Stomatal conductance and transpiration in Allium sativum L. under water deficiency / Condutância estomática e transpiração em Allium sativum L. sob deficiência hídrica

The study aimed to verify the water stress indicators of garlic (Allium sativum L.) submitted to water deficit levels, simulating the effects of possible climatic changes. Considering that A. sativum is a crop known worldwide for its medicinal, culinary properties and applications in the ecological management of agricultural pests and, knowing that the planet is undergoing constant climatic changes, this study becomes essential to understand the influence of these changes on this species cultivation. The treatments were established with water conditions of 100, 75, 50, and 25% of the pot capacity (PC). According to the pot capacity, three bulbils were planted per pot (5 L) containing Plantmax® substrate, irrigated every two days. During the first and last week of the greenhouse treatments, the chlorophyll index was evaluated using a porometer with a seven-day interval between the analysis. The first analysis was performed in the first week of water stress and the last one in the last days of stress. Garlic plants showed sensitivity to water deficit, resulting in lower conductance and transpiration compared to treatments 50% and 75% water deficit, apparently without causing changes in production. In view of the results of this study, it is concluded that Allium sativum L. will not be totally harmed by the climate changes expected in the future according to atmospheric changes in the region of Laranjeiras do Sul.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar os indicadores de estresse hídrico do alho (Allium sativum L.) submetido a níveis de déficit hídrico, simulando os efeitos de possíveis mudanças climáticas. Considerando que A. sativum é uma cultura conhecida mundialmente pelas suas propriedades medicinais, culinárias e aplicações no manejo ecológico de pragas agrícolas e, sabendo que o planeta está passando por constantes alterações climáticas, este estudo torna-se fundamental para entender a influência destas mudanças sobre o cultivo destas plantas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos com condição hídrica de 100; 75; 50 e 25% da capacidade de pote (CP). Foram plantados três bulbilhos por vaso (5 L) contendo substrato Plantmax®, irrigados a cada dois dias, de acordo com a capacidade de pote. Avaliou-se o índice de clorofila durante a primeira e última semana da realização dos tratamentos em casa de vegetação, e análise com porômetro com sete dias de intervalo entre uma análise e outra. A primeira análise foi realizada na primeira semana de estresse hídrico e, a última análise, nos últimos dias de estresse. As plantas de alho demonstraram sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico, resultando da condutância e transpiração nos tratamentos 50% e 75% do déficit hídrico, porém sem causar alterações na produção. Diante desse estudo, conclui-se que a o A. sativum não será totalmente prejudicado pelas mudanças climáticas previstas futuramente.

Effects of dietary fermented garlic on the growth performance, relative organ weights, intestinal morphology, cecal microflora and serum characteristics of broiler chickens

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding broilers with garlic fermented by Leuconostoc citreum SK2556. A total of 250 male broiler chicks was randomly housed into 25 floor pens. Five dietary treatments with five replicates of 10 chicks each (n=50 chicks/treatment). A corn and soybean meal based diet was used as the control diet (NC). The experimental diets were formulated by mixing the basal diet either with antibiotics (10 ppm; PC) or fermented garlic (FG) at the concentrations of 0.1% (FG1), 0.3% (FG3) or 0.5% (FG5) in diets. Daily weight gain, feed intake, and feed:gain ratio were not affected by any of the dietary treatments. Average daily gain on day 21 linearly increased (p= 0.024) with increasing FG levels. The relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius showed a progressive decline with increasing the FG levels. Jejunal villus height was not influenced by dietary treatments. Villus width linearly decreased as FG levels increased (p= 0.17). Jejunal crypt depth was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the FG1 and FG3 groups compared with the NC group. Villus height: crypt depth ratio linearly increased (p= 0.018) with increasing FG levels. The population of cecal microflora was not altered by dietary treatments. Broiler chickens fed the FG5 diet exhibited (p < 0.05) higher blood levels of total protein and cholesterol compared with those fed the NC diet. Collectively, the results show that dietary FG marginally affected growth performance, especially during the first days rearing, improved intestinal morphology, and altered blood characteristics of broiler chickens.

Effects of dietary fermented garlic on the growth performance, relative organ weights, intestinal morphology, cecal microflora and serum characteristics of broiler chickens

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding broilers with garlic fermented by Leuconostoc citreum SK2556. A total of 250 male broiler chicks was randomly housed into 25 floor pens. Five dietary treatments with five replicates of 10 chicks each (n=50 chicks/treatment). A corn and soybean meal based diet was used as the control diet (NC). The experimental diets were formulated by mixing the basal diet either with antibiotics (10 ppm; PC) or fermented garlic (FG) at the concentrations of 0.1% (FG1), 0.3% (FG3) or 0.5% (FG5) in diets. Daily weight gain, feed intake, and feed:gain ratio were not affected by any of the dietary treatments. Average daily gain on day 21 linearly increased (p= 0.024) with increasing FG levels. The relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius showed a progressive decline with increasing the FG levels. Jejunal villus height was not influenced by dietary treatments. Villus width linearly decreased as FG levels increased (p= 0.17). Jejunal crypt depth was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the FG1 and FG3 groups compared with the NC group. Villus height: crypt depth ratio linearly increased (p= 0.018) with increasing FG levels. The population of cecal microflora was not altered by dietary treatments. Broiler chickens fed the FG5 diet exhibited (p < 0.05) higher blood levels of total protein and cholesterol compared with those fed the NC diet. Collectively, the results show that dietary FG marginally affected growth performance, especially during the first days rearing, improved intestinal morphology, and altered blood characteristics of broiler chickens.(AU)

Tintura alcoólica de alho (Allium sativum) sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos / Alcoholic tincture of garlic (Allium sativum) on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep- short communication

The continuous and indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs has caused a growing problem of parasite resistance to conventional treatments. In this context, plant essential oils and active components can be used as alternatives or in association with current anthel­mintic treatment. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a herbal medicine with various therapeutic properties: immunostimulating, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of garlic alcoholic tincture on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep. For this, 54 sheep were randomly divided into three treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) received 40 g of garlic alcoholic tincture orally; treatment 2 (T2) received 60 g orally; T3 was the control group. Fecal samples were collected at days 0, 7 and 14, to perform laboratorial tests. Reduction of eggs per gram of feces in T1 and T2 was 0% on days 7 and 14. No difference in larvae genus was identified between treatments or days. In this experiment garlic alcoholic tincture presented no effect on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep.

O uso contínuo e indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos tem aumentado a emergência de resistência parasitária aos tratamentos convencionais. Neste contexto, óleos essenciais ou princípios ativos de plantas podem ser utilizados como tratamentos alternativos ou em associação a anti-helmínticos comerciais. O alho (Allium sativum) é um fitoterápico com diversas propriedades terapêuticas: imunoestimulante, anticancerígeno, hepatoprotetor, antioxidante, antiviral, antifúngico e antiparasitário. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a ação da tintura alcoólica de alho sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos. Para isso foram utilizados 54 ovinos divididos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos. O tratamento 1 (T1) recebeu 40 g de alho na forma de tintura alcoólica, o tratamento 2 (T2) recebeu 60g, ambos por via oral, e o T3 foi o grupo controle. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas no dia 0, 7 e 14, para realização dos exames coproparasitológicos. O percentual de redução de ovos por grama de fezes do T1 e T2 foi de 0% nos dias 7 e 14. Não foi identificada diferenças nos gêneros larvais entre os tratamentos e dias. Nas condições deste experimento a tintura alcoólica de alho não apresentou efeito sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos.

Tintura alcoólica de alho (Allium sativum) sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos / Alcoholic tincture of garlic (Allium sativum) on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep- short communication

The continuous and indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs has caused a growing problem of parasite resistance to conventional treatments. In this context, plant essential oils and active components can be used as alternatives or in association with current anthel­mintic treatment. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a herbal medicine with various therapeutic properties: immunostimulating, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of garlic alcoholic tincture on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep. For this, 54 sheep were randomly divided into three treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) received 40 g of garlic alcoholic tincture orally; treatment 2 (T2) received 60 g orally; T3 was the control group. Fecal samples were collected at days 0, 7 and 14, to perform laboratorial tests. Reduction of eggs per gram of feces in T1 and T2 was 0% on days 7 and 14. No difference in larvae genus was identified between treatments or days. In this experiment garlic alcoholic tincture presented no effect on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep.(AU)

O uso contínuo e indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos tem aumentado a emergência de resistência parasitária aos tratamentos convencionais. Neste contexto, óleos essenciais ou princípios ativos de plantas podem ser utilizados como tratamentos alternativos ou em associação a anti-helmínticos comerciais. O alho (Allium sativum) é um fitoterápico com diversas propriedades terapêuticas: imunoestimulante, anticancerígeno, hepatoprotetor, antioxidante, antiviral, antifúngico e antiparasitário. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a ação da tintura alcoólica de alho sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos. Para isso foram utilizados 54 ovinos divididos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos. O tratamento 1 (T1) recebeu 40 g de alho na forma de tintura alcoólica, o tratamento 2 (T2) recebeu 60g, ambos por via oral, e o T3 foi o grupo controle. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas no dia 0, 7 e 14, para realização dos exames coproparasitológicos. O percentual de redução de ovos por grama de fezes do T1 e T2 foi de 0% nos dias 7 e 14. Não foi identificada diferenças nos gêneros larvais entre os tratamentos e dias. Nas condições deste experimento a tintura alcoólica de alho não apresentou efeito sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos.(AU)