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The present study evaluated the effectiveness of using disposable masks in mitigating the spread of Staphylococcus aureus during the chicken cutting process in a large poultry abattoir. The identification of carriers of S. aureus and the influence of the time of use of disposable masks was carried out. Contamination of utensils and equipment by S. aureus and products by mesophilic aerobes was determined, with and without the use of masks. The efficiency of different commercial masks was evaluated against S. aureus under simulated conditions. The results revealed that 36% of workers on processing lines at the abattoirs carried S. aureus. An increase in S. aureus counts was observed in masks worn by employees for up to 3 h. The transfer of microbial load to utensils was enhanced in the absence of the mask and over time. The breast fillets evaluated showed no difference in the count of mesophilic bacteria with and without the use of masks by employees, conversely, the cuts of thigh and drumstick, thigh fillet and drumstick and wings showed a significant difference with average counts lower than 2 .96 Log CFU/g. Tests under simulated conditions demonstrated the effectiveness of commercial masks in retaining microorganisms. The test mask used by the abattoirs proved to be inefficient, allowing the passage of sprays containing S. aureus, at 6, 15 and 25 cm, with 2.53, 1.74 and 0.66 Log CFU/plate, respectively. This mask saturated, creating a barrier effect that increased contamination in the employees' work area.

O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia do uso de máscaras descartáveis na mitigação da propagação de Staphylococcus aureus durante o processo de corte de frango em um grande abatedouro de aves. Foi realizada a identificação de portadores de S. aureus e influência do tempo de uso de máscaras descartáveis. A contaminação em utensílios e equipamentos por S. aureus e produtos por aeróbios mesófilos foi determinada, com e sem uso de máscaras. A eficiência de diferentes máscaras comerciais foi avaliada contra S. aureus em condições simuladas. Os resultados revelaram que 36% dos trabalhadores das linhas de processamento no frigorífico eram portadores de S. aureus. Foi observado aumento na contagem de S. aureus em máscaras usadas pelos funcionários até 3 horas. A transferência de carga microbiana para utensílios foi potencializada na ausência da máscara e com o passar do tempo. Os filés de peito avaliados não apresentaram diferença na contagem de bactérias mesófilas com e sem o uso de máscaras pelos funcionários, por outro lado, os cortes de coxa e sobrecoxa, filé de coxa e sobrecoxa e asas apresentaram diferença significativa com contagens médias inferiores a 2,96 Log de UFC/g. Testes de condições simuladas demonstraram a eficácia das máscaras comerciais na retenção de microrganismos. A máscara teste utilizada pelo frigorífico mostrou-se ineficiente, permitindo a passagem de pulverizações contendo S. aureus, a 6, 15 e 25 cm, com 2,53, 1,74 e 0,66 Log UFC/placa, respectivamente. Essa máscara saturava, criando um efeito barreira que aumentava a contaminação na área de trabalho dos funcionários.

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Due to high annual culling rates, pig farms require a constant income of replacement gilts. Gilts typically reach puberty at nearly six months of age. Puberty may be induced through early boar exposure, therapy with steroid hormones and chorionic gonadotropins, and optimized by identifying biological predictors and risk factors. Old age at the time of the first mating is associated with an increased risk of premature culling, often attributed to reproductive failures and locomotor problems. While female prolifacy has increased substantially during the last few decades, selecting for litter size to optimize lifetime productivity would be more efficient after two parities. Additionally, uterine capacity and the number of functional teats should be considered in selecting future dams. For each female, the cost-effective number of parities at removal is determined by the cumulative number of pigs born and weaned during the total herd days.(AU)

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We investigated the influence of poultry rearing factors, including strain, type of ventilation, and sex on the slaughter characteristics of broiler chickens. Factorial analysis of mixed data was employed to analyze the data from broiler flocks slaughtered between 2018 and 2020 in Mato Grosso do Sul, comprising 2,684 flocks and 82,486,500 birds. The characterization information considered included age at slaughter, average weight, date of slaughter, percentage of pododermatitis, percentage of scratches, percentage of pre-slaughter condemnations, percentage of slaughter condemnations, percentage of total condemnation, percentage of field mortality, type of ventilation, strain, and sex. The factorial analysis of mixed data aimed to identify the relationships between pre-slaughter factors and slaughter characteristics. Five main components, explaining 85.5% of the total data variance, were derived from the analysis. Age, generated value per kilo of product, and percentage of pre-slaughter condemnations exhibited positive correlations. Negative pressure ventilation was found to be more closely associated with the percentage of pododermatitis, while the dark house system showed a stronger association with the percentage of total condemnation and percentage of pre-slaughter condemnation. The Cobb strain and female sex were found to be more strongly related to the generated value of the product. Strain, sex, and type of ventilation were identified as decisive factors influencing the characteristics of meat yields and the economic results of poultry activity in slaughterhouses. Moreover, it was observed that percentages of scratches and pododermatitis were negatively correlated with the value generated ($/kg) by broiler flocks, and they were more closely associated with positive pressure ventilation systems, Ross strain, mixtures of strains within the same flock, and male chickens. It was possible to prove the strong interdependence between the rearing stage of broiler chickens and the slaughterhouse, which needs to be considered in decision making by agroindustry to achieve an ideal rearing model.(AU)

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The goal of the current study was to determine how selenium-supplemented diets affected the growth performance, carcass traits, and blood biochemistry of Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens. Organic and inorganic selenium (SE) was fed to the birds at 0.30ppm, whereas the control diet was not supplemented with selenium in either organic or inorganic form. A total of 225 day-old RIR chicks were indiscriminately distributed in three groups according to the experimental diets, in a completely randomized design. Each treatment group was repeated 5 times (replicates), and each replicate had 15 birds. Parameters of growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood biochemistry were assessed. Birds fed an inorganic selenium-supplemented diet had higher feed intake than those fed an organic selenium-supplemented diet or the control diet, whereas birds fed an organic selenium-supplemented diet had higher body weight gains and better feed conversion ratios. Birds fed organic SE in the diet showed higher breast and thigh weight than those receiving inorganic Se, whereas dressing percentage, drumstick yield, and weights of liver, gizzard, heart, and wing were not significantly different across treatments. The organic Se group showed higher values for total protein and globulin in the blood relative to those fed inorganic Se and the control diet. Similarly, organic Se fed birds showed higher blood Se concentration than the other two groups. However, no significant differences in albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid were observed among the diets. These results lead to the conclusion that organic Se may be utilized in diets to improve the poor performance of RIR chicken.(AU)

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Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) has substantial organic load and nutrient contents, which must be removed before discharge due to being sanitary and environmental hazards. The present study is the first to analyze the individual and synergistic influences of combined hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), different ultraviolet lights (UV-A/UV-C), inorganic compound catalysts of titanium and zinc oxides (TiO2/ZnO), and ultrasound (US) processes on ammonia and phosphorus elimination from PSW using a Taguchi L36 orthogonal array. The results showed that, compared to other processes in isolation, the integrated process of H2O2, US, and heterogeneous photocatalysis (HPC) is significantly more effective at treating PSW in terms of N4 + -N removal (52.0%) and PO4-P elimination (59.5%). Furthermore, electrical energy consumption at 2.67 g-1 N4 + -N US$ and 2.14 g-1 PO4-P US$ was determined to be the most significant factor in the operating cost of the system, while the average chemical cost under optimal conditions was 0.34 US$/g. In general, the results indicate that the effectiveness of removing pollutants is directly influenced by the pH, catalyst concentration, and duration of the operation. Additionally, the presence of different types of pollutants in real wastewater might lead to reduced nutrient removal efficiencies.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the use of decision trees to select sows based on the production parameters of parity order (PO) 1 sows from a commercial herd. Data were collected at a piglet production unit with a capacity of housing 5,500 sows in collective pens. Piglet production and sow culling information was collected from PO1 and PO2 sows. The period from January 2017 to March 2020 was analyzed. The correlation analysis was used to identify the influence of the production parameters on sow culling after exploring the database using the graphical analysis and descriptive statistics. The ANOVA was applied to evaluate differences in the response variables between culled and unculled sows. Two models were proposed using the decision tree method: model 1 referred to sow culling, and model 2 comprised the total number of liveborn piglets (TBA). The calculated value was close to 0, although the correlations of the production parameters with culling were statistically significant. The mean number of weaned piglets was higher for unculled sows in PO1 (p < 0.05). The number of weaned piglets, total number of liveborn piglets, and weaning-service interval did not differ in the unculled and culled sows in PO2 (p > 0.05). Using a confusion matrix as a metric tool, the decision tree method used in this study provided consistent results for this database, indicating its possible use for decision-making in sow selection.

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The objective was to evaluate whether space allowance during pre-slaughter transport of European breeding quail affects welfare, carcass traits and meat quality. A total of 248 quails (body weight = 344.90 ± 2.09 g) were used. During pre-transport, the quails were fasted for 5 hours and 30 minutes. The poultry were caught and placed in plastic transport crates with an area of 0.40 m2. The treatments consisted of a different space allowance in each crate: 22, 28, 34 or 40 quails per crate. Immediately upon arrival at the slaughterhouse, the quails were stunned. During bleeding, blood samples were collected. The carcasses were individually weighed. The meat quality was measured. Data were analysed using the effects of space allowance during transport of quails and pickup truck as dependent variables. Death on arrival increased as the space allowance in transport crates decreased (p=0.08). Glucose and uric acid levels were not significantly different between groups (p≥0.14). The cold carcass weight presented the maximum value when the crates contained 31 quails (p=0.03). The meat pH, intensity of red, intensity of yellow and cooking losses were not different between groups (p≥0.12). The meat lightness value presented the maximum value when the crates contained 31 quails (p=0.04). In view of the above, the number of European breeding quails transported in crates must not exceed 30 animals.(AU)

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This article presents the results of the culling of cows of the Simmental and Holstein breeds in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the research was to study the actual number of culled cows of dairy productivity in the farms of the Republic of Kazakhstan to determine its norm. The object of research were cows of Simmental (18,462 heads) and Holstein (17,862 heads) breeds in various regions of the republic. The research was carried out according to generally accepted zootechnical methods using statistical data processing using RStudio. The results of the studies showed that the percentage of culling increases in cows of the Simmental and Holstein breeds and amounts to 19.7 and 22.9%, respectively. The analysis of the retirement of full-aged cows of the Simmental breed showed that the main causes are hoof diseases (up to 26%), low reproductive function (up to 21%), low productivity (up to 18%). Holstein cows had an increase in disposals in all categories except for disposals for various reasons, for problems with reproduction, the disposal is up to 21%. The determination of the relationship between productivity and retirement in the Simmental breed cows showed that with age and increased lactation, the proportion of retired cows also increases, in the Holstein breed, with increased productivity, the percentage of culled animals also increases.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados do abate de vacas Simental e Holstein na República do Cazaquistão. O objetivo do estudo foi estudar o número real de vacas abatidas na direção da produtividade leiteira nas fazendas da República do Cazaquistão para determinar sua norma. O estudo incluiu vacas Simental (18.462 cabeças) e Holstein (17.862 cabeças) em diferentes regiões da República. A pesquisa foi conduzida de acordo com métodos zootécnicos geralmente aceitos, adotando o processamento estatístico de dados, usando o RStudio. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que as vacas Simental e Holstein aumentaram a taxa de abate para 19,7% e 22,9%, respectivamente. A análise da alienação de vacas Simental de meia-idade mostrou que as principais causas são doenças dos cascos (até 26%), baixa função reprodutiva (até 21%) e baixa produtividade (até 18%). As vacas Holstein tiveram um aumento na alienação em todas as categorias, exceto a alienação por várias razões; devido a problemas reprodutivos, a alienação é de até 21%. A determinação da relação entre a produtividade e a alienação em vacas Simental mostrou que a proporção de vacas eliminadas aumenta com a idade e o aumento da lactação, enquanto a porcentagem de animais eliminados aumenta com a produtividade na raça Holstein.

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The influence exerted by different pre-slaughter fasting times on the meat quality of the male and female broilers, slaughtered at 35 and 42 days of age was evaluated, using 128, randomly selected birds from a larger batch, and rearing of the same management and diets. The treatments involved a diet of 4, 8, 12 and 16 h of feed and water restrictions, prior to slaughter. For each fasting time, eight birds of each sex were slaughtered. Meat quality was evaluated by assessing the pH, meat color using a CR400 Minolta Colorimeter, shear force using a Texture Analyzer device (model TA-XT2I) and lipid peroxidation, determined by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances method (TBARS). Fasting times and between males and females slaughtered at 35 and 42 days ofage showed no effect and hence no difference (P>0.05) in the pH, color and shear force. With respect to lipid oxidation, no difference was reported between fasting times at 35 days of age and between males and females; however, at 42 days a difference was evident between fasting times, in both males and females, and in 12 and 16 h it was higher whencompared to 4 and 8 h of fasting. The conclusion drawn was that the fasting timesexert no effect on the pH, color and, shear force of the broiler meat. However, the lipid oxidation values were higher after 12 h of fasting in the birds slaughtered at 42 days of age.(AU)

Foi avaliada a influência de diferentes tempos de jejum pré-abate sobre a qualidade da carne de frangos de corte machos e fêmeas, abatidos aos 35 e 42 dias de idade utilizando 128 aves selecionadas aleatoriamente de um lote maior e criadas nas mesmas condições de manejo e dietas. Aves ficaram 4, 8, 12 e 16 horas com restrição alimentar e hídrica antes do abate. Para cada período de jejum foram abatidas oito aves de cada sexo. A qualidade da carne foi avaliada através do pH, cor da carne em aparelho Colorímetro CR400 Minolta, força de cisalhamento em aparelho Texture Analyzer (modelo TA-XT2I) e a peroxidação lipídica, determinada pelo método de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Os tempos de jejum entre machos e fêmeas abatidos aos 35 e 42 dias de idade não apresentaram diferença e não houve diferença (P>0,05) no pH, cor e força de cisalhamento. Com relação à oxidação lipídica, não foi encontrada diferença entre os tempos de jejum aos 35 dias de idade e entre machos e fêmeas; entretanto, aos 42 dias ocorreu diferença entre os tempos de jejum, tanto em machos como fêmeas, sendo que nas 12 e 16 horas foi maior quando comparado com 4 e 8 horas de jejum. Conclue-se que o tempo de jejum não exerceu efeito sobre o pH, cor e força de cisalhamento da carne de frango. Entretanto, os valores de oxidação lipídica foram maiores após 12 horas de jejum nas aves abatidas aos 42 dias de idade.(AU)

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This study mapped cattle carcass lesions and associated the isoline maps with the occurrence factors of these lesions. Isoline maps were drawn by common kriging. The associated occurrence factors were the layout of the boards in the crowding tub (CT), characteristics of the hauling truck (general state and the presence of loose and/or sharp boards), broken boards in the corral (BBC), type of road covered (TRC), and animal falls upon unloading at the slaughterhouse (FAUS). The BBC showed a higher number of carcass lesions in the rib region. The data on FAUS and deterioration of hauling trucks fit an exponential model, with more carcass lesions in the rib and hindquarters, and plate regions, respectively. The data on spaced boards in the CT and TRC (mixed) showed greater carcass lesions in the rib region. Therefore, this method provides important information about the spatial distribution of lesions in bovine carcasses, and the drawing sheet used is adequate to represent such lesions.(AU)

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Background: A cutaneous or superficial myxoma is a benign neoplasm of dermal or subcutaneous fibroblast origin. Although rare, it has been previously described in several species, including poultry. It presents as a single node or soft mass with a gelatinous cut surface. Histopathological analysis is essential for diagnosis and to differentiate it from other mesenchymal neoplasms and inflammatory or degenerative processes. Microscopically, it consists of dermal or subcutaneous lobules of plump, stellate, or spindle-shaped, bland-looking cells embedded in a basophilic myxoid matrix. This report describes the pathological findings in a rare case of cutaneous myxoma in a 42-day-old broiler flock. Cases: During ante mortem inspection of a 42-day-old broiler flock at a slaughterhouse under the authority of the Federal Inspection Service (southern Brazil), nodular lesions or encrusted areas with yellow and black areas were observed in the head skin of less than 1% of animals. These lesions, approximately 0.5 cm in diameter, were observed on the comb, in the periocular skin region, and close to the animals' nostrils. During the breeding period, no health or epidemiological events were observed. Fragments of the lesions in the comb and periocular skin were collected and fixed in buffered 10% formalin. The samples were sent to the laboratory, routinely processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of irregular multifocal proliferation of connective tissue showing spindle cells with poorly demarcated borders and scarce cytoplasm in a slightly basophilic myxoid aspect matrix. The adjacent epidermis is compressed due to neoplastic proliferation. No areas of epithelial hyperplasia or inclusion bodies were observed. According to the pathologic description and considering its descriptive epidemiology, our main clinical suspicion was cutaneous fowl pox, a pathology characterized by the appearance of nodules in regions devoid of feathers. However, the microscopic changes observed were compatible with those described for cutaneous myxomas. In addition, the extracellular matrix was positive for Alcian Blue staining, which is an indicator of myxoma. In the present case, the SIF did not report the same macroscopic lesions in other flocks of the same origin. Discussion: Connective tissue tumors, including myxomas, occur considerably less frequently under field conditions. In addition, these neoplasms are more frequent in mature birds and are not usually described in broilers, as observed in this report. The cutaneous myxoma described in broilers is usually a sporadic neoplasm that does not cause zootechnical losses, as observed in the case report. Its etiology is unknown and has been associated with various factors, such as local trauma and foreign bodies. Some fragments of plant material from the breeding environment were microscopically detected in the encrusted areas, which may indicate previous trauma or a foreign body. Myxoma has been associated with avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup A, but SIF did not report the same macroscopic lesions in other flocks of the same breeder hen's origin in the present case. Furthermore, sporadic connective tissue tumors associated with the virus occur in mature chickens but not in broilers. Myxoma lesions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of other connective tissue tumors and infectious agents that cause lesions in the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

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The objective of this work was to characterize the internal temperature of the carcass, pH and sarcomere length in four categories of body weight at a slaughter. The categories were: category 1, animals up to 1.5 kg, category 2, animals from 1.501 to 2.5 kg, category 3, animals from 2.501 to 3.5 kg and category 4, animals over 3.501 kg. The time intervals evaluated were 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24 and 36 hours after bleeding, therefore, a factorial scheme (4 x 12) was used, in which where four categories of pre-slaughter weight and the behavior of the carcasses during the post-slaughter time were evaluated. There was no interaction effect between the weight categories and the time for the variation of the carcass internal temperature, pH and sarcomere length, but when only the time of rigor was evaluated, there were significant differences for the analyzed parameters. The internal temperature of the initial average carcass (0.5 hours) was 16.02°C, reaching 3.80°C at 36 hours post-slaughter. In addition, the lowest average pH found was at 24 hours, with a value of 5.39. Regarding the sarcomere length, the smallest mean length observed was 1.41 µm at 16 hours post-slaughter and the final mean length (36 hours) was 1.89 µm. It was concluded that the analyzed margin of the categories of body weight at slaughter did not interfere in the variation of temperature, pH and sarcomere length during the post-mortem of the Pantanal caiman.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a temperatura interna da carcaça, o pH e o comprimento de sarcômero em quatro categorias de peso corporal ao abate. As categorias foram: categoria 1, animais com até 1,5 kg, categoria 2, animais de 1,501 a 2,5 kg, categoria 3, animais de 2,501 a 3,5 kg e categoria 4, animais acima de 3,501 kg. Os intervalos de tempo avaliados foram 0,5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24 e 36 horas, após a sangria, portanto, foi utilizado um esquema fatorial (4 x 12) que avaliou quatro categorias de peso e o comportamento das carcaças ao decorrer do tempo. Não houve efeito de interação entre as categorias de peso e o tempo para a variação da temperatura interna da carcaça, pH e comprimento de sarcômero, mas quando avaliado apenas o tempo de rigor, houve diferenças significativas para os parâmetros analisados. A temperatura interna da carcaça média inicial (0,5 horas) foi de 16,02°C, chegando a 3,80°C nas 36 horas pós-abate. Além disso, o menor pH médio encontrado foi as 24 horas, com valor de 5,39. Em relação ao comprimento de sarcômero o menor comprimento médio observado foi de 1,41 µm nas 16 horas pós-abate e o comprimento médio final (36 horas) foi de 1,89 µm. Conclui-se que a margem analisada das categorias de peso corporal ao abate, não interferiram na variação de temperatura, pH e comprimento de sarcômero durante o post mortem do jacaré-do-Pantanal.(AU)

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Objetivou-se, avaliar as características de carcaça de frangos de corte machos e fêmeas das linhagens caipira Carijó e Label Rouge. Foram utilizados 168 pintainhos de um dia de duas linhagens, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo dois sexos (machos e fêmeas) e duas linhagens (Carijó e Label Rouge), com seterepetições e 12 aves por unidade experimental (seismachos e seisfêmeas). Houve diferenças entre os sexos (p<0,05), sendo peso vivo ao abate, peso das carcaças inteira e comercial e dos cortes, coxa, sobrecoxa e asa, maiores nos frangos de corte machos, independente da linhagem. As aves fêmeas da linhagem Label Rouge apresentaram maiores rendimentos de asa, carcaça inteira e comercial, quando comparadas com as fêmeas Carijós (p<0,05). O rendimento de coxas foi maior em machos e o de peito nas fêmeas (p<0,05). O rendimento de peito e coxa também foram significativamente maiores nas aves da linhagem Label Rouge (p<0,05). As aves da linhagem Label Rouge apresentaram melhores resultados para o rendimento decarcaça e de cortes que as aves Carijó, assim como os frangos de corte machos obtiveram resultados superiores as fêmeas.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the carcass characteristics of male and female broilers from the free-range strains Carijó and Label Rouge. A total of 168-day-old chicks from the two strains were used and distributed in a completely randomized design, following a 2 x 2 factorial scheme. The factors considered were sex (males and females) and strain (Carijó and Label Rouge), with seven replications and 12 birds in each experimental unit (sixmales and sixfemales). Significant differences were observed between the sexes (p<0.05), with male broilers exhibiting higher live weight at slaughter, as well as greater weights of whole and marketable carcasses and cuts (thigh, drumstick, and wing), irrespective of strain. Among the female birds, those from the Label Rouge strain displayed higher yields of wings, whole carcasses, and marketable cuts compared to Carijó females (p<0.05). Additionally, thigh yield was higher in males, while breast yield was higher in females (p<0.05). Label Rouge birds also demonstrated significantly higher breast and thigh yields(p<0.05). Broilers from the Label Rouge strain showed better results for carcass and cuts yield than Carijó birds, as well as male broilers obtained better results than females.(AU)

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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is one of the most challenging respiratory pathogens involved with swine pneumonia worldwide, responsible for a chronic infection with high morbidity, which predisposes secondary bacterial infections in growing and finishing pigs. Advances in diagnostic techniques allowed identification of genetic characteristics associated with high antigenic and proteomic variability among bacterial strains. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of M. hyopneumoniae strains in lungs with pneumonic lesions obtained from 52 pig farms located in Minas Gerais, one of the largest swine production states in Brazil. Genotyping was performed using multilocus variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), targeting two loci encoding P97 and P146 adhesins VNTR. The results showed that this agent is widely disseminated in pig farms and there is a high polymorphism of M. hyopneumoniae variants circulating in the state of Minas Gerais. Different M. hyopneumoniae genotypes are randomly distributed in several regions of the state, with no specific geographic population structure pattern. M. hyopneumoniae association with viral agents was sporadic (3.17% with Influenza A and 1.9% with PCV2).

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae é um dos patógenos respiratórios mais desafiadores envolvidos com pneumonia suína em todo o mundo. É responsável por uma infecção crônica de alta morbidade, que predispõe a infecções bacterianas secundárias nas fases de crescimento e terminação. Avanços nas técnicas diagnósticas permitiram a identificação de características genéticas do agente, associadas à alta variabilidade antigênica e proteômica entre cepas. Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a ocorrência e diversidade genética de cepas de M. hyopneumoniae em pulmões com lesões pneumônicas em 52 granjas de suínos no estado de Minas Gerais, um dos maiores estados produtores de suínos do Brasil. A genotipagem foi realizada utilizando a técnica de "multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis" (VTNR/MLVA), usando dois loci que codificam VNTR das adesinas P97 e P146. Os resultados mostraram que esse agente está amplamente disseminado em granjas de suínos e que existe alto polimorfismo das variantes de M. hyopneumoniae circulando no estado de Minas Gerais. Diferentes genótipos de M. hyopneumoniae estão distribuídos aleatoriamente em várias regiões do estado, sem um padrão de estrutura populacional e geográfica específico. Associação de M. hyopneumoniae e agentes virais foi esporádica (3,17% com Influenza A e 1,9% com PCV2).

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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pre-slaughter factors and major causes of total or partial carcass condemnation in a broiler slaughterhouse under federal inspection. Data on total and partial carcass condemnations between 2018 and 2020 were collected from 10 broiler farms supplying a slaughterhouse located in northern Paraná State, Brazil. The total sample comprised 2,562,642 birds. The pre-slaughter factors analyzed were age at slaughter, stocking density, weight at slaughter, feed conversion, and mortality.Associations between causes of condemnation and pre-slaughter factors were analyzed using a generalized linear model with negative binomial distribution, a generalized linear model with quasi-Poisson distribution, and a generalized linear mixed model with Poisson distribution. Total carcass condemnations were mostly due to repugnant appearance (48.67%) and arthritis (26.56%), whereas partial carcass condemnations were mainly due to arthritis (31.02%), bruising (27.97%), and myopathies (15.18%). Mean age and stocking density were the pre-slaughter factors that most contributed to increasing total and partial condemnation rates, indicating that reducing stocking density and age at slaughter might be important strategies for minimizing economic losses associated with carcass condemnation.(AU)

Resumo

The inspection of products of animal origin, carried out by veterinary agricultural inspectors, is based on the Brazilian legislation described in the Regulation of Industrial and Sanitary Inspection of Products of Animal Origin of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply. On March 29, 2017, Decree No. 9,013 was published, which repeals Decree No. 30,691, of 1952, with this, major changes occurred in the legislation described in RIISPOA, such as the criteria used for judging carcasses. The objective of this study was to verify whether these changes had an impact on condemnations of bovine carcasses because of cysticercosis and tuberculosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The number of animals slaughtered and the number of carcasses condemned because of tuberculosis and cysticercosis between 2014 and 2020 were obtained from the database of the Agricultural Defense System (SDA), the official data system of the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock and Rural Development (SEAPDR), it was possible to observe an increase in the number of cases of carcasses condemned because of cysticercosis and a reduction of animals affected by the disease in the period after the changes in the regulation. The number of carcasses condemned because of tuberculosis, as well as the number of animals affected by the disease, remained stable after the changes in the regulation. The results showed that the changes in federal legislation had a real impact on the historical series of condemnations of bovine carcasses due to cysticercosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In carcasses affected by tuberculosis, the impact of carcass condemnation on the historical series after changes was not significant.

A inspeção de produtos de origem animal, realizada por médicos veterinários fiscais agropecuários, é baseada na legislação brasileira descrita no Regulamento da Inspeção Industrial e Sanitária de Produtos de Origem Animal (RIISPOA) do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). No dia 29 de março de 2017 foi publicado o Decreto nº 9.013, que revoga o Decreto nº 30.691, de 1952, com isso grandes alterações ocorreram na legislação descrita no RIISPOA, como os critérios de julgamento de carcaças. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar, se essas alterações tiveram impacto nas condenações de carcaças de bovídeos por cisticercose e tuberculose no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). O número de animais abatidos e o número de carcaças condenadas por tuberculose e cisticercose entre 2014 e 2020 foram obtidos do banco de dados do Sistema de Defesa Agropecuária (SDA), sistema oficial de dados da Secretaria da Agricultura Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR), foi possível observar aumento do número de casos de carcaças condenadas por cisticercose e redução de animais afetados pela enfermidade no período após as alterações no regulamento. O número de carcaças condenadas por tuberculose, assim como o número de animais afetados pela doença se manteve estável após as mudanças no regulamento. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que as modificações na legislação federal trouxeram impacto real na série histórica de condenações de carcaças bovídeas por cisticercose no âmbito do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul enquanto nas carcaças afetadas por tuberculose o impacto das condenações não foi significativo.

Resumo

As doenças respiratórias são um problema significativo na produção suína e podem levar à condenação de carcaças no abate. Entre os agentes causadores dessas doenças destacam-se o Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae e a Pasteurella multocida. O Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é um patógeno altamente contagioso, que ocasiona hemorragia, pleuropneumonia purulenta e fibrosa. A Pleuropneumonia é amplamente distribuída e gera graves prejuízos para a suinocultura. O Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ocasionador da pneumonia por micoplasma, doença respiratória crônica. As infecções originadas podem regular negativamente o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro e aumentar a infecção e assim a replicação de outros patógenos. A Pasteurella multocida é o agente causador de uma ampla gama de infecções levando a alto impacto econômico. Patógeno comensal e oportunista da boca, nasofaringe e trato respiratório superior. A identificação precoce e o manejo adequado desses agentes causadores de doenças respiratórias são fundamentais para minimizar a incidência de carcaças suínas. A adoção de medidas preventivas, como a vacinação e práticas de manejo adequadas, pode ajudar a prevenir a propagação dessas doenças e garantir a produção de carne suína segura e de alta qualidade para o consumo humano.(AU)

Respiratory diseases are a significant problem in pork production and can lead to condemnation of carcasses at slaughter. Among the causative agents of these diseases are Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a highly contagious pathogen that causes hemorrhage, purulent and fibrous pleuropneumonia. Pleuropneumonia is widely distributed and causes serious damage to pig farming. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes mycoplasma pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease. Originating infections can down-regulate the host's immune system and increase infection and thus replication of other pathogens. Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a wide range of infections leading to high economic impact. Commensal and opportunistic pathogen of the mouth, nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract. Early identification and proper management of these agents that cause respiratory diseases are essential to minimize the incidence of swine carcasses. Adopting preventive measures, such as vaccination and proper management practices, can help prevent the spread of these diseases and ensure the production of safe, high-quality pork for human consumption.(AU)

Las enfermedades respiratorias son un problema importante en la producción porcina y pueden provocar el decomiso de las canales en el matadero. Entre los agentes causantes de estas enfermedades se encuentran Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae y Pasteurella multocida. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae es un patógeno altamente contagioso que causa hemorragia, pleuroneumonía purulenta y fibrosa. La pleuroneumonía está ampliamente distribuida y causa graves daños a la cría de cerdos. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causa neumonía por micoplasma, una enfermedad respiratoria crónica. Las infecciones que se originan pueden regular a la baja el sistema inmunitario del huésped y aumentar la infección y, por lo tanto, la replicación de otros patógenos. Pasteurella multocida es el agente causal de una amplia gama de infecciones que tienen un alto impacto económico. Patógeno comensal y oportunista de la boca, nasofaringe y tracto respiratorio superior. La identificación temprana y el manejo adecuado de estos agentes causantes de enfermedades respiratorias son fundamentales para minimizar la incidencia de las canales porcinas. La adopción de medidas preventivas, como la vacunación y prácticas de manejo adecuadas, puede ayudar a prevenir la propagación de estas enfermedades y garantizar la producción de carne de cerdo segura y de alta calidad para el consumo humano.(AU)

Resumo

The study evaluated the effect of sex and slaughter weight on carcass traits and non-carcass components of 1,489 horses (739 geldings and 750 females, classified into eight groups according to their weight). Data were analyzed under a completely randomized design. Geldings had a higher (P < 0.05) hot carcass yield (HCY) and cold carcass yield (CCY) than females; however, fat yellowness values (b*) were greater (P < 0.05) in females. Slaughter weight (SW) affected the carcass characteristics. Hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), HCY, and CCY increased (P < 0.05) in accordance with slaughter weight, while cool loss percentage (CL%) was lower (P < 0.05) in horses weighing more than 300 kg. In addition, the non-carcass components decreased (P < 0.05) as the weight of the horses increased. In conclusion, sex and body weight are factors to consider in the production of equine meat since they affect carcass characteristics and non-carcass components.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do sexo e do peso ao abate sobre as características de carcaça e componentes não-carcaça de 1.489 cavalos (739 machos castrados e 750 fêmeas, classificados em oito grupos de acordo com o peso). Os dados foram analisados em um desenho inteiramente casualizado. Os semeadores apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça quente (HCY) e fria (CCY) do que as fêmeas, porém o amarelecimento da gordura (b*) foi maior nas fêmeas. O peso ao abate (SW) afetou as características de carcaça. HCW, CCW, HCY e CCY aumentaram de acordo com o peso de abate, enquanto CL% foi menor em equinos com peso superior a 300 kg. Além disso, os componentes não-carcaça diminuíram com o aumento do peso dos cavalos. Em conclusão, sexo e peso corporal são fatores a serem considerados na produção de carne equina, uma vez que afetam as características da carcaça e seus componentes.

Resumo

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different pre-slaughter fasting times on live weight and meat quality of broiler chickens slaughtered at 35 and 42 days of age. Treatments consisted of four, eight, 12, and 16 hours of total fasting before slaughter. Eight birds of each sex were slaughtered at each time of fasting. Regression analysis indicated that the longer the fasting time, the greater the weight reduction in both males and females (35/42 days). However, analysis of variance highlighted no weight reduction (P>0.05) for four, eight, and 12 hours of fasting in males slaughtered at 35 and 42 days of age and in females at 35 days. However, females slaughtered at 42 days of age showed no differences (P>0.05) for four and eight hours of fasting. After 16 hours of fasting, both males and females slaughtered at 35 and 42 days of age showed higher weight reductions (P<0.05) than after the other fasting times. No live weight reductions (P>0.05) were observed for male and female birds of 35 and 42 days of age, respectively. Regarding meat quality, no changes (P>0.05) were found for CL and WHC in males and females at 35 and 42 days of age, respectively.

Avaliaram-se diferentes tempos de jejum pré-abate sobre redução de peso vivo e qualidade cárnea de frangos abatidos aos 35 e 42 dias de idade. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro, oito, 12 e 16 horas de restrição de ração. Foram abatidas oito aves de cada sexo em cada tempo de jejum. Análise de regressão indicou que quanto maior o tempo de jejum, maior é a redução de peso tanto em machos como em fêmeas (35/42 dias). A análise de variância indicou que não ocorreu redução de peso (P>0,05) entre quatro, oito e 12h de jejum nos machos aos 35 e 42 dias e nas fêmeas aos 35 dias, enquanto nas fêmeas aos 42 dias não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre quatro e oito horas de jejum. Com 16h de jejum, tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas aos 35 e 42 dias, a redução de peso foi maior (P<0,05) em relação aos demais horários. Não ocorreu diferença (P>0,05) na perda de peso na comparação entre 35 e 42 dias em machos e fêmeas nos respectivos horários de abate. Na qualidade cárnea, não houve alteração (P>0,05) na perda de peso por cozimento e na capacidade de retenção de água em machos e fêmeas nas respectivas idades de abate.

Resumo

This study evaluated factors associated with the pre-slaughter handling of pigs in a commercial slaughterhouse located in Minas Gerais and evaluated the influence of these factors on the initial pH and temperature of the carcasses. In all, 4449 carcasses were evaluated. The factors evaluated were transport distance, transport duration, loading density, fasting duration, resting duration, average weight of the animals, average temperature in the resting area, and maximum temperature in the resting area. The effects of these factors on the initial (i.e., at 45 minutes after slaughter) temperature and pH (pH45) were measured. The pH45 values were used to determine the occurrence of PSE; the carcasses were classified as PSE when they presented a pH45 < 5.90. Results showed that animals fasted for more than 24 hours were more likely to result in PSE meat (1.41 times more likely), as did animals that were exposed to an average temperature above 24 °C (1.52 times more likely). Except for the average weight of the animals, which did not affect the initial temperature values, all other pre-slaughter factors have influenced both pH45 and the initial temperature values, and the difference of fasting duration and the temperature in the resting area increase the incidence of PSE meat.

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar fatores associados ao manejo pré-abate de suínos em um abatedouro comercial localizado em Minas Gerais e sua influência sobre o pH inicial e temperatura das carcaças. Ao todo, foram avaliadas 4449 carcaças. Os fatores considerados na avaliação foram: distância de transporte, tempo de transporte, densidade da carga, tempo de jejum, tempo de descanso, peso médio dos animais, temperatura média na área de descanso e temperatura máxima na área de descanso. Para avaliar os efeitos desses fatores foram mensurados a temperatura e o pH inicial aos 45 minutos (pH45). Os valores de pH45 foram considerados para determinar o índice de predisposição para ocorrência de PSE já que as carcaças foram classificadas como PSE quando apresentaram valor de pH45 < 5,90. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que os animais com tempo de jejum acima de 24 horas, apresentaram maior probabilidade para ocorrência de carne PSE (1,41 vezes), assim como, aqueles que foram expostos a temperatura média acima de 24 °C na área de descanso com probabilidade de 1,52 vezes. Em relação a temperatura inicial e pH45, com exceção do peso médio dos animais, os demais fatores pré-abate analisados influenciaram os valores destes parâmetros, sendo que o tempo de jejum dos animais e a temperatura média da área de descanso promoveram aumento na incidência de carne PSE.