Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella) essential oils to replace a growth promoter in the diet of European quails / Óleos essenciais de Foeniculum vulgare (erva doce) e Cymbopogon winterianus (citronela) em substituição a um promotor de crescimento na dieta de codornas europeias

The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of a growth-promoting antibiotic by fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) essential oils in the quail diet on performance variables (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion), as well as the carcass and cut yield. To do so, 240 one-day-old male and female European quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replications and 12 animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of: PC ­ positive control diet without fennel or citronella essential oils and with the growth promoter (zinc bacitracin); NC ­ negative control diet without essential oils and without growth promoter; CEO - Diet with +0.078% citronella essential oil without the growth promoter; and FEO - Diet with +0.078% fennel essential oil without the growth promoter. The experiment lasted 42 days, in which the performance variables were analyzed in three periods (1-14 days; 14-21 days; and 22-42 days) and the carcass and cut yield in two periods (at 21 and 42 days). The observed data were submitted to analysis of variance and the comparison of means was performed using the Tukey's test at 5% significance. The presence of essential oils positively influenced (P<0.05) the performance variables and the carcass and cuts yield in all analyzed periods. The use of fennel and citronella essential oils to replace zinc bacitracin in the diet of European quails improves performance and the carcass and cut yield.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição de um antibiótico promotor de crescimento por óleos essenciais de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare) e citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) na dieta de codornas sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes. Para isso, foram utilizadas 240 codornas europeias machos e fêmeas de um dia de idade distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e 12 animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em: CP- Dieta sem os óleos essenciais de erva-doce ou citronela e com o promotor de crescimento (bacitracina de zinco); CN- Dieta sem os óleos essenciais e sem o promotor de crescimento; OC- Dieta com + 0,078% de óleo essencial de citronela sem o promotor de crescimento; OED- Dieta com + 0,078% de óleo essencial de erva-doce sem o promotor de crescimento. O experimento teve duração de 42 dias, no qual as variáveis de desempenho foram analisadas em três períodos (1-14 dias; 14-21 dias e 22-42 dias) e o rendimento de carcaça e cortes em dois períodos (aos 21 e 42 dias). Os dados observados foram submetidos à análise de variância e a comparação das médias foi realizada pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. A presença dos óleos essenciais influenciou positivamente (P<0,05) as variáveis de desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça e cortes em todos os períodos analisados. A utilização de óleos essenciais de erva-doce e citronela em substituição a bacitracina de zinco na dieta de codornas europeias melhora o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça e cortes.(AU)

Growth Patterns of Two Chinese Native Goose Breeds

To study the development rules of Chinese native geese, two breeds, Shitou and Sichuan White geese were analyzed from 0 to 12 weeks of age. The growth curves were fitted with commonly used four kinds of nonlinear models (Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy and Richards). The results showed that the growth curves were appropriately fitted with all four models but the Logistic and Richards both had the best fitting with growth curve (R2>0.99). Analyzing the fitting parameters of the Logistic and Richards, we found that male Shitou had the highest adult body weight while Sichuan White female had the lowest weight. In Shitou breed, Shape parameter Predicted with Richards model was corresponded with Gompertz curve, while in Sichuan breed it was in between Gompertz and Bertalanffy. Growth parameters predicted with Logistic model was much more closed to observed value as compared others. So overall logistic was the best model to analyze the growth curve in Chinese native goose and Shitou goose had excellent growth performance when compared to Sichuan White.(AU)

Growth Patterns of Two Chinese Native Goose Breeds

To study the development rules of Chinese native geese, two breeds, Shitou and Sichuan White geese were analyzed from 0 to 12 weeks of age. The growth curves were fitted with commonly used four kinds of nonlinear models (Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy and Richards). The results showed that the growth curves were appropriately fitted with all four models but the Logistic and Richards both had the best fitting with growth curve (R2>0.99). Analyzing the fitting parameters of the Logistic and Richards, we found that male Shitou had the highest adult body weight while Sichuan White female had the lowest weight. In Shitou breed, Shape parameter Predicted with Richards model was corresponded with Gompertz curve, while in Sichuan breed it was in between Gompertz and Bertalanffy. Growth parameters predicted with Logistic model was much more closed to observed value as compared others. So overall logistic was the best model to analyze the growth curve in Chinese native goose and Shitou goose had excellent growth performance when compared to Sichuan White.

Qualidade de sementes de soja submetidas a doses crescentes de Cal Super / Soybean seed quality under increasing doses of Super Cal

Nutrition and the availability of plant nutrients can directly affect the physiological quality of seeds, essential factor for the formation of the embryo and the accumulation of reserves. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds in response to doses of Cal Super. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments (doses of Cal Super) and four replications experiment was divided into two phases, the first held at São Domingos Farm where we used doses of Cal Super in soybean mother plants, and the second at the Seed Laboratory of the State University of Goiás, Campus Palmeiras of Goiás. To determine the physiological seed quality were performed, water content, mass of thousand seeds, length and width of seeds, germination test, first count of germination test, seedling length test, the dry matter of seedlings and accelerated aging. After obtaining the data, they were subjected to analysis of variance and when significant proceeded to the construction of the regressions. It was observed that the conditions in which they were carried out the experiment doses of Super Cal did not affect the physiological quality of soybean seeds.

A nutrição e a disponibilidade de nutrientes das plantas podem afetar diretamente a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, fator essencial para a formação do embrião e o acúmulo de reservas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja em resposta à doses de Cal Super. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (doses de Cal Super) e quatro repetições. O experimento foi dividido em duas etapas, sendo a primeira realizada na Fazenda São Domingos onde foram utilizadas as doses de Cal Super nas plantas mãe de soja, e a segunda no Laboratório de Sementes da Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus de Palmeiras de Goiás. Para determinação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram realizados teor de água, massa de mil sementes, comprimento e largura de sementes, teste de germinação, primeira contagem do teste de germinação, teste de comprimento de plântulas, matéria seca de plântulas e envelhecimento acelerado. Após obtenção dos dados, os mesmos foram submetidas à análise de variância e, quando significativos, procedeu-se à construção das regressões. Observou-se que, nas condições em que foi realizado o experimento, as doses de Cal Super não influenciaram na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja.

Description of Santa Ines sheep growth using non-linear models selected by multivariate analysis / Descrição do crescimento de ovinos Santa Inês utilizando modelos não-lineares selecionados por análise multivariada

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o crescimento de ovinos Santa Inês utilizando modelos não-lineares selecionados por análise multivariada. Dezessete modelos não-lineares foram utilizados para descrever o crescimento de cordeiros do nascimento aos 210 dias de idade. Os modelos foram classificados por meio de análise multivariada utilizando o coeficiente de determinação ajustado, critério de informação de Akaike, critério de informação Bayesiano, erro quadrático médio de predição, coeficiente de determinação de predição, desvio médio absoluto dos resíduos e percentual de convergência como avaliadores da qualidade do ajuste. Os modelos Richards, Reynolds e Weibull não convergiram e os modelos Schnute, Meloun II, IV e VI, Gamito, Michaelis Menten e Michaelis Menten Modificado não apresentaram padrão de crescimento tradicional. Os modelos Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Logístico, Meloun I, III e V, Brody e Von Bertalanffy convergiram e foram utilizados na análise de agrupamento. Dentre os quatro clusters formados, o primeiro, composto pelos modelos Mitscherlich, Meloun I e Brody, apresentou os melhores valores para os critério de informação de Akaike e bayesiano. Os parâmetros da curva foram influenciados pelo sexo e o tipo de parto (P 0,05) e o ponto inflexão ocorreu aos 94 dias de idade.(AU)

The objective of this study was to describe the growth of Santa Ines sheep using nonlinear models selected by multivariate analysis. Seventeen nonlinear models were used to describe the growth of sheep from birth to 210 days of age. The models were classified by means of multivariate analysis using the adjusted coefficient of determination, the Akaike information criterion, the Bayesian information criterion, the mean squared error of prediction, the coefficient of determination, mean absolute deviation and percentage of convergence of prediction as evaluators of adjustment quality. The Richards, Reynolds and Weibull models did not converge and the Schnute, Meloun II, IV and VI, Gamito, Michaelis Menten and Modified Michaelis Menten models did not show any traditional growth pattern. Models Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Logistic, Meloun I, III and V, Brody and Von Bertalanffy converged and were used in grouping analysis. Of the four formed clusters formed, the first, composed by models Mitscherlich, Meloun I and Brody, showed the best values for all the evaluators considered. The curve parameters were influenced by gender and type of birth (P 0.05) and the inflection point occurred at 94 days of age. The Mitscherlich, Meloun I and Brody models are adequate and equivalent to describe the growth of Santa Ines sheep.(AU)

Qualidade de sementes de soja submetidas a doses crescentes de Cal Super / Soybean seed quality under increasing doses of Super Cal

Nutrition and the availability of plant nutrients can directly affect the physiological quality of seeds, essential factor for the formation of the embryo and the accumulation of reserves. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds in response to doses of Cal Super. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments (doses of Cal Super) and four replications experiment was divided into two phases, the first held at São Domingos Farm where we used doses of Cal Super in soybean mother plants, and the second at the Seed Laboratory of the State University of Goiás, Campus Palmeiras of Goiás. To determine the physiological seed quality were performed, water content, mass of thousand seeds, length and width of seeds, germination test, first count of germination test, seedling length test, the dry matter of seedlings and accelerated aging. After obtaining the data, they were subjected to analysis of variance and when significant proceeded to the construction of the regressions. It was observed that the conditions in which they were carried out the experiment doses of Super Cal did not affect the physiological quality of soybean seeds.(AU)

A nutrição e a disponibilidade de nutrientes das plantas podem afetar diretamente a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, fator essencial para a formação do embrião e o acúmulo de reservas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja em resposta à doses de Cal Super. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (doses de Cal Super) e quatro repetições. O experimento foi dividido em duas etapas, sendo a primeira realizada na Fazenda São Domingos onde foram utilizadas as doses de Cal Super nas plantas mãe de soja, e a segunda no Laboratório de Sementes da Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus de Palmeiras de Goiás. Para determinação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram realizados teor de água, massa de mil sementes, comprimento e largura de sementes, teste de germinação, primeira contagem do teste de germinação, teste de comprimento de plântulas, matéria seca de plântulas e envelhecimento acelerado. Após obtenção dos dados, os mesmos foram submetidas à análise de variância e, quando significativos, procedeu-se à construção das regressões. Observou-se que, nas condições em que foi realizado o experimento, as doses de Cal Super não influenciaram na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja.(AU)

Description of Santa Ines sheep growth using non-linear models selected by multivariate analysis / Descrição do crescimento de ovinos Santa Inês utilizando modelos não-lineares selecionados por análise multivariada

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o crescimento de ovinos Santa Inês utilizando modelos não-lineares selecionados por análise multivariada. Dezessete modelos não-lineares foram utilizados para descrever o crescimento de cordeiros do nascimento aos 210 dias de idade. Os modelos foram classificados por meio de análise multivariada utilizando o coeficiente de determinação ajustado, critério de informação de Akaike, critério de informação Bayesiano, erro quadrático médio de predição, coeficiente de determinação de predição, desvio médio absoluto dos resíduos e percentual de convergência como avaliadores da qualidade do ajuste. Os modelos Richards, Reynolds e Weibull não convergiram e os modelos Schnute, Meloun II, IV e VI, Gamito, Michaelis Menten e Michaelis Menten Modificado não apresentaram padrão de crescimento tradicional. Os modelos Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Logístico, Meloun I, III e V, Brody e Von Bertalanffy convergiram e foram utilizados na análise de agrupamento. Dentre os quatro clusters formados, o primeiro, composto pelos modelos Mitscherlich, Meloun I e Brody, apresentou os melhores valores para os critério de informação de Akaike e bayesiano. Os parâmetros da curva foram influenciados pelo sexo e o tipo de parto (P 0,05) e o ponto inflexão ocorreu aos 94 dias de idade.

The objective of this study was to describe the growth of Santa Ines sheep using nonlinear models selected by multivariate analysis. Seventeen nonlinear models were used to describe the growth of sheep from birth to 210 days of age. The models were classified by means of multivariate analysis using the adjusted coefficient of determination, the Akaike information criterion, the Bayesian information criterion, the mean squared error of prediction, the coefficient of determination, mean absolute deviation and percentage of convergence of prediction as evaluators of adjustment quality. The Richards, Reynolds and Weibull models did not converge and the Schnute, Meloun II, IV and VI, Gamito, Michaelis Menten and Modified Michaelis Menten models did not show any traditional growth pattern. Models Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Logistic, Meloun I, III and V, Brody and Von Bertalanffy converged and were used in grouping analysis. Of the four formed clusters formed, the first, composed by models Mitscherlich, Meloun I and Brody, showed the best values for all the evaluators considered. The curve parameters were influenced by gender and type of birth (P 0.05) and the inflection point occurred at 94 days of age. The Mitscherlich, Meloun I and Brody models are adequate and equivalent to describe the growth of Santa Ines sheep.

Germinação de sementes de milho com e sem aplicaçâo de acetato de zinco em diferentes profundidades de semeadura / Germination of corn seeds with and without zinc acetate application in different depths of sowing

Corn is a species in the family poaceae, grown in different regions of the Brazil and world. An important tool for the management of this cereal is the use of micronutrients, as zinc (Zn). Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the initial development of the hybrid maize Impact Viptera 3, with and without seeds treatment with acetate of ammoniac Zn, in different depths of sowing. The work was carried through the field in the Garça city, State of São Paulo. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 4, with four repetitions. The treatments had constituted of two seeds treatments of maize (with and without ammoniac Zn acetate, using the commercial product AwakenTM, and four depths of sowing (3, 5, 7 and 10 cm). The experimental area was constituted by a box with 4.0 m x 2.0 m x 0.30 cm filled with inert substratum, represented for bolted thick sand. The treatment of seeds (TS) with ammoniac Zn acetate,using the commercial product AwakenTM favored the reduction of the emergency time and significant increase of the IVE (index of emergency speed) of maize plants Impact Viptera 3, independent of the depths of sowing. The improvement in the initial development, characterized for the increase in height and length of roots, as well as of the aerial part of leaves and roots, suggests that seeds treatment with ammoniac Zn acetate to be viable tool in the emergency uniform of the maize crop sown in different depths.

O milho é uma espécie pertencente a família poaceae, cultivado em diversas regiões do Brasil e do Mundo. Uma relevante ferramenta para o manejo deste cereal é a utilização de micronutrientes, como o zinco (Zn). Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial do milho híbrido Impacto Viptera 3, com e sem tratamento de sementes com acetato de Zn amoniacal, em diferentes profundidades de semeadura. O trabalho foi realizado a campo no Município de Garça/SP. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram de dois tratamentos de sementes de milho (com e sem acetato de Zn amoniacal, utilizando o produto comercial Awaken®), e quatro profundidades de semeadura (3, 5, 7 e 10 cm). A área experimental foi constituída por uma caixa com 4,0 m x 2,0 m x 0,30 cm preenchida com substrato inerte, representado por areia grossa peneirada. O tratamento de sementes (TS) com acetato de Zn amoniacal, utilizando o produto comercial Awaken®, favoreceu a redução do tempo de emergência e aumento significativo do IVE (índice de velocidade de emergência) das plântulas de milho Impacto Viptera 3, independente da profundidades de semeadura. A melhoria no desenvolvimento inicial, caracterizada pelo aumento em altura e comprimento de raízes, assim como da parte aérea e raízes, sugere que o tratamento de sementes com acetato de Zn amoniacal é uma ferramenta viável na uniformização da emergência da cultura do milho semeada em diferentes profundidades.

Produtividade da soja com antecipação da adubação potássica nas culturas da aveia preta, canola e trigo / Soybean yield with anticipated potassium fertilization on crops of black oats, canola and wheat

Aim to analysis to soybean response in function to anticipated potassium fertilization realized in black oat, canola and wheat crops. The experiment was conducted in Integrado College experimental field, in Campo Mourão, PR, in harvest 2013/14. The experimental design adopted was in blocks completely randomized, the treatments were organize in factorial design 3 x 3. The first factor was evaluate three cover crops, sowing in the autumn/ winter season (black oat, canola and wheat) and the second factor was composed to three times to potassium fertilization to soybean (100% to K2O in winter cover crop, 50% in winter cover crop + 50% in soybean and 100% in soybean sowing). The K2O rates was 40 kg ha-1. The evaluation was number of nodes reproductive, number of pods per plant and grain yield. The anticipated the potassium fertilization do not prejudiced grain yield of soybean.

O presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a resposta produtiva da cultura da soja em função da antecipação da adubação com potássio realizada nas culturas da aveia-preta, canola e trigo. O experimento foi conduzido no campus experimental da Faculdade Integrado de Campo Mourão - PR, na safra 2013/14. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo que o primeiro fator consistiu de três plantas de cobertura cultivadas no outono inverno (trigo, aveia preta e canola) e o segundo fator foi composto por três épocas de fornecimento de K2O para a cultura da soja (100% do K2O na cultura de inverno, 50% na cultura de inverno + 50% na soja e 100% na semeadura da soja). A dose de K2O utilizada foi equivalente a 40 kg ha-1. As variáveis avaliadas foram número de nós reprodutivos por planta, número de vagens por planta e produtividade de grãos de soja. A antecipação da adubação com potássio não interferiu na resposta produtiva da cultura da soja.

Produtividade da soja com antecipação da adubação potássica nas culturas da aveia preta, canola e trigo / Soybean yield with anticipated potassium fertilization on crops of black oats, canola and wheat

Aim to analysis to soybean response in function to anticipated potassium fertilization realized in black oat, canola and wheat crops. The experiment was conducted in Integrado College experimental field, in Campo Mourão, PR, in harvest 2013/14. The experimental design adopted was in blocks completely randomized, the treatments were organize in factorial design 3 x 3. The first factor was evaluate three cover crops, sowing in the autumn/ winter season (black oat, canola and wheat) and the second factor was composed to three times to potassium fertilization to soybean (100% to K2O in winter cover crop, 50% in winter cover crop + 50% in soybean and 100% in soybean sowing). The K2O rates was 40 kg ha-1. The evaluation was number of nodes reproductive, number of pods per plant and grain yield. The anticipated the potassium fertilization do not prejudiced grain yield of soybean.(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a resposta produtiva da cultura da soja em função da antecipação da adubação com potássio realizada nas culturas da aveia-preta, canola e trigo. O experimento foi conduzido no campus experimental da Faculdade Integrado de Campo Mourão - PR, na safra 2013/14. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo que o primeiro fator consistiu de três plantas de cobertura cultivadas no outono inverno (trigo, aveia preta e canola) e o segundo fator foi composto por três épocas de fornecimento de K2O para a cultura da soja (100% do K2O na cultura de inverno, 50% na cultura de inverno + 50% na soja e 100% na semeadura da soja). A dose de K2O utilizada foi equivalente a 40 kg ha-1. As variáveis avaliadas foram número de nós reprodutivos por planta, número de vagens por planta e produtividade de grãos de soja. A antecipação da adubação com potássio não interferiu na resposta produtiva da cultura da soja.(AU)

Germinação de sementes de milho com e sem aplicaçâo de acetato de zinco em diferentes profundidades de semeadura / Germination of corn seeds with and without zinc acetate application in different depths of sowing

Corn is a species in the family poaceae, grown in different regions of the Brazil and world. An important tool for the management of this cereal is the use of micronutrients, as zinc (Zn). Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the initial development of the hybrid maize Impact Viptera 3, with and without seeds treatment with acetate of ammoniac Zn, in different depths of sowing. The work was carried through the field in the Garça city, State of São Paulo. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 4, with four repetitions. The treatments had constituted of two seeds treatments of maize (with and without ammoniac Zn acetate, using the commercial product AwakenTM, and four depths of sowing (3, 5, 7 and 10 cm). The experimental area was constituted by a box with 4.0 m x 2.0 m x 0.30 cm filled with inert substratum, represented for bolted thick sand. The treatment of seeds (TS) with ammoniac Zn acetate,using the commercial product AwakenTM favored the reduction of the emergency time and significant increase of the IVE (index of emergency speed) of maize plants Impact Viptera 3, independent of the depths of sowing. The improvement in the initial development, characterized for the increase in height and length of roots, as well as of the aerial part of leaves and roots, suggests that seeds treatment with ammoniac Zn acetate to be viable tool in the emergency uniform of the maize crop sown in different depths.(AU)

O milho é uma espécie pertencente a família poaceae, cultivado em diversas regiões do Brasil e do Mundo. Uma relevante ferramenta para o manejo deste cereal é a utilização de micronutrientes, como o zinco (Zn). Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial do milho híbrido Impacto Viptera 3, com e sem tratamento de sementes com acetato de Zn amoniacal, em diferentes profundidades de semeadura. O trabalho foi realizado a campo no Município de Garça/SP. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram de dois tratamentos de sementes de milho (com e sem acetato de Zn amoniacal, utilizando o produto comercial Awaken®), e quatro profundidades de semeadura (3, 5, 7 e 10 cm). A área experimental foi constituída por uma caixa com 4,0 m x 2,0 m x 0,30 cm preenchida com substrato inerte, representado por areia grossa peneirada. O tratamento de sementes (TS) com acetato de Zn amoniacal, utilizando o produto comercial Awaken®, favoreceu a redução do tempo de emergência e aumento significativo do IVE (índice de velocidade de emergência) das plântulas de milho Impacto Viptera 3, independente da profundidades de semeadura. A melhoria no desenvolvimento inicial, caracterizada pelo aumento em altura e comprimento de raízes, assim como da parte aérea e raízes, sugere que o tratamento de sementes com acetato de Zn amoniacal é uma ferramenta viável na uniformização da emergência da cultura do milho semeada em diferentes profundidades.(AU)

Pools and rapids as spawning and nursery areas for fish in a river stretch without floodplains

This study aimed to evaluate the importance of two environments situated in the main channel of the Peixe River (a tributary of the upper Uruguay River) on fish reproduction and initial growth. Ichthyoplankton, macrozooplankton, and zoobenthos collections were taken on a monthly basis from October 2011 to March 2012, sampling a rapids and a pool environment. The instrument used for the capture of the ichthyoplankton in both environments was a light trap. In total, 795 eggs and 274 larvae were captured. The species that presented higher abundance and occurrence frequency out of the total captured in both environments were Leporinus obtusidens, Bryconamericus iheringii, and Bryconamericus stramineus. The evaluation of the feeding activity reveals a major repletion degree of the larvae in more advanced stages in the pool. The pool environment presented a higher abundance of larvae in more advanced development stages. We conclude that the channel of the Peixe River is important for the reproduction and initial growth of fish and that each river environment seems to fulfill a different role in the life cycle of the ichthyoplankton community.(AU)

Este trabalho avaliou a importância de dois ambientes situados no canal principal do rio do Peixe (afluente do alto rio Uruguai) na reprodução e crescimento inicial dos peixes. As coletas de ictioplâncton, macrozooplâncton e zoobentos foram realizadas mensalmente no período de outubro de 2011 a março de 2012, amostrando um ambiente de corredeira e um ambiente de poço. O instrumento utilizado para a captura do ictioplâncton nos dois ambientes foi a armadilha luminosa. No total, foram capturados 795 ovos e 274 larvas. As espécies que apresentaram maior abundância e frequência de ocorrência do total capturado nos dois ambientes foram Leporinus obtusidens, Bryconamericus iheringii e Bryconamericus stramineus. A avaliação da atividade alimentar revela um maior grau de repleção das larvas em estágios mais avançados no ambiente de poço. O ambiente de poço apresentou uma maior abundância de larvas nos estágios mais avançados de desenvolvimento. Conclui-se que o canal do rio do Peixe é importante para a reprodução e crescimento inicial de peixes e que cada ambiente do rio parece cumprir um papel diferente no ciclo de vida da comunidade ictioplanctônica.(AU)

Use of insulin-like growth factor in the healing of open wounds in diabetic and non-diabetic rats

To analyze the effects of application of 1% and 3% insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) cream on the process of wound healing in induced skin lesions in diabetic and non-diabetic rats and evaluate its effect on expression of myofibroblasts. METHODS: Ninety-six Wistar adult male rats were divided into six groups, with 16 rats in each group, as follows: group 1: non-diabetic, untreated; group 2: non-diabetic, treated with 1% IGF-1 cream; group 3: non-diabetic, treated with 3% IGF-1 cream; group 4: diabetic, untreated; group 5: diabetic, treated with 1% IGF-1 cream; and group 6: diabetic, treated with 3% IGF-1 cream. In groups 4, 5, and 6, diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of alloxan. After diabetes had been induced, animals were mantained for 3 months. The experimental procedure consisted of the creation of a circular incision of 0.9 mm in diameter using a metal punch. Following this, wounds were treated daily according to the assigned treatment regimen. Groups 2 and 5 were treated with 1% IGF-1 cream, groups 3 and 6 with 3% IGF-1 cream, and groups 1 and 4 and the untreated groups with 0.9% saline solution. From each group, samples from 4 rats were taken at three, seven, 14, and 21 days after the injury. Samples were fixed in 10% formalin to prepare slides for histological analysis. Slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson were observed vascular proliferation, mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear cells, fibroblast proliferation, re-epithelialization, and collagen fibers. This study analyzed the expression of α-smooth muscle actin using specific antibodies to correlate the temporal expression of α-smooth muscle-specific actin (α-SM actin), a molecular marker for myofibroblast transformation. RESULTS: Macroscopic observation of wounds showed a more rapid re-epithelialization of wounds treated with IGF. Regarding acute inflammatory reactions, the results of the analysis of vascular.(AU)

Aging and growth parameter from the Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) from the Cuiabá river, Mato Grosso, Brazil / Estimativas dos parâmetros de crescimento e idade do Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) do rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil

This study has aims to determine the age and to estimate the growth parameters using scales of the species. Individuals of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) used in this study were captured in the commercial fishery conducted in the region, along the year 2006. The model selected to express the growth of the species was the von Bertalanffy Sl= Sl∞*[1-exp-k(t-to)]. To determine if scales are suitable for studying the growth of pacu, we analyzed the relation between standard length (Sl) and the radius of the scales through linear regression. The period of annuli formation was determined analyzing the variations in the marginal increment and evaluating the consistency of the readings through the analysis of the coefficient of variations (CVs) for the average standard lengths of each age (number of rings) observed in the scales. The relationship between Ls of the fish and the radius of the scales showed that scales can be used to study the age and growth of P. mesopotamicus (R= 0.79). CVs were always below 20%, demonstrating the consistency of the readings. Annuli formation occurred in February, probably related to trophic migration that occurs in this month in the region. Equations that represents the growth in length obtained for P. mesopotamicus are Sl=50.00*[1-exp-0.18(t-(-3.00)] for males and Sl=59.23*[1-exp-0.14(t-(-3.36)] for females. The growth parameters obtained in this study were lower compared to other studies previously conducted for the same species and can related to overexploitation that species is submitted by fishing in the region. These values show also that females of pacu attain greater asymptotic length than males that growth faster.(AU)

Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a idade e estimar os parâmetros de crescimento usando as escamas da espécie. Esta informação pode ser usada em outros estudos sobre dinâmica de estoques da espécie na área estudada. Os indivíduos do Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) usados nesse estudo foram capturados na pesca comercial, desenvolvida na região durante o ano de 2006. O modelo escolhido para analisar o crescimento da espécie foi o de Von Bertalanffy (Cp= Cp∞*[1-exp-k(t-to)]. Para saber se as escamas são apropriadas para estudos de crescimento do pacu, nós analisamos a relação entre o comprimento padrão (Cp) e o raio das através de regressão linear. O período de formação dos anéis foi determinado analisando as variações no incremento marginal e a consistência das leituras foi avaliada através da análise do coeficiente de variação (CVs) do comprimento padrão médio para cada idade (número de anéis) observado nas escamas. A correlação entre o Ls do peixe e o raio das escamas mostrou que as escamas podem ser utilizadas para estudos de crescimento do P. mesopotamicus (R= 0.79). Os CVs foram sempre abaixo de 20% demonstrando consistência nas leituras. A formação dos anéis ocorreu em fevereiro provavelmente relacionada com a migração trófica que ocorre neste mês na região. As equações que representa o crescimento em comprimento obtidas para o P. mesopotamicus são: Cp=50.00*[1-exp-0.18(t-(-3.00)] para machos e Cp=59.23*[1-exp-0.14(t-(-3.36)] para fêmeas. Os parâmetros de crescimento encontrados neste estudo foram mais baixos quando comparados com outros estudos para a mesma espécie realizados anteriormente e pode estar relacionado com “overexplotation” pela pesca que a espécie é submetida na área. Esses valores mostram ainda que as fêmeas do pacu atingem comprimentos assintóticos maiores que os machos que crescem mais rápido.(AU)

Aging and growth parameter from the Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) from the Cuiabá river, Mato Grosso, Brazil / Estimativas dos parâmetros de crescimento e idade do Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) do rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil

This study has aims to determine the age and to estimate the growth parameters using scales of the species. Individuals of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) used in this study were captured in the commercial fishery conducted in the region, along the year 2006. The model selected to express the growth of the species was the von Bertalanffy Sl= Sl∞*[1-exp-k(t-to)]. To determine if scales are suitable for studying the growth of pacu, we analyzed the relation between standard length (Sl) and the radius of the scales through linear regression. The period of annuli formation was determined analyzing the variations in the marginal increment and evaluating the consistency of the readings through the analysis of the coefficient of variations (CVs) for the average standard lengths of each age (number of rings) observed in the scales. The relationship between Ls of the fish and the radius of the scales showed that scales can be used to study the age and growth of P. mesopotamicus (R= 0.79). CVs were always below 20%, demonstrating the consistency of the readings. Annuli formation occurred in February, probably related to trophic migration that occurs in this month in the region. Equations that represents the growth in length obtained for P. mesopotamicus are Sl=50.00*[1-exp-0.18(t-(-3.00)] for males and Sl=59.23*[1-exp-0.14(t-(-3.36)] for females. The growth parameters obtained in this study were lower compared to other studies previously conducted for the same species and can related to overexploitation that species is submitted by fishing in the region. These values show also that females of pacu attain greater asymptotic length than males that growth faster.

Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a idade e estimar os parâmetros de crescimento usando as escamas da espécie. Esta informação pode ser usada em outros estudos sobre dinâmica de estoques da espécie na área estudada. Os indivíduos do Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) usados nesse estudo foram capturados na pesca comercial, desenvolvida na região durante o ano de 2006. O modelo escolhido para analisar o crescimento da espécie foi o de Von Bertalanffy (Cp= Cp∞*[1-exp-k(t-to)]. Para saber se as escamas são apropriadas para estudos de crescimento do pacu, nós analisamos a relação entre o comprimento padrão (Cp) e o raio das através de regressão linear. O período de formação dos anéis foi determinado analisando as variações no incremento marginal e a consistência das leituras foi avaliada através da análise do coeficiente de variação (CVs) do comprimento padrão médio para cada idade (número de anéis) observado nas escamas. A correlação entre o Ls do peixe e o raio das escamas mostrou que as escamas podem ser utilizadas para estudos de crescimento do P. mesopotamicus (R= 0.79). Os CVs foram sempre abaixo de 20% demonstrando consistência nas leituras. A formação dos anéis ocorreu em fevereiro provavelmente relacionada com a migração trófica que ocorre neste mês na região. As equações que representa o crescimento em comprimento obtidas para o P. mesopotamicus são: Cp=50.00*[1-exp-0.18(t-(-3.00)] para machos e Cp=59.23*[1-exp-0.14(t-(-3.36)] para fêmeas. Os parâmetros de crescimento encontrados neste estudo foram mais baixos quando comparados com outros estudos para a mesma espécie realizados anteriormente e pode estar relacionado com “overexplotation” pela pesca que a espécie é submetida na área. Esses valores mostram ainda que as fêmeas do pacu atingem comprimentos assintóticos maiores que os machos que crescem mais rápido.

Early development and allometric growth in Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) under laboratory conditions

Morphological development and allometric growth of laboratory reared Nannacara anomala were studied from hatching to the loss of larval characters and beginning of squamation (18 days post-hatching) at 26°C. The mean total length (TL) of larvae and juveniles increased from 3.74 mm at hatching to 9.60 mm at metamorphosis. Morphogenesis and differentiation were most intense during the first week of development. During this period (TL interval = 3.74 - 4.84 mm) there was an evident priority to enhance the feeding and swimming capabilities by promoting accelerated growth in the head and tail regions. Following this period, there was a major decrease in growth coefficients, indicating a change in growth priorities. Observations on the early development of Nannacara anomala confirmed the basic uniformity development of a substrate brooding cichlid.(AU)

Se realizó el estudio del desarrollo morfológico y crecimiento alométrico de Nannacara anomala criada en el laboratorio en la temperatura de 26°C, entre la eclosión y la pérdida de todas las características de larva y el principio del proceso de escamación (a los 18 días de la eclosión). La total logitud media (TL) de larvas aumentó de 3,74 mm en eclosión a 9,60 mm en el momento de metamorfosis. La morfogénesis y la diferenciación fueron más intensos durante la primera semana del desarrollo. En este periodo (el intervalo TL= 3,74 - 4,84) se observó una gran prioridad en la mejora de habilidades de encontrar alimento y nadar al promover el crecimiento de la zona de la cabeza y la cola. Transcurrido este periodo se notó una importante bajada de los coeficientes del crecimiento lo que indica el cambio de prioridades de crecimiento de distintas partes del cuerpo. Las observaciones del desarrollo temprano de Nannacara anomala confirman las similitudes principales en el desarrollo de cíclidos criados en sustratos.(AU)

Growth curve of female collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) raised in captivity in the Brazilian Amazon Region / Curva de crescimento de fêmeas cateto (Pecari tajacu) criados em cativeiro na Amazônia Brasileira

This work aims to determine the most suitable nonlinear model to describe the growth of female collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu). The monthly records of the weight of 10 captive female collared peccaries over a period of two years in the Brazilian Amazon Region were used. The growth models used were the Von Bertalanffy, Brody, Gompertz and Logistic. The parameters were estimated by using the NLIN procedure from the SAS application. The criteria used to verify the adjustment of the models were: asymptotic standard deviation (ASD); coefficient of determination (R²); average absolute residual deviation (ARD) and the asymptotic rate (AR). The Brody model and the Logistic model estimated the highest (19.44kg) and the lowest (19.18kg) asymptotic weight (A), indicating the lowest (0.0070kg/day) and the highest (0.0121kg/day) maturation rate (K). These results and the coefficients of phenotypic correlation that varied from -0.75 and -0.47 confirmed the antagonistic nature between these parameters. The Brody model estimated the lower value for ARD, a limiting factor for describing the lowest value for AR through this model. The Brody model showed the best adjustment for AR, although the other models also showed a suitable adjustment to the weight data of said species/gender. Based on the AR obtained in this work, the Brody model is recommended for adjusting the growth curve of the female collared peccaries. Depending on the estimated values, especially for K, this trait can be included in a selection index.(AU)

Com o objetivo de ajustar modelos não-lineares, foram utilizados registros mensais do peso de 10 fêmeas de cateto (Pecari tajacu) coletados durante dois anos, no criatório do campo experimental Álvaro Adolfo da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA. Utilizaram-se os modelos de Von Bertalanffy, Brody, Gompertz e Logístico. Os parâmetros foram estimados usando o procedimento NLIN do aplicativo SAS. Os critérios utilizados para verificar o ajuste dos modelos foram: desvio padrão assintótico (ASD); coeficiente de determinação (R²); desvio médio absoluto dos resíduos (ARD) e o índice assintótico (AR). Os modelos Brody e Logístico estimaram, respectivamente, o maior (19,44kg) e o menor (19,18kg) peso assintótico (A), caracterizando a menor (0,0064kg/dia) e a maior (0,0113kg/dia) taxa de maturação (K), haja vista a natureza antagônica entre estes parâmetros, comprovada pela correlação fenotípica variando entre -0,75 à -0,47. O modelo Brody estimou o menor valor para o ARD, fator limitante para caracterizar o menor valor para o AR por este modelo. Considerando o AR, o modelo Brody apresentou o melhor ajuste, contudo, pelos valores encontrados, os demais modelos também apresentaram ajuste adequando aos dados ponderais da referida espécie/sexo. Com base no AR adotado neste trabalho, recomenda-se o modelo Brody para ajustar a curva de crescimento de fêmeas de cateto (Pecari tajacu). Em razão dos valores estimados, sobretudo, para a K, essa característica pode ser incluída em um índice de seleção. Contudo, estudos com grupos mais representativos e criados em outras condições se faz oportuno.(AU)

Biology and life table of Dirphia araucariae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): A herbivore of potentially high impact on Araucaria angustifolia

The life-history and biology of Dirphia araucariae Jones, 1908, including its life fertility table, are here described. Moths were reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions on their host plant, Araucaria angustifolia (Bertoloni) O. Kuntze - Araucariaceae. We describe several life-history traits of the species, namely: developmental period, survival rate, growth rate, fertility, fecundity, sex ratio, cephalic capsule width, and pupal weight. Mean duration of life stages were: egg = 26.78 days; larva = 61.78 days; prepupa = 6.85 days; pupa = 62.46 days; adult = 8.37 days. We found statistically significant differences between sexes for adult, larval and pupal stage duration; larval stage was longer in females while pupal stage was longer in males. The survival rate of each life stage was: egg = 96.18%; larva = 95.38%; prepupa = 83.87%; pupa = 100%. The larvae developed through six instars and the mean growth rate was 1.418. The width of male and female cephalic capsules were different in last three instars, even though the total mean width between sexes was not different. Pupal mean weight ranged from 2.40 g to 4.79 g, with females being heavier than males. Fertility ranged from 66.78% to 100%, and the total fecundity was 358.45 eggs/female, including both laid eggs and eggs held in the abdomen. The sex ratio was 0.50 ± 0.05. The estimated biotic potential was 48731.08 specimens/female/year. We found the following values for the fertility life table: (Ro) = 117.21 females; (T) = 162.75 days; (rm) = 0.21; (l) = 1.23. Considering the biological parameters evaluated in this study, we conclude that D. araucariae is not able to cause primary damage in A. angustifolia forests, although further studies are needed to understand the reasons for occasional population outbreaks.

Determination of larval instars in Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera: Chironomidae) using novel head capsule structures

Determining the age composition of a population is important when conducting ecological, taxonomic and environmental assessments. Morphometric measurements of the head capsule, especially the length and width, are widely used in the identification of insect instars, but alternative ways for determining the age of insects can expand the options for the analysis of field and laboratory populations. This study evaluated the morphometry of the antennae, mandibles, mentum and ventromental plates to discriminate among the four larval instars of Chironomus sancticaroli Strixino & Strixino, 1981. The larvae were reared in the laboratory under constant temperature (25°C) and photoperiod of 12/12 hours for 19 days, with a supply of food. Fifteen larvae were removed randomly every day, cleared in KOH, and slide-mounted, and had the antennae, mandibles, mentum and ventromental plates measured. The dimensions of the four structures studied allowed us to statistically distinguish each of the four larval instars. The data fit an exponential equation according to the Brooks-Dyar rule, which allows an estimate of the larval instar of specimens collected in the field, even when development takes place under different conditions. The duration of each instar was also obtained from our data, and showed an overlap of instars during development.

Determination of larval instars in Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera: Chironomidae) using novel head capsule structures

Determining the age composition of a population is important when conducting ecological, taxonomic and environmental assessments. Morphometric measurements of the head capsule, especially the length and width, are widely used in the identification of insect instars, but alternative ways for determining the age of insects can expand the options for the analysis of field and laboratory populations. This study evaluated the morphometry of the antennae, mandibles, mentum and ventromental plates to discriminate among the four larval instars of Chironomus sancticaroli Strixino & Strixino, 1981. The larvae were reared in the laboratory under constant temperature (25°C) and photoperiod of 12/12 hours for 19 days, with a supply of food. Fifteen larvae were removed randomly every day, cleared in KOH, and slide-mounted, and had the antennae, mandibles, mentum and ventromental plates measured. The dimensions of the four structures studied allowed us to statistically distinguish each of the four larval instars. The data fit an exponential equation according to the Brooks-Dyar rule, which allows an estimate of the larval instar of specimens collected in the field, even when development takes place under different conditions. The duration of each instar was also obtained from our data, and showed an overlap of instars during development.(AU)