Carcinoma hepatocelular metastático em Amazona aestiva / Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in Amazona aestiva

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary malignant tumor of the liver tissue and its occurrence in birds is considered rare. The tumor can occur as a single mass leading to hepatomegaly, or as multiple nodules in the liver. In animals of the genus Amazona, only 1 case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported in the United States, therefore, little is known about its epidemiology and clinicopathological aspects in these species. In this context, the aim of this work was to describe a case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in an Amazona aestiva. Case: A blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) was referred to necropsy after being found dead in its enclosure. On examination, it presented cachectic body score. Examination of the coelomic cavity, revealed a serous translucent fluid and adhesions between the liver and peritoneum.A red mass restricted to the right hepatic lobe and raised to the capsular surface, interspersed with whitish and dark red multifocal areas was observed. When cut, this mass was soft, protruding, multilobulated, whitish and with a friable reddish center. Additionally, on the dorsal surface of the left lung lobe, there was a rounded, well defined, whitish, and soft nodule. Microscopically, partial replacement of the hepatic parenchyma was observed by neoplastic proliferation of cuboidal epithelial cells, organized in mantle and supported by a scarce fibrovascular stroma. Cells have large, eosinophilic, well-delimited cytoplasm, with a central, oval nucleus, loose chromatin, and evident nucleolus. Moderate pleomorphism was characterized by anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, and aberrant nuclei. In the lung, a focally extensive mass with a pattern similar to that seen in the liver was observed. In the kidney, multifocal neoplastic emboli were noted. Liver immunohistochemistry was performed. Positive and negative controls were used to validate the reaction; however, there was no immunolabelling for the evaluated antibodies. Discussion: The histopathological characteristics observed in this study favored the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with metastasis to kidney and lung. Primary liver tumors are rare in wild birds. In ducks, experimental studies have pointed aflatoxins and the duck hepatitis B virus as oncogenic agents, however, in birds of the genus Amazona, there are no studies that evaluate predisposing factors to the development of liver carcinoma. Macroscopically, hepatocellular carcinoma may present in massive, nodular or diffuse forms. In birds, the right lobe is the largest, which may suggest that this lobe is more prone to the development of HCC, as seen in the present case. The solid form, similar to that observed in this report, seems to be more commonly observed, as seen in the wild bird reports consulted. Metastases most often spread hematogenous, and in the present report there was metastasis to kidneys and lungs, which is a common feature for this neoplasm. In the present case, there was no labeling by any of the antibodies, perhaps because of their aggressiveness, associated with autolytic factors that prevent the labeling of antibodies, in addition to the specificity in the antibodyantigen relationship. This tumor must be differentiated from other liver tumors such as cholangiocarcinoma, and also the well-differentiated hepatocellular adenoma, in addition to non-neoplastic conditions. HCC should be considered as a differential diagnosis for Amazona aestiva found dead in the enclosure without previous clinical signs. This neoplasm is rare in Amazon parrots and reports should be encouraged in order to contribute to the understanding of the epidemiological and clinicopathological aspects of the tumor.

Erratic migration of Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Nematoda: Ascaridida) in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) from illegal wildlife trade: case report / [Migração errática de Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Nematoda: Ascaridida) em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) oriundo do comércio ilegal: relato de caso]

Ascaridiasis by Ascaridia hermaphrodita is a common parasitic disease in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) and the contamination occurs by ingestion of eggs. Illegal trade of wild birds can increase the frequency of visceral erratic migration by this parasite. Hence, this report describes the erratic migration of A. hermaphrodita and associated lesions in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot. This is a retrospective study, which originated from several apprehension of illegal birds in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Necropsy revealed intense intestinal ascarid infestation. Hepatic lesions were also observed associated with the parasite migration. Stereoscopy allowed the identification of the morphology of the parasites. Summarizing, this condition in wild birds is not fully understood and may be associated with illegal trade.(AU)

Ascaridíase por Ascaridia hermaphrodita é uma doença parasitária comum em papagaios-verdadeiros. Sua contaminação ocorre pela ingestão de ovos. O tráfico de aves silvestres pode facilitar a migração errática visceral desse parasita. Este relato descreve a migração errática de A. hermaphrodita e lesões associadas em papagaio-verdadeiro. Trata-se de um relato retrospectivo, analisado a partir de uma série de apreensões de aves no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. A necropsia revelou intensa infestação ascarídea intestinal. Também foram observadas lesões hepáticas em uma ave, associadas à migração do parasita. A estereoscopia permitiu distinguir a morfologia dos parasitas. Resumidamente, essa condição em aves silvestres é pouco conhecida e pode ser considerada, inclusive, associada à comercialização ilegal.(AU)

Infecção sistêmica por Salmonella Typhimurium em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) / Systemic Infection by Salmonella Typhimurium in Blue-fronted Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva)

The maintenance of wild animals in captivity can be a source for transmission of infectious and zoonotic diseases. In February 2016, blue-fronted amazon parrots that were kept at the Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres (CRAS) of Campo Grande - MS died suddenly. The specimens were sent to the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FAMEZ) to be necropsied. Anatomopathological exams were performed and organ fragments from all systems were collected for histopathological exams. Liver and spleen fragments were also collected for bacteriological exams. Histopathological exam revealed bacterial aggregates distributed through the organs. Bacteriological exam isolated Salmonella spp. from the fragments of liver and spleen. The confirmation of the genus was made by serum agglutination on slide and by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genetic sequencing identified the sample as Salmonella Typhimurium.(AU)

Infecção sistêmica por Salmonella Typhimurium em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) / Systemic Infection by Salmonella Typhimurium in Blue-fronted Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva)

The maintenance of wild animals in captivity can be a source for transmission of infectious and zoonotic diseases. In February 2016, blue-fronted amazon parrots that were kept at the Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres (CRAS) of Campo Grande - MS died suddenly. The specimens were sent to the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FAMEZ) to be necropsied. Anatomopathological exams were performed and organ fragments from all systems were collected for histopathological exams. Liver and spleen fragments were also collected for bacteriological exams. Histopathological exam revealed bacterial aggregates distributed through the organs. Bacteriological exam isolated Salmonella spp. from the fragments of liver and spleen. The confirmation of the genus was made by serum agglutination on slide and by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genetic sequencing identified the sample as Salmonella Typhimurium.(AU)

Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases from a pet blue-fronted-amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics both in humans and in animals, has contributed to the development of bacterial resistance. One of the key mechanisms in the resistance of enterobacteria to antibiotics is the production of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), which reduce the therapeutic options available. Several studies have been performed in different animal species in order to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant strains and determine their antibiotic sensitivity profile. The purpose of this study was to detect ESBL-producing enterobacteria in isolates from a pet blue-fronted amazon parrot.Case: A 16-year-old pet blue-fronted-amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) weighing 0.445 kg, from the city of Presidente Castelo Branco, Paraná, Brazil, was admitted into a specialized veterinary clinic in the city of Maringá. This parrot was presented with agitation and aggressive behavior. It was fed with sunflower seeds, and its cage was small and unsanitary especially in the feeding and drinking areas, which were heavily contaminated with feces. The parrot had been diagnosed with acute sinusitis approximately one year prior, with a history of treatment with tylosin, thuya (a herbal remedy popularly used for fowl pox), and a mineral-vitamin complex. The clinical symptoms included dyspnea and bilateral increase of facial swelling, with a mass in the peri-nasal region. A membranous red tissue not related to the nictitating membrane was observed in the lower left eyelid. To obtain a better clinical evaluation, the bird was anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of dextroketamine 50 mg/kg (KetaminS+™). Subsequently, physical examination, head radiographic examinations, and an attempt at sinus draining were performed. The radiographic examinations showed a decreased amount of air in the nasal sinuses.[...](AU)

Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases from a pet blue-fronted-amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics both in humans and in animals, has contributed to the development of bacterial resistance. One of the key mechanisms in the resistance of enterobacteria to antibiotics is the production of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), which reduce the therapeutic options available. Several studies have been performed in different animal species in order to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant strains and determine their antibiotic sensitivity profile. The purpose of this study was to detect ESBL-producing enterobacteria in isolates from a pet blue-fronted amazon parrot.Case: A 16-year-old pet blue-fronted-amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) weighing 0.445 kg, from the city of Presidente Castelo Branco, Paraná, Brazil, was admitted into a specialized veterinary clinic in the city of Maringá. This parrot was presented with agitation and aggressive behavior. It was fed with sunflower seeds, and its cage was small and unsanitary especially in the feeding and drinking areas, which were heavily contaminated with feces. The parrot had been diagnosed with acute sinusitis approximately one year prior, with a history of treatment with tylosin, thuya (a herbal remedy popularly used for fowl pox), and a mineral-vitamin complex. The clinical symptoms included dyspnea and bilateral increase of facial swelling, with a mass in the peri-nasal region. A membranous red tissue not related to the nictitating membrane was observed in the lower left eyelid. To obtain a better clinical evaluation, the bird was anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of dextroketamine 50 mg/kg (KetaminS+™). Subsequently, physical examination, head radiographic examinations, and an attempt at sinus draining were performed. The radiographic examinations showed a decreased amount of air in the nasal sinuses.[...]

Clinical, pathological and parasitological aspects of ascaridiasisin Blue-fronted parrots (Amazona aestiva) from illegal wildlifetrade in Northeastern Brazil

Wild birds from illegal wildlife trade are susceptible to several injuries due to the unfavorable sanitary conditions in which they are maintained. Among these animals, parrots of the Amazona genus are frequent victims, and are hosts to parasites of the Ascaridia genus. This study aimed to describe clinical, pathological and parasitological aspects of ascaridiasis in Blue-fronted parrots apprehended from illegal wildlife trade in Paraíba State, Brazil. Sixteen Amazona aestiva dead at triage after progressive weight loss were submitted to necropsy. Moderate to intense ascaridiasis was observed in 36.4% of the parrots, and associated with poor and cachectic body conditions. Simultaneous diseases were also observed. The parasites were bleached and observed in stereomicroscopy. Based on morphologic aspects, the parasites were identified as Ascaridia hermaphrodita.

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) / Teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado e tonometria de rebote em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva)

The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm), a pressão intraocular (PIO) pela tonometria de rebote e o comprimento da fissura palpebral (FP) do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva). Foram avaliados 35 papagaios adultos e saudáveis, provenientes de um Criadouro Conservacionista do Brasil. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, as aves foram fisicamente contidas para aferição, em ambos os olhos, do TLSm, da PIO pela tonometria de rebote e do comprimento da FP utilizando-se um paquímetro digital. Valor médio do TLSm foi 6.2±0.1mm/min e da PIO foi 6.4±0.1 mmHg, enquanto a aferição da FP foi 10.1±0.1mm. Uma correlação moderada foi observada entre TLSm e a FP para olho direito (OD) (ρ=0.14) e olho esquerdo (OE) (ρ=0.20). Os resultados podem servir como valores de referência para testes oftálmicos para A. aestiva.(AU)

Clinical, pathological and parasitological aspects of ascaridiasisin Blue-fronted parrots (Amazona aestiva) from illegal wildlifetrade in Northeastern Brazil

Wild birds from illegal wildlife trade are susceptible to several injuries due to the unfavorable sanitary conditions in which they are maintained. Among these animals, parrots of the Amazona genus are frequent victims, and are hosts to parasites of the Ascaridia genus. This study aimed to describe clinical, pathological and parasitological aspects of ascaridiasis in Blue-fronted parrots apprehended from illegal wildlife trade in Paraíba State, Brazil. Sixteen Amazona aestiva dead at triage after progressive weight loss were submitted to necropsy. Moderate to intense ascaridiasis was observed in 36.4% of the parrots, and associated with poor and cachectic body conditions. Simultaneous diseases were also observed. The parasites were bleached and observed in stereomicroscopy. Based on morphologic aspects, the parasites were identified as Ascaridia hermaphrodita.(AU)

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) / Teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado e tonometria de rebote em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva)

The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm), a pressão intraocular (PIO) pela tonometria de rebote e o comprimento da fissura palpebral (FP) do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva). Foram avaliados 35 papagaios adultos e saudáveis, provenientes de um Criadouro Conservacionista do Brasil. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, as aves foram fisicamente contidas para aferição, em ambos os olhos, do TLSm, da PIO pela tonometria de rebote e do comprimento da FP utilizando-se um paquímetro digital. Valor médio do TLSm foi 6.2±0.1mm/min e da PIO foi 6.4±0.1 mmHg, enquanto a aferição da FP foi 10.1±0.1mm. Uma correlação moderada foi observada entre TLSm e a FP para olho direito (OD) (ρ=0.14) e olho esquerdo (OE) (ρ=0.20). Os resultados podem servir como valores de referência para testes oftálmicos para A. aestiva.(AU)

Restrain of birds with bottles of polyethylene terephthalate, tested in red-browed from the Atlantic Forest / Contenção de aves com garrafas de politereftalato de etileno, testado em papagaios-chauá (Amazona rhodocorytha,Salvadori, 1890) da Mata Atlântica

In wild animals, containment is the moment of greatest stress caused by the investigator to the animal due to its natural resistance to the moment of capture, handling, containment and transport, attitudes frankly contrary to his nature. In birds, the restraint must meet certain criteria in order to control the animal's movements, avoiding trauma at the same time that you need to keep your breathing amplitude. The high risk of death during the restraint of these animals raised the need to design a device, from bottles of poly ethylene terephthalate (PET), for containing parrots-browed Amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha), a parrot endemic to the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil, and endangered with extinction, which allowed the observation of respiration, the reduction of handling time of birds for collection of biological material, and consequent reduction of stress and risk of death during the evaluation of several biological data and health of the bird. The PET bottle container can be used as a model for any bird, provided it suits the size of the animal.(AU)

Em animais silvestres, a contenção é o momento de maior estresse promovido pelo pesquisador ao animal, devido à resistência natural ao momento da captura, ao manuseio, à contenção e ao transporte, atitudes francamente contrárias à sua índole. Em aves, a contenção deve obedecer a alguns critérios, com o objetivo de controlar os movimentos do animal, evitando traumas, ao mesmo tempo em que é preciso manter sua amplitude respiratória. O alto risco de morte, durante a contenção desses animais, suscitou a concepção de um dispositivo, proveniente de garrafas de politereftalato de etileno (PET), para a contenção de papagaios-chauá (Amazona rhodocorytha), psitacídeo endêmico da Mata Atlântica, na região Sudeste do Brasil, e ameaçado de extinção. Esse dispositivo permitiu a observação dos movimentos respiratórios, a diminuição do tempo de manuseio das aves, para coleta de materiais biológicos, e a consequente redução do estresse e dos riscos de morte, durante a avaliação de diversos dados biológicos e sanitários dessa ave. Tal contenção pode ser utilizada como modelo para qualquer outra ave, desde que se adapte o tamanho do animal, ao recipiente de garrafa PET.(AU)

Haematological reference for red-browed parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha, Salvadori, 1890) captive in the Atlantic Forest in Eastern Brazil / Parâmetros hematológicos de papagaios-chauá (Amazona rhodocorytha, Salvatori 1890) em cativeiro

To conduct the survey were used 35 (thirty-five) red-browned parrots (A. rhodocorytha), adults, captive, of both genders and clinically healthy, belonging to the live collection of the Museum of Biology Teacher Mello Leitao, located in Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Harvests were performed in the morning, by puncture of the brachial vein getting 0.5mL of blood stored in EDTA for a period no longer than 6 hours. Blood smears of fresh material were made at collection, stained using the method of May-Grunwald-Giemsa. Analysis of blood elements was done by cell counting in a mirrored Neubauer chamber using Natt and Herrick solution at a ratio of 2:200 as diluent. For the analysis of the methodology, homoglobinometry cyanide hemoglobin using commercial kits by colorimetry on a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer was used. After completion of the statistical data the following parameters were obtained (mean±standard deviation): Erythrocytes (x106/µl): 2.68±0.56; Hemoglobin (g/dl): 14.27±0.69; Hematocrit (%): 53±3.38; Mean corpuscular volume (fl): 206.7±45.82; Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg): 56.4±14.46; Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (%): 27.5±1.19; Thrombocytes (x3/µl): 25.8 ± 10.5; Total plasma protein (g/dl) 5.4±0.5; Leukocytes (x103/dl): 3.1±2; Heterophile (/uL): 1937±1676; Lymphocytes (/uL): 1144±599; Monocytes (/uL): 24.4 ± 28.2; Basophils (/uL): 42.2±46.2; Eosinophils (/uL): 11.7±19.9. In the relation between males and females, no significant differences were found in any hematological parameter evaluated.(AU)

Para a realização da presente pesquisa, foram utilizados 35 (trinta e cinco) papagaios-chauás (A. rhodocorytha), adultos, cativos, de ambos os sexos e clinicamente saudáveis, pertencentes ao acervo vivo do Museu de Biologia Professor Mello Leitão, localizado em Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas pela manhã, por meio da punção da veia braquial, obtendo-se 0,5mL de sangue, armazenado em EDTA por um período máximo de seis horas. Foram confeccionados esfregaços sanguíneos de material fresco no momento da coleta, posteriormente corados pelo método May-Grunwald-Giensa. A análise dos elementos sanguíneos foi feita por meio de contagem celular em câmara de Neubauer espelhada, utilizando-se como diluente a solução de Natt e Herrick na proporção de 2:200. Para a análise de hemoglobinometria, foi utilizada a metodologia do cianeto de hemoglobina, utilizando-se kits comerciais por colorimetria em um analisador bioquímico semiautomático. Depois de realizada a estatística dos dados, obtiveram-se os seguintes parâmetros (média±desvio-padrão): hemácias (x106/µL): 2,68±0,56; hemoglobina (g/dL): 14,27±0,69; hematócrito (%): 53±3,38; volume corpuscular médio (fL): 206,7±45,82; hemoglobina corpuscular média (pg): 56,4±14,46; concentração hemoglobina corpuscular média (%): 27,5±1,19; trombócitos (x3/µL): 25,8±10,5; proteína plasmática total (g/dL) 5,4±0,5; leucócitos (x103/dL): 3,1±2; heterófilos (/µL): 1937±1676; linfócitos (/µL): 1144±599; monócitos (/µL): 24,4±28,2; basófilos (/µL): 42,2±46,2; eosinófilos (/µL): 11,7±19,9. Na relação entre machos e fêmeas, não foi encontrada diferença estatística relevante em nenhum parâmetro hematológico avaliado.(AU)

Haematological reference for red-browed parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha, Salvadori, 1890) captive in the Atlantic Forest in Eastern Brazil / Parâmetros hematológicos de papagaios-chauá (Amazona rhodocorytha, Salvatori 1890) em cativeiro

To conduct the survey were used 35 (thirty-five) red-browned parrots (A. rhodocorytha), adults, captive, of both genders and clinically healthy, belonging to the live collection of the Museum of Biology Teacher Mello Leitao, located in Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Harvests were performed in the morning, by puncture of the brachial vein getting 0.5mL of blood stored in EDTA for a period no longer than 6 hours. Blood smears of fresh material were made at collection, stained using the method of May-Grunwald-Giemsa. Analysis of blood elements was done by cell counting in a mirrored Neubauer chamber using Natt and Herrick solution at a ratio of 2:200 as diluent. For the analysis of the methodology, homoglobinometry cyanide hemoglobin using commercial kits by colorimetry on a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer was used. After completion of the statistical data the following parameters were obtained (mean±standard deviation): Erythrocytes (x106/µl): 2.68±0.56; Hemoglobin (g/dl): 14.27±0.69; Hematocrit (%): 53±3.38; Mean corpuscular volume (fl): 206.7±45.82; Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg): 56.4±14.46; Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (%): 27.5±1.19; Thrombocytes (x3/µl): 25.8 ± 10.5; Total plasma protein (g/dl) 5.4±0.5; Leukocytes (x103/dl): 3.1±2; Heterophile (/uL): 1937±1676; Lymphocytes (/uL): 1144±599; Monocytes (/uL): 24.4 ± 28.2; Basophils (/uL): 42.2±46.2; Eosinophils (/uL): 11.7±19.9. In the relation between males and females, no significant differences were found in any hematological parameter evaluated.(AU)

Para a realização da presente pesquisa, foram utilizados 35 (trinta e cinco) papagaios-chauás (A. rhodocorytha), adultos, cativos, de ambos os sexos e clinicamente saudáveis, pertencentes ao acervo vivo do Museu de Biologia Professor Mello Leitão, localizado em Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas pela manhã, por meio da punção da veia braquial, obtendo-se 0,5mL de sangue, armazenado em EDTA por um período máximo de seis horas. Foram confeccionados esfregaços sanguíneos de material fresco no momento da coleta, posteriormente corados pelo método May-Grunwald-Giensa. A análise dos elementos sanguíneos foi feita por meio de contagem celular em câmara de Neubauer espelhada, utilizando-se como diluente a solução de Natt e Herrick na proporção de 2:200. Para a análise de hemoglobinometria, foi utilizada a metodologia do cianeto de hemoglobina, utilizando-se kits comerciais por colorimetria em um analisador bioquímico semiautomático. Depois de realizada a estatística dos dados, obtiveram-se os seguintes parâmetros (média±desvio-padrão): hemácias (x106/µL): 2,68±0,56; hemoglobina (g/dL): 14,27±0,69; hematócrito (%): 53±3,38; volume corpuscular médio (fL): 206,7±45,82; hemoglobina corpuscular média (pg): 56,4±14,46; concentração hemoglobina corpuscular média (%): 27,5±1,19; trombócitos (x3/µL): 25,8±10,5; proteína plasmática total (g/dL) 5,4±0,5; leucócitos (x103/dL): 3,1±2; heterófilos (/µL): 1937±1676; linfócitos (/µL): 1144±599; monócitos (/µL): 24,4±28,2; basófilos (/µL): 42,2±46,2; eosinófilos (/µL): 11,7±19,9. Na relação entre machos e fêmeas, não foi encontrada diferença estatística relevante em nenhum parâmetro hematológico avaliado.(AU)

Osteomielite causada por Escherichia coli E Bacillus spp. em papagaio verdadeiro - relato de caso / Osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. in blue-fronted parrot - case report

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever um caso de osteomielite em papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva,) com fratura no membro pélvico esquerdo, acompanhada de osteólise, que foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop-MT. Após exames clínicos, radiográficos, cultura bacteriana e antibiograma, confirmou-se o diagnóstico de osteomielite, causada pelas bactérias Escherichia coli e Bacillus spp. A osteomielite é um processo inflamatório, acompanhado de destruição óssea, causada por um microrganismo infectante e que pode ser encontrada nas formas aguda e crônica. O diagnóstico da osteomielite depende, não só de achados radiográficos, mas de outros exames como cultura e antibiograma. No presente caso, Escherichia coli mostrou-se sensível a todos os antibacterianos utilizados; mas Bacillus spp. mostrou-se resistente a alguns dos antibacterianos utilizados: Enrofloxacina, Ampicilina, Cloranfenicol, Tetraciclina, Norfloxacin e Ciprofloxacina. O tratamento escolhido para o caso foi amputação do membro acometido. Esta é a primeira descrição da ocorrência de osteomielite causada pela bactéria Escherichia coli e Bacillus spp. em um papagaio verdadeiro no estado do Mato Grosso.

The objective is to describe a case of osteomyelitis of a Blue-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) with fractured left pelvic member accompanied of osteolysis, which was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop-MT. After clinical examination, radiographic, bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing, was confirmed the diagnosis of osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process accompanied by bone destruction caused by an infectious microorganism, can be found in acute and chronic forms. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis depends not only on radiographic findings but other tests such as culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. In this case Escherichia coli was sensitive to all antimicrobial used, but Bacillus spp. was resistant to some of antibacterials used: Enrofloxacin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. The treatment chosen for the case was amputation of the affected limb. This is the first description of the occurrence of osteomyelitis caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. in a Blue-fronted Parrot in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Osteomielite causada por Escherichia coli E Bacillus spp. em papagaio verdadeiro - relato de caso / Osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. in blue-fronted parrot - case report

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever um caso de osteomielite em papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva,) com fratura no membro pélvico esquerdo, acompanhada de osteólise, que foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop-MT. Após exames clínicos, radiográficos, cultura bacteriana e antibiograma, confirmou-se o diagnóstico de osteomielite, causada pelas bactérias Escherichia coli e Bacillus spp. A osteomielite é um processo inflamatório, acompanhado de destruição óssea, causada por um microrganismo infectante e que pode ser encontrada nas formas aguda e crônica. O diagnóstico da osteomielite depende, não só de achados radiográficos, mas de outros exames como cultura e antibiograma. No presente caso, Escherichia coli mostrou-se sensível a todos os antibacterianos utilizados; mas Bacillus spp. mostrou-se resistente a alguns dos antibacterianos utilizados: Enrofloxacina, Ampicilina, Cloranfenicol, Tetraciclina, Norfloxacin e Ciprofloxacina. O tratamento escolhido para o caso foi amputação do membro acometido. Esta é a primeira descrição da ocorrência de osteomielite causada pela bactéria Escherichia coli e Bacillus spp. em um papagaio verdadeiro no estado do Mato Grosso.(AU)

The objective is to describe a case of osteomyelitis of a Blue-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) with fractured left pelvic member accompanied of osteolysis, which was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop-MT. After clinical examination, radiographic, bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing, was confirmed the diagnosis of osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process accompanied by bone destruction caused by an infectious microorganism, can be found in acute and chronic forms. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis depends not only on radiographic findings but other tests such as culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. In this case Escherichia coli was sensitive to all antimicrobial used, but Bacillus spp. was resistant to some of antibacterials used: Enrofloxacin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. The treatment chosen for the case was amputation of the affected limb. This is the first description of the occurrence of osteomyelitis caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp. in a Blue-fronted Parrot in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.(AU)

Descrição anatômica de esqueletos de papagaios do gênero Amazona através da utilização de radiografias / Anatomical description of Amazona gender parrot's skeletons through the use of radiography

O esqueleto de papagaios da espécie Amazona aestiva foi descrito e comparado com representantes de outras espécies do gênero Amazona. Para tanto, foram utilizados 22 exemplares da espécie Amazona aestiva; dois das espécies Amazona vinacea; Amazona rhodocorythae, Amazona farinosa, além de um exemplar das espécies Amazona brasiliensis e Amazona pretrei, doados após morte natural pelo Criadouro Poços de Caldas. Foram realizadas radiografias de corpo inteiro, variando de decúbito lateral direito ou esquerdo, no caso das projeções latero-laterais, e em decúbito dorsal, no caso da projeção ventro-dorsal. Independentemente da espécie, os crânios dos papagaios estudados puderam ser classificados como pró-cinéticos, por apresentarem liberdade de movimentos em sua porção rostral. Na maioria dos casos, a coluna vertebral esteve formada por 12 vértebras cervicais, seis vértebras torácicas livres, sinsacro (formado pela fusão da última vértebra torácica, 7 lombosacrais e uma caudal), cinco vértebras caudais livres e pelo pigóstilo (formado por três vértebras caudais fusionadas) e, apesar de diferenças pontuais, o esqueleto apendicular torácico e pélvico se mostrou muito semelhante ao observado para outros gêneros de aves e, inclusive, não foi possível observar dimorfismo sexual através das características anatômicas dos esqueletos dos papagaios trabalhados.(AU)

This study describes the skeleton of Amazona aestiva parrots and compared it with representatives of other Amazona species. To this end, we used 22 specimens of Amazona aestiva, two specimens each of Amazona vinacea; Amazona rhodocorythae, Amazona farinosa and one specimen each of Amazona brasiliensis and Amazona pretrei donated after natural death by Poços de Caldas Breeding Park. Full body radiographs were taken, in either the right or left lateral decubitus position, in the case of laterolateral projections, and in supine position, in the case of ventrodorsal projection. Regardless of the species, skulls of the parrots were classified as prokinetic, because of free movements in their rostral portion. In most cases, the spine consisted of: 12 cervical vertebrae, six free thoracic vertebrae, synsacrum (formed by the fusion of the last thoracic vertebrae, 7 lumbosacral vertebrae and one caudal vertebrae), five free caudal vertebrae and the pygostyle (formed by three fused caudal vertebrae). Despite punctual differences, thoracic and pelvic appendicular skeleton proved to be very similar to that observed for other genera of birds. In addition, there was no sexual dimorphism considering the anatomical characteristics of the skeletons of parrots analyzed.(AU)

Hematologic reference values of Vinaceous-breasted Amazon (Amazona vinacea) / Valores hematológicos de referência em Papagaio-de-Peito-Roxo (Amazona vinacea)

Avian hematologic reference intervals are useful tools to evaluate body homeostasis and diagnose diseases. However, there are few species-specific reference intervals published. The present study reports Vinaceous-breasted Amazon ( Amazona vinacea ) hematologic reference values obtained during the health status evaluation of release candidates as part of this species reintroduction efforts at the Araucárias National Park. Parameters reported are erythrogram (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin), Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), white cells total and differential (heterophiles, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes), thrombocytes and total plasma protein. For the first time results on RDW and thrombocytes were described and a larger sample size were provided for all parameters analyzed. Intervals demonstrated in the present study showed significant differences from those considered normal in other parrot species and consequently have contributed to bring valuable information to base actions for the conservation of this endangered species of great biological value.(AU)

Os valores de intervalos de referência para parâmetros hematológicos aviários são ferramentas úteis para avaliação da homeostase corporal e diagnóstico de doenças. No entanto, são escassos os relatos de intervalos de referência espécie-específico, o que aumenta a probabilidade de um erro na interpretação de dados laboratoriais. Dessa forma, o presente estudo relata valores hematológicos de referência específicos para papagaio-de-peito-roxo ( Amazona vinacea ). Esses valores foram obtidos e calculados durante um projeto de reintrodução como importante e adequada forma para avaliar o estado de saúde de candidatos à soltura. Os analíticos observados foram: eritrograma (eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume celular, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular e hemoglobina corpuscular média), distribuição das células vermelhas (RDW), leucograma (basófilos, eosinofilis mielócitos, metamielócitos, heterófilos, linfócitos e monócitos), trombócitos e proteína plasmática total. Este estudo traz, pela primeira vez, resultados referentes a RDW e a contagem de trombócitos para a espécie, além de fornecer um tamanho amostral maior que estudos anteriores. Os intervalos, demonstrados neste estudo, relatam valores diferentes dos considerados normais para outras espécies de papagaios e, consequentemente, vêm contribuindo para embasar a conservação dessa espécie ameaçada de extinção, de grande valor biológico.(AU)

Avaliação sorológica de Parainfluenzavirus Tipo 1, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp. E Toxoplasma gondii em aves silvestres / Serological evaluation of Parainfluenzavirus Type 1, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp., and Toxoplasma gondii in wild birds

A doença de Newcastle, salmonelose e micoplasmose são enfermidades importantes para a avicultura e a toxoplasmose é uma zoonose comum no ambiente urbano. No presente estudo, pesquisaram-se evidências sorológicas dessas enfermidades em aves cativas e de vida livre com a aplicação das técnicas de soroaglutinação rápida em placa, inibição da hemaglutinação e aglutinação direta modificada. Em 117 amostras de soro sanguíneo, 20 apresentaram anticorpos para algumas das enfermidades avaliadas, sendo constatada a presença de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Salmonella spp. A espécie Amazona aestiva foi a que apresentou o maior número de indivíduos soropositivos no estudo (13/20). Além disso, verificamos a primeira detecção de anticorpos para T. gondii em aves de rapina das espécies Mivalgo chimachima e Rupornis magnirostris.

Newcastle disease, salmonellosis and mycoplamosis are the most important infectious diseases in poultry. Toxoplamosis is a common disease in urban environment. The present study investigated serologic evidence of these diseases in captive and wildlife birds, with rapid plate agglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition test, and modified agglutination test. In a total of 117 blood serum samples, 20 showed the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Salmonella spp. antibodies. Amazona aestiva was the specie with the highest number of positive individuals (13/20). We also verified the first detection of T. gondii antibodies in birds of prey from Mivalgo chimachima and Rupornis magnirostris species.

Avaliação sorológica de Parainfluenzavirus Tipo 1, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp. E Toxoplasma gondii em aves silvestres / Serological evaluation of Parainfluenzavirus Type 1, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp., and Toxoplasma gondii in wild birds

A doença de Newcastle, salmonelose e micoplasmose são enfermidades importantes para a avicultura e a toxoplasmose é uma zoonose comum no ambiente urbano. No presente estudo, pesquisaram-se evidências sorológicas dessas enfermidades em aves cativas e de vida livre com a aplicação das técnicas de soroaglutinação rápida em placa, inibição da hemaglutinação e aglutinação direta modificada. Em 117 amostras de soro sanguíneo, 20 apresentaram anticorpos para algumas das enfermidades avaliadas, sendo constatada a presença de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Salmonella spp. A espécie Amazona aestiva foi a que apresentou o maior número de indivíduos soropositivos no estudo (13/20). Além disso, verificamos a primeira detecção de anticorpos para T. gondii em aves de rapina das espécies Mivalgo chimachima e Rupornis magnirostris.(AU)

Newcastle disease, salmonellosis and mycoplamosis are the most important infectious diseases in poultry. Toxoplamosis is a common disease in urban environment. The present study investigated serologic evidence of these diseases in captive and wildlife birds, with rapid plate agglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition test, and modified agglutination test. In a total of 117 blood serum samples, 20 showed the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Salmonella spp. antibodies. Amazona aestiva was the specie with the highest number of positive individuals (13/20). We also verified the first detection of T. gondii antibodies in birds of prey from Mivalgo chimachima and Rupornis magnirostris species.(AU)

Parasites of Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil / Parasitas de Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes no estado da Paraiba, Brasil

In this study, we investigated the presence of gastrointestinal helminths in 97 captive birds (Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes) necropsied between June and December 2011 in the state of Paraiba, Brazil. Forty-three birds were infected. Psittaciformes were infected by nematode Ascaridia hermaphrodita (97.6%) and cestode Raillietina sp. (2.4%). A. hermaphrodita was found in all species of parrots and Raillietina sp. was found only in Amazona aestiva. A. hermaphrodita was the cause of death, by intestinal obstruction, in 14 of the 40 birds investigated. Accipitriformes were infected by nematode Synhimantus (Synhimantus) rectus (100%) and acantocephalan Centrorhynchus tumidulus (50%). In Brazil, Diopsittaca nobilis and A. aestiva are reported for the first time as hosts of A. hermaphrodita and Raillietina sp., respectively. We concluded that Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in captivity are affected by nematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalans and that implementation of control measures is essential.

Este estudo objetivou-se investigar a presença de parasitos gastrointestinais em aves de cativeiro da Ordem Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes no estado da Paraíba-Brasil. Foram necropsiadas 97 aves durante o período de junho a dezembro de 2011. Em 43 (44.3%) aves, foi detectada a presença de nematóides, cestóides e/ou acantocéfalos. A prevalência de parasitos gastrointestinais em Psittaciformes foi de 45.6% (41/88) e os helmintos identificados foram Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Ascaridoidea, Ascarididae) (40/41, 97.6%) e Raillietina sp. (Cyclophyllidea, Davaineidae) (1/41, 2.4%). A. hermaphrodita foi encontrada em todas as espécies de papagaios e Raillietina sp. foi encontrada apenas na Amazona aestiva. Em aves Accipitriformes, a prevalência foi de 22.2% (2/9) e os helmintos identificados foram Synhimantus (Synhimantus) rectus (Spirurida, Acuariidae) (2/2, 100%) e Centrorhynchus tumidulus (Acanthocephala, Centrorhynchidae) (1/2, 50 %). Todos os parasitos encontrados neste estudo são relatados pela primeira vez em aves Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes no estado da Paraíba. No Brasil, Diopsittaca nobilis e A. aestiva são apresentados pela primeira vez como hospedeiros da A. hermaphrodita e Raillietina sp., respectivamente. Concluiu-se que aves Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes de cativeiro são afetadas por nematóides, cestóides e acantocéfalos, e que a implementação de medidas de controle é imprescindível.