The effects of different levels of dried citrus sinensis peel on broiler carcass quality

Background: The peel of citrus is a by-product of the juice production industry and is a source of natural antioxidants. The need for natural antioxidants in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals has resulted in extensive scientific research in this field in recent decades. Seeds and peels of some fruits have more antioxidant activity than their flesh. The most important source of vitamin C is citrus fruits. Vitamin C is an antioxidant against free radicals and prevents cell damage. Orange peel ingredient contains vitamin C, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, pectin, coumarin, volatile oils, flavonoids and flavones, including hesperidin, naringenin, nobiletin, D-limonene and pigments (carotenoids). It is expected that the use of Citrus sinensis by products in broiler diets will improve carcass quality of broilers. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dried Citrus sinensis peel (DCSP) on carcass quality of broilers. Materials, Methods & Results: Four hundred Ross 308 day-old broilers were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments. Each treatment had four replicates, and each replicate had 20 chicks. The treatments were diets that contained 0, 1.5, or 3.0% DCSP. Treatments with added DCSP were fed for 3 wk, with the control diet fed the following 3 wk, or were fed continuously for 6 wk. At 42 d, the weights of the broiler were determined by pen. After slaughter and picking operations, the head and legs were removed. Broilers were eviscerated before determining empty body weight (EBW). Weights of the breast, leg, wings, abdominal fat, gizzard, liver and bile, heart and pancreas were determined. Finally, the different parts of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were measured. Data analysis was performed using SAS software, and mean comparison was conducted using Duncan's multiple range test. The final weight (FW) was not significantly affected by treatment (P > 0.05). The mean EBW were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The mean carcass percentage was not significantly affected by treatment (P > 0.05). The mean breast percentage was significantly affected by treatment (P < 0.05). The lowest breast percentage was from broilers fed 1.5% DCSP from 1-42 d treatment and highest rate was concerned to treatment 3% DCSP 1st-21st day. The mean leg yield percentage between treatment was significantly different (P < 0.05). The lowest leg yield percentage was related to treatment 3% DCSP at 1st-42nd day and highest rate was concerned to treatment 1.5% DCSP 1st-21st day. The mean wing percentage between treatment was not significantly different (P > 0.05). The lowest wing percentage was related to treatment 3% DCSP at 1st-42nd day and highest rate was concerned to treatment 1.5% DCSP 1st-21st day. Discussion: Results from this study have been inconsistent with the findings of other researchers which show that broilers that were fed with a mixture of volatile oils of thyme, cumin, coriander, garlic and onion in four levels of (0, 20, 40 and 80 g/kg) did not differ significantly between treatments. Maximum weight of the legs and wings muscle was related to the treatment which had used the 1.5% DCSP 1st-21st day and the lowest was related to the treatment which had used 3% DCSP 1st-42nd day. Results of this study was conform with the findings of other authors who showed that broilers fed butyric acid in the diet has no effect on the relative weight of legs and breasts. As conclusion, experimental treatments on FW, EBW weight as well as carcass percentage of broilers during the finisher period was not significantly different (P > 0.05), but on carcass characteristics and also the jejunum and ileum during the finisher period was significantly different (P < 0.05).

Produção de frutos e incidência de cancro cítrico em laranjeiras "Monte Parnaso" enxertadas sobre sete porta-enxertos / Fruit production and incidence of citrus canker lesions on ôMonte Parnasoõ navel orange budded on seven rootstocks

Porta-enxertos de citros podem exercer influência sobre a produção de frutos e suscetibilidade das plantas ao cancro cítrico. Este trabalho objetivou selecionar porta-enxertos que induzam elevado índice de produtividade e menor suscetibilidade das copas de laranjeiras-de-umbigo "Monte Parnaso"(Citrus sinensis) à bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, causadora do cancro cítrico (CC). O experimento foi desenvolvido em um pomar experimental com 10 anos de idade, plantado em espaçamento de 2,5 x 6,0m, no município de Butiá, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, usando duas plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos constaram dos seguintes porta-enxertos: limoeiros "Cravo" (C. limonia) e "Volkameriano" (C. volkameriana.), trifoliata "Flying Dragon" (Poncirus trifoliata.), laranjeira "Caipira" (C. sinensis), citrangeiro "Troyer" (C. sinensis x P. trifoliata), tangerineira "Sunki" (C. sunki.) e citrumeleiro "Swingle" (C. paradisi x P. trifoliata). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: incidência de CC em folhas e frutos em toda a planta e em ramos previamente selecionados, em diversas épocas. Verificou-se que as plantas enxertadas sobre citrumeleiro "Swingle" apresentaram o maior índice de produtividade e, à semelhança do "Flying Dragon", a menor incidência de CC, tanto nas folhas como nos frutos. Além disso, verificou-se também que as plantas enxertadas sobre os limoeiros "Cravo" e "Volkameriana", apesar de produzirem as mais elevadas cargas de frutos, foram as mais suscetíveis ao CC.(AU)

Citrus rootstocks can exert some influences on fruit production and susceptibility of the plants to citrus canker (CC). This research was performed aiming to select rootstocks which induce higher productivity index and lower susceptibility of 'Monte Parnaso' navel orange (Citrus sinensis) trees to the bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. The research was carried out in an experimental orchard, with ten-years-old trees, planted at spacement of 2.5m between trees and 6.0m between rows, located in Butiá city, in the Central Depression of Rio Grande do Sul state. It was used an randomized blocks experimental design, with 7 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of the following rootstoks: Rangpur lime (C. limonia.), 'Volkameriana' lemon (C. volkameriana.), 'Flying Dragon' trifoliata orange (Poncirus trifoliata), 'Caipira' orange (C. sinensis), 'troyer' citrange (C. sinensis x P. trifoliata), 'Sunki' tangerine (C. sunki.) and 'Swingle' citrumelo (C. paradisi x P. trifoliata). The parameters evaluated were: number of fruits and leaves with citrus canker lesions per plant and at two previously selected and marked branches per plant, at different times . The results revealed that the 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Flying dragon' rootstocks induced the highest productivity index and, the lowest incidence of citrus canker disease on leaves and fruits. 'Rangpur' lime and 'Volkameriana' lime rootstocks, promoted a heavy crop load, however, showed higher susceptibility to citrus canker disease.(AU)