The no-tillage, with crop rotation or succession, can increase the degree of clay dispersion in the superficial layer of highly weathered soils after 24 years / O plantio direto, com rotação ou sucessão, pode aumentar o grau de argila dispersa na camada superficial de solos altamente intemperizados depois de 24 anos

Clay dispersion is directly related to water erosion, especially during detaching and dragging of particles. No-till is one of the most important strategies for soil and water conservation in tropical and sub-tropical regions, and when associated with crop rotation, may reduce the degree of clay dispersion. The study aimed to evaluate, after 24 years, the effect of different soil management systems and crop systems on the degree of clay dispersion of a Rhodic Ferralsol. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4x2 factorial scheme, with four soil managements (continuous no-tillage, no-tillage with chiseling every three years, disk plowing followed by light harrowing and heavy disking followed by light harrowing) and with two crop systems (crop succession and rotation). The degree of clay dispersion was evaluated and associated with soil chemical attributes from layer 0.00-0.10 m. The degree of clay dispersion is affected by the soil management systems with no effect of crop systems. The soil management system with the lowest soil disturbance (continuous no-tillage) has a higher degree of clay dispersion than the ones that disturb the soil, regardless of the agricultural implement used or soil disturbance intensity. The soil electrochemical imbalance, primarily caused by soil potential acidity, is positively correlated to the increase in the degree of clay(AU)

A argila dispersa está diretamente relacionada com a erosão hídrica, especialmente durante o desprendimento e arraste de partículas. O plantio direto é uma das mais importantes estratégias para conservação do solo e da água nas regiões tropical e sub-tropical, e quando associado com a rotação de culturas, pode reduzir o grau de dispersão de argila. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, após 24 anos, o efeito de diferentes sistemas de manejo e de culturas no grau de dispersão de argila de um Latossolo Vermelho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em um esquema fatorial 4x2, com quatro manejos do solo (plantio direto contínuo, plantio direto com escarificação a cada três anos, aração de discos seguida de gradagem leve e gradagem pesada seguida de gradagem leve) e dois sistemas de cultivo (sucessão de cultura e rotação). O grau de dispersão da argila foi avaliado e associado aos atributos químicos do solo da camada 0,00-0,10 m. O grau de dispersão da argila é afetado pelos sistemas de manejo do solo sem efeito dos sistemas de cultivo. O sistema de manejo de solo com menor perturbação do solo (plantio direto contínuo) possui o maior grau de dispersão de argila do que os que perturbam o solo, independentemente do implemento agrícola utilizado ou da intensidade do distúrbio do solo. O desequilíbrio eletroquímico do solo, causado principalmente pela acidez potencial do solo, está positivamente correlacionado ao aumento do grau de dispersão de argila da camada superficial do solo sob plantio direto contínuo.(AU)

The no-tillage, with crop rotation or succession, can increase the degree of clay dispersion in the superficial layer of highly weathered soils after 24 years / O plantio direto, com rotação ou sucessão, pode aumentar o grau de argila dispersa na camada superficial de solos altamente intemperizados depois de 24 anos

Clay dispersion is directly related to water erosion, especially during detaching and dragging of particles. No-till is one of the most important strategies for soil and water conservation in tropical and sub-tropical regions, and when associated with crop rotation, may reduce the degree of clay dispersion. The study aimed to evaluate, after 24 years, the effect of different soil management systems and crop systems on the degree of clay dispersion of a Rhodic Ferralsol. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4x2 factorial scheme, with four soil managements (continuous no-tillage, no-tillage with chiseling every three years, disk plowing followed by light harrowing and heavy disking followed by light harrowing) and with two crop systems (crop succession and rotation). The degree of clay dispersion was evaluated and associated with soil chemical attributes from layer 0.00-0.10 m. The degree of clay dispersion is affected by the soil management systems with no effect of crop systems. The soil management system with the lowest soil disturbance (continuous no-tillage) has a higher degree of clay dispersion than the ones that disturb the soil, regardless of the agricultural implement used or soil disturbance intensity. The soil electrochemical imbalance, primarily caused by soil potential acidity, is positively correlated to the increase in the degree of clay

A argila dispersa está diretamente relacionada com a erosão hídrica, especialmente durante o desprendimento e arraste de partículas. O plantio direto é uma das mais importantes estratégias para conservação do solo e da água nas regiões tropical e sub-tropical, e quando associado com a rotação de culturas, pode reduzir o grau de dispersão de argila. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, após 24 anos, o efeito de diferentes sistemas de manejo e de culturas no grau de dispersão de argila de um Latossolo Vermelho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em um esquema fatorial 4x2, com quatro manejos do solo (plantio direto contínuo, plantio direto com escarificação a cada três anos, aração de discos seguida de gradagem leve e gradagem pesada seguida de gradagem leve) e dois sistemas de cultivo (sucessão de cultura e rotação). O grau de dispersão da argila foi avaliado e associado aos atributos químicos do solo da camada 0,00-0,10 m. O grau de dispersão da argila é afetado pelos sistemas de manejo do solo sem efeito dos sistemas de cultivo. O sistema de manejo de solo com menor perturbação do solo (plantio direto contínuo) possui o maior grau de dispersão de argila do que os que perturbam o solo, independentemente do implemento agrícola utilizado ou da intensidade do distúrbio do solo. O desequilíbrio eletroquímico do solo, causado principalmente pela acidez potencial do solo, está positivamente correlacionado ao aumento do grau de dispersão de argila da camada superficial do solo sob plantio direto contínuo.

Charge sparsity: an index to quantify cation effects on clay dispersion in soils

Few approaches have been developed to measure the isolated effect of exchangeable cations on clay dispersion in soils. In this study, the charge sparsity (CS) index was proposed using the ratio between the cations hydrated ionic radius and valence. The index capacity to measure cation effects on clay dispersion in soils was also evaluated. Three Ferralsols, sampled at different sites in Paraná State, Brazil, were homoionized with Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, or Na+ prior to evaluation of the clay dispersion degree. Published independent data for two soils and clays were also used. We tested the capacity of CS and II, the latter proposed by Marchuck and Rengasamy (2011), to predict clay dispersion in soils. The CS predicted the dispersion degree more accuratelly than the ionicity index did, in soils where Ca2+ and Mg2+ behaved similarly. The response of Paraná soils to CS varied with soil characteristics. Soils with a lower pH at the isoelectric point were more dispersible by cations with high CS (K+ and Na+). The CS was efficient to quantify the isolated effect of cations on the clay dispersion process in soils. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative studies can benefit from the CS as an index to understand the effect of cations on clay dispersion in soils.

Charge sparsity: an index to quantify cation effects on clay dispersion in soils

Few approaches have been developed to measure the isolated effect of exchangeable cations on clay dispersion in soils. In this study, the charge sparsity (CS) index was proposed using the ratio between the cations hydrated ionic radius and valence. The index capacity to measure cation effects on clay dispersion in soils was also evaluated. Three Ferralsols, sampled at different sites in Paraná State, Brazil, were homoionized with Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, or Na+ prior to evaluation of the clay dispersion degree. Published independent data for two soils and clays were also used. We tested the capacity of CS and II, the latter proposed by Marchuck and Rengasamy (2011), to predict clay dispersion in soils. The CS predicted the dispersion degree more accuratelly than the ionicity index did, in soils where Ca2+ and Mg2+ behaved similarly. The response of Paraná soils to CS varied with soil characteristics. Soils with a lower pH at the isoelectric point were more dispersible by cations with high CS (K+ and Na+). The CS was efficient to quantify the isolated effect of cations on the clay dispersion process in soils. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative studies can benefit from the CS as an index to understand the effect of cations on clay dispersion in soils.(AU)

Prediction of soil organic matter and clay contents by near-infrared spectroscopy - NIRS / Predição dos teores de matéria orgânica e argila do solo por espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo - NIRS

Among the soil constituents, special attention is given to soil organic matter (SOM) and clay contents, since, among other aspects, they are key factors to nutrient retention and soil aggregates formation, which directly affect the crop production potential. The methods commonly used for the quantification of these constituents have some disadvantages, such as the use of chemical reactants and waste generation. An alternative to these methods is the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique. The aim of this research is to evaluate models for SOM and clay quantification in soil samples using spectral data by NIRS. A set (n = 400) of soil samples previously analyzed by traditional methods were used to generate a NIRS calibration curve. The clay content was determined by the hydrometer method while SOM content was determined by sulfochromic solution. For calibration, we used the original spectra (absorbance) and spectral pretreatment (Savitzky-Golay smoothing derivative) in the following models: multiple linear regression (MLR), partial last squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM) and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The curve validation was performed with the SVM model (best performance in the calibration based on R² and RMSE) in two ways: with 40 random samples from the calibration set and another set with 200 new unknown samples. The soil clay content affects the predictive ability of the calibration curve to estimate SOM content by NIRS. Validation curves showed poorer performance (lower R² and higher RMSE) when generated from unknown samples, where the model tends to overestimate the lower levels and to underestimate the higher levels of clay and SOM. Despite the potential of NIRS technique to predict these attributes, further calibration studies are still needed to use this technique in soil analysis laboratories.(AU)

Dentre os constituintes do solo, especial atenção é voltada aos teores de argila e de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), pois, entre outros aspectos, são determinantes para retenção de nutrientes e a formação de agregados no solo, os quais afetam diretamente o potencial produtivo das culturas. Os métodos mais comumente utilizados para quantificação destes constituintes apresentam algumas desvantagens, como o uso de reagentes químicos e a geração de resíduos. Uma alternativa a estes métodos é o uso da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (near infrared spectroscopy - NIRS). O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar modelos de quantificação dos teores de argila e de MOS em amostras de solo utilizando dados espectrais por meio da técnica NIRS. Foram utilizadas 400 amostras de solos com amplitude nos teores de MOS e argila para geração de uma curva de calibração. A argila foi determinada pelo método do densímetro e a MOS por meio da solução sulfocrômica. Para calibração, utilizou-se os espectros originais (absorbância) e com pré-tratamento espectral (Savitzky-Golay derivative) das 400 amostras nos seguintes modelos: multiple linear regression (MLR), partial last squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM) e Gaussian process regression (GPR). A validação da curva foi realizada com o modelo que apresentou melhor desempenho na calibração (SVM) de duas maneiras: com 40 amostras aleatórias oriundas daquelas utilizadas na calibração e com outras 200 novas amostras desconhecidas. O teor de argila das amostras de solo afeta a capacidade preditiva da curva de calibração da estimativa do teor de MOS pelo NIRS. A validação das curvas apresentou pior desempenho (menor R² e maior RMSE) quando feita a partir de amostras desconhecidas, cujo modelo tende a superestimar os teores mais baixos e subestimar os teores mais elevados de argila e MOS...(AU)

Efficacy of alginate- and clay-encapsulated microorganisms on the growth of Araçá-Boi seedlings (Eugenia stipitata)

The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of encapsulated microorganisms on seedlings of Eugenia stipitata, popularly known as araçá-boi, to evaluate the interaction between the inoculum and encapsulating agents such as clay and alginate. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design using a 3×2 factorial scheme. The treatments were control, inoculum, clay without microbial inoculum, clay with microbial inoculum, alginate without microbial inoculum, and alginate with microbial inoculum. The seedlings were grown under nursery conditions over a period of 3 months. No treatment increased the height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter or root dry matter of the araçá-boi seedlings. The use of alginate increased the ammonium content compared to the clay and control treatments. Alginate and clay increased the nitrate content in relation to the control. Alginate increased the total number of bacteria in relation to the clay and control treatments. The application of inoculum combined with alginate increased the nitrate content only in relation to the clay and control treatments. Although the application of inoculum promoted an increase in the nitrate content compared to the uninoculated treatments, there was no effect for the other parameters analyzed. The results suggest that clay and alginate encapsulating agents with the presence or absence of microorganisms may improve some soil parameters.

Efficacy of alginate- and clay-encapsulated microorganisms on the growth of Araçá-Boi seedlings (Eugenia stipitata)

The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of encapsulated microorganisms on seedlings of Eugenia stipitata, popularly known as araçá-boi, to evaluate the interaction between the inoculum and encapsulating agents such as clay and alginate. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design using a 3×2 factorial scheme. The treatments were control, inoculum, clay without microbial inoculum, clay with microbial inoculum, alginate without microbial inoculum, and alginate with microbial inoculum. The seedlings were grown under nursery conditions over a period of 3 months. No treatment increased the height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter or root dry matter of the araçá-boi seedlings. The use of alginate increased the ammonium content compared to the clay and control treatments. Alginate and clay increased the nitrate content in relation to the control. Alginate increased the total number of bacteria in relation to the clay and control treatments. The application of inoculum combined with alginate increased the nitrate content only in relation to the clay and control treatments. Although the application of inoculum promoted an increase in the nitrate content compared to the uninoculated treatments, there was no effect for the other parameters analyzed. The results suggest that clay and alginate encapsulating agents with the presence or absence of microorganisms may improve some soil parameters.(AU)

Mineralogia da argila e propriedades químicas de solos do Planalto Norte Catarinense / Clay mineralogy and chemical properties of soils in the north plateau of Santa Catarina state

No Planalto Norte Catarinense são escassas as informações sobre a composição mineralógica dos solos e há poucos perfis de solo descritos e caracterizados para a região. O mapa de solos de Santa Catarina indica predominância de Cambissolos, Neossolos Litólicos e Latossolos, com Gleissolos ocupando áreas de várzeas. Esses solos ocorrem em relevo desde plano até forte ondulado, onde pequenos e médios proprietários rurais desenvolvem cultivos diversificados, com áreas expressivas de reflorestamentos com pinus. Este trabalho objetivou aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a mineralogia e as propriedades químicas de alguns desses solos, desenvolvidos de rochas sedimentares de distintas formações geológicas. Foram descritos e amostrados 5 (cinco) perfis de solo, sendo um Latossolo e quatro Cambissolos.  Na TFSA, foram feitas análises físicas (areia, silte, argila) e químicas de caracterização básica ( pH em água e sal, carbono orgânico, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, H+Al) e com base nesses parâmetros foi calculada a CTC efetiva, CTC pH7, Soma e Saturação por Bases. Análises mineralógicas foram conduzidas na fração argila do horizonte B de cada solo, utilizando-se difratometria de raios X. Todos os solos apresentaram reação muito ácida, com baixa soma e saturação por bases e teores elevados de carbono orgânico e Al trocável. A mineralogia da fração argila revelou predomínio de caulinitas em todos os solos, com quantidades consideráveis de illita, gibbsita e vermiculita com hidroxi-Al entrecamadas.

In the North Plateau of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, there is little information about the mineralogical composition of the soils and a few soil profiles were described and characterized in the region. The two generalized soil maps of Santa Catarina indicate predominance of Inceptisols, Entisols and Oxisols, with hydromorphic soils occupying areas of floodplains. These soils occur in relief from plane to strong wavy, where small and medium rural farmers develop diversified crops, with significant areas with pine reforestation. This work aimed to increase the knowledge of the mineralogical and chemical properties of some of these soils developed from sedimentary rocks of different geological formations. Five soil profiles were described and sampled, included one oxisol and four Inceptisols. In fine earth, physical (sand, silt, clay) and chemical analyzes were performed (pH in water, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg, K, Na, Al, H + Al) and based on these attributes was calculated effective CEC, CEC at pH7, sum of bases and base saturation. Mineralogical analyzes were conducted in the clay fraction of the B horizon of each soil, using X-ray diffraction techniques. All soils showed very acid reaction, with low sum of bases and base saturation and high levels of organic carbon and exchangeable Al. The clay mineralogy revealed predominance of kaolinite in all soils, with considerable amounts of gibbsite, and vermiculite with hydroxy-Al interlayered.

Mineralogia da argila e propriedades químicas de solos do Planalto Norte Catarinense / Clay mineralogy and chemical properties of soils in the north plateau of Santa Catarina state

No Planalto Norte Catarinense são escassas as informações sobre a composição mineralógica dos solos e há poucos perfis de solo descritos e caracterizados para a região. O mapa de solos de Santa Catarina indica predominância de Cambissolos, Neossolos Litólicos e Latossolos, com Gleissolos ocupando áreas de várzeas. Esses solos ocorrem em relevo desde plano até forte ondulado, onde pequenos e médios proprietários rurais desenvolvem cultivos diversificados, com áreas expressivas de reflorestamentos com pinus. Este trabalho objetivou aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a mineralogia e as propriedades químicas de alguns desses solos, desenvolvidos de rochas sedimentares de distintas formações geológicas. Foram descritos e amostrados 5 (cinco) perfis de solo, sendo um Latossolo e quatro Cambissolos.  Na TFSA, foram feitas análises físicas (areia, silte, argila) e químicas de caracterização básica ( pH em água e sal, carbono orgânico, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, H+Al) e com base nesses parâmetros foi calculada a CTC efetiva, CTC pH7, Soma e Saturação por Bases. Análises mineralógicas foram conduzidas na fração argila do horizonte B de cada solo, utilizando-se difratometria de raios X. Todos os solos apresentaram reação muito ácida, com baixa soma e saturação por bases e teores elevados de carbono orgânico e Al trocável. A mineralogia da fração argila revelou predomínio de caulinitas em todos os solos, com quantidades consideráveis de illita, gibbsita e vermiculita com hidroxi-Al entrecamadas.(AU)

In the North Plateau of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, there is little information about the mineralogical composition of the soils and a few soil profiles were described and characterized in the region. The two generalized soil maps of Santa Catarina indicate predominance of Inceptisols, Entisols and Oxisols, with hydromorphic soils occupying areas of floodplains. These soils occur in relief from plane to strong wavy, where small and medium rural farmers develop diversified crops, with significant areas with pine reforestation. This work aimed to increase the knowledge of the mineralogical and chemical properties of some of these soils developed from sedimentary rocks of different geological formations. Five soil profiles were described and sampled, included one oxisol and four Inceptisols. In fine earth, physical (sand, silt, clay) and chemical analyzes were performed (pH in water, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg, K, Na, Al, H + Al) and based on these attributes was calculated effective CEC, CEC at pH7, sum of bases and base saturation. Mineralogical analyzes were conducted in the clay fraction of the B horizon of each soil, using X-ray diffraction techniques. All soils showed very acid reaction, with low sum of bases and base saturation and high levels of organic carbon and exchangeable Al. The clay mineralogy revealed predominance of kaolinite in all soils, with considerable amounts of gibbsite, and vermiculite with hydroxy-Al interlayered.(AU)

Prediction of soil CO2 flux in sugarcane management systems using the Random Forest approach

The Random Forest algorithm is a data mining technique used for classifying attributes in order of importance to explain the variation in an attribute-target, as soil CO2 flux. This study aimed to identify prediction of soil CO2 flux variables in management systems of sugarcane through the machine-learning algorithm called Random Forest. Two different management areas of sugarcane in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were selected: burned and green. In each area, we assembled a sampling grid with 81 georeferenced points to assess soil CO2 flux through automated portable soil gas chamber with measuring spectroscopy in the infrared during the dry season of 2011 and the rainy season of 2012. In addition, we sampled the soil to evaluate physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes. For data interpretation, we used the Random Forest algorithm, based on the combination of predicted decision trees (machine learning algorithms) in which every tree depends on the values of a random vector sampled independently with the same distribution to all the trees of the forest. The results indicated that clay content in the soil was the most important attribute to explain the CO2 flux in the areas studied during the evaluated period. The use of the Random Forest algorithm originated a model with a good fit (R2 = 0.80) for predicted and observed values.(AU)

N2O-reducing activity of soil amended with organic and inorganic enrichments under flooded conditions

Changes, apparent after investigation, in the physical and chemical properties in soil, as a result of organic and inorganic enrichments under flooded conditions, influence the growth of denitrifiers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of manure (8 kg m2) (M), clay (50 kg m2) (CL) and lime (1.12 kg m2) (Ca) on the N2O-reducing activity (N2O-RA) of sandy loam soil (clay content - 24 % in 0-20 cm), during NO3 reduction under flooding. The soil samples were taken from field plots after 3 years of enrichment with grass cultivation. The enrichments had a distinct effect on the N2O-RA and N2O-released, due to the change in pH, the porosity, and the sorptive properties of the soil. The pH had the greatest impact on the N2O-RA of the soil and ranged from 4.9 to 7.6. For actual denitrification to N2O-realized (aD-N2O), the maximum N2O-releasing (mcN2O-releasing) followed the order: 1.36 for the M-treatment, 6.39 for the M+CL+Ca-treatment, 7.79 for the c-soil and 8.69 N2O-N mg kg1 for the M+CL-treatment. For actual denitrification (aD), the mcN2O-releasing was followed the order: 10.37 for the M-treatment, 10.49 for the control soil, 14.60 for the M+CL+Ca-treatment and 20.00 N2O-N mg kg1 for the M+CL-treatment. The N2O-RA of the soil samples increased as pH increased. The average N2O/N2+N2O ratio and the N2O-RA of the soil samples increased in the following order: M+CL, control soil, M+CL+Ca, M-enrichments. The addition of enrichments did not pose a threat to the environment due to increased N2O emissions, but as regards conserving NO3 in the soil, the addition of clay distinctly increased the complete denitrification process.

N2O-reducing activity of soil amended with organic and inorganic enrichments under flooded conditions

Changes, apparent after investigation, in the physical and chemical properties in soil, as a result of organic and inorganic enrichments under flooded conditions, influence the growth of denitrifiers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of manure (8 kg m2) (M), clay (50 kg m2) (CL) and lime (1.12 kg m2) (Ca) on the N2O-reducing activity (N2O-RA) of sandy loam soil (clay content - 24 % in 0-20 cm), during NO3 reduction under flooding. The soil samples were taken from field plots after 3 years of enrichment with grass cultivation. The enrichments had a distinct effect on the N2O-RA and N2O-released, due to the change in pH, the porosity, and the sorptive properties of the soil. The pH had the greatest impact on the N2O-RA of the soil and ranged from 4.9 to 7.6. For actual denitrification to N2O-realized (aD-N2O), the maximum N2O-releasing (mcN2O-releasing) followed the order: 1.36 for the M-treatment, 6.39 for the M+CL+Ca-treatment, 7.79 for the c-soil and 8.69 N2O-N mg kg1 for the M+CL-treatment. For actual denitrification (aD), the mcN2O-releasing was followed the order: 10.37 for the M-treatment, 10.49 for the control soil, 14.60 for the M+CL+Ca-treatment and 20.00 N2O-N mg kg1 for the M+CL-treatment. The N2O-RA of the soil samples increased as pH increased. The average N2O/N2+N2O ratio and the N2O-RA of the soil samples increased in the following order: M+CL, control soil, M+CL+Ca, M-enrichments. The addition of enrichments did not pose a threat to the environment due to increased N2O emissions, but as regards conserving NO3 in the soil, the addition of clay distinctly increased the complete denitrification process.(AU)

Factors affecting clay dispersion in oxisols treated with vinasse / Fatores afetando a dispersão de argila de latossolos tratados com vinhaça

Vinasse is a potassium-rich waste generated in large amounts by the ethanol production that, applied in the soil, can promote changes in water dispersible clay and in its physical quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clay dispersion of Oxisols after vinasse application and correlate it with some chemical attributes. Samples were collected in two Oxisols (155 and 471 g of clay kg-1), put in pots, received dosages of vinasse (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 m3 ha-1) and remained incubated during 120 days. Phosphorous, organic carbon, pH H2O, pH KCl, pH CaCl2, Al3+, H+Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, ΔpH and the proportion between monovalent and bivalent cations have been evaluated and correlated with the clay flocculation degree. Vinasse changed almost all chemical variables in both soils and increased the flocculation in the sandy soil, but did not change the clayey one. ΔpH, Mg2+ and K+ significantly correlated with the flocculation degree in the sandy soil. It is possible to conclude that the dispersive effect of K+ added by vinasse are irrelevant, considering the flocculant effect caused by the increment in Mg2+ and ΔpH after vinasse application.

A vinhaça é um resíduo rico em potássio gerado em grandes quantidades pela produção de etanol que, aplicada ao solo, pode promover mudanças na dispersão de argila em água e em sua qualidade física. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a dispersão de argila em Latossolos após a aplicação de vinhaça e correlacioná-la com alguns atributos químicos. Amostras foram coletadas em dois Latossolos (155 e 471 g de argila kg-1), alocadas em vasos e permaneceram incubados por 120 dias após receberem doses de vinhaça (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 m3 ha-1). O fósforo, carbono orgânico, pH H2O, pH KCl, pH CaCl2, Al3+, H+Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, ΔpH e a proporção entre os cátions monovalentes e bivalentes foram avaliados e posteriormente correlacionados com o grau de floculação de argila. A vinhaça alterou quase todos as variáveis químicas em ambos os solos e aumentou a floculação no solo arenoso, mas não causou mudanças no argiloso. O ΔpH, Mg2+ e o K+ se correlacionaram significativamente com o grau de floculação no solo arenoso. É possível concluir que o efeito dispersivo do K+ adicionado pela vinhaça são irrelevantes, considerando o efeito floculante causado pelo incremento no conteúdo de Mg2+ e no ΔpH após a aplicação de vinhaça.

Factors affecting clay dispersion in oxisols treated with vinasse / Fatores afetando a dispersão de argila de latossolos tratados com vinhaça

Vinasse is a potassium-rich waste generated in large amounts by the ethanol production that, applied in the soil, can promote changes in water dispersible clay and in its physical quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clay dispersion of Oxisols after vinasse application and correlate it with some chemical attributes. Samples were collected in two Oxisols (155 and 471 g of clay kg-1), put in pots, received dosages of vinasse (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 m3 ha-1) and remained incubated during 120 days. Phosphorous, organic carbon, pH H2O, pH KCl, pH CaCl2, Al3+, H+Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, ΔpH and the proportion between monovalent and bivalent cations have been evaluated and correlated with the clay flocculation degree. Vinasse changed almost all chemical variables in both soils and increased the flocculation in the sandy soil, but did not change the clayey one. ΔpH, Mg2+ and K+ significantly correlated with the flocculation degree in the sandy soil. It is possible to conclude that the dispersive effect of K+ added by vinasse are irrelevant, considering the flocculant effect caused by the increment in Mg2+ and ΔpH after vinasse application.(AU)

A vinhaça é um resíduo rico em potássio gerado em grandes quantidades pela produção de etanol que, aplicada ao solo, pode promover mudanças na dispersão de argila em água e em sua qualidade física. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a dispersão de argila em Latossolos após a aplicação de vinhaça e correlacioná-la com alguns atributos químicos. Amostras foram coletadas em dois Latossolos (155 e 471 g de argila kg-1), alocadas em vasos e permaneceram incubados por 120 dias após receberem doses de vinhaça (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 m3 ha-1). O fósforo, carbono orgânico, pH H2O, pH KCl, pH CaCl2, Al3+, H+Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, ΔpH e a proporção entre os cátions monovalentes e bivalentes foram avaliados e posteriormente correlacionados com o grau de floculação de argila. A vinhaça alterou quase todos as variáveis químicas em ambos os solos e aumentou a floculação no solo arenoso, mas não causou mudanças no argiloso. O ΔpH, Mg2+ e o K+ se correlacionaram significativamente com o grau de floculação no solo arenoso. É possível concluir que o efeito dispersivo do K+ adicionado pela vinhaça são irrelevantes, considerando o efeito floculante causado pelo incremento no conteúdo de Mg2+ e no ΔpH após a aplicação de vinhaça.(AU)

Agricultural residues and expanded clay in Oncidium baueri Lindl. orchid cultivation / Resíduos agrícolas e argila expandida no cultivo da orquídea Oncidium baueri Lindl

For orchid cultivation in containers is essential to select the right substrate, since this will influence the quality of the final product, it serve as a support for the root system of the plants. This study aimed to evaluate different agricultural residues and expanded clay in Oncidium baueri Lindl. orchid cultivation. The plants were subjected to treatments: pinus husk + carbonized rice husk, pinus husk + coffee husk, pinus husk + fibered coconut, pecan nut husk, expanded clay, fibered coconut, coffee husk, carbonized rice husk, pinus husk. After eleven months of the experiment, the following variables were evaluated: plant height; largest pseudo-bulb diameter; number of buds; shoot fresh dry matter; the longest root length; number of roots; root fresh matter; root dry matter; and electric conductivity; pH and water retention capacity of the substrates. Except the expanded clay, the other substrates showed satisfactory results in one or more traits. Standing out among these substrates pinus husk + coffee husk and pine bark + fibered coconut, which favored the most vegetative and root characteristic of the orchid. The mixture of pinus husk + coffee husk and pinus husk + fibered coconut, provided the best results in vegetative and root growth of the orchid Oncidium baueri and the expanded clay did not show favorable results in the cultivation of this species.(AU)

Para o cultivo de orquídeas em recipientes é fundamental a seleção do substrato correto, visto que este influenciará a qualidade do produto final, servindo como suporte ao sistema radicular das plantas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes resíduos agrícolas e argila expandida no cultivo da orquídea Oncidium baueri Lindl. As plantas foram submetidas aos tratamentos: casca de pinus + casca de arroz carbonizada; casca de pinus + casca de café; casca de pinus + fibra de coco; casca de noz pecã; argila expandida; fibra de coco; casca de café; casca de arroz carbonizada; e casca de pinus. Após 11 meses da instalação do experimento foram avaliadas as variáveis: altura da parte aérea; diâmetro do maior pseudobulbo; número de brotos; massa fresca da parte aérea; comprimento da maior raiz; número de raízes; massa fresca das raízes; massa seca das raízes; condutividade elétrica; pH e capacidade de retenção de água dos substratos. Exceto a argila expandida, os demais substratos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios em uma ou mais características avaliadas. Destacando-se entre estes os substratos casca de pinus + casca de café e casca de pinus + fibra de coco, que favoreceram a maioria das características vegetativa e radicular da orquídea. As misturas de casca de pinus + casca de café e casca de pinus + fibra de coco propiciaram os melhores resultados no desenvolvimento vegetativo e radicular da orquídea Oncidium baueri e a argila expandida não apresentou resultados favoráveis no cultivo dessa espécie.(AU)

Prospecção fitoquímica, toxicidade in vitro e avaliação das atividades anti-radicalar e antibacteriana da geoprópolis da abelha jandaíra / Phytochemical screening, in vitro toxicity and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of jandaírabee’s geopropolis

No Brasil, a espécie de abelha Melipona subnitida, popularmente conhecida por “jandaíra” éendêmica da Caatinga nordestina. Esta espécie possui a peculiaridade de adicionar terra ou barro a sua respectivaprópolis, formando geoprópolis. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar um extrato hidroalcóolico de geoprópolis(EHG) de jandaíra, através de prospec o fitoquímica e da determina o do teor de compostos fenólicos totais.Além disso, determinou-se seu potencial enquanto agente anti-radicalar e antibacteriano, pela capacidadesequestrante do radical DPPH e pelo método de difusão em ágar, respectivamente. A toxicidade in vitro contra omicrocrustáceo Artemia salina também foi investigada. O EHG mostrou alto teor de compostos fenólicos totais(11,29% p/p) e potencial atividade anti-radicalar (IC50 = 0,084 mg/mL). A fitoquímica revelou presença detaninos hidrolisáveis, flavonóides das classes das flavonas e flavonóis, xantonas e triterpenos pentacíclicoslivres. Esses compostos bioativos podem ter sido os responsáveis pela atividade antibacteriana, demonstradatanto em bactérias gram-positivas, quanto em gram-negativas, principalmente na concentração de 100 mg/mL.Aliado a isso, o EHG mostrou-se pouco tóxico (CL50 = 1282,61 µg/mL). Esses comportamentos abremperspectivas para futuros estudos da geoprópolis produzida pela abelha jandaíra, um produto nordestino compotencial benefício para a saúde, dada a presença de compostos bioativos em sua composição

In Brazil, the bee’s specie Melipona subnitida, popularly known as "jandaira" is endemic tonortheastern Caatinga. This species has the peculiarity of add soil or clay in their respective propolis, forminggeopropolis. This study aimed to characterize a geopropolis hydroalcoholic extract (GHE) of jandaira throughphytochemical screening and determination of total phenolic compounds. Furthermore, it was determined itspotential as antibacterial and anti-free radical agent, respectively through of: sequestering capacity of the radicalDPPH and agar diffusion method. The in vitro toxicity against Artemia salina was also investigated. The GHEexhibited high content of total phenolic compounds (11.29% w/w) and potential anti-radical activity (IC50 =0.084 mg/mL). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids like flavonolsand flavones, xanthones and free pentacyclic triterpenes. These bioactive compounds may have been responsiblefor the antibacterial activity, as demonstrated in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias, mainly in theconcentration of 100 mg/mL. Allied to this, the GHE showed little toxicity (LC50 = 1282.61 g/mL). Thesecharacteristics create perspectives for future studies of geopropolis produced by jandaira’s bee, a northeasternproduct with potential health benefit, given the presence of bioactive compounds in its composition

Prospecção fitoquímica, toxicidade in vitro e avaliação das atividades anti-radicalar e antibacteriana da geoprópolis da abelha jandaíra / Phytochemical screening, in vitro toxicity and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of jandaírabees geopropolis

No Brasil, a espécie de abelha Melipona subnitida, popularmente conhecida por “jandaíra” éendêmica da Caatinga nordestina. Esta espécie possui a peculiaridade de adicionar terra ou barro a sua respectivaprópolis, formando geoprópolis. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar um extrato hidroalcóolico de geoprópolis(EHG) de jandaíra, através de prospec o fitoquímica e da determina o do teor de compostos fenólicos totais.Além disso, determinou-se seu potencial enquanto agente anti-radicalar e antibacteriano, pela capacidadesequestrante do radical DPPH e pelo método de difusão em ágar, respectivamente. A toxicidade in vitro contra omicrocrustáceo Artemia salina também foi investigada. O EHG mostrou alto teor de compostos fenólicos totais(11,29% p/p) e potencial atividade anti-radicalar (IC50 = 0,084 mg/mL). A fitoquímica revelou presença detaninos hidrolisáveis, flavonóides das classes das flavonas e flavonóis, xantonas e triterpenos pentacíclicoslivres. Esses compostos bioativos podem ter sido os responsáveis pela atividade antibacteriana, demonstradatanto em bactérias gram-positivas, quanto em gram-negativas, principalmente na concentração de 100 mg/mL.Aliado a isso, o EHG mostrou-se pouco tóxico (CL50 = 1282,61 µg/mL). Esses comportamentos abremperspectivas para futuros estudos da geoprópolis produzida pela abelha jandaíra, um produto nordestino compotencial benefício para a saúde, dada a presença de compostos bioativos em sua composição(AU)

In Brazil, the bees specie Melipona subnitida, popularly known as "jandaira" is endemic tonortheastern Caatinga. This species has the peculiarity of add soil or clay in their respective propolis, forminggeopropolis. This study aimed to characterize a geopropolis hydroalcoholic extract (GHE) of jandaira throughphytochemical screening and determination of total phenolic compounds. Furthermore, it was determined itspotential as antibacterial and anti-free radical agent, respectively through of: sequestering capacity of the radicalDPPH and agar diffusion method. The in vitro toxicity against Artemia salina was also investigated. The GHEexhibited high content of total phenolic compounds (11.29% w/w) and potential anti-radical activity (IC50 =0.084 mg/mL). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids like flavonolsand flavones, xanthones and free pentacyclic triterpenes. These bioactive compounds may have been responsiblefor the antibacterial activity, as demonstrated in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias, mainly in theconcentration of 100 mg/mL. Allied to this, the GHE showed little toxicity (LC50 = 1282.61 g/mL). Thesecharacteristics create perspectives for future studies of geopropolis produced by jandairas bee, a northeasternproduct with potential health benefit, given the presence of bioactive compounds in its composition(AU)

Argila e matéria orgânica e seus efeitos na agregação em diferentes usos do solo / Clay and organic matter and effects on aggregation in different soil uses

Mudanças no uso do solo afetam a quantidade de argila e matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e estes, por sua vez, afetam a agregação. Avaliou-se como diferentes usos afetaram a agregação de um Argissolo na microrregião do Brejo Paraibano. Foram avaliadas três áreas contíguas com declive fortemente ondulado, sendo uma mata nativa, um plantio de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia) e uma pastagem com brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens). Foram coletadas amostras de solo para determinação da textura, macro e microagregados secos (Macro-s e Micro-s) e úmidos (Macro-u e Micro-u), diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados secos (DMPA-s) e úmidos (DMPA-u), índice de estabilidade de agregados (IEA), teores de MOS e seu fracionamento em ácido fúlvico (AF), ácido húmico (AH) e humina (HUM), em quatro profundidades: 0,0-2,5 cm, 2,5-5,0 cm, 5,0-10,0 cm e 10,0-20,0 cm. Pôde-se notar que as quantidades de argila, MOS, HUM, Macro-s, Macro-u, DMPA-s, DMPA-u e IEA, são sempre maiores na área de mata nativa, em todas as profundidades. O plantio de sabiá apresentou maiores teores de AH e menores quantidades de Macro-u nas duas últimas profundidades em relação ao pasto. A HUM apresentou melhor correlação com a agregação do solo. Mudanças no uso causaram degradação do solo na microrregião do Brejo Paraibano.(AU)

Changes in soil use affect the amount of clay and soil organic matter (SOM) and these, in turn, affect the aggregation. It was evaluated how different uses affect the aggregation of the micro-region of Brejo Paraibano. Three adjacent areas were evaluated with strongly wavy slope, being one of them native forest, and the other ones a cultivation of sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia) and a pasture of brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens). Soil samples were collected for determination of texture, macro and dry microaggregates (Macro-s e Micro-s) and humid (Macro-u e Micro-u), mean weight diameter of dry aggregates (DMPA-s) and humid (DMPA-u), index of aggregate stability (IEA), contents of SOM and its fractionation in fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA) and humin (HUM) at four depths: 0.0-2.5 cm, 2.5-5.0 cm, 5.0-10.0 cm and 10.0-20.0 cm. It was observed that the amount of clay, SOM, HUM, Macro-s, Macro-u, DMPA-s, DMPA-u and IEA are always higher in native forest, at all depths. The cultivation of sabiá has presented higher contents of HA fraction and smaller amounts of Macro-u past two depths in relation to pasture. The HUM has shown better correlation with soil aggregation. Changes in the soil use have caused soil degradation in the microrregion of Brejo Paraibano.(AU)

Carbon sequestration in clay and silt fractions of Brazilian soils under conventional and no-tillage systems

The capacity of soils to sequestrate carbon (C) is mainly related to the formation of organo-mineral complexes. In this study, we investigated the influence of soil management systems on the C retention capacity of soil with an emphasis on the silt and clay fractions of two subtropical soils with different mineralogy and climate. Samples from a Humic Hapludox and a Rhodic Hapludox, clayey soils cultivated for approximately 30 years under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were collected from six layers distributed within 100-cm soil depth from each site and from an adjacent native forest. After the removal of particulate organic matter (POM), the suspension ( 53 µm) was sonicated, the silt and clay fractions were separated in accordance with Stokes' law and the carbon content of whole soil and physical fractions was determined. In the Humic Hapludox, the clay and silt fractions under NT showed a higher maximum C retention (72 and 52 g kg-1, respectively) in comparison to those under CT (54 and 38 g kg-1, respectively). Moreover, the C concentration increase in both fractions under NT occurred mainly in the topsoil (up to 5 cm). The C retention in physical fractions of Rhodic Hapludox varied from 25 to 32 g kg-1, and no difference was observed whether under an NT or a CT management system. The predominance of goethite and gibbsite in the Humic Hapludox, as well as its exposure to a colder climate, may have contributed to its greater C retention capacity. In addition to the organo-mineral interaction, a mechanism of organic matter self-assemblage, enhanced by longer periods of soil non-disturbance, seems to have contributed to the carbon stabilization in both soils.

Carbon sequestration in clay and silt fractions of Brazilian soils under conventional and no-tillage systems

The capacity of soils to sequestrate carbon (C) is mainly related to the formation of organo-mineral complexes. In this study, we investigated the influence of soil management systems on the C retention capacity of soil with an emphasis on the silt and clay fractions of two subtropical soils with different mineralogy and climate. Samples from a Humic Hapludox and a Rhodic Hapludox, clayey soils cultivated for approximately 30 years under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were collected from six layers distributed within 100-cm soil depth from each site and from an adjacent native forest. After the removal of particulate organic matter (POM), the suspension ( 53 µm) was sonicated, the silt and clay fractions were separated in accordance with Stokes' law and the carbon content of whole soil and physical fractions was determined. In the Humic Hapludox, the clay and silt fractions under NT showed a higher maximum C retention (72 and 52 g kg-1, respectively) in comparison to those under CT (54 and 38 g kg-1, respectively). Moreover, the C concentration increase in both fractions under NT occurred mainly in the topsoil (up to 5 cm). The C retention in physical fractions of Rhodic Hapludox varied from 25 to 32 g kg-1, and no difference was observed whether under an NT or a CT management system. The predominance of goethite and gibbsite in the Humic Hapludox, as well as its exposure to a colder climate, may have contributed to its greater C retention capacity. In addition to the organo-mineral interaction, a mechanism of organic matter self-assemblage, enhanced by longer periods of soil non-disturbance, seems to have contributed to the carbon stabilization in both soils.(AU)