Corneal ulcer in a sheep - treatment with third eyelid flap

Background: Corneal ulcers are frequently reported in the literature in several species, however, the treatment of traumaticlesions on the corneal surface of ruminants is still poorly described. The use of the third eyelid flap is questioned whenapplied to deep ulcers, since the technique prevents the evolutionary follow-up of corneal healing and compromises care.However, several authors report its successful use for the treatment of superficial and deep corneal ulcers. This techniqueprotects the ocular surface and prevents the occurrence of new lesions or their aggravation. The aim of this study was toreport the treatment of corneal ulcers in sheep through the third eyelid flap associated with the use of topical antibiotics.Case: A 2-year-old male Dorper sheep, with ocular discomfort, conjunctival hyperemia and mucopurulent secretion in theleft eye, was assisted in a private rural property in the West region of Bahia, Brazil. The owner reported that before seeking veterinary help he used a spray based on oxytetracycline and hydrocortisone, which worsened the animal’s condition.Upon inspection, it was observed eyelid asymmetry, slight lateralization of the head to the left, periorbital alopecia onthe left face, intense blepharospasm in the left eye, with projection of the third eyelid occurring at times. The ophthalmicexamination was performed after application of anesthetic eye drops based on proxymetacaine to reduce eye discomfort.A corneal stromal lesion, edema and fibrovascular tissue in the left eye were identified, but the cause of the lesion was notdefined, with lagophthalmia, entropion, dystychiasis or ectopic cilia being ruled out. So, it was suggested that the lesionhad occurred by a foreign body, such as dust...

Corneal ulcer in a sheep - treatment with third eyelid flap

Background: Corneal ulcers are frequently reported in the literature in several species, however, the treatment of traumaticlesions on the corneal surface of ruminants is still poorly described. The use of the third eyelid flap is questioned whenapplied to deep ulcers, since the technique prevents the evolutionary follow-up of corneal healing and compromises care.However, several authors report its successful use for the treatment of superficial and deep corneal ulcers. This techniqueprotects the ocular surface and prevents the occurrence of new lesions or their aggravation. The aim of this study was toreport the treatment of corneal ulcers in sheep through the third eyelid flap associated with the use of topical antibiotics.Case: A 2-year-old male Dorper sheep, with ocular discomfort, conjunctival hyperemia and mucopurulent secretion in theleft eye, was assisted in a private rural property in the West region of Bahia, Brazil. The owner reported that before seeking veterinary help he used a spray based on oxytetracycline and hydrocortisone, which worsened the animals condition.Upon inspection, it was observed eyelid asymmetry, slight lateralization of the head to the left, periorbital alopecia onthe left face, intense blepharospasm in the left eye, with projection of the third eyelid occurring at times. The ophthalmicexamination was performed after application of anesthetic eye drops based on proxymetacaine to reduce eye discomfort.A corneal stromal lesion, edema and fibrovascular tissue in the left eye were identified, but the cause of the lesion was notdefined, with lagophthalmia, entropion, dystychiasis or ectopic cilia being ruled out. So, it was suggested that the lesionhad occurred by a foreign body, such as dust...(AU)

Quinolones resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers and chickens carcasses under federal inspection / Resistência à quinolonas em Salmonella spp. isoladas de frangos vivos e carcaças sob inspeção federal

We analyzed 77 Salmonella spp. strains, from which 20 were isolated from broilers (cloacal swabs) and 57 from chickens from slaughterhouses under federal inspection. The following serotypes were identified: Salmonella Saint Paul (29), Salmonella Heidelberg (27), Salmonella Anatum (9), Salmonella Cerro (5), Salmonella Senftenberg (5), Salmonella enterica (O: 4,5) (1) and Salmonella enterica (O: 9.12) (1). Fifteen strains (19.5%) were resistant to enrofloxacin, six (7.8%) to ciprofloxacin, and 26 (33.8%) to nalidixic acid in the Disk Diffusion Test. The fifteen enrofloxacin resistant strains were selected for the PCR to detect the genes gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and genetic sequencing to identify mutations in these genes. Five strains (33.3%) had point mutations in the gyrA gene, and one (6.7%) presented a point mutation in the parC gene. None of the 15 strains had mutations in the gyrB and parE genes, and none had more than one mutation in the gyrA gene or the other genes. The presence of point mutations in the strains studied corroborates with the phenotypic resistance observed to nalidixic acid. However, it did not explain the resistance to fluoroquinolones found in the 15 strains. Other mechanisms may be related to the fluoroquinolones resistance, highlighting the need for additional mutation screening.(AU)

Foram analisadas neste estudo 77 estirpes de Salmonella spp., 20 isoladas de frangos vivos (suabes de cloaca) e 57 isoladas de carcaças, provenientes de abatedouros frigoríficos sob Inspeção Federal. Foram identificados os seguintes sorotipos: Salmonella Saint Paul (29), Salmonella Heidelberg (27), Salmonella Anatum (9), Salmonella Cerro (5), Salmonella Senftenberg (5), Salmonella enterica (O: 4,5) (1) e Salmonella enterica (O: 9,12) (1). Do total de estirpes estudadas, 15 (19,5%) se mostraram resistentes à enrofloxacina, seis (7,8%) à ciprofloxacina e 26 (33,8%) ao ácido nalidíxico no Teste de Difusão em Disco. Foram selecionadas as 15 estirpes resistentes à enrofloxacina para a realização da PCR para detecção dos genes gyrA, gyrB, parC e parEe para sequenciamento genético do produto da PCR para identificação de mutações nesses genes. Cinco estirpes (33,3%) apresentaram mutações pontuais no gene gyrA e uma (6,7%) apresentou mutação pontual no gene parC. Nenhuma das 15 estirpes apresentou mutações nos genes gyrB e parE e nenhuma apresentou mais de uma mutação no gene gyrA ou nos outros genes. A existência apenas de mutações pontuais em alguns genes das estirpes analisadas está de acordo com a resistência fenotípica observada ao ácido nalidíxico, mas não explica a resistência às fluoroquinolonas encontrada nas 15 estirpes. Outros mecanismos de resistência podem estar relacionados à resistência encontrada às fluoroquinolonas e estudos adicionais são necessários para investigar sua presença.(AU)

Prevention of bone infection after open fracture using a chitosan with ciprofloxacin implant in animal model

Purpose To evaluate different concentrations of ciprofloxacin to prevent infection after open fracture contaminated with S. aureus in rats using absorbable local delivery system. Methods Fifty-two Wistar rats were assigned to six groups. After 4 weeks, all animals underwent 99mTc-ceftizoxima scintigraphy evaluation, callus formation measurement and histological analysis. ANOVA, t-Student and Kruskal Wallis were used for quantitative variables statistical analysis, whereas qui square and exact Fisher were used for qualitative variables. Results Treatment using 25% and 50% of ciprofloxacin incorporated at the fracture fixation device were effective in preventing bone infection compared to control group (p<0.05). Chitosan were not effective in preventing bone infection when used alone compared to control group (p>0.05). Histological findings demonstrated bone-healing delay with 50% of ciprofloxacin. No difference in callus formation were observed (p>0.05). Conclusion Local delivery treatment for contaminated open fracture using chitosan with ciprofloxacin is effective above 25%.(AU)

Comparative study on the efficacy of non-steroidal, steroid and non-use of anti-inflammatory in the treatment of acute epidemic conjunctivitis

Purpose To evaluate the effects of prednisolone against sodium diclofenac both with ciprofloxacin compared to artificial tears on the symptoms and signs of acute viral conjunctivitis. Methods Study included 37 patients diagnosed with acute conjunctivitis and distributed by three groups: A (1% prednisolone acetate + ciprofloxacin (0.3%); B (Sodium diclofenac (0.1%) + ciprofloxacin (0.3%) and C (artificial tears + ciprofloxacin (0.3%). Patients received medication 6/6 hours daily. Signs and symptoms (e.g. lacrimation, burning, photophobia, etc.) were scored at baseline and on the first, third, fifth and seventh days and in the end of treatment using a standardized questionnaire and slit lamp anterior segment examination. Results All three groups demonstrated an improvement in the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis in their follow-up visits. There was no significant difference in symptom and sign scores between Group A and B and B and C in the study visits ( p >0.05). However, the comparison between groups A and C showed a clinical trend (p=0.05) on third evaluation suggesting better clinical action using the corticosteroids. Conclusion The prednisolone acetate was not superior to the use of sodium diclofenac or artificial tears in relieving the signs and symptoms of viral conjunctivitis.(AU)

Effectiveness of tobramycin and ciprofloxacin against bacterial isolates in canine otitis externa in Uberaba, Minas Gerais / Eficácia de tobramicina e ciprofloxacina contra isolados bacterianos de otite externa canina em Uberaba, Minas Gerais

Canine otitis externa is a common and recurrent disease in domestic dogs. Although not being life threatening, it can result in the overuse of antibiotics, increased bacterial resistance and reduction of options for treatment. This study aimed to determine: the principal characteristics (age, race, and gender) of dogs affected by otitis externa; the most frequently bacteria identified as being associated with it and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 221 bacterial isolates were identified by morphological staining and biochemical processes and tested against eleven antibiotics. Among the 148 dogs diagnosed with otitis externa, 51.4% (76/148) were males and 48.6% (72/148) females. The cases were detected mainly in dogs with age above 7 years (54.7%; 81/148. Among the races examined, poodles were the most numerous (14.84%; 22/148). The most common bacteria found were: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (StCN), 33.9% (75/221); coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (StCP), 19% (42/221); Proteus spp., 17.2% (38/221) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9.5% (21/221). Simultaneous resistance to more than three classes of antimicrobials were most frequently detected in P. aeruginosa (61.9%; 13/21) and Proteus spp (39.47%; 15/38). According to data obtained from this study, two veterinary medications found to be most effective for topical treatment were tobramycin and ciprofloxacin.

A otite externa canina é uma doença comum e recorrente em cães domésticos. Embora não seja uma ameaça à vida, pode resultar no uso excessivo de antibióticos, aumento da resistência bacteriana e redução das opções de tratamento. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar: as principais características (idade, raça e gênero) de cães afetados por otite externa; as bactérias mais frequentemente identificadas como associadas a enfermidade e seus perfis de resistência. Um total de 221 isolados bacterianos foram identificados por características morfo-tintoriais e testes bioquímicos, e posteriormente testados contra onze antibióticos. Entre os 148 cães com diagnóstico de otite externa, 51,4% (76/148) eram machos e 48,6% (72/148) fêmeas. Os casos foram detectados principalmente em cães com idade acima de 7 anos (54,7%; 81/148). Entre as raças examinadas, poodles foram os mais acometidos (14,84%; 22/148). As bactérias mais encontradas foram: Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo. (StCN), 33,9% (75/221), Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva (StCP), 19% (42/221), Proteus spp., 17,2% (38/221) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9,5% (21/221) Resistência simultânea a mais de três classes de antimicrobianos foi mais frequentemente detectada em P. aeruginosa (61,9%; 13/21) e Proteus spp (39,47%; 15/38). Segundo os dados obtidos neste estudo, os antibióticos com maior capacidade de inibição do crescimento bacteriano in vitro foram tobramicina e ciprofloxacina.

Effectiveness of tobramycin and ciprofloxacin against bacterial isolates in canine otitis externa in Uberaba, Minas Gerais / Eficácia de tobramicina e ciprofloxacina contra isolados bacterianos de otite externa canina em Uberaba, Minas Gerais

Canine otitis externa is a common and recurrent disease in domestic dogs. Although not being life threatening, it can result in the overuse of antibiotics, increased bacterial resistance and reduction of options for treatment. This study aimed to determine: the principal characteristics (age, race, and gender) of dogs affected by otitis externa; the most frequently bacteria identified as being associated with it and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 221 bacterial isolates were identified by morphological staining and biochemical processes and tested against eleven antibiotics. Among the 148 dogs diagnosed with otitis externa, 51.4% (76/148) were males and 48.6% (72/148) females. The cases were detected mainly in dogs with age above 7 years (54.7%; 81/148. Among the races examined, poodles were the most numerous (14.84%; 22/148). The most common bacteria found were: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (StCN), 33.9% (75/221); coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (StCP), 19% (42/221); Proteus spp., 17.2% (38/221) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9.5% (21/221). Simultaneous resistance to more than three classes of antimicrobials were most frequently detected in P. aeruginosa (61.9%; 13/21) and Proteus spp (39.47%; 15/38). According to data obtained from this study, two veterinary medications found to be most effective for topical treatment were tobramycin and ciprofloxacin.(AU)

A otite externa canina é uma doença comum e recorrente em cães domésticos. Embora não seja uma ameaça à vida, pode resultar no uso excessivo de antibióticos, aumento da resistência bacteriana e redução das opções de tratamento. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar: as principais características (idade, raça e gênero) de cães afetados por otite externa; as bactérias mais frequentemente identificadas como associadas a enfermidade e seus perfis de resistência. Um total de 221 isolados bacterianos foram identificados por características morfo-tintoriais e testes bioquímicos, e posteriormente testados contra onze antibióticos. Entre os 148 cães com diagnóstico de otite externa, 51,4% (76/148) eram machos e 48,6% (72/148) fêmeas. Os casos foram detectados principalmente em cães com idade acima de 7 anos (54,7%; 81/148). Entre as raças examinadas, poodles foram os mais acometidos (14,84%; 22/148). As bactérias mais encontradas foram: Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo. (StCN), 33,9% (75/221), Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva (StCP), 19% (42/221), Proteus spp., 17,2% (38/221) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9,5% (21/221) Resistência simultânea a mais de três classes de antimicrobianos foi mais frequentemente detectada em P. aeruginosa (61,9%; 13/21) e Proteus spp (39,47%; 15/38). Segundo os dados obtidos neste estudo, os antibióticos com maior capacidade de inibição do crescimento bacteriano in vitro foram tobramicina e ciprofloxacina.(AU)

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from domestic animals from Southern Ecuador / Ocorrência e comportamento antimicrobiano de espécies termotolerantes de Campylobacter isoladas de animais domésticos no sul do Equador

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of dogs, pigs, cows and hens in southern Ecuador were studied. Of the 250 samples studied, 84 (33.6%) were Campylobacter positive, with C. jejuni being more frequent (78.6%) than C. coli (21.4%), with the exception of porcine samples, from which C. coli was the only species isolated. Multidrug resistance was reported in 10 Campylobacter strains (11.9%), four C. jejuni and six C. coli, and was always associated with nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance. All of the amoxicillin-resistant strains were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and were therefore beta-lactamase producers. However, one strain of C. jejuni remained resistant with additional resistance to gentamycin. This is an uncommon resistance pattern in Campylobacter and could reflect different resistance mechanisms.(AU)

A ocorrência e resistência antimicrobiana de cepas de Campylobacter jejuni e C. coli isoladas de amostras fecais obtidas de cães, suínos, vacas e galinhas no sul do Equador foram determinadas. Das 250 amostras estudadas, 84 (33.6%) foram Campylobacter positivas, sendo C. jejuni mais frequente (78.6%) que C. coli (21.4%) com a exceção das amostras de suínos, das quais só fora isolada a espécie C. coli. Multirresistência foi encontrada em 10 cepas (11,9%), quatro C. jejuni e 6 C. coli, sempre associada à resistência ao ácido nalidíxico e à ciprofloxacina. Todas as cepas resistentes à ampicilina foram susceptíveis para amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico demonstrando que foram produtoras de beta-lactamase. Porém, uma cepa de C. jejuni permaneceu sendo resistente, apresentando, também, resistência à gentamicina. Este é um padrão de multirresistência incomum em Campylobacter e pode refletir diferentes mecanismos de resistência.(AU)

Sinusite crônica em Cyanoloxia brissonii / Chronic sinusitis in Cyanoloxia brissonii

A Ultramarine Grosbeak (Cyanoloxia brissonii) was treated at the Veterinary Hospital Dr. Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia - HOVET UFERSA with complaint of respiratory alterations, the animal arrived dyspneic and with a marked increase of the left nostril. For the treatment of sinusitis, antibiotic (Enrofloxacin -15mg/kg, once daily (SID) for 7 days), anti-inflammatory (Cetoprofen - 2mg/kg, SID, for 5 days), both orally, and nebulization (Gentamicin -5mg/kg associated with Aminophylline - 1mL/10mL of Physiological Solution, twice a day (BID), throughout the treatment period). Removal of the cushion was carried out in the left nostril, which showed recurrence and the need for two new cleanings of this nostril. On the third occasion, the chemical cauterization with 2% iodine and the addition of a ciprofloxacin-based eye drops to be made via topical in the nostril, thus obtaining success in the treatment.

Sinusite crônica em Cyanoloxia brissonii / Chronic sinusitis in Cyanoloxia brissonii

A Ultramarine Grosbeak (Cyanoloxia brissonii) was treated at the Veterinary Hospital Dr. Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia - HOVET UFERSA with complaint of respiratory alterations, the animal arrived dyspneic and with a marked increase of the left nostril. For the treatment of sinusitis, antibiotic (Enrofloxacin -15mg/kg, once daily (SID) for 7 days), anti-inflammatory (Cetoprofen - 2mg/kg, SID, for 5 days), both orally, and nebulization (Gentamicin -5mg/kg associated with Aminophylline - 1mL/10mL of Physiological Solution, twice a day (BID), throughout the treatment period). Removal of the cushion was carried out in the left nostril, which showed recurrence and the need for two new cleanings of this nostril. On the third occasion, the chemical cauterization with 2% iodine and the addition of a ciprofloxacin-based eye drops to be made via topical in the nostril, thus obtaining success in the treatment.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry / Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de aves condenadas por colibacilose

The present study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of 130 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from viscera and upper respiratory tract poultry condemned for colibacillosis for Federal Inspection in the state of Tocantins. The poultry analyzed in this study were originated from the states of the Distrito Federal (DF), Goiás (GO), São Paulo (SP) and Tocantins (TO), to perform susceptibility testing antimicrobial (TSA) follow the methodology proposed by CLSI. The results showed that 76% and 72% of cepas coming from the State GO and TO, respectively, showed sensitivity to antibiotics tested. While the strains isolated in DF and SP showed sensitivity of 65% and 62% respectively. When analyzed the sensitivity profile of the formed groups, it was observed that most strains were susceptible, most notably the group of pleuromutilins (93%), followed by aminoglycosides (88%) and quinolones / fluoroquinolones (77%). Among the isolated cepas, 30.76% had multidrug resistance to antimicrobials. In the experimental conditions this work, among the antibiotics tested, only ceftioflur, florfenicol, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole, gentamicin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid are indicated for treating E. coli in chickens. From the data presented the use of antibiotics has not become a problem in the poultry farming since the antibiotics tested were mostly efficient on E. coli

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de 130 cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de aves condenadas por colibacilose pela Inspeção Federal no estado do Tocantins, procedentes dos estados de Distrito Federal (DF), Goiás (GO), São Paulo (SP) e Tocantins (TO), a realização do teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos (TSA) seguiu a metodologia proposta por CLSI. Os resultados mostraram que 76% e 72% das cepas provenientes do estado do GO e TO, respectivamente, apresentaram sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos testados. Enquanto as cepas isoladas no DF e SP apresentaram sensibilidade de 65% e 62% respectivamente. Quando analisado o perfil de sensibilidade dos grupos de antimicrobianos formados, observou-se que a maioria das amostras foram sensíveis, com maior destaque ao grupo das pleuromutilinas (93%), seguidos dos aminoglicosídeos (88%) e quinolonas/fluoroquinolonas (77%). Dentre as cepas isoladas, 30,76% apresentaram resistência a pelo menos dois antimicrobianos testados, recomendados para tratamento de aves. Nas condições experimentais deste trabalho, entre os antimicrobianos testados, apenas ceftioflur, florfenicol, ciprofloxacina, trimethoprim + sulfametoxazol, gentamicina, amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico foram indicados para tratamento de E. coli em frangos. E apensar da utilização de antimicrobianos não ter se mostrado um problema em nossos estudos nos estados estudados a multirresistência obtida ressalta a importância de uso criterioso e controlado destes fármacos na avicultura

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry / Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de aves condenadas por colibacilose

The present study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of 130 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from viscera and upper respiratory tract poultry condemned for colibacillosis for Federal Inspection in the state of Tocantins. The poultry analyzed in this study were originated from the states of the Distrito Federal (DF), Goiás (GO), São Paulo (SP) and Tocantins (TO), to perform susceptibility testing antimicrobial (TSA) follow the methodology proposed by CLSI. The results showed that 76% and 72% of cepas coming from the State GO and TO, respectively, showed sensitivity to antibiotics tested. While the strains isolated in DF and SP showed sensitivity of 65% and 62% respectively. When analyzed the sensitivity profile of the formed groups, it was observed that most strains were susceptible, most notably the group of pleuromutilins (93%), followed by aminoglycosides (88%) and quinolones / fluoroquinolones (77%). Among the isolated cepas, 30.76% had multidrug resistance to antimicrobials. In the experimental conditions this work, among the antibiotics tested, only ceftioflur, florfenicol, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole, gentamicin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid are indicated for treating E. coli in chickens. From the data presented the use of antibiotics has not become a problem in the poultry farming since the antibiotics tested were mostly efficient on E. coli(AU)

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de 130 cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de aves condenadas por colibacilose pela Inspeção Federal no estado do Tocantins, procedentes dos estados de Distrito Federal (DF), Goiás (GO), São Paulo (SP) e Tocantins (TO), a realização do teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos (TSA) seguiu a metodologia proposta por CLSI. Os resultados mostraram que 76% e 72% das cepas provenientes do estado do GO e TO, respectivamente, apresentaram sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos testados. Enquanto as cepas isoladas no DF e SP apresentaram sensibilidade de 65% e 62% respectivamente. Quando analisado o perfil de sensibilidade dos grupos de antimicrobianos formados, observou-se que a maioria das amostras foram sensíveis, com maior destaque ao grupo das pleuromutilinas (93%), seguidos dos aminoglicosídeos (88%) e quinolonas/fluoroquinolonas (77%). Dentre as cepas isoladas, 30,76% apresentaram resistência a pelo menos dois antimicrobianos testados, recomendados para tratamento de aves. Nas condições experimentais deste trabalho, entre os antimicrobianos testados, apenas ceftioflur, florfenicol, ciprofloxacina, trimethoprim + sulfametoxazol, gentamicina, amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico foram indicados para tratamento de E. coli em frangos. E apensar da utilização de antimicrobianos não ter se mostrado um problema em nossos estudos nos estados estudados a multirresistência obtida ressalta a importância de uso criterioso e controlado destes fármacos na avicultura(AU)

Caracterização filogenética molecular e resistência antimicrobiana de escherichia coli isoladas de caprinos neonatos com diarreia / Molecular-phylogenetic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from goats with diarrhea

Neonatal diarrhea determines significant changes in feed conversion, causing productivity loss in caprine herds. The antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is characterized as an important public healthissue; therefore, Escherichia coli may be characterized as an important pathogen due to expressingvirulence mechanisms responsible for significant clinical conditions in humans and animals. Thepresent study evaluated the presence of E. coli among 117 caprine fecal samples and analyzed theisolates for antimicrobial resistance. Suggestive colonies were submitted to biochemical screeningfollowed by genotypic group determination and phylogenetic analysis; further, the sampleswere submitted to antimicrobials susceptibility test. E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella sonnei andEnterobacter aerogenes were identified. E. coli isolates were phylogenetically classified as B2 (9/39),D (19/39), B1 (7/39) e A (4/29) groups. The analysis of the isolates also revealed the presence of K99(04/39) and Stx (02/39) virulence factors. Antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed sensitive isolatesto Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin, being all resistant to Lincomycin,Vancomycin and Penicillin. The results support the need of establishing restricted protocols forantimicrobial use, a fundamental procedure for health improvement in Brazilian caprine herds.

A diarreia neonatal determina alterações significativas na conversão alimentar, resultando na queda daprodutividade de caprinos. A resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias caracteriza-se como importanteproblema de saúde pública, assim, a Escherichia coli pode ser caracterizada como importantepatógeno por expressar mecanismos de virulência responsáveis por significativas afecções clínicasem seres humanos e animais. O presente estudo avaliou a presença de E. coli em 117 amostrasfecais de caprinos e analisou a resistência antimicrobiana dos isolados. Colônias sugestivas foramsubmetidas a testes bioquímicos, seguido de determinação do grupo genotípico e análise filogenética;posteriormente foram submetidas à prova de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram identificadosisolados de E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella sonnei e Enterobacter aerogenes. Isolados de E. coliforam classificados filogeneticamente em B2 (9/39), D (19/39), B1 (7/39) e A (4/29). Os fatores devirulência identificados foram K99 (04/39) e Stx (02/39). À prova de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana,os isolados foram sensíveis a Cloranfenicol, Estreptomicina, Amoxicilina e Ciprofloxacina, sendotodos resistentes à Lincomicina, Vancomicina e Penicilina. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade deestabelecimento de protocolos criteriosos para o uso de antimicrobianos, medida fundamental para oaprimoramento da sanidade dos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros.

Caracterização filogenética molecular e resistência antimicrobiana de escherichia coli isoladas de caprinos neonatos com diarreia / Molecular-phylogenetic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from goats with diarrhea

Neonatal diarrhea determines significant changes in feed conversion, causing productivity loss in caprine herds. The antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is characterized as an important public healthissue; therefore, Escherichia coli may be characterized as an important pathogen due to expressingvirulence mechanisms responsible for significant clinical conditions in humans and animals. Thepresent study evaluated the presence of E. coli among 117 caprine fecal samples and analyzed theisolates for antimicrobial resistance. Suggestive colonies were submitted to biochemical screeningfollowed by genotypic group determination and phylogenetic analysis; further, the sampleswere submitted to antimicrobials susceptibility test. E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella sonnei andEnterobacter aerogenes were identified. E. coli isolates were phylogenetically classified as B2 (9/39),D (19/39), B1 (7/39) e A (4/29) groups. The analysis of the isolates also revealed the presence of K99(04/39) and Stx (02/39) virulence factors. Antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed sensitive isolatesto Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin, being all resistant to Lincomycin,Vancomycin and Penicillin. The results support the need of establishing restricted protocols forantimicrobial use, a fundamental procedure for health improvement in Brazilian caprine herds.(AU)

A diarreia neonatal determina alterações significativas na conversão alimentar, resultando na queda daprodutividade de caprinos. A resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias caracteriza-se como importanteproblema de saúde pública, assim, a Escherichia coli pode ser caracterizada como importantepatógeno por expressar mecanismos de virulência responsáveis por significativas afecções clínicasem seres humanos e animais. O presente estudo avaliou a presença de E. coli em 117 amostrasfecais de caprinos e analisou a resistência antimicrobiana dos isolados. Colônias sugestivas foramsubmetidas a testes bioquímicos, seguido de determinação do grupo genotípico e análise filogenética;posteriormente foram submetidas à prova de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram identificadosisolados de E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella sonnei e Enterobacter aerogenes. Isolados de E. coliforam classificados filogeneticamente em B2 (9/39), D (19/39), B1 (7/39) e A (4/29). Os fatores devirulência identificados foram K99 (04/39) e Stx (02/39). À prova de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana,os isolados foram sensíveis a Cloranfenicol, Estreptomicina, Amoxicilina e Ciprofloxacina, sendotodos resistentes à Lincomicina, Vancomicina e Penicilina. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade deestabelecimento de protocolos criteriosos para o uso de antimicrobianos, medida fundamental para oaprimoramento da sanidade dos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros.(AU)

Healthcare-associated vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium infections in the Mansoura University Hospitals intensive care units, Egypt

Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) ia an emerging and challenging nosocomial pathogen. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors and clonal relationships between different VREF isolates in the intensive care units (ICUs) of the university hospitals in our geographic location. This prospective study was conducted from July, 2012 until September, 2013 on 781 patients who were admitted to the ICUs of the Mansoura University Hospitals (MUHs), and fulfilled the healthcare-associated infection (HAI) criteria. Susceptibility testing was determined using the disk diffusion method. The clonal relationships were evaluated with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Out of 52 E. faecium isolates, 12 (23.1%) were vancomycin resistant. The significant risk factors for the VREF infections were: transfer to the ICU from a ward, renal failure, an extended ICU stay and use of third-generation cephalosporins, gentamicin, or ciprofloxacin. PFGE with the 12 isolates showed 9 different patterns; 3 belonged to the same pulsotype and another 2 carried a second pulsotypes. The similar pulsotypes isolates were isolated from ICUs of one hospital (EICUs); however, all of the isolates from the other ICUs had different patterns. Infection control policy, in conjunction with antibiotic stewardship, is important to combat VREF transmission in these high-risk patients..(AU)

Eficácia "in vivo" da cefoperazona sódica, gentamicina e ciprofloxacino no tratamento intramamário da mastite clínica bovina / In vivo efficacy of sodium cefoperazone, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin for the intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis in cows / Eficacia in vivo de la cefoperazona sódica, la gentamicina y el ciprofloxacino en el tratamiento intramamario de la mastitis clínica bovina

O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia "in vivo" do tratamento intramamário, convencional e estendido, utilizando a cefoperazona sódica (250 mg), gentamicina (250 mg) e ciprofloxacino (100 mg) em casos de mastite clínica bovina. Foram utilizadas 30 vacas com mastite clínica, não sistêmica, distribuídas em três grupos de dez animais. O tratamento convencional da mastite consistiu em três aplicações do anti-mastítico, a cada 12 horas, e o tratamento estendido foi realizado com seis aplicações do anti-mastítico, a cada 12 horas. As vacas receberam tratamento intramamário, a cada 12 horas, com seis aplicações por animal, constituindo os seguintes momentos (M): M1 (dia zero - diagnóstico da mastite e início do tratamento), M2 (12 horas após M1), M3 (24 horas após M1), M4 (36 horas após M1), M5 (48 horas após M1) e M6 (60 horas após M1). Foi considerado, no mesmo animal, o tratamento convencional encerrado na terceira aplicação do antimicrobiano (M3) e o tratamento estendido ao final da sexta aplicação (M6). Os principais micro-organismos isolados das vacas com mastite foram Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococus spp., Corynebacterium sp., Streptocccus spp., Streptococcus agalactiae e Escherichia coli. A cura clínica do tratamento convencional foi de 50% para o grupo tratado com cefoperazona sódica, 70% para o grupo tratado com gentamicina e 50% para o grupo tratado com ciprofloxacino. Para os mesmos grupos, a cura clínica do tratamento estendido foi 90%, 100% e 80%, respectivamente. A cura bacteriológica foi de 100% para o grupo tratado com cefoperazona sódica e de 90% para os grupos utilizando a gentamicina e ciprofloxacino no tratamento convencional. Para os mesmos grupos, foram observados 100% de cura bacteriológica para a gentamicina e 90% para os grupos com cefoperazona sódica e ciprofloxacino no tratamento estendido. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre cura clínica e cura bacteriológica dentro de cada grupo e entre os grupos de antimicrobianos, tampouco entre os tratamentos convencional e estendido dentro do mesmo grupo ou entre os grupos. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam a importância da lactocultura e do teste de sensibilidade microbiana "in vitro" como respaldo para os tratamentos intramamários de vacas com mastite clínica. Inferiu-se também a boa eficácia na cura clínica e bacteriológica da cefoperazona sódica, gentamicina e ciprofloxacino no tratamento da mastite clínica em vacas na lactação, de forma convencional ou estendida, contanto que respaldado na sensibilidade microbiana "in vitro".

This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of sodium cefoperazone, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin for the intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis in cows. Thirty cows with non-systemic, clinical mastitis were divided into three groups of ten animals. One of the antibiotics was used in each group for conventional (i.e., three doses, given every 12 hours) and extended (i.e., six doses, every 12 hours) treatments of mastitis. The cows were treated every 12 hours using six doses per animal at the next moments (M): M1, day zero ­ diagnosis and beginning of treatment; M2, 12 hours from diagnosis and treatment; M3, 24 hours; M4, 36 hours; M5, 48 hours; and M6 60 hours. The most common microorganisms isolated from cows were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium sp., Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli. The efficacy of clinical cure using conventional treatment was 50%, 70% and 50% for the groups treated with sodium cefoperazone, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Regarding the extended treatment, efficacy was 90%, 100% and 80%, for sodium cefoperazone, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Efficacy of bacteriological cure was 100% for sodium cefoperazone, and 90% for both gentamicin and ciprofloxacin using the conventional treatment. By using the extended treatment, efficacy of bacteriological cure was 100% for gentamicin and 90% for both cefoperazone and ciprofloxacin. Statistical differences were not found in clinical or in bacteriological cure into the same group or among groups. Similarly, statistical differences between the conventional and extended treatments were not found. The results from this study reinforce the importance of performing microbiological culture of milk and in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity tests for supporting the intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis in cows. The clinical and bacteriological efficacy of sodium cefoperazone, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin in lactating cows suffering from clinical mastitis using either conventional or extended treatments was also inferred, provided the use of sensitivity tests in vitro.

El presente estudio comparó la eficacia in vitro e in vivo de la cefoperazona sódica, la gentamicina y el ciprofloxacino en el tratamiento intramamario de la mastitis clínica bovina. Fueron utilizadas 30 vacas con mastitis clínica sin signos sistémicos, divididas en tres grupos de diez animales. En cada grupo fue utilizado uno de los antibióticos citados antes, para realizar tratamiento convencional (tres aplicaciones a cada 12 horas) y extendido (seis aplicaciones a cada 12 horas) contra mastitis. Las vacas recibieron tratamiento intramamario a cada 12 horas, consistente de seis aplicaciones por animal en los siguientes momentos (M): M1, día cero - diagnóstico e inicio del tratamiento; M2, doce horas después del M1; M3, 24 horas después del M1; M4, 36 horas después del M1; M5, 48 horas después del M1; y M6 60 horas después del M1. Los principales microorganismos aislados de vacas con mastitis fueron Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium sp. Streptococcus agalactiae spp. y Escherichia coli. La eficacia de la cura clínica usando tratamiento convencional fue de 50% para el grupo de cefoperazona sódica, 70% para gentamicina y 50% para ciprofloxacino. Con el tratamiento extendido la eficacia de la cura clínica fue de 90%, 100% y 80%, respectivamente. La eficacia de la cura bacteriológica fue de 100% para el grupo cefoperazona sódica y de 90% para los grupos gentamicina y ciprofloxacino utilizando el tratamiento convencional. Así mismo, se observó 100% de cura bacteriológica para gentamicina y 90% para los grupos cefoperazona sódica y ciprofloxacino utilizando el tratamiento extendido. No fueron observadas diferencias estadísticas para la cura clínica y bacteriológica ni dentro ni entre los grupos de antimicrobianos. Tampoco se encontró diferencia entre los tratamientos convencional y extendido dentro del mismo grupo o entre los grupos. Los resultados del presente estudio refuerzan la importancia del cultivo de la leche y de las pruebas de sensibilidad microbiana in vitro como respaldo para los tratamientos intramamarios en vacas con mastitis clínica. Los resultados permiten inferir también que la cefaperazona sódica, la gentamicina y el ciprofloxacino son eficaces para la cura clínica y bacteriológica de la mastitis clínica en vacas lactantes, tanto en un esquema de tratamiento convencional como en el tratamiento extendido siempre que se utilicen en combinación con exámenes de sensibilidad microbiana in vitro.

Molecular basis of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains from Shandong Province, China

In the study, the ciprofloxacin resistance rate was 100%. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance rate was 63.55%. Sixteen different mutation patterns involved in the formation of ciprofloxacin resistance were identified. The most prevalent were patterns P7 (25.2%), P8 (15.0%), P9 (11.2%), P1 (10.3%), and P5 (10.3%). All of the 107 NG isolates analyzed for mutations in the study have demonstrated a change of Ser-91 → Phe in the gyrA gene, and all except one have demonstrated a change in position 95 of the amino acid sequence. All of the 68 high-level QRNG isolates had double mutations in gyrA gene combined with a single or two mutations in parC gene. It is most important that a new mutation site of Ile-97 → Met in gyrA and a new mutation of Leu-106 → Ile in parC were found in the study, both leading to high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (MIC values, 8 µg/mL, 32 µg/mL, respectively). Therefore, we confim that gyrA mutations are necessary for the fluoroquinolone resistance phenotype and parC mutations are correlated intimately with high-level fluoroquinolone resistance. In China fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains is very serious and the new mutation sites in the fluoroquinolone resistance-determining regions emerge more and more quickly. Hence, in China fluoroquinolones, which are used to treat gonorrhoea presently, should be substituted by a new antibiotics.(AU)

Effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin on biofilm formation and virulence factors of Escherichia coli planktonic and biofilm forms isolated from human urine

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin on biofilm formation, motility, curli fimbriae formation by planktonic and biofilm cells of E. coli strains isolated from the urine of patients with various urinary system infections. Quantification of biofilm formation was carried out using a microtiter plate assay and a spectrophotometric method. Bacterial enumeration was used to assess the viability of bacteria in the biofilm. Curli expression was determined by using YESCA agar supplemented with congo red. Using motility agar the ability to move was examined. All the antibiotics used at sub-MICs reduced biofilm formation in vitro, decreased the survival of bacteria, but had no effect on the motility of planktonic as well as biofilm cells. The inhibitory effect of sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents on curli fimbriae formation was dependent on the form in which the bacteria occurred, incubation time and antibiotic used. Our results clearly show that all the three antibiotics tested reduce biofilm production, interfere with curli expression but do not influence motility. This study suggests that ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin may be useful in the treatment of biofilm-associated infections caused by E. coli strains.(AU)

Characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolated from mammals and birds from Guwahati city, India

Of the 102 samples collected from mammals and birds, both domestic and captive wild, 48 were found to be positive for Clostridium perfringens. Most of the mammal isolates (84.38 percent) appeared to have been collected from clinically affected animals, while 33.33 percent of the bird samples were from clinically affected and 21.43 percent from apparently healthy birds infected with C. perfringens. Isolates revealed high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. Among the isolated C. perfringens, 30 (62.50 percent) showed DNase production. Hemolytic activity was recorded in 14 (24.16 percent) of the isolates and 28 (58.33 percent) showed phospholipase C production. All the phospholipase C positive isolates revealed the presence of cpa gene encoding alpha (α) toxin. Of the 102 samples collected from mammals and birds, both domestic and captive wild, 48 were found to be positive for Clostridium perfringens. Most of the mammal isolates (84.38 percent) appeared to have been collected from clinically affected animals, while 33.33 percent of the bird samples were from clinically affected and 21.43 percent from apparently healthy birds infected with C. perfringens. Isolates revealed high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. Among the isolated C. perfringens, 30 (62.50 percent) showed DNase production. Hemolytic activity was recorded in 14 (24.16 percent) of the isolates and 28 (58.33 percent) showed phospholipase C production. All the phospholipase C positive isolates revealed the presence of cpa gene encoding α toxin.(AU)

Urinary tract infection caused by Corynebacterium urealyticum in a male dog / Infecção do trato urinário por Corynebacterium urealyticum em um cão

Um cão adulto, com histórico de infecção do trato urinário, foi apresentado aos autores. O cão foisubmetido ao exame físico, ultrassonografia, urinálise e cistocentese para cultura bacteriológica. O exame bacteriológico evidenciou a presença de bastonetes Gram positivo em cultura pura como únicomicrorganismo isolado. Provas bioquímicas do isolado confirmaram tratar-se de Corynebacteriumurealyticum. O patógeno mostrou-se susceptível às quinolonas e aos aminoglicosideos, e resistente àmaioria das penicilinas. O tratamento com ciprofloxacina apresentou sucesso. (AU)