Bacterias resistentes a antimicrobianos em hospitais veterinários: um desafio crescente / Antimicrobial resistant bacteria in veterinary hospitals: a growing challenge

Na medicina humana, o profundo impacto de infecções hospitalares sobre a morbidade e a mortalidade de pacientes hospitalizados destacou a necessidade de implementação de medidas de controle e prevenção cada vez melhores. Inicialmente, essas mudanças foram reativas, após a doença e a morte de grande número de indivíduos. Hoje, o controle 3. Bacterias resistentes a antimicrobianos em hospitais veterinários: um desafio crescente pixabay.com e a prevenção de infecções é um campo desenvolvido e reconhecido na medicina humana, com funcionários especificamente treinados e certificados e com grandes programas de vigilância fornecendo a avaliação aprofundada da epidemiologia de infecções hospitalares. Em contraste, o controle e a prevenção de infecções em medicina veterinária encontram-se ainda em um estágio inicial, com poucos funcionários dedicados, oportunidades de treinamento raros e sem sistemas de vigilância, sobretudo, por questões de financiamento limitado. Assim como aconteceu na medicina humana, os esforços para controle e prevenção de infecções em hospitais veterinários ainda são reativos, em resposta a situações desequilibradas, como surtos. Conforme a medicina veterinária avança, pacientes são submetidos a procedimentos cada vez mais invasivos e terapias imunossupressoras que aumentam sua susceptibilidade a infecções hospitalares. Diante dessa situação, o controle e a prevenção de infecções também precisam avançar.(AU)

Profile of otitis externa isolates in dogs and cats diagnosed in laboratory of microbiology in 2020 / Perfil dos isolados de otites externas em cães e gatos diagnosticados em laboratório de microbiologia em 2020

Otitis externa is one of the most frequent diseases in the clinical routine of dogs and cats, and they can be caused by several associated factors. Due to incorrect use of antimicrobial products, the treatment and control of otitis have become challenging. This study aims to analyze the results of otological exams at the Laboratory of Microbiology HV-ULBRA in 2020 and demonstrate the profile of patients and isolated bacteria. Staphylococcus was the main genus isolated, and 71,11% of samples showed multi-drug resistance to antimicrobial testing. These results indicate the need to use complementary examinations to control otitis externa.(AU)

A otite externa é um das enfermidades mais frequentes na rotina clínica de cães e gatos e pode ser causada por diversos fatores associados. Devido ao uso incorreto de antimicrobianos, o tratamento e o controle das otites se tornaram desafiadores. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar os resultados dos exames otológicos encaminhados ao Laboratório de Microbiologia HV-ULBRA em 2020 e, além disso, delinear o perfil dos pacientes e das bactérias isoladas. Staphylococcus foi o principal gênero isolado e 71,11% das amostras apresentou multirresistência aos antimicrobianos testados. Esses resultados evidenciam a necessidade do uso de exames complementares para controle das otites externas.(AU)

Performance and biometry of the gastrointestinal tract in growing Japanese quails fed bee pollen / Desempenho e biometria do trato gastrointestinal de codornas japonesas em crescimento alimentadas com pólen apícola

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of bee pollen in the diet of growing Japanese quails on productive performance, relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines. A total of 650 one-day-old female Japanese quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments according to the dietary levels of bee pollen (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6%), five replicates, and 26 birds per experimental unit. At the end of the experimental period (35 days of age), the performance and relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines were evaluated. The dietary inclusion of bee pollen did not influence (P > 0.05) performance, relative weight of proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, liver, and large intestine, as well as the length of small and large intestines. However, a linear reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the relative weight of small intestine as dietary bee pollen levels increased. The inclusion of bee pollen from 0.4 to 1.6% in the diet of growing Japanese quails did neither improve productive performance nor alter the biometry of digestive organs.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de pólen apícola nas dietas de codornas japonesas em crescimento sobre o desempenho produtivo, peso relativo dos órgãos do trato gastrointestinal e comprimento do intestino delgado e grosso. Um total de 650 codornas japonesas, fêmeas, de um dia de idade, foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos de acordo com os níveis dietéticos do pólen apícola (0,0; 0,4; 0,8; 1,2 e 1,6%), cinco repetições e 26 aves por unidade experimental. Ao final do período experimental (35 dias de idade), o desempenho e o peso relativo dos órgãos do trato gastrointestinal e o comprimento do intestino delgado e grosso foram avaliados. A inclusão dietética de pólen de abelha não influenciou (P > 0,05) o desempenho, peso relativo do proventrículo, moela, pâncreas, fígado e intestino grosso, bem como o comprimento do intestino delgado e intestino grosso. Entretanto, uma redução linear (P < 0,05) foi observada no peso relativo do intestino delgado de acordo com o aumento dos níveis de pólen apícola. A inclusão dietética de 0,4 a 1,6% de pólen apícola para codornas japonesas em crescimento não melhorou o desempenho produtivo e não alterou a biometria dos órgãos digestivos.(AU)

Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Serovars Isolated From an Egg-Producing Region in Brazil

Fowl paratyphoid infections are caused by different Salmonella serovars that can affect a wide range of hosts. Due to its complex epidemiology, Salmonella serovar identification is crucial for the development and implementation of monitoring and control programs in poultry farms. Moreover, the characterization of the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from livestock is relevant to public health because they are a common causative agent of foodborne diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. and to identify the antimicrobial resistance profiles of strains isolated in the midwestern region of São Paulo state, which accounts for the highest production of table eggs in Brazil. For this purpose, 2008 fecal samples were collected on 151 commercial layer farms and submitted to microbiological analyses. Twenty-two serovars were isolated from 80 (52.9%) farms, among which S. Mbandaka and S. Braenderup were the most prevalent. All isolates expressed resistance to at least one of the 23 antimicrobials tested, and the highest resistance rates were determined against streptomycin (93.5%) and sulfonamide (84.6%). Moreover, multidrug resistance was observed in 41% of the isolates and the maximum drug resistance profile was against ten different antimicrobials. Therefore, the identification of Salmonella serovars in poultry production provides epidemiological knowledge to develop prevention and control measures in order to ensure poultry health and to prevent human infection by multiresistant strains.(AU)

Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Serovars Isolated From an Egg-Producing Region in Brazil

Fowl paratyphoid infections are caused by different Salmonella serovars that can affect a wide range of hosts. Due to its complex epidemiology, Salmonella serovar identification is crucial for the development and implementation of monitoring and control programs in poultry farms. Moreover, the characterization of the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from livestock is relevant to public health because they are a common causative agent of foodborne diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. and to identify the antimicrobial resistance profiles of strains isolated in the midwestern region of São Paulo state, which accounts for the highest production of table eggs in Brazil. For this purpose, 2008 fecal samples were collected on 151 commercial layer farms and submitted to microbiological analyses. Twenty-two serovars were isolated from 80 (52.9%) farms, among which S. Mbandaka and S. Braenderup were the most prevalent. All isolates expressed resistance to at least one of the 23 antimicrobials tested, and the highest resistance rates were determined against streptomycin (93.5%) and sulfonamide (84.6%). Moreover, multidrug resistance was observed in 41% of the isolates and the maximum drug resistance profile was against ten different antimicrobials. Therefore, the identification of Salmonella serovars in poultry production provides epidemiological knowledge to develop prevention and control measures in order to ensure poultry health and to prevent human infection by multiresistant strains.

Resistência do Staphylococcus aureus à antimicrobianos: da suinocultura à saúde pública / Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antimicrobials: from swine to public health / Resistencia del Staphylococcus aureus a antimicrobianos: de la porcicultura a la salud pública

No cenário agroindustrial brasileiro a cadeia suinícola vem se destacando cada vez mais. A inserção no mercado internacional e as novas tecnologias aplicadas na prática de produção de suínos tem grande importância na economia do país. No entanto, algumas bactérias oportunistas estão presentes nas regiões nasais de suínos, sendo responsáveis por diversas alterações clínicas na suinocultura. Um dos principais patógenos que acomete esta espécie é o Staphylococcus aureus, responsável também por infeções nos seres humanos. O S. aureus possui características de virulência e resistência a diversos antibióticos, em especial à oxacilina, um antibiótico pertencente ao grupo ß-lactâmicos com ampla escala de utilização. A resistência do S. aureus à oxacilina está interligada a vários fatores, como a presença do gene mecA, que codifica a produção de uma proteína ligante e, assim, diminui a afinidade e a sensibilidade à ação de compostos antimicrobianos ß-lactâmicos. O uso errôneo de antibióticos é um dos fatores responsáveis por cepas resistentes e, a adição de melhoradores de desempenho nas rações de suínos, com a adição de antibióticos de forma preventiva pode favorecer e aumentar a existência de cepas multirresistentes, agravando ainda mais os dados já obtidos em pesquisas. A seleção destes genes resistentes causa preocupação à saúde coletiva, uma vez que indivíduos que tiveram contato com suínos e moradores residentes próximos as granjas apresentam cepas resistentes de S. aureus. Assim, a utilização de antibióticos de forma correta é fundamental para a redução dos índices de resistências à antibióticos..

Pig farming has been increasingly prominent in the Brazilian agroindustrial scenario. Its insertion in the international market and the use of new technologies applied to pig farming have been of great importance to the country's economy. Nevertheless, opportunistic bacteria present in the nasal regions of pigs are responsible for several clinical changes in the breeding of those animals. Staphylococcus aureus features among the main pathogens affecting that species, being also responsible for infections in humans. S. aureus is characterized by its virulence and resistance to several antibiotics, especially oxacillin, an antibiotic belonging to the ß-lactam group with a wide usage range. The resistance of S. aureus to oxacillin is linked to several factors, such as the presence of the mecA gene, which encodes the production of a binding protein and thus decreases the affinity and sensitivity to the action of ß-lactam antimicrobial compounds. Incorrect use of antibiotics is one of the factors responsible for generating resistant strains, and the addition of growth promoters in pig feeds with the addition of antibiotics as a form of prevention may favor and even increase the existence of multiresistant strains, further aggravating the current scenario, as expressed by data already obtained in research. The selection of these resistant genes is a matter of concern for collective health, since individuals that had contact with pigs and residents living near pig farms present S. aureus resistant strains. Thus, the correct use of antibiotics is pivotal for reducing the antibiotic resistance rates.

En el escenario agroindustrial brasileño la cadena porcina viene destacándose cada vez más. La inserción en el mercado internacional y las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas en la práctica de producción de cerdos, tiene gran importancia en la economía del país. Sin embargo, algunas bacterias oportunistas están presentes en las regiones nasales de cerdos, siendo responsables por diversas alteraciones clínicas en la porcicultura. Uno de los principales patógenos que acomete esta especie es el Staphylococcus aureus, responsable también por infecciones en los seres humanos. El S. aureus posee características de virulencia y resistencia a diversos antibióticos, en especial a la oxacilina, un antibiótico perteneciente al grupo ß-lactámicos con amplia escala de utilización. La resistencia del S. aureus a oxacilina está interconectada a varios factores, como la presencia del gen mecA, que codifica la producción de una proteína ligante y así disminuye la afinidad y la sensibilidad a la acción de compuestos antimicrobianos ß-lactámicos. El uso erróneo de antibióticos es uno de los factores responsables de cepas resistentes y, la adición de promotores de crecimiento en las raciones de cerdos, con la adición de antibióticos de forma preventiva, puede favorecer y aumentar la existencia de cepas multirresistentes, agravando aún más los datos ya obtenidos en investigaciones. La selección de estos genes resistentes causa preocupación a la salud colectiva, ya que individuos que tuvieron contacto con cerdos y residen cercano a las granjas presentan cepas resistentes de S. aureus. Así, la utilización de antibióticos de forma correcta es fundamental para la reducción de índices de resistencias a los antibióticos.

Resistência do Staphylococcus aureus à antimicrobianos: da suinocultura à saúde pública / Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antimicrobials: from swine to public health / Resistencia del Staphylococcus aureus a antimicrobianos: de la porcicultura a la salud pública

No cenário agroindustrial brasileiro a cadeia suinícola vem se destacando cada vez mais. A inserção no mercado internacional e as novas tecnologias aplicadas na prática de produção de suínos tem grande importância na economia do país. No entanto, algumas bactérias oportunistas estão presentes nas regiões nasais de suínos, sendo responsáveis por diversas alterações clínicas na suinocultura. Um dos principais patógenos que acomete esta espécie é o Staphylococcus aureus, responsável também por infeções nos seres humanos. O S. aureus possui características de virulência e resistência a diversos antibióticos, em especial à oxacilina, um antibiótico pertencente ao grupo ß-lactâmicos com ampla escala de utilização. A resistência do S. aureus à oxacilina está interligada a vários fatores, como a presença do gene mecA, que codifica a produção de uma proteína ligante e, assim, diminui a afinidade e a sensibilidade à ação de compostos antimicrobianos ß-lactâmicos. O uso errôneo de antibióticos é um dos fatores responsáveis por cepas resistentes e, a adição de melhoradores de desempenho nas rações de suínos, com a adição de antibióticos de forma preventiva pode favorecer e aumentar a existência de cepas multirresistentes, agravando ainda mais os dados já obtidos em pesquisas. (AU)

Pig farming has been increasingly prominent in the Brazilian agroindustrial scenario. Its insertion in the international market and the use of new technologies applied to pig farming have been of great importance to the country's economy. Nevertheless, opportunistic bacteria present in the nasal regions of pigs are responsible for several clinical changes in the breeding of those animals. Staphylococcus aureus features among the main pathogens affecting that species, being also responsible for infections in humans. S. aureus is characterized by its virulence and resistance to several antibiotics, especially oxacillin, an antibiotic belonging to the ß-lactam group with a wide usage range. The resistance of S. aureus to oxacillin is linked to several factors, such as the presence of the mecA gene, which encodes the production of a binding protein and thus decreases the affinity and sensitivity to the action of ß-lactam antimicrobial compounds. Incorrect use of antibiotics is one of the factors responsible for generating resistant strains, and the addition of growth promoters in pig feeds with the addition of antibiotics as a form of prevention may favor and even increase the existence of multiresistant strains, further aggravating the current scenario, as expressed by data already obtained in research. The selection of these resistant genes is a matter of concern for collective health, since individuals that had contact with pigs and residents living near pig farms present S. aureus resistant strains. Thus, the correct use of antibiotics is pivotal for reducing the antibiotic resistance rates.(AU)

En el escenario agroindustrial brasileño la cadena porcina viene destacándose cada vez más. La inserción en el mercado internacional y las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas en la práctica de producción de cerdos, tiene gran importancia en la economía del país. Sin embargo, algunas bacterias oportunistas están presentes en las regiones nasales de cerdos, siendo responsables por diversas alteraciones clínicas en la porcicultura. Uno de los principales patógenos que acomete esta especie es el Staphylococcus aureus, responsable también por infecciones en los seres humanos. El S. aureus posee características de virulencia y resistencia a diversos antibióticos, en especial a la oxacilina, un antibiótico perteneciente al grupo ß-lactámicos con amplia escala de utilización. La resistencia del S. aureus a oxacilina está interconectada a varios factores, como la presencia del gen mecA, que codifica la producción de una proteína ligante y así disminuye la afinidad y la sensibilidad a la acción de compuestos antimicrobianos ß-lactámicos. El uso erróneo de antibióticos es uno de los factores responsables de cepas resistentes y, la adición de promotores de crecimiento en las raciones de cerdos, con la adición de antibióticos de forma preventiva, puede favorecer y aumentar la existencia de cepas multirresistentes, agravando aún más los datos ya obtenidos en investigaciones. La selección de estos genes resistentes causa preocupación a la salud colectiva, ya que individuos que tuvieron contacto con cerdos y residen cercano a las granjas presentan cepas resistentes de S. aureus. Así, la utilización de antibióticos de forma correcta es fundamental para la reducción de índices de resistencias a los antibióticos.(AU)

Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella from Chicken Carcasses Marketed at Ibague, Colombia

Salmonella enterica is responsible for alimentary toxic infections associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry products and the antimicrobial resistant patterns of Salmonella circulating in the Tolima region are currently unknown. To address this issue, both the phenotype and genotype antibiotic resistance patterns of 47 Salmonella isolated from raw chicken carcasses sold at the Ibague city were analyzed by the disc diffusion, microdilution and PCR assays. All 47 Salmonella isolates showed resistance to five or more antimicrobial agents. Resistance to Ampicillin (AMP), Amikacin (AMK), Gentamicin (GEN), Tobramycin (TOB), Cefazoline (CFZ), Cefoxitin (FOX), Nitrofurantoin (NIT), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (SXT), Tetracycline (TET), Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Enrofloxacin (ENR) was observed in 42.35% of Salmonella isolates. All tested S. Paratyphi B var Java isolates showed resistance to at least 12 antibiotics. S. Hvittingfoss showed resistance to 5 antibiotics, whereas S. Muenster showed resistance to seven antibiotics. Amplification of a number of antibiotic resistance genes showed that blaTEM (100%) correlated well with resistance to Ampicilin and Cephalosporin, whereas aadB (87%) correlated well with resistance to Aminoglycosides. It is concluded that Salmonella isolated from raw chicken meat marketed at Ibague showed MDR by both phenotypic and genotypic methods and they may represent an important threat to human health. Additional studies are needed to establish the relationship between antibiotic resistance in Salmonella from poultry products and clinical isolates.(AU)

Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella from Chicken Carcasses Marketed at Ibague, Colombia

Salmonella enterica is responsible for alimentary toxic infections associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry products and the antimicrobial resistant patterns of Salmonella circulating in the Tolima region are currently unknown. To address this issue, both the phenotype and genotype antibiotic resistance patterns of 47 Salmonella isolated from raw chicken carcasses sold at the Ibague city were analyzed by the disc diffusion, microdilution and PCR assays. All 47 Salmonella isolates showed resistance to five or more antimicrobial agents. Resistance to Ampicillin (AMP), Amikacin (AMK), Gentamicin (GEN), Tobramycin (TOB), Cefazoline (CFZ), Cefoxitin (FOX), Nitrofurantoin (NIT), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (SXT), Tetracycline (TET), Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Enrofloxacin (ENR) was observed in 42.35% of Salmonella isolates. All tested S. Paratyphi B var Java isolates showed resistance to at least 12 antibiotics. S. Hvittingfoss showed resistance to 5 antibiotics, whereas S. Muenster showed resistance to seven antibiotics. Amplification of a number of antibiotic resistance genes showed that blaTEM (100%) correlated well with resistance to Ampicilin and Cephalosporin, whereas aadB (87%) correlated well with resistance to Aminoglycosides. It is concluded that Salmonella isolated from raw chicken meat marketed at Ibague showed MDR by both phenotypic and genotypic methods and they may represent an important threat to human health. Additional studies are needed to establish the relationship between antibiotic resistance in Salmonella from poultry products and clinical isolates.

Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil: focus on -lactams and polymyxins

During the last 30 years there has been a dissemination of plasmid-mediated -lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil. Extended spectrum -lactamases (ESBL) are widely disseminated in the hospital setting and are detected in a lower frequency in the community setting. Cefotaximases are the most frequently detected ESBL type and Klebsiella pneumoniae is the predominant species among ESBL producers. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae became widely disseminated in Brazil during the last decade and KPC production is currently the most frequent resistance mechanism (96.2%) in carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae. To date KPC-2 is the only variant reported in Brazil. Polymyxin B resistance in KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae has come to an alarming rate of 27.1% in 2015 in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. New Delhi metallo--lactamase was detected in Brazil in 2013, has been reported in different Brazilian states but are not widely disseminated. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil is a very serious problem that needs urgent actions which includes both more strict adherence to infection control measures and more judicious use of antimicrobials.(AU)