Effect of raising method of calves during liquid milk nutrition on their open-field and maze behaviour after weaning

The objective was to find whether calf behaviour is affected by it rearing to weaning in 84 days, gender, and the sire lineage. 99 Holstein calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: artificially reared in hutches (A), suckling of a foster cow (F), or suckling of the mother (M). After weaning (84 days), all calves were kept separately by sex in age-balanced groups. The speed of traversing the maze was recorded at 6 months of age. The open-field observation was performed at 10 months. The average time of traversing the maze facility was no significantly different among treatment groups. The average time of traversing the maze for 6 tasks was the highest in A and the lowest in the F group (P 0.05). At the open field test, the difference compared to the grid (square) crossings was significant at the 1st minute of the 1st test (P 0.05). The average of the grid crossings in all tests was highest in M (139.5) and the lowest in A (123.1) (P 0.05). There were no significant differences between sex in behaviour in the maze or the open field tests. Sire lineage significant effect was found in vocalisation and defecation behaviour. The results show that the method used to rear calves and sire lineage may have an impact on their later behaviour.(AU)

Effect of raising method of calves during liquid milk nutrition on their open-field and maze behaviour after weaning

The objective was to find whether calf behaviour is affected by it rearing to weaning in 84 days, gender, and the sire lineage. 99 Holstein calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: artificially reared in hutches (A), suckling of a foster cow (F), or suckling of the mother (M). After weaning (84 days), all calves were kept separately by sex in age-balanced groups. The speed of traversing the maze was recorded at 6 months of age. The open-field observation was performed at 10 months. The average time of traversing the maze facility was no significantly different among treatment groups. The average time of traversing the maze for 6 tasks was the highest in A and the lowest in the F group (P 0.05). At the open field test, the difference compared to the grid (square) crossings was significant at the 1st minute of the 1st test (P 0.05). The average of the grid crossings in all tests was highest in M (139.5) and the lowest in A (123.1) (P 0.05). There were no significant differences between sex in behaviour in the maze or the open field tests. Sire lineage significant effect was found in vocalisation and defecation behaviour. The results show that the method used to rear calves and sire lineage may have an impact on their later behaviour.

Teste de labirinto em cruz elevado: aplicações e contribuições no estudo de doenças neuropsiquiátricas em modelos animais / / Test elevated plus maze: applications and contributions to the study of animal disease models in neurology and psychiatry disorders

O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado representa importante instrumento de pesquisa na área experimental para estudos de comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade, em especial na análise do efeito farmacológico de novas drogas para esses transtornos. Esse teste tem sido utilizado como principal ferramenta no processo de desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais animais, representativos dos mecanismos fisiopatogênicos envolvidos em Neurologia e Psiquiatria. Apesar de sua criação há mais de 50 anos, foram necessários cerca de 30 anos para o uso efetivo do teste de labirinto em cruz elevado em investigações pré-clínicas em Farmacologia. Somente em 1987, houve o primeiro uso do teste de forma sistematizada em camundongos. Por se tratar de método de baixo custo, de ampla divulgação no meio cientifico e de simples execução, este artigo apresenta uma revisão da metodologia e dos parâmetros avaliados, os fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos ao organismo animal e os modelos experimentais utilizados no teste de labirinto em cruz elevado.

the elevated plus maze test is an important research tool in experimental studies of anxiety-related behaviors, especially linked to the pharmacological effect of new drug for these disorders. This test has been used as the main instrument in the development of experimental animal models, representative of the pathopshysiological mechanisms involved in Neurology and Psychiatry Although its creation over 50 years, it look about 30 years to be in effective use in preclinical investigations in Pharmacology. Onlu in 1987 was the first systemic use of the test in mice. Because of its low cost., widely disseminated methodology and the parameters evaluated, the extrinsic and intrinsic factors to the animal and the experimental models used in the elevated plus maze.

Teste de labirinto em cruz elevado: aplicações e contribuições no estudo de doenças neuropsiquiátricas em modelos animais / / Test elevated plus maze: applications and contributions to the study of animal disease models in neurology and psychiatry disorders

O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado representa importante instrumento de pesquisa na área experimental para estudos de comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade, em especial na análise do efeito farmacológico de novas drogas para esses transtornos. Esse teste tem sido utilizado como principal ferramenta no processo de desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais animais, representativos dos mecanismos fisiopatogênicos envolvidos em Neurologia e Psiquiatria. Apesar de sua criação há mais de 50 anos, foram necessários cerca de 30 anos para o uso efetivo do teste de labirinto em cruz elevado em investigações pré-clínicas em Farmacologia. Somente em 1987, houve o primeiro uso do teste de forma sistematizada em camundongos. Por se tratar de método de baixo custo, de ampla divulgação no meio cientifico e de simples execução, este artigo apresenta uma revisão da metodologia e dos parâmetros avaliados, os fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos ao organismo animal e os modelos experimentais utilizados no teste de labirinto em cruz elevado.(AU)

the elevated plus maze test is an important research tool in experimental studies of anxiety-related behaviors, especially linked to the pharmacological effect of new drug for these disorders. This test has been used as the main instrument in the development of experimental animal models, representative of the pathopshysiological mechanisms involved in Neurology and Psychiatry Although its creation over 50 years, it look about 30 years to be in effective use in preclinical investigations in Pharmacology. Onlu in 1987 was the first systemic use of the test in mice. Because of its low cost., widely disseminated methodology and the parameters evaluated, the extrinsic and intrinsic factors to the animal and the experimental models used in the elevated plus maze.(AU)

Proposal of a sluice-type fish pass

One-dimensional design of fish passes often leads to an unsatisfying solution. The problems are due to insufficient, if not completely missing, collaboration between biologists and civil engineers. In the present paper, a new type of fish pass is presented. A labyrinth flux develops in a system of sequential sluices and baffles in between, which uncouple the supercritical flow of the single sluices. A series of biological, hydraulic and numerical experiments was carried out in order to investigate the optimum configuration in terms of geometric issues, regarding the biological needs and performances of organisms to be transported. Following this optimization, fish can control the prevailing flow conditions quite well. Because the air entrainment into the water is avoided, fish perception is not affected. A geometric extension regarding the needs of small fish, bottom fish, and macrozoobenthos decreases the selectivity and predation pressure on them(AU)

O projeto uni-dimensional de passagem para peixes leva, com freqüência, a uma solução pouco satisfatória. Os problemas são conseqüências de uma falta ou insuficiência de colaboração entre biólogos e engenheiros civis. Neste artigo é apresentado um novo tipo de passagem para peixes. Este é constituído por um sistema de vertedores seqüenciais com paredes intermediárias entre eles. Estas paredes têm o objetivo de desacoplar o fluxo supercrítico entre os vertedores desenvolvendo uma corrente do tipo labirinto. Um conjunto de experimentos biológicos, hídraulicos e numéricos foi realizado para achar a melhor configuração a respeito da geometria, levando-se em consideração os aspectos biológicos dos indivíduos a serem transpostos. Observou-se que após a colocação desses dispositivos os indivíduos testados ultrapassaram o sistema com relativa facilidade. O mecanismo evita a incorporação do ar na água. Devido a isso a percepção do peixe nao é afetada. Com a colocação de um sistema de passagem de fundo, a seletividade do sistema e a pressão de predação é diminuída, pois se considera que os peixes menores, os peixes do fundo e o macrozoobenthos terão mais facilidade de passar por este mecanismo do que pelas passagens de peixes tradicionais(AU)