Lema quadrivittata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): morphological description and its use as a biological control agent of Commelina benghalensis L

Weed infestation is one of the main challenges in crop management. The environmental, economic and social impacts attributed to pesticides lead to the search for new sustainable possibilities for the management of these plants, especially for Commelina benghalensis, which is considered one of the worst weeds in the world. This work consists of a description of the external morphology of the insect Lema quadrivittata and its potential use as a biological regulator of C. benghalensis, a weed plant, which suffers effective injuries by this natural enemy. Plots with high infestation of C. benghalensis were inspected to find plant damage and its possible causes. Upon identifying the occurrence of L. quadrivittata, it was decided to cultivate C. benghalensis in a greenhouse in order to observe the interaction of the insect with the plant. In this sense, during the study, we identified the insect L. quadrivittata by describing its morphological structures of adults and larvae and its interaction with C. benghalensis as a biological control agent. This work is an approach to the attack of L. quadrivittata on C. benghalensis. Future studies are needed to indicate the potential of this insect as a biological regulator of this weed from the knowledge of its behavior, morphology and evaluations of potential hosts.(AU)

White grubs (Cyclocephala flavipennis) damaging perennial winter pastures in the South Region of Brazil / Ocorrência do coró-pequeno (Cyclocephala flavipennis) danificando pastagens perenes de inverno na região Sul do Brasil

Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae), popularly known as white grub, is an insect widely disseminated in the South Region of Brazil. Despite the frequent occurrence of this white grub in areas cultivated with winter cereals, it is generally not considered a pest, since it feeds on straw and dead plant material. However, in 2015 and 2016, this insect has been identified as the damage-causing agent in the perennial winter pastures in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Damage was observed in patches and caused reduction in root depth and mass, resulting in loss of vigor, accelerated senescence in aerial parts, and death of tillers in Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Dactylis glomerata L. plants.

Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae), conhecido popularmente como coró-pequeno, é um inseto amplamente disseminado na região sul do Brasil. Embora seja encontrado com frequência em áreas cultivadas com cereais de inverno não é considerado inseto praga, por alimentar-se preferencialmente de palha e restos de plantas. Entretanto, nos anos de 2015 e 2016 foi identificado como causador de danos em pastagens perenes de inverno em Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Os danos foram observados em reboleiras e promoveram redução na massa e profundidade de raízes, resultando em perda de vigor, senescência acelerada da parte aérea e morte de perfilhos de plantas de Festuca arundinacea Schreb. e Dacytilis glomerata L.

White grub (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) mortality induced by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae / Mortalidade em corós (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) induzida por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae

The occurrence of white grub roots in soybean crops in the South of Brazil has gradually increased. However, there is not information on the biological control of grubs by entomopathogenic fungi. This study aimed to induce infection by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae and analyze longevity in Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates larvae (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). In the laboratory, Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates had a mortality rate of 85% and 75%, respectively.

A ocorrência de corós-praga de raízes em lavoura de soja, no Sul do Brasil, tem gradualmente aumentado. Entretanto, não há informação sobre controle biológico de corós por fungos entomopatogênicos. Este estudo tem o objetivo de induzir a infecção por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae e analisar a longevidade em larvas de Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Em laboratório, Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade de 85% e 75%, respectivamente.

White grub (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) mortality induced by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae / Mortalidade em corós (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) induzida por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae

The occurrence of white grub roots in soybean crops in the South of Brazil has gradually increased. However, there is not information on the biological control of grubs by entomopathogenic fungi. This study aimed to induce infection by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae and analyze longevity in Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates larvae (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). In the laboratory, Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates had a mortality rate of 85% and 75%, respectively.(AU)

A ocorrência de corós-praga de raízes em lavoura de soja, no Sul do Brasil, tem gradualmente aumentado. Entretanto, não há informação sobre controle biológico de corós por fungos entomopatogênicos. Este estudo tem o objetivo de induzir a infecção por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae e analisar a longevidade em larvas de Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Em laboratório, Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade de 85% e 75%, respectivamente.(AU)

White grubs (Cyclocephala flavipennis) damaging perennial winter pastures in the South Region of Brazil / Ocorrência do coró-pequeno (Cyclocephala flavipennis) danificando pastagens perenes de inverno na região Sul do Brasil

Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae), popularly known as white grub, is an insect widely disseminated in the South Region of Brazil. Despite the frequent occurrence of this white grub in areas cultivated with winter cereals, it is generally not considered a pest, since it feeds on straw and dead plant material. However, in 2015 and 2016, this insect has been identified as the damage-causing agent in the perennial winter pastures in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Damage was observed in patches and caused reduction in root depth and mass, resulting in loss of vigor, accelerated senescence in aerial parts, and death of tillers in Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Dactylis glomerata L. plants.(AU)

Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae), conhecido popularmente como coró-pequeno, é um inseto amplamente disseminado na região sul do Brasil. Embora seja encontrado com frequência em áreas cultivadas com cereais de inverno não é considerado inseto praga, por alimentar-se preferencialmente de palha e restos de plantas. Entretanto, nos anos de 2015 e 2016 foi identificado como causador de danos em pastagens perenes de inverno em Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Os danos foram observados em reboleiras e promoveram redução na massa e profundidade de raízes, resultando em perda de vigor, senescência acelerada da parte aérea e morte de perfilhos de plantas de Festuca arundinacea Schreb. e Dacytilis glomerata L.(AU)

Walking stability of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) / Estabilidade de caminhamento de Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Results obtained in studies can contribute to the advancement of science and innovative methods and techniques for developing practical activities. Reporting conditions that may restrict the implementation of research is critical to ensure the optimal development of further technical studies. The objective of this study was to assess the walking stability of R. dominica on a flat and smooth surface. The study was based on the determination of mortality, morphology and walking stability of the insect outside the grain mass, on a flat and smooth surface. Mortality of adults of this Coleoptera in conditions with and without food was similar, which explains the difficulty that this insect had for accessing the food source on the flat and smooth surface. The measurements of body length (BOL), width (BOW) and height (BOH) of R. dominica were compared with those of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), which showed good ability to walk in these conditions. This study indicated that the former presents lower BOL and BOW, and greater BOH than the second, and all these variables showed differences when analyzed simultaneously by means of the construction of multivariate morphometric indices (Width × Height, Length × Height and Height × Length × Width). These morphometric variables, together with the definition of the geometry most similar to the body shape, resulted in determination of the center of gravity (CG) and static rollover threshold (SRTgeom) for both species. Rhyzopertha dominica and T. castaneum presented CGs considered high and low, respectively, and together with the values obtained for SRTgeom, may justify that R. dominica can be considered a less stable species during movement, and presents greater risk of rollover on flat and smooth surfaces.(AU)

Resultados obtidos em pesquisas podem contribuir com o avanço da ciência e inovar métodos e técnicas para o desenvolvimento de atividades práticas. Relatar condições que podem restringir à execução de pesquisas é fundamental para garantir que seja observada a técnica ideal para o desenvolvimento de estudos posteriores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a estabilidade de caminhamento de R. dominica em superfície plana e polida. O estudo se baseou na determinação da mortalidade, morfologia e estabilidade de caminhamento do inseto fora da massa de grãos, em superfície plana e polida. A mortalidade dos adultos desse Coleoptera nas condições com e sem alimento foram semelhantes, o que justifica a dificuldade que esse inseto tem em acessar a fonte alimentar andando em superfície plana e polida. As medidas obtidas do comprimento (BOL), largura (BOW) e altura (BOH) do corpo de R. dominica foram comparadas com as de Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), que pode ser considerado um bom caminhador nessas condições. Esse estudo mostrou que o primeiro é menor no BOL e BOW, e maior BOH que o segundo, e que, todas essas variáveis apresentaram diferenças quando analisadas simultaneamente por meio da construção de índices morfométricos multivariados (Largura × Altura; Comprimento × Altura e Altura × Comprimento × Largura). Essas variáveis morfométricas, juntamente com a definição da forma geométrica que mais se aproxima do formato corporal, proporcionaram a determinação do centro de gravidade (CG) e do limite lateral de tombamento (SRTgeom) para ambas as espécie. Rhyzopertha dominica e T. castaneum apresentaram CGs considerados alto e baixo, respectivamente, e juntamente com os valores obtidos para os SRTgeom, podem justificar que R. dominica pode ser considerada uma espécie menos estável durante o caminhamento, e que, apresenta maiores riscos de tombamento em superfícies plana e polida.(AU)

Laboratory and field evaluation of a cypermethrin-based insecticide for the control of Alphitobius diaperinus panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and its in-vitro effects on Beauveria bassiana bals. vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)

The control of Alphitobius diaperinus is based mainly on chemical insecticides, and the indiscriminate and incorrect use of these products has led to failures in insect control. Thus, it is important to monitor the efficiency of the products available on the market and to develop alternative insect control strategies. The present study evaluated the effect of a new product (cypermethrin-6%) under laboratory and field conditions and assessed its in-vitro compatibility with the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 4 isolate). Its efficiency in dry powder and wettable powder formulations was also assessed in the laboratory through comparison with a similar insecticide (cypermethrin-5%) at five different concentrations. The field assays were conducted in two commercial broiler breeder houses (Treated and Control), applying the new product on the litter at the manufacturer's recommended concentration (RC). Germination, vegetative growth, conidial production, number of colony forming units (CFUs) and insecticidal activity of the fungus were used to evaluate the compatibility of the insecticide. The effects of the cypermethrin-6% product and cypermethrin-5% were equivalent in the laboratory, and the new product exhibited better performance at lower concentrations (1/4RC, RC). The strategy applied in the field reduced the insect population in up to 96% after 75 days. Additionally, all concentrations of cypermethrin-6% were compatible with the fungus under the evaluated in-vitro conditions. Therefore, the new product is considered selective for B. bassiana. Further studies are necessary to assess its compatibility under field conditions, consolidating this strategy as a viable alternative for managing this pest.

Laboratory and field evaluation of a cypermethrin-based insecticide for the control of Alphitobius diaperinus panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and its in-vitro effects on Beauveria bassiana bals. vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)

The control of Alphitobius diaperinus is based mainly on chemical insecticides, and the indiscriminate and incorrect use of these products has led to failures in insect control. Thus, it is important to monitor the efficiency of the products available on the market and to develop alternative insect control strategies. The present study evaluated the effect of a new product (cypermethrin-6%) under laboratory and field conditions and assessed its in-vitro compatibility with the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 4 isolate). Its efficiency in dry powder and wettable powder formulations was also assessed in the laboratory through comparison with a similar insecticide (cypermethrin-5%) at five different concentrations. The field assays were conducted in two commercial broiler breeder houses (Treated and Control), applying the new product on the litter at the manufacturer's recommended concentration (RC). Germination, vegetative growth, conidial production, number of colony forming units (CFUs) and insecticidal activity of the fungus were used to evaluate the compatibility of the insecticide. The effects of the cypermethrin-6% product and cypermethrin-5% were equivalent in the laboratory, and the new product exhibited better performance at lower concentrations (1/4RC, RC). The strategy applied in the field reduced the insect population in up to 96% after 75 days. Additionally, all concentrations of cypermethrin-6% were compatible with the fungus under the evaluated in-vitro conditions. Therefore, the new product is considered selective for B. bassiana. Further studies are necessary to assess its compatibility under field conditions, consolidating this strategy as a viable alternative for managing this pest.(AU)

Coleoptera associated with macrophytes of the genus Salvinia in four oxbow lakes in two river basins in southeast Brazil / Coleoptera associados à Salvinia em quatro lagoas marginais pertencentes a duas bacias hidrográficas no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Macrophytes in oxbow lakes represent an important substrate for the Coleoptera. Two oxbow lakes the Rio Paranapanema were studied and the other two Rio Mogi-Guaçu, in the State de São Paulo, Brasil. In this study, there is greater similarity between the communities of Coleoptera of lakes greater connectivity with the main river channel or the difference in the species of Salvinia collected in the lakes studied interferes Coleoptera fauna that uses as substrate. A total of 9,222 specimens of Coleoptera were collected and identified in 10 families and 40 genera. The analysis MDS for abundance of Coleoptera showed the grouping of the oxbow lakes the Paranapanema River and a distancing the oxbow lakes the Mogi-Guaçu. The PERMANOVA test did not reveal any difference in the fauna between the wet and dry periods. It was concluded that the connectivity between river and lake is not decisive for the richness and abundance of aquatic fauna of Coleoptera. Therefore, the richness and abundance of aquatic Coleoptera associated vary with the species of Salvinia used as substrate.(AU)

As macrófitas em lagoas marginais constituem um importante substrato para os Coleoptera. Foram estudadas duas lagoas marginais ao Rio Paranapanema e outras duas ao Rio Mogi-Guaçu, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Neste estudo, haverá maior similaridade entre as comunidades de Coleoptera das lagoas de maior conectividade com o canal princial do rio ou a diferença na espécie de Salvinia coletada nas lagoas estudadas interfere na fauna de Coleoptera que a utiliza como substrato. Foram coligidos 9.222 espécimes de Coleoptera sendo identificadas 10 famílias e 40 gêneros. A análise MDS para abundância de Coleoptera mostrou o agrupamento das lagoas marginais ao Rio Paranapanema e um distanciamento das lagoas marginais ao Rio Mogi-Guaçu. Os resultados da análise PERMANOVA não mostraram diferença na composição faunística entre os períodos de chuva e seca. Concluiu-se que a conectividade entre rio e lagoa não é determinante para a riqueza e abundância da fauna de Coleoptera aquáticos. Portanto, a riqueza e a abundância de Coleoptera aquáticos associados variam com as espécies de Salvinia utilizadas como substrato.(AU)

Biology and fertility life table of Eriopis connexa, Harmonia axyridis and Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) / Biologia e tabela de vida de fertilidade de Eriopis connexa, Harmonia axyridis e Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The coccinellids Eriopis connexa (Germar), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant) are important natural biological control agents. The purpose of this paper was to study the biology and create a fertility life table of these three coccinellid species. For the biology study, 50 insects/species were used and kept in groups of 10 in glass vials (2300cm3). For the three species studied, the viability of the total cycle varied from 45 to 50%. O. v-nigrum was the species which presented the longest oviposition period. However, H. axiridis demonstrated the best reproductive performance and ability of population growth in each generation. In conclusion, the use of commercially obtained pollen and A. kuenhiella eggs enables the development of coccinellids E. connexa, H. axyridis and O. v-nigrum under laboratory conditions, since the insects completed their biological cycle and originated adults with good reproductive performance.(AU)

Os coccinelídeos Eriopis connexa (Germar), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) e Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant) são importantes agentes de controle biológico natural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a biologia e a tabela de vida de fertilidade dessas três espécies de coccinelídeos. Para a biologia foram utilizados 50 insetos/espécie, mantidos em grupo de 10 em recipientes de vidro de (2300cm3). Para as três espécies estudadas, a viabilidade do ciclo total variou de 45 a 50%. O. v-nigrum foi a espécie que apresentou maior período de oviposição. No entanto, H. axiridis foi àquela que demonstrou maior performance reprodutiva e capacidade de aumento populacional a cada geração. Em conclusão, a utilização de pólen comercial e ovos de A. kuenhiella possibilita o desenvolvimento dos coccinelídeos E. connexa, H. axyridis e O. v-nigrum em condições de laboratório, pois, os insetos completaram o ciclo biológico e originaram adultos com boa performance reprodutiva.(AU)

Environmental influence on coprophagous Scarabaeidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) assemblages in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso / Influência ambiental sobre assembleias de Scarabaeidae coprófagos (Insecta: Coleoptera) no Pantanal de Mato Grosso

Here we examine assemblage structure of coprophagous Scarabaeidae (dung beetles) in the Pantanal of the state of Mato Grosso with respect to flooding regimes, soil texture, leaf litter volume and tree dominance in native and exotic pastures. Samples were collected along 30 transects of 250 m in length in a 5×5 km grid (25 km2). Five pitfalls baited with human feces were placed in each transect. A total of 1692 individuals in 19 species were captured, the majority in the subfamily Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae. Assemblages were influenced by the duration of flooding and leaf litter volume. None of the other habitat variables was correlated with species richness. Cultivated pastures with exotic grasses were unimportant for composition of the assemblages of beetles. These results indicate that duration of flooding is the most important regulating force in this community.(AU)

Esse estudo avaliou a estrutura espacial de assembleias de Scarabaeidae coprófagos no Pantanal de Mato Grosso, em função do tempo de inundação, textura do solo, volume da serapilheira, dominância de arbóreas, pastagens nativa e exótica. As coletas foram realizadas em 30 transectos de 250 m cada distribuídos sistematicamente em uma área de 25 km2. Cinco armadilhas pitfall iscadas com fezes humanas foram instaladas em cada transecto, e obtidos 1.692 indivíduos distribuídos em 19 espécies pertencentes às subfamílias Scarabaeinae e Aphodiinae. A estrutura e composição das assembleias foram afetadas pelo tempo de inundação e o volume da serapilheira. Todas as variáveis explanatórias foram fracamente correlacionadas e de forma não significativa com a riqueza de espécies. A existência de pastagem exótica não afetou a composição das assembleias de besouros. Esses resultados indicam que o tempo de inundação é a principal força reguladora dessa comunidade no ambiente pantaneiro.(AU)

Levantamento de coleópteros em mata nativa e na cultura de milho / Survey of beetles in native forest and maize crop

This study aimed to identify the main families of beetles exist in a native forest near agricultural areas and highlight the influence of abiotic factors on their distribution. The survey was conducted in an area of native rainforest and nearby a maize crop. Samples were also performed in a hallway between the two areas to assess the transition of insects. In each area were distributed nine pitfall traps, except for the hallway where there were five traps. The traps contained 700 ml of water and 10 drops of detergent, replaced weekly. The collections were made in the summer/autumn and winter of 2013. Insects were separated, assembled in entomological box and submitted to identification to the family level. Sampling in summer showed higher abundance (138 individuals) and diversity (12 families), being Staphylinidae (28.3%), Coccinellidae (24.6%), Scarabaeidae (23.9%) and Dasytidae (13.0%), the families most representative. Sampling in winter showed lower abundance (103 beetles) and diversity (10 families), highlighting the Tenebrionidae (62.1%), Staphylinidae (17.9%) and Nitidulidae (9.7%) families. The temperature and the rainfall showed to be affect the beetles’ distribution between the forest and the crop. It is inferred that the families of beetles differ in relation to adaptability to seasons and each with their morphological and physiological characteristics, inhabit different areas analyzed demonstrating adaptability and search for survival.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a identificação das principais famílias de coleópteros existentes em uma mata nativa próxima a áreas agricultáveis e destacar a influência de fatores abióticos na distribuição dos mesmos. O levantamento foi realizado no município de Sete Lagoas, MG, em uma área de Mata Atlântica nativa próxima a uma cultura de milho. As amostragens foram também realizadas em um corredor entre as duas áreas para avaliar a transição dos insetos. Em cada área foram distribuídas nove armadilhas de queda do tipo “pitfall”, e no corredor havia cinco armadilhas. As armadilhas continham água(700 ml) e detergente (10 gotas), sendo substituídas semanalmente. As coletas foram realizadas no verão/outono (15/03 à 11/04) e no inverno (05/07 à 02/08) do ano de 2013. Os insetos foram montados e catalogados em caixa entomológica e identificados ao nível de família. A amostragem no verão/outono apresentou maior abundância (138 indivíduos) e diversidade (12 famílias), sendo as mais representativas Staphylinidae (28,3%), Coccinellidae (24,6%), Scarabaeidae (23,9%) e Dasytidae (13,0%). A amostragem no inverno apresentou menor abundância (103 coleópteros) e diversidade (10 famílias), com destaque para as famílias Tenebrionidae (62,1%), Staphylinidae (17,9%) e Nitidulidae (9,7%). A temperatura e a precipitação pluviométrica demonstraram-se influenciadores na distribuição de coleópteros na área entre a mata e a área cultivada com o milho. Infere-se que as famílias de coleópteros diferem-se em relação à adaptabilidade às estações do ano e que cada uma delas com suas características morfológicas e fisiológicas, habitam as diferentes áreas analisadas demonstrando capacidade de adaptação e busca pela sobrevivência.

Beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) associated with pig carcasses exposed in a Caatinga area, Northeastern Brazil / Coleópteros (Insecta, Coleoptera) associados a carcaças de suínos em Caatinga, Nordeste do Brasil

The species richness, abundance and seasonality of Coleoptera fauna associated with pig carcasses exposed in a Caatinga area were examined. Tray, pitfall and modified Shannon traps were settled together to collect these insects during two seasons (dry and rainy). 4,851 beetles were collected, belonging to 19 families and 88 species. Staphylinidae (2,184) and Histeridae (1,264) were the most abundant families and accounted for 71.1% of the specimens collected. Scarabaeidae (15) showed the highest species richness. The most abundant species were Atheta iheringi Bernhauer, 1908 (Staphylinidae) (1,685), Euspilotus sp. (Histeridae) (461), Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825) (Nitidulidae) (394), Xerosaprinus diptychus (Marseul, 1855) (Histeridae) (331) and Dermestes maculatus De Geer, 1774 (Dermestidae). Amongst these species, X. diptychus showed to be strongly influenced by seasonality, since 96.1% of the specimens were collected during the dry season.(AU)

A riqueza, abundância e sazonalidade da coleopterofauna associada a carcaças de suínos expostas em uma área de Caatinga foram examinadas. Para captura desses insetos foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo bandeja, pitfall e Shannon modificada, durante duas estações (seca e chuvosa). 4.851 coleópteros foram coletados, pertencentes a 19 famílias e 88 espécies. Staphylinidae (2.184) e Histeridae (1.264) foram as famílias mais abundantes e somaram 71,1% dos espécimes coletados. Scarabaeidae (15) apresentou a maior riqueza. As espécies mais abundantes foram Atheta iheringi Bernhauer, 1908 (Staphylinidae) (1,685), Euspilotus sp. (Histeridae) (461), Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825) (Nitidulidae) (394), Xerosaprinus diptychus (Marseul, 1855) (Histeridae) (331) e Dermestes maculatus De Geer, 1774 (Dermestidae). Entre essas espécies, X. diptychus mostrou-se fortemente influenciada pela sazonalidade, uma vez que 96,1% dos espécimes foram coletados durante a estação seca.(AU)

Toxomerus duplicatus Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Syrphidae) preying on Microtheca spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae / Toxomerus duplicatus Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Syrphidae) predando larvas de Microtheca spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Microtheca spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are insect pests primarily related to Brassicaceae crops. In the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, they are found on forage turnip, Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg., which is commonly grown during fall/winter seasons. This work reports the predation of Microtheca spp. larvae by Toxomerus duplicatus Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Syrphidae) larvae, on forage turnip crop, in Santa Maria, RS. This register provides new information about Microtheca spp. natural enemies in Brazil, which might be a new option for integrate pest management of these species.(AU)

Microtheca spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) são insetos-praga relacionados principalmente às culturas da família Brassicaceae. No Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), no sul do Brasil, são encontrados no nabo forrageiro, Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg, comumente cultivado no outono/inverno. Este trabalho relata a predação de larvas de Microtheca spp. por larvas de Toxomerus duplicatus Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Syrphidae), em nabo forrageiro, em Santa Maria, RS. Este registro oferece nova informação sobre os inimigos naturais de Microtheca spp. no Brasil os quais podem ser uma nova opção para o manejo integrado dessas espécies.(AU)

Levantamento de coleópteros em mata nativa e na cultura de milho / Survey of beetles in native forest and maize crop

This study aimed to identify the main families of beetles exist in a native forest near agricultural areas and highlight the influence of abiotic factors on their distribution. The survey was conducted in an area of native rainforest and nearby a maize crop. Samples were also performed in a hallway between the two areas to assess the transition of insects. In each area were distributed nine pitfall traps, except for the hallway where there were five traps. The traps contained 700 ml of water and 10 drops of detergent, replaced weekly. The collections were made in the summer/autumn and winter of 2013. Insects were separated, assembled in entomological box and submitted to identification to the family level. Sampling in summer showed higher abundance (138 individuals) and diversity (12 families), being Staphylinidae (28.3%), Coccinellidae (24.6%), Scarabaeidae (23.9%) and Dasytidae (13.0%), the families most representative. Sampling in winter showed lower abundance (103 beetles) and diversity (10 families), highlighting the Tenebrionidae (62.1%), Staphylinidae (17.9%) and Nitidulidae (9.7%) families. The temperature and the rainfall showed to be affect the beetles distribution between the forest and the crop. It is inferred that the families of beetles differ in relation to adaptability to seasons and each with their morphological and physiological characteristics, inhabit different areas analyzed demonstrating adaptability and search for survival.(AU)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a identificação das principais famílias de coleópteros existentes em uma mata nativa próxima a áreas agricultáveis e destacar a influência de fatores abióticos na distribuição dos mesmos. O levantamento foi realizado no município de Sete Lagoas, MG, em uma área de Mata Atlântica nativa próxima a uma cultura de milho. As amostragens foram também realizadas em um corredor entre as duas áreas para avaliar a transição dos insetos. Em cada área foram distribuídas nove armadilhas de queda do tipo “pitfall”, e no corredor havia cinco armadilhas. As armadilhas continham água(700 ml) e detergente (10 gotas), sendo substituídas semanalmente. As coletas foram realizadas no verão/outono (15/03 à 11/04) e no inverno (05/07 à 02/08) do ano de 2013. Os insetos foram montados e catalogados em caixa entomológica e identificados ao nível de família. A amostragem no verão/outono apresentou maior abundância (138 indivíduos) e diversidade (12 famílias), sendo as mais representativas Staphylinidae (28,3%), Coccinellidae (24,6%), Scarabaeidae (23,9%) e Dasytidae (13,0%). A amostragem no inverno apresentou menor abundância (103 coleópteros) e diversidade (10 famílias), com destaque para as famílias Tenebrionidae (62,1%), Staphylinidae (17,9%) e Nitidulidae (9,7%). A temperatura e a precipitação pluviométrica demonstraram-se influenciadores na distribuição de coleópteros na área entre a mata e a área cultivada com o milho. Infere-se que as famílias de coleópteros diferem-se em relação à adaptabilidade às estações do ano e que cada uma delas com suas características morfológicas e fisiológicas, habitam as diferentes áreas analisadas demonstrando capacidade de adaptação e busca pela sobrevivência.(AU)

Dimorphism and allometry of Systaltocerus platyrhinus and Hypselotropis prasinata (Coleoptera: Anthribidae)

Males of sexually dimorphic anthribid species display structural modifications that suggest sexual selection. Polyphenism, which is expressed through morphological and behavioral novelties, is an important component of the evolutionary process of these beetles. In this study, we endeavored to ascertain the presence of variations in selected monomorphic traits, polyphenism in males, and variation in structures associated with sexual dimorphism and allometric patterns in two species: Systaltocerus platyrhynus Labram & Imhoff, 1840 and Hypselotropis prasinata (Fahraeus, 1839). To that end, we used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Variate analysis (CVA) to statistically analyze 26 measurements of 91 specimens. The PCA discriminated three groups (females, major, and minor males) for S. platyrhinus, but only two groups (males and females) for H. prasinata. The same groups discriminated by the PCA for Systaltocerus were confirmed by the CVA analysis, indicating a highly significant variation separating the three groups. We also analyzed positive allometry with respect to prothorax length - independent variable by Reduced Major Axis (RMA). The allometric pattern indicated by most of the linear measurements was strong and corroborates a possible relationship between male polyphenism and the reproductive behavior of major and minor males. We believe that these patterns, in species that show both sexual dimorphism and male polyphenism, are associated with the behavior of defending the female during oviposition, performed by major males.

Dimorphism and allometry of Systaltocerus platyrhinus and Hypselotropis prasinata (Coleoptera: Anthribidae)

Males of sexually dimorphic anthribid species display structural modifications that suggest sexual selection. Polyphenism, which is expressed through morphological and behavioral novelties, is an important component of the evolutionary process of these beetles. In this study, we endeavored to ascertain the presence of variations in selected monomorphic traits, polyphenism in males, and variation in structures associated with sexual dimorphism and allometric patterns in two species: Systaltocerus platyrhynus Labram & Imhoff, 1840 and Hypselotropis prasinata (Fahraeus, 1839). To that end, we used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Variate analysis (CVA) to statistically analyze 26 measurements of 91 specimens. The PCA discriminated three groups (females, major, and minor males) for S. platyrhinus, but only two groups (males and females) for H. prasinata. The same groups discriminated by the PCA for Systaltocerus were confirmed by the CVA analysis, indicating a highly significant variation separating the three groups. We also analyzed positive allometry with respect to prothorax length - independent variable by Reduced Major Axis (RMA). The allometric pattern indicated by most of the linear measurements was strong and corroborates a possible relationship between male polyphenism and the reproductive behavior of major and minor males. We believe that these patterns, in species that show both sexual dimorphism and male polyphenism, are associated with the behavior of defending the female during oviposition, performed by major males.(AU)

Biological aspects of Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on different insect pests of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench.)] / Aspectos biológicos de Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) alimentada com diferentes insetos-praga de milho (Zea mays L.) e sorgo [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench.)]

Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) occurs in several countries of South America and its mass rearing is important for biological control programmes. This work evaluated biological aspects of E. connexa larva fed on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) frozen for one day, fresh eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), S. frugiperda newly-hatched caterpillars, nymphs of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Duration of larva, pupa and larva to adult stages differed among prey offered, whereas the prepupa stage was similar. Larva, pupa, prepupa and larva to adult viabilities were equal or major of 87.5% in all prey, except for larva fed on newly-hatched larvae of S. frugiperda. Eriopis connexa has good adaptation to different prey corroborating its polyphagous feeding habit, which evidences the potential of this natural enemy for controlling corn and sorghum pests.(AU)

Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ocorre em vários países da América do Sul e sua criação massal é importante para programas de controle biológico. Este trabalho avaliou os aspectos biológicos de larvas de E. connexa alimentadas com ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) e de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) congelados por um dia, ovos frescos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), lagartas de S. frugiperda recém-eclodidas, ninfas de Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) e Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). A duração da fase larval, pupal e de larva a adulto diferiu entre as presas oferecidas; entretanto, a fase de pré-pupa foi semelhante. A viabilidade larval, pré-pupal, pupal e de adultos foi maior ou igual a 87,5% em todas as presas, com exceção para larvas alimentadas com lagartas recém-eclodidas de S. frugiperda. Eriopis connexa tem boa adaptação a diferentes presas, corroborando seu hábito alimentar polífago, o que evidencia o potencial desse inimigo natural para o controle de pragas de milho e sorgo.(AU)