Piometras em cadelas: relação entre o prognóstico clínico e o diagnóstico laboratorial / Pyometra in bitches: relationship between clinical prognosis and laboratory diagnosis

Piometra é uma afecção resultante da interação bacteriana com a hiperplasia cística do endométrio. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar bactérias em condições de aerobiose e anaerobiose da secreção intrauterina de cadelas com piometra, presença da síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica, status da cérvix, peritonite, dosagens bioquímicas séricas e comparar com o prognóstico de cadelas tratadas cirurgicamente. Utilizaram-se 15 cadelas com piometra, submetidas à ovariohisterectomia. Hemogramas e dosagens séricas de ureia, creatinina, FA e ALT foram realizados no pré-operatório imediato. Coletou-se urina por cistocentese. Após a remoção do útero e ovários, a secreção intrauterina foi aspirada; as amostras foram então cultivadas em aerobiose e anaerobiose, as amostras de urina em aerobiose. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, G1 (alta hospitalar em até 48 horas) e G2 (alta hospitalar após 48 horas ou óbito). Onze amostras de conteúdo intrauterino (73,3%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano em aerobiose e anaerobiose e em uma amostra isolou-se Arizona hinshawii. Quatro amostras de urina (26,6%) tiveram crescimento bacteriano. Houve diferença significativa das variáveis status da cérvix, ureia, creatinina e fosfatase alcalina entre G1 e G2. Embora a diversidade etiológica encontrada nas culturas de conteúdo intrauterino tenha sido alta, a avaliação da azotemia, status da cérvix e dosagem de FA sérica mostraram-se bons marcadores prognósticos em cadelas com piometra.

Pyometra is a disease resulting from bacterial interaction with cystic endometrial hyperplasia. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions of intrauterine secretion of bitches with pyometra, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, status of the cervix, peritonitis, serum biochemical measurements and to compare the prognosis of surgically treated bitches. We used 15 bitches with pyometra, undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Blood count and dosage of serum biochemicals were performed preoperatively. Urine was collected by cystocentesis during surgery. After the uterus was removed, intrauterine secretion was aspirated; the samples were grown aerobically and anaerobically, and urine aerobically. The animals were divided into two groups, G1 (hospital discharge until 48 hours) and G2 (discharged after 48 hours or death). Eleven samples of intrauterine content (73.3%) had bacterial growth in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and Arizona hinshawii was isolated in a sample. Four urine samples (26.6%) had bacterial growth. There were significant differences in status of the cervix, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase between G1 and G2. Although the etiology diversity found in intrauterine cultures was high, the evaluation of azotemia, status of the cervix, and serum alkaline phosphatase dosage proved to be good prognostics markers in female dogs with pyometra.

Piometras em cadelas: relação entre o prognóstico clínico e o diagnóstico laboratorial / Pyometra in bitches: relationship between clinical prognosis and laboratory diagnosis

Piometra é uma afecção resultante da interação bacteriana com a hiperplasia cística do endométrio. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar bactérias em condições de aerobiose e anaerobiose da secreção intrauterina de cadelas com piometra, presença da síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica, status da cérvix, peritonite, dosagens bioquímicas séricas e comparar com o prognóstico de cadelas tratadas cirurgicamente. Utilizaram-se 15 cadelas com piometra, submetidas à ovariohisterectomia. Hemogramas e dosagens séricas de ureia, creatinina, FA e ALT foram realizados no pré-operatório imediato. Coletou-se urina por cistocentese. Após a remoção do útero e ovários, a secreção intrauterina foi aspirada; as amostras foram então cultivadas em aerobiose e anaerobiose, as amostras de urina em aerobiose. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, G1 (alta hospitalar em até 48 horas) e G2 (alta hospitalar após 48 horas ou óbito). Onze amostras de conteúdo intrauterino (73,3%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano em aerobiose e anaerobiose e em uma amostra isolou-se Arizona hinshawii. Quatro amostras de urina (26,6%) tiveram crescimento bacteriano. Houve diferença significativa das variáveis status da cérvix, ureia, creatinina e fosfatase alcalina entre G1 e G2. Embora a diversidade etiológica encontrada nas culturas de conteúdo intrauterino tenha sido alta, a avaliação da azotemia, status da cérvix e dosagem de FA sérica mostraram-se bons marcadores prognósticos em cadelas com piometra.(AU)

Pyometra is a disease resulting from bacterial interaction with cystic endometrial hyperplasia. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions of intrauterine secretion of bitches with pyometra, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, status of the cervix, peritonitis, serum biochemical measurements and to compare the prognosis of surgically treated bitches. We used 15 bitches with pyometra, undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Blood count and dosage of serum biochemicals were performed preoperatively. Urine was collected by cystocentesis during surgery. After the uterus was removed, intrauterine secretion was aspirated; the samples were grown aerobically and anaerobically, and urine aerobically. The animals were divided into two groups, G1 (hospital discharge until 48 hours) and G2 (discharged after 48 hours or death). Eleven samples of intrauterine content (73.3%) had bacterial growth in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and Arizona hinshawii was isolated in a sample. Four urine samples (26.6%) had bacterial growth. There were significant differences in status of the cervix, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase between G1 and G2. Although the etiology diversity found in intrauterine cultures was high, the evaluation of azotemia, status of the cervix, and serum alkaline phosphatase dosage proved to be good prognostics markers in female dogs with pyometra.(AU)

Microalgae population dynamics in photobioreactors with secondary sewage effluent as culture medium

Nitrogen and phosphorus present in sewage can be used for microalgae growth, possibiliting cost reduction in the production of microalgae at the same time that it decreases the eutrophication potential of the effluent. This research aimed at monitoring the native community of microalgae and coliform bacteria in a secondary effluent from anaerobic municipal sewage treatment. Two treatments (aerated and non-aerated) were performed to grow microalgae under semi-controlled conditions in semi-closed photobioreactors in a greenhouse. The results showed no significant pH and coliforms (total and Escherichia coli) variation between treatments. Nutrient concentrations were reduced supporting microalgae growth up to 107 cells.mL−1 independent of aeration. Exponential growth was obtained from the first day for the non-aerated, but a 5 day lag phase of growth was obtained for the aerated. Chlorella vulgaris was the dominant microalgae (99.9%) in both treatments. In the aerated, 5 algae classes were detected (Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae), with 12 taxa, whereas in the non-aerated, 2 classes were identified (Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae), with 5 taxa. We concluded that effluent is viable for microalgae growth, especially Chlorella vulgaris, at the same time that the eutrophication potential and coliforms are decreased, contributing for better quality of the final effluent.(AU)

Implication of anaerobic and aerobic decomposition of Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth. on the carbon cycling in a subtropical reservoir / Implicações da decomposição aeróbia e anaeróbia de Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth. na ciclagem de carbono em um reservatório subtropical

This study aimed at describing kinetic aspects of aerobic and anaerobic mineralization of Eicchornia azurea. The samples of aquatic macrophyte and water were collected in the Monjolinho Reservoir (22° 00′ S and 47° 54′ W). To determine the leachate potential, dried plant fragments were added to reservoir water, with sampling lasting for 4 months, where the particulate and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were measured. The kinetics of mass loss was obtained with 10 mineralization chambers for both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with the plant fragments and reservoir water. Two additional chambers were used to monitor the volume of gases produced from anaerobic mineralization, with bioassays to determine oxygen uptake. The results were fitted to a first-order kinetic model, from which 27.21% of detritus corresponded to labile/soluble fractions and 72.62% to the refractory fractions. The decay rates for the global mass losses of the labile/soluble components were 2.07 day–1. DOC mineralization was not verified for either condition. Under aerobic condition, the mass loss constant rate (0.0029 day–1) for the refractory fractions was 2.4 the value for the anaerobic one. Under anaerobic condition, the gases formation occurred in three phases. Based on these results, in the Monjolinho Reservoir, the decomposition of E. azurea that undergo within the water column and in upper layers of sediment is a faster process, favoring the mineralization. In contrast, in the lower layers of sediment the diagenetic processes (i.e. humus production and accumulation of organic matter) are favored.(AU)

Nesse estudo descreveram-se aspectos cinéticos da decomposição aeróbia e anaeróbia de Eichhornia azurea. As amostras da macrófita aquática e de água foram coletadas no reservatório do Monjolinho (22° 00′ S e 47° 54′ O). Para a determinação do potencial de lixiviação, adicionaram-se fragmentos de planta (previamente secos) em água do reservatório. Nos experimentos de decomposição, as amostragens foram realizadas durante 4 meses e quantificaram-se as frações particuladas e dissolvidas de carbono. Para descrever as cinéticas de perda de massa, para cada condição (aeróbia e anaeróbia) foram preparadas 10 incubações contento fragmentos de plantas e água do reservatório. A cada dia de amostragem as frações particuladas e dissolvidas de carbono orgânico foram quantificadas. Foram também preparadas 2 câmaras para registrar a formação de gases da degradação anaeróbia e o consumo de oxigênio na degradação aeróbia. Os resultados foram ajustados a um modelo cinético de 1ª ordem. Verificou-se que 27,21% dos detritos corresponderam à fração lábil/solúvel e 72,62% à refratária. O coeficiente global de perda de massa das frações lábeis/solúveis foi 2,07 dia–1. Nas duas condições não houve mineralização da matéria orgânica dissolvida. Na condição aeróbia, o coeficiente de perda de massa das frações refratárias (0,0029 dia–1) foi 2,4 vezes maior que o da anaeróbia. Para a condição anaeróbia observou-se que a formação de gases constituiu-se de três fases. Diante destes resultados, no reservatório do Monjolinho, os processos degradativos dos detritos de E. azurea que ocorrem tanto na coluna d'água quanto na superfície do sedimento são mais rápidos, favorecendo assim, a mineralizaçao; por outro lado, no sedimento os processos diagenéticos (i.e. humificação e o acúmulo de matéria orgânica) são favorecidos.(AU)

HSF-1, HIF-1and HSP90 expression on recombinant Pichia pastoris under fed-batch fermentation

Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast used as an efficient expression system for heterologous protein production as compared to other expression systems. Considering that every cell must respond to environmental changes to survive and differentiate, determination of endogenous protein related to heat stress responses and hypoxia, it would necessary to establish the temperature and methanol concentration conditions for optimal growth. The aim of this study is characterize the culture conditions through the putative biomarkers in different conditions of temperature and methanol concentration. Three yeast cultures were performed: 3X = 3% methanol -10 °C, 4X = 3% methanol -30 °C, and 5X = 1% methanol -10 °C. The expression level of HIF-1α, HSF-1, HSP-70 and HSP-90 biomarkers were measured by Western blot and in situ detection was performed by immunocytochemistry. The western blot results of HIF-1α and HSP-90 did not indicate statistically significant in the culture conditions studied. Respect to biomarkers location, HIF-1α and HSP-90 presented differences between cultures. In conclusion, the results suggest the cultures in a hypoxic condition produce a high density and yeast cells smaller. Beside the high density would not necessary related with a high production of recombinant proteins in modified-genetically P. pastoris.

Ethanol production from agricultural wastes using Sacchromyces cervisae

The main objective of this study was production of ethanol from three lignocellulosic biomasses like sugarcane bagasse, rice straw and wheat straw by Sacchromyces cervisae. All the three substrates were ground to powder form (2 mm) and pretreated with 3%H2O2 + 2% NaOH followed by steaming at 130 °C for 60 min. These substrates were hydrolyzed by commercial cellulase enzyme. The whole fermentation process was carried out in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask under anaerobic conditions in submerged fermentation at 30 °C for three days of incubation period. FTIR analysis of the substrates indicated significant changes in the alteration of the structure occurred after pretreatment which leads to efficient saccharification. After pretreatment the substrates were hydrolyzed by commercial cellulase enzyme and maximum hydrolysis was observed in sugarcane bagasse (64%) followed by rice straw (40%) and wheat straw (34%). Among all these tested substrates, sugarcane bagasse (77 g/L) produced more ethanol as compared to rice straw (62 g/L) and wheat straw (44 g/L) using medium composition of (%) 0.25 (NH4)2SO4, 0.1 KH2PO4, 0.05 MgSO4, 0.25 Yeast extract by S. cervisae.

Influence of glyphosate in planktonic and biofilm growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This study evaluated the impact of different concentrations of glyphosate (Rondup®) on planktonic and biofilm growth of P. aeruginosa. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures of P. aeruginosa ATCC®15442 inoculated in MHB + glyphosate (0.845 ppm, 1.690 ppm, 8.45 ppm, 16.90 ppm, 84.50 ppm, 169 ppm, 845 ppm, and 1690 ppm) and cultured in normoxia and anoxia, following their OD560nm every hour for 24 h. Biofilms of adapted cells were formed in the presence of glyphosate (0.845 to 1690 ppm) in normoxia and anoxia for 36 h. Glyphosate at concentrations higher than 84.5 ppm reduces the cell density of planktonic aerobic cultures (p < 0.05). However, these same concentrations favor the planktonic anaerobic growth (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the herbicide favors a slight growth of biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner up to 84.5 ppm (p > 0.05), and more pronounced over 169 ppm. Anaerobic biofilms have their growth more readily favored (p < 0.05), regardless of concentration. In a concentration-dependent manner, glyphosate interferes with the growth ability of P. aeruginosa ATCC®15442.

Recovery of gastrointestinal swine parasites in anaerobic biodigester systems / Recuperação de parasitas gastrintestinais de suínos em biodigestores anaeróbicos

Solid and liquid wastes from livestock operations represent important challenges for animal production regarding their impact in the environment and public health. Parasitological tests performed on 80 samples of affluent and effluent waters from three anaerobic biodigestors with flexible structure from swine farms of Caldas - Colombia, showed the presence of Isospora suis (45%), Eimeria suis (42.5%), E. espinosa (35%), Strongyloides ransomi (28.8%), E. perminuta (12.5%), E. cerdonis (3.8%), and E. porci (2.5%). The additional finding of eggs of Taenia spp. in 10% of the samples was probably caused by a connection between the human sewage system and the biodigester. Although we observed a mean decrease of 65.6% of parasites, these levels were insufficient to meet the minimum requirement set by Engelberg's guidelines regarding water quality. This study demonstrates the serious environmental impact that an inadequately treated animal wastewater represents, and has important implications for water resources and human health.(AU)

Resíduos sólidos e líquidos oriundos da suinocultura representam desafios importantes para a produção animal no que diz respeito ao impacto do meio ambiente e em saúde pública. Testes parasitológicos foram realizados em 80 amostras de águas afluentes e efluentes de três biodigestores anaeróbicos com estrutura flexível em granjas de Caldas - Colômbia, demonstrando a presença de Isospora suis (45%), Eimeria suis (42,5%), E. espinosa (35%), Strongyloides ransomi (28,8%), E. perminuta (12,5%), E. cerdonis (3,8%) e E. porci (2,5%). A constatação adicional de ovos de Taenia spp. em 10% das amostras foi provavelmente causada pela conexão entre o sistema de esgoto humano e o biodigestor. Embora fosse observada uma diminuição média de 65,6% dos parasitas, estes níveis são insuficientes para atender ao requisito mínimo estabelecido pelas diretrizes Engelberg em relação à qualidade da água. Este estudo demonstra o grave impacto ambiental que águas residuais animais inadequadamente tratadas representam, bem como as implicações nos recursos hídricos e na saúde humana.(AU)

Produtividade e qualidade de frutos do mamoeiro em função de tipos e doses de biofertilizantes / Yield and fruit quality of papaya as function of types and levels of biofertilizers

Os biofertilizantes são produtos orgânicos geralmente obtidos via anaerobiose, estudados, principalmente, como fitoprotetores para a agricultura, mas que podem também incrementar a produção das plantas. Nesse sentido, um experimento de campo foi desenvolvido, no período de maio/2003 a agosto/2004, no município de Remígio-Pb, para avaliar os efeitos de dois biofertilizantes bovinos sobre a massa média, produtividade e a qualidade externa e interna dos frutos do mamoeiro Havaí (Carica papaya L.) cultivar ‘Baixinho de Santa Amália. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos casualizados com três repetições e 15 plantas por parcela, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo dois biofertilizantes: puro (água e esterco fresco de bovino) e o supermagro (além de água e esterco bovino fresco é enriquecido com macro, micronutrientes e mistura protéica), aplicados ao solo na forma líquida nos volumes 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; e 2,0 L cova-1. A massa média, a produtividade e as variáveis referentes à qualidade externa e interna dos frutos não deferiram entre os tipos de biofertilizantes, mas responderam significativamente às doses de ambos os insumos. Os resultados, exceto quanto à firmeza dos frutos, demonstram efeitos positivos dos biofertilizantes no cultivo do mamoeiro ‘Baixinho de Santa Amália em termos de rendimento por área e qualidade físico-química dos frutos.(AU)

Biofertilizers are organic products usually obtained from an anaerobic process, evaluated mainly asphytoprotectors for agriculture, although they can improve fruit production. By this way, a field experiment was carried out in Remígio County, Paraiba State, Brazil, to evaluate the effects of two bovine biofertilizerson yield, medium mass and quality of papaya fruits (Carica papaya L.), ‘Baixinho de Santa Amáliacultivar. Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications and 15 plants in each parcel, in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement, with two biofertilizers: simple (water and fresh bovine manure) and supermagro (water, fresh bovine manure, macro and micronutrients and a proteinmix), applied in soil under liquid form at five volumes, as follows: 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; e 2.0 L cave-1. There was no statistical difference between biofertilizers for fruit mass, yield and external and internal fruit quality variables, while between volumes differences were registered for both biofertilizers. The results,except for fruit firmness, registered positive effects of the biofertilizers on ‘Baixinho de Santa Amáliapapaya cultivar in relation to yield and physical and chemical fruit quality.(AU)

Viabilidade de ovos de Fasciola hepatica de bovinos em sistema de biodigestão anaeróbia / Viability of bovine's Fasciola hepatica eggs in a system of anaerobic biodigestion

Cattle Fasciola hepatica egg-viability was studied in closed system of anaerobic biodigestion. Two thirds of a biodigestor were filled with liquefied manure from eight Hosltein cows, naturally infected. For 10 consecutive weeks of observation, the biodigestor internal temperature ranged from 24ºC to 28ºC, and external temperature from 26ºC to 33ºC. All the effluent samples showed a constant pH of 7. The samples of the effluent were weekly collected, in a total of 10 and submitted to techniques to detect the presence and viability of the trematode eggs. It was detected a 42-day egg viability. Therefore, liquefied cattle manure containing Fasciola hepatica eggs must remain under anaerobic biodigestion for at least 42 days before its safe return to the environment.(AU)