Initial shoot development and root architecture of citrus rootstocks / Desenvolvimento inicial de parte aérea e arquitetura de raiz de porta-enxertos de citros

A well-developed root system is a very important characteristic of rootstocks. Initial plant characterization is a potential technique to highlight cultivars with desirable root architecture for the diversification of rootstocks in the national citriculture. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the initial shoot development and root architecture of citrus cultivars used as rootstocks. Seeds from five rootstocks, ‘Cleopatra mandarin, ‘Rangpur lime, ‘Rough lemon, ‘C13 and ‘Troyer citranges, were sown in black polyethylene bags. A completely randomized block design with five replications and one plant per plot was applied. At 30 and 45 days after emergence, shoots and roots were collected for analysis. Shoot analysis measured the total number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, plant height, and fresh and dry matter weights. Root analysis evaluated fresh and dry matter weights and root architecture by image analysis, which recorded root traits including primary, secondary, and tertiary root numbers; length and total volume; and the percentage of secondary roots present in the upper third of the primary root. Shoot and root data of fresh and dry weights were submitted to variance analysis and compared using Tukeys test (5%). The remaining root data were standardized for variance 1 and studied through principal component analysis. The ‘C13 citrange showed good shoot development, with greater leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, and shoot fresh and dry matter weights during both evaluation periods, followed by the ‘Troyer citrange. The ‘Cleopatra mandarin had the smallest shoot and root development during both evaluation periods, presenting lower primary root, secondary root, and root volume than other cultivars evaluated at the same time. The ‘Troyer citrange had fewer roots in the upper third of the primary root and a higher root insertion angle.(AU)

Um sistema radicular bem desenvolvido é uma característica muito importante dos porta-enxertos. A caracterização inicial das plantas é uma técnica que apresenta potencial para detecção de cultivares com arquitetura desejável de raízes para uso na diversificação dos porta-enxertos da citricultura nacional. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial da parte aérea e a arquitetura de raiz de cinco cultivares de citros usadas como porta-enxertos. Sementes de cinco porta-enxertos, tangerina ‘Cleópatra, limão ‘Cravo, limão ‘Rugoso, citrange ‘C13 e ‘Troyer, foram semeadas em sacolas pretas de polietileno. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com cinco repetições e uma planta por bloco. Aos 30 e 45 dias após emergência a parte aérea e as raízes foram coletadas para análise. As análises de parte aérea avaliaram número total de folhas, área foliar, diâmetro do caule, altura da planta, massa fresca e seca. Análises de raízes avaliaram massa fresca e seca e arquitetura de raízes por análise de imagem, que avaliou características como, número de raízes primárias, secundários e terciárias, comprimento e volume total de raízes e porcentagem de raízes secundárias presentes no primeiro terço da raiz principal. Os dados de parte aérea e massa fresca e seca de raiz foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados usando teste de Tukey (5%). O restante dos dados de raiz foram padronizados para a variância 1 e estudados pela análise de componentes principais. O citrange ‘C13 apresentou bom desenvolvimento de parte aérea, com maior área foliar, altura de planta, diâmetro de caule e massa fresca e seca de parte aérea em ambos períodos avaliados, seguido pelo citrange 'Troyer'...(AU)

Initial shoot development and root architecture of citrus rootstocks / Desenvolvimento inicial de parte aérea e arquitetura de raiz de porta-enxertos de citros

A well-developed root system is a very important characteristic of rootstocks. Initial plant characterization is a potential technique to highlight cultivars with desirable root architecture for the diversification of rootstocks in the national citriculture. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the initial shoot development and root architecture of citrus cultivars used as rootstocks. Seeds from five rootstocks, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin, ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Rough’ lemon, ‘C13’ and ‘Troyer’ citranges, were sown in black polyethylene bags. A completely randomized block design with five replications and one plant per plot was applied. At 30 and 45 days after emergence, shoots and roots were collected for analysis. Shoot analysis measured the total number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, plant height, and fresh and dry matter weights. Root analysis evaluated fresh and dry matter weights and root architecture by image analysis, which recorded root traits including primary, secondary, and tertiary root numbers; length and total volume; and the percentage of secondary roots present in the upper third of the primary root. Shoot and root data of fresh and dry weights were submitted to variance analysis and compared using Tukey’s test (5%). The remaining root data were standardized for variance 1 and studied through principal component analysis. The ‘C13’ citrange showed good shoot development, with greater leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, and shoot fresh and dry matter weights during both evaluation periods, followed by the ‘Troyer’ citrange. The ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin had the smallest shoot and root development during both evaluation periods, presenting lower primary root, secondary root, and root volume than other cultivars evaluated at the same time. The ‘Troyer’ citrange had fewer roots in the upper third of the primary root and a higher root insertion angle.

Um sistema radicular bem desenvolvido é uma característica muito importante dos porta-enxertos. A caracterização inicial das plantas é uma técnica que apresenta potencial para detecção de cultivares com arquitetura desejável de raízes para uso na diversificação dos porta-enxertos da citricultura nacional. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial da parte aérea e a arquitetura de raiz de cinco cultivares de citros usadas como porta-enxertos. Sementes de cinco porta-enxertos, tangerina ‘Cleópatra’, limão ‘Cravo’, limão ‘Rugoso’, citrange ‘C13’ e ‘Troyer’, foram semeadas em sacolas pretas de polietileno. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com cinco repetições e uma planta por bloco. Aos 30 e 45 dias após emergência a parte aérea e as raízes foram coletadas para análise. As análises de parte aérea avaliaram número total de folhas, área foliar, diâmetro do caule, altura da planta, massa fresca e seca. Análises de raízes avaliaram massa fresca e seca e arquitetura de raízes por análise de imagem, que avaliou características como, número de raízes primárias, secundários e terciárias, comprimento e volume total de raízes e porcentagem de raízes secundárias presentes no primeiro terço da raiz principal. Os dados de parte aérea e massa fresca e seca de raiz foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados usando teste de Tukey (5%). O restante dos dados de raiz foram padronizados para a variância 1 e estudados pela análise de componentes principais. O citrange ‘C13’ apresentou bom desenvolvimento de parte aérea, com maior área foliar, altura de planta, diâmetro de caule e massa fresca e seca de parte aérea em ambos períodos avaliados, seguido pelo citrange 'Troyer'...

Initial horticultural performance of nine Persian lime selections grafted onto Swingle citrumelo

Persian lime (PL) [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] is an important species both for domestic fresh fruit consumption in Brazil as well as the export market, since the country is one of the largest producers in the world despite the fact that, in commercial plantations, it is still not uncommon to find trees with low productivity and high plant vigor of unknown origin. Selections of Persian lime CNPMF2000, CNPMF2001, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, IAC5, IAC5.1, Bearss, Persian58, and 5059, were therefore grafted onto Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstocks and evaluated in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil in a field experiment conducted in a completely randomized block design with five replications and two trees per plot. The biometric attributes (canopy height, diameter and volume), yield parameters (yield during the off-season harvest period, yield per plant, production efficiency), and fruit quality traits, were evaluated. The CNPMF2001, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, IAC5, and Bearss selections had 5-11 % shorter trees than the other cultivars. CNPMF01, CNPMF02, Persian58, and 5059 presented higher yield efficiency values, between 3.1-3.4 kg m3, and higher yield levels during the off-season harvest periods. The Bearss, Persian58, CNPMF2000, IAC5.1 and 5059 selections had more acid fruits and the latter three, smaller fruits. Based on their horticultural performance up to eight years of age, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, Persian58 and 5059 selections were the most promising varieties of Persian lime.

Initial horticultural performance of nine Persian lime selections grafted onto Swingle citrumelo

Persian lime (PL) [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] is an important species both for domestic fresh fruit consumption in Brazil as well as the export market, since the country is one of the largest producers in the world despite the fact that, in commercial plantations, it is still not uncommon to find trees with low productivity and high plant vigor of unknown origin. Selections of Persian lime CNPMF2000, CNPMF2001, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, IAC5, IAC5.1, Bearss, Persian58, and 5059, were therefore grafted onto Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstocks and evaluated in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil in a field experiment conducted in a completely randomized block design with five replications and two trees per plot. The biometric attributes (canopy height, diameter and volume), yield parameters (yield during the off-season harvest period, yield per plant, production efficiency), and fruit quality traits, were evaluated. The CNPMF2001, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, IAC5, and Bearss selections had 5-11 % shorter trees than the other cultivars. CNPMF01, CNPMF02, Persian58, and 5059 presented higher yield efficiency values, between 3.1-3.4 kg m3, and higher yield levels during the off-season harvest periods. The Bearss, Persian58, CNPMF2000, IAC5.1 and 5059 selections had more acid fruits and the latter three, smaller fruits. Based on their horticultural performance up to eight years of age, CNPMF01, CNPMF02, Persian58 and 5059 selections were the most promising varieties of Persian lime.(AU)

Degreening and cold storage of Murcott tangor as function concentration and exposure time to ethylene / Desverdecimento e armazenamento refrigerado de tangor Murcott em função de concentração e tempo de exposição ao etileno

Degreening treatment has been applied in traditional countries exporters and consumers of fresh citrus to improve rind color of fruit cultivated in regions that no shown low temperature during maturation. In Brazil, this technique is performed empirically, without control of application conditions and fruit shown low extern quality. This study was carried out with the objective to determinate conditions to the technique of postharvest degreening of ‘Murcott orange, involving the application of exogenous ethylene. The concentrations 5 and 10 mL L-1 of ethylene was applied inside the chamber for 96 and 120 hours at 25oC and 90% RH. After treatments fruit were stored at 5°C during for 30 days, and after that, plus 3 days at 25ºC. Fruit were evaluated in four periods: after harvest; after degreening treatment, after cold storage and after 3 days at 25°C (simulated marketing). The variable analyzed were: skin color, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), ratio (SS/TA), ascorbic acid, percentage of juice, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, chlorophyllase activity, respiratory rate and ethylene production. The treatments did not affect the soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, percentage of juice and ascorbic acid content. Fruit treated with ethylene showed increase of color index concomitant by higher chlorophyllase activity and lower chlorophyll content. There were no differences in the carotenoids content in the periods evaluated. Fruit treated with ethylene at both concentrations had higher ethylene production, whereas the dose of 10 mL L-1 favored the incidence of decay. Ethylene 5 mL L-1 for 96 hours is enough to trigger the process of degreening ‘ Murcott tangor and can be used to improve skin color of this cultivar.(AU)

O desverdecimento tem sido aplicado em países tradicionalmente exportadores e consumidores de citros frescos como forma melhorar a coloração externa, principalmente em regiões onde as temperaturas não são suficientemente baixas para a carotenogênese durante a maturação dos frutos. No Brasil, esta técnica é realizada de forma empírica, sem controle das condições de aplicação, e os frutos mostram baixa qualidade externa. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar as condições do desverdecimento de tangor ‘Murcott, envolvendo a aplicação de etileno exógeno. Etileno nas concentrações de 5 e 10 mL L-1 foi aplicado em câmara durante 96 e 120 horas, em temperatura de 25ºC e umidade relativa de 90%. Depois de tratados, os frutos foram armazenadas a 5°C durante 30 dias e, depois disso, mais 3 dias a 25ºC (comercialização simulada). Os frutos foram avaliados em quatro períodos: depois da colheita, após o tratamento de desverdecimento, após o armazenamento refrigerado e após a comercialização simulada. Os parâmetros analisados foram: coloração da epiderme, teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), ratio (SS/AT), teor de ácido ascórbico, porcentagem de suco, teor de clorofila total e carotenoides, atividade da enzima clorofilase, taxa respiratória e taxa de produção de etileno. Frutos tratados com etileno, independente da dose, apresentaram aumento do índice de cor, acompanhados pela maior atividade da clorofilase e menor teor de clorofila. Não houve diferença para o teor de carotenoides nos períodos avaliados. Os tratamentos não interferiram o teor de sólidos solúveis, a acidez titulável, ratio, a porcentagem de suco e o conteúdo de ácido ascórbico. Frutos tratados com etileno nas duas concentrações apresentaram maior produção de etileno, sendo que a dose de 10 mL L-1 favoreceu a incidência de podridões.(AU)

Hemograma, bioquímica sérica e histologia da biópsia hepática de bovinos após administração de polpa cítrica / Hemogram, serum biochemistry and hepatic histologic features in cattle after administration of citrus pulp

Hemogram and serum biochemistry (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamiltransferase, total protein, urea, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus) were performed weekly in five crossbreed bovine after consumption of a diet containing citrus pulp pellets (40%), for 43 days. Percutaneous hepatic biopsy and histologic evaluation were performed in each animal before and after consumption of the citrus pulp diet. Hemogram, the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamiltransferase, urea and creatinine had normal levels at the end of the experiment. No histologic lesions were observed in liver samples before or after citrus pulp consumption. However, there was an increase of serum phosphorus and reduction of serum calcium (p<0.05), without hypercalcemia, after consumption of citrus pulp diet. There was also an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (p<0.05), probably induced by bone isoenzyme.(AU)

Degreening and cold storage of Murcott tangor as function concentration and exposure time to ethylene / Desverdecimento e armazenamento refrigerado de tangor Murcott em função de concentração e tempo de exposição ao etileno

Degreening treatment has been applied in traditional countries exporters and consumers of fresh citrus to improve rind color of fruit cultivated in regions that no shown low temperature during maturation. In Brazil, this technique is performed empirically, without control of application conditions and fruit shown low extern quality. This study was carried out with the objective to determinate conditions to the technique of postharvest degreening of ‘Murcott’ orange, involving the application of exogenous ethylene. The concentrations 5 and 10 mL L-1 of ethylene was applied inside the chamber for 96 and 120 hours at 25oC and 90% RH. After treatments fruit were stored at 5°C during for 30 days, and after that, plus 3 days at 25ºC. Fruit were evaluated in four periods: after harvest; after degreening treatment, after cold storage and after 3 days at 25°C (simulated marketing). The variable analyzed were: skin color, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), ratio (SS/TA), ascorbic acid, percentage of juice, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, chlorophyllase activity, respiratory rate and ethylene production. The treatments did not affect the soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, percentage of juice and ascorbic acid content. Fruit treated with ethylene showed increase of color index concomitant by higher chlorophyllase activity and lower chlorophyll content. There were no differences in the carotenoids content in the periods evaluated. Fruit treated with ethylene at both concentrations had higher ethylene production, whereas the dose of 10 mL L-1 favored the incidence of decay. Ethylene 5 mL L-1 for 96 hours is enough to trigger the process of degreening ‘ Murcott’ tangor and can be used to improve skin color of this cultivar.

O desverdecimento tem sido aplicado em países tradicionalmente exportadores e consumidores de citros frescos como forma melhorar a coloração externa, principalmente em regiões onde as temperaturas não são suficientemente baixas para a carotenogênese durante a maturação dos frutos. No Brasil, esta técnica é realizada de forma empírica, sem controle das condições de aplicação, e os frutos mostram baixa qualidade externa. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar as condições do desverdecimento de tangor ‘Murcott’, envolvendo a aplicação de etileno exógeno. Etileno nas concentrações de 5 e 10 mL L-1 foi aplicado em câmara durante 96 e 120 horas, em temperatura de 25ºC e umidade relativa de 90%. Depois de tratados, os frutos foram armazenadas a 5°C durante 30 dias e, depois disso, mais 3 dias a 25ºC (comercialização simulada). Os frutos foram avaliados em quatro períodos: depois da colheita, após o tratamento de desverdecimento, após o armazenamento refrigerado e após a comercialização simulada. Os parâmetros analisados foram: coloração da epiderme, teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), ratio (SS/AT), teor de ácido ascórbico, porcentagem de suco, teor de clorofila total e carotenoides, atividade da enzima clorofilase, taxa respiratória e taxa de produção de etileno. Frutos tratados com etileno, independente da dose, apresentaram aumento do índice de cor, acompanhados pela maior atividade da clorofilase e menor teor de clorofila. Não houve diferença para o teor de carotenoides nos períodos avaliados. Os tratamentos não interferiram o teor de sólidos solúveis, a acidez titulável, ratio, a porcentagem de suco e o conteúdo de ácido ascórbico. Frutos tratados com etileno nas duas concentrações apresentaram maior produção de etileno, sendo que a dose de 10 mL L-1 favoreceu a incidência de podridões.