as cavidades prepuciais de quatro touros, criados em pastagem aberta no sudeste do Brasil, quanto à presença de tricomonas. Protozoários móveis foram isolados de três dos touros e foram definitivamente identificados como P. hominis com base no sequenciamento de nucleotídeos de amplicons geradas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), empregando a região RNA ribossômico (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) do parasita como alvo. Os potenciais implicações desses achados para a saúde bovina e humana são discutidas.(AU)

Ressecção de pólipo nasofaríngeo inflamatório em conduto auditivo de felino doméstico: relato de caso / Resection of inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyp in ear canal of domestic feline: case report

Uma fêmea de felino doméstico foi encaminhada a um hospital veterinário particular da cidade de Guarujá (SP), Brasil, com a queixa de um aumento de volume em região de pavilhão auricular. Durante a inspeção, foi constatado que a formação peduncular tinha origem no interior da orelha, que somado ao histórico da paciente, suspeitou-se de um pólipo nasofaríngeo inflamatório. Foi feita a excisão e envio do material para exames patológicos que confirmaram a suspeita.(AU)

A female domestic cat was referred to a private veterinary hospital in the city of Guarujá-SP, Brazil, with the complaint of an increase in volume in the region of the ear. During inspection, it was found that the peduncular formation originated inside the ear, which added to the patient's history, suspected an inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyp. Excision was performed and the material was sent for pathological examinations that confirmed the suspicion.(AU)