Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 protease used as an additive in detergent formulations

Microbial proteases, especially from Bacillus spp., have been widely exploited for a broad variety of applications, such as the improvement of the cleaning efficiency of conventional detergents. In this work, the statistical design of the experiment was used to optimize the concentrations of a three-component mixture: Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 protease, Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphate and hydrogen peroxide, in an attempt to prepare an environmentally correct cleaning formulation. The results demonstrated that the combination of 1% (w/v) protease with 1.5% (w/v) LAS and 1% (w/v) H2O2 was effective in removing blood from cloth pieces and that a protease concentration decrease from 1.0% to 0.5% (w/v) would not have a signi&64257;cant impact on percent blood removal if LAS concentrations between 1.5-2.0% (w/v) in combination with lower (<0.5%, w/v) concentrations of H2O2 were used. Thus, the protease from Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 can be effectively incorporated into cleaning formulations together with LAS and hydrogen peroxide to formulate more sustainable detergents.

Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 protease used as an additive in detergent formulations

Microbial proteases, especially from Bacillus spp., have been widely exploited for a broad variety of applications, such as the improvement of the cleaning efficiency of conventional detergents. In this work, the statistical design of the experiment was used to optimize the concentrations of a three-component mixture: Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 protease, Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphate and hydrogen peroxide, in an attempt to prepare an environmentally correct cleaning formulation. The results demonstrated that the combination of 1% (w/v) protease with 1.5% (w/v) LAS and 1% (w/v) H2O2 was effective in removing blood from cloth pieces and that a protease concentration decrease from 1.0% to 0.5% (w/v) would not have a signi&64257;cant impact on percent blood removal if LAS concentrations between 1.5-2.0% (w/v) in combination with lower (<0.5%, w/v) concentrations of H2O2 were used. Thus, the protease from Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 can be effectively incorporated into cleaning formulations together with LAS and hydrogen peroxide to formulate more sustainable detergents.(AU)

Which non-fibrous carbohydrates: neutral detergent fiber ratio optimizes the use of cactus cladodes in diets of growing heifers? / Qual relação carboidratos não fibrosos: fibra em detergente neutro otimiza o uso de palma forrageira em dietas para novilhas em crescimento?

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC):neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios (0.70:1, 0.90:1, 1.14:1, 1.42:1, and 1.85:1) in diets containing cactus cladodes on intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, ingestive behavior, and microbial protein of growing heifers. Five rumencannulated heifers (194 ± 70 kg of body weight) were distributed in a Latin square design (5 x 5). There was a quadratic effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) (Kg day-1 and %BW) and crude protein (CP) with the increase in non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC): neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio, with maximum values of 7.07 kg day-1, 2.86%, and 0.949 kg day-1, estimated for 1.37:1, 1.39:1, and 1.27:1 ratios. When the intake of NDF decreased, in turn, the intakes of NFC and TDN increased. The NDF digestibility decreased with increasing NFC levels in diets. The other nutrients were not influenced. The ruminal pH showed the lowest values at 4 hours after feeding, mainly for animals fed the 1.85:1 ratio. There was a quadratic effect for rumination time with maximum values estimated for an NFC:NDF ratio of 0.88:1. The time spent idle increased linearly, while total chewing time and feeding efficiency of NDF decreased. The urinary volume increased linearly. However, microbial protein synthesis and the efficiency of the synthesis were not influenced. The number of protozoa increased by 64.5% with the elevation of the NFC:NDF ratio. We recommend a NFC:NDF ratio of 1.37:1 in diets containing cactus cladodes, to improve the use of nutrients, without negatively affecting ruminal parameters.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes relações carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF): fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) (0,70: 1; 0,90: 1; 1,14: 1; 1,42: 1 e 1,85: 1) em dietas contendo palma forrageira sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais, comportamento ingestivo e proteína microbiana de novilhas em crescimento. Cinco novilhas, fistuladas no rúmen (194 ± 70 kg de peso corporal) foram distribuídas em um delineamento em quadrado latino (5 x 5). Houve efeito quadrático sobre o consumo de matéria seca (MS) (kg dia-1 (% PC) e proteína bruta (PB) com o aumento da relação carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF): fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), com valores máximos de 7,07 kg dia-1, 2,86% e 0,949 kg dia-1, estimado para 1,37: 1; 1,39: 1 e proporção de 1,27: 1. Enquanto a ingestão de FDN diminuiu, a ingestão de CNF e NDT aumentou. A digestibilidade da FDN diminuiu com o aumento dos teores de FDN nas dietas. Os demais nutrientes não foram influenciados. O pH ruminal apresentou os menores valores 4 horas após a alimentação, principalmente para os animais alimentados na proporção de 1,85: 1. Houve efeito quadrático para o tempo de ruminação com valores máximos estimados para uma relação CNF: FDN de 0,88: 1. O tempo de ócio aumentou linearmente, enquanto o tempo total de mastigação e a eficiência alimentar da FDN diminuíram. O volume urinário aumentou linearmente. No entanto, a síntese de proteína microbiana e a eficiência da síntese não foram influenciadas. O número de protozoários aumentou 64,5% com a elevação da relação CNF: FDN. Recomenda-se a relação CNF:FDN de 1,37: 1 em dietas contendo palma forrageira, para melhorar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes, sem afetar negativamente os parâmetros ruminais.(AU)

Identification of sorghum hybrids for silage production in the semiarid (BSh) region of northeastern Brazil / Identificação de híbridos de sorgo para produção de silagem na região semiárida (BSh) no Nordeste do Brasil

The objective of this study was to identify the hybrids of sorghum most suitable for the production of silage in the semiarid regions of northeastern Brazil. Twenty-three hybrids were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replicates. The dry mass yield; dry mass of leaf, stem, panicle, grains, and senescent matter; and chemical composition of the plant were evaluated. The pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3 ), and chemical composition of the silage were also assessed. The hybrids 947252, FEPAGRO 18, 12F042226, and SF 11 performed best in terms of morphological characteristics, with the highest mass of leaves and grains. The hybrid FEPAGRO 19 had the highest dry matter value (443.3 ± 17.0 g kg-1), whereas the hybrid 12F042496 had the lowest value (271.3 ± 17.0 g kg-1). The dry matter (DM) content of the other hybrids was within the recommended values for silage production (280 to 400 g kg-1). High levels of crude protein were observed in the grouped hybrids 12F042496, 947254, and 12F042422. The hybrid 12F042496 had the highest neutral detergent fiber content. The hybrids 9929036, 9929030, 9929012, 947254, 947072, PROG 134 IPA, 12F042226, 12F042422, and BRS 506 had pH values ranging between 3.8 and 4.2, indicating good quality silage. Overall, the sorghum hybrids 9929030, 12F042224, 12F042150, FEPAGRO19, and FEPAGRO11 had the best growth and production characteristics, and plant and silage chemical composition, and are thus recommended for the production of silage in the semiarid of northeastern Brazil.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar híbridos de sorgo para produção de silagem em Clima Semiárido no Nordeste do Brasil. Vinte e três híbridos foram avaliados em delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Em relação à planta, foram avaliados o rendimento de Massa seca: Folhas, caule, panícula, grãos e material morto, bem como a composição química. Quanto à silagem, foram avaliados o pH, o nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e a composição química. Os híbridos 947252, FEPAGRO 18, 12F042226, e SF 11 apresentaram melhor caracterização morfológica, Devido a maior quantidade de folhas e grãos. O híbrido FEPAGRO 19 apresentou o maior valor de matéria seca, 443,3 ± 17,0 g kg-1 e o híbrido 12F042496, o menor valor, 271,3 ± 17,0 g kg-1. Os demais híbridos apresentaram teores de MS dentro dos valores recomendados para produção de silagem (280 a 400 g kg-1). Em relação à proteína bruta, foram observados níveis mais elevados nos híbridos agrupados 12F042496, 947254 e 12F042422. O híbrido 12F042496 apresentou o maior conteúdo de fibra em detergente neutro. Os híbridos 9929036, 9929030, 9929012, 947254, 947072, PROG 134 IPA, 12F042226,12F042422, e BRS 506 apresentaram pH dentro Dessa Faixa (3,8 a 4,2), indicando silagem de boa qualidade. Os híbridos de sorgo 9929030, 12F042224, 12F042150, FEPAGRO19 e FEPAGRO11 são recomendados para a produção de silagem na região semiárida (BSh) do Nordeste, pois apresentam melhores características de crescimento e produção, além de melhor composição química de plantas e silagens.(AU)

Ingestive behavior of dairy goats fed diets containing increasing levels of neutral detergent fiber and particle size using multivariate analysis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interaction between increasing neutral detergent fiber content and particle sizes on ingestive behavior of dairy goats. Forty-eight lactating, multiparous Saanen and Alpine goats, with average milk production of 1.4 ±0.57 kg d-1, around 60th ±12 day of lactation were distributed in a 3 x 4 factorial completely randomized design. The diets consisted: three particles sizes (02, 05 or 15 cm) and four levels of neutral detergent fiber (34, 41, 49 or 57% NDFf) from forage (Tifton 85 hay). The ingestive behavior was monitored during 24 hours. A regression and a multivariate time series cluster analysis were performed. No interaction was found (p > 0.05) between treatments. Feeding time was different according to the particle size, having an increasing linear effect. Rumination and idle times were not affected (p > 0.05). The temporal feeding behavior was clustered into two groups according to the profile of particle size of the diet. Rumination peaks were randomly distributed with more intense activity before morning and afternoon meals. The increase in NDFf content in the diet did not change the ingestive behavior. The multivariate cluster analysis in a time series data is useful to interpret animal feeding behavior.(AU)

Ingestive behavior of dairy goats fed diets containing increasing levels of neutral detergent fiber and particle size using multivariate analysis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interaction between increasing neutral detergent fiber content and particle sizes on ingestive behavior of dairy goats. Forty-eight lactating, multiparous Saanen and Alpine goats, with average milk production of 1.4 ±0.57 kg d-1, around 60th ±12 day of lactation were distributed in a 3 x 4 factorial completely randomized design. The diets consisted: three particles sizes (02, 05 or 15 cm) and four levels of neutral detergent fiber (34, 41, 49 or 57% NDFf) from forage (Tifton 85 hay). The ingestive behavior was monitored during 24 hours. A regression and a multivariate time series cluster analysis were performed. No interaction was found (p > 0.05) between treatments. Feeding time was different according to the particle size, having an increasing linear effect. Rumination and idle times were not affected (p > 0.05). The temporal feeding behavior was clustered into two groups according to the profile of particle size of the diet. Rumination peaks were randomly distributed with more intense activity before morning and afternoon meals. The increase in NDFf content in the diet did not change the ingestive behavior. The multivariate cluster analysis in a time series data is useful to interpret animal feeding behavior.

Análise do efeito da colheita da planta de milho em diferentes estádios reprodutivos e do processamento dos grãos sobre a qualidade da silagem / Analysis of effect of harvest corn plant in different stages of reproductive and processing of grain on the quality of silage

The experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Production (NUPRAN) State University Midwest (UNICENTRO), with the objective of evaluate the effect of harvesting the maize plant at different reproductive stages and with different grains process on dry matter digestibility, neutral detergent fiber digestibility and animal performance. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and four replications, where each replication consisted of a pen with two steers, totaling sixteen experimental units. During the silage confection, homogeneous and representative samples from processed plants were collected, part intended for chemical analyses and inserted part in bags silo, putting these in the profile of each bunker silo, being considered as experimental units. The experiment lasted 84 days after opining de bunker silos, being 14 days for adaption, followed by 4 periods of 21 days. Thus, silage harvested at dough stage showed higher values of in vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. The use of corn silage harvested at R5 stage facilitated better animal performance with consequent transformation of dry matter consumed in daily weight gain.(AU)

O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo de Produção Animal (NUPRAN) da Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste (UNICENTRO), com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da colheita da planta de milho em diferentes estádios reprodutivos e com diferentes processamentos de grãos sobre a digestibilidade da matéria seca, digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e desempenho animal. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por 4 tratamentos com 4 repetições, onde cada repetição constou de uma baia contendo dois novilhos, totalizando 16 unidades experimentais. Durante a confecção da silagem, foram coletadas amostras homogêneas e representativas das plantas picadas, parte destinada a análise bromatológica antes de sofrer fermentação e outra parte foi inserida em silos bags, acomodando estes no perfil de cada silo, sendo considerados como unidades experimentais. O experimento teve duração de 84 dias após abertura dos silos, sendo 14 dias para adaptação dos animais, seguidos de 4 períodos de 21 dias. Assim, silagens colhidas em estádio de grão pastoso apresentaram melhores valores de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro. A utilização da silagem de milho colhida em estádio R5 possibilitou maior desempenho animal com consequente melhor transformação da matéria seca consumida em ganho de peso diário.(AU)

Concomitant production of detergent compatible enzymes by Bacillus flexus XJU-1

A soil screened Bacillus flexus XJU-1 was induced to simultaneously produce alkaline amylase, alkaline lipase and alkaline protease at their optimum levels on a common medium under submerged fermentation. The basal cultivation medium consisted of 0.5% casein, 0.5% starch and 0.5% cottonseedoil as an inducer forprotease, amylase, and lipase, respectively. The casein also served as nitrogen source for all 3 enzymes. The starch was also found to act as carbon source additive for both lipase and protease. Maximum enzyme production occurred on fermentation medium with 1.5% casein, 1.5% soluble starch, 2% cottonseed oil, 2% inoculum size, initial pH of 11.0, incubation temperature of 37 °C and 1% soybean meal as a nitrogen source supplement. The analysis of time course study showed that 24 h was optimum incubation time for amylase whereas 48 h was the best time for both lipase and protease. After optimization, a 3.36-, 18.64-, and 27.33-fold increase in protease, amylase and lipase, respectively was recorded. The lipase was produced in higher amounts (37.72 U/mL) than amylase and protease about 1.27 and 5.85 times, respectively. As the 3 enzymes are used in detergent formulations, the bacterium can be commercially exploited to secrete the alkaline enzymes for use in detergent industry. This is the first report for concomitant production of 3 alkaline enzymes by a bacterium.

Bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis DF04Mi isolated from goat milk: characterization of the bacteriocin

Lactic acid bacteria capable of producing bacteriocins and presenting probiotic potential open innovative technological applications in the dairy industry. In this study, a bacteriocinogenic strain (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis DF4Mi) was isolated from goat milk, and studied for its antimicrobial activity. The bacteriocin presented a broad spectrum of activity, was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, resistant to heat and pH extremes, and not affected by the presence of SDS, Tween 20, Tween 80, EDTA or NaCl. Bacteriocin production was dependent on the components of the culture media, especially nitrogen source and salts. When tested by PCR, the bacteriocin gene presented 100% homology to nisin Z gene. These properties indicate that this L. lactis subsp. lactis DF4Mi can be used for enhancement of dairy foods safety and quality.

Reduction of Aeromonas hidrophyla biofilm on stainless stell surface by essential oils

This study demonstrates the possibility of using sanitizing detergents based on natural products for the elimination and/or reduction of Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm formed on stainless steel surfaces. The goal of this work was to determine the reduction effect of sanitizing detergents containing essential oils of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) on biofilm formed by A. hydrophila on AISI 304 stainless steel coupons, using UHT skimmed milk as substratum. There was adhesion and biofilm formation by A. hydrophila at 28 ºC, presenting 7.60 log cfu.cm-2 after the fourth day of cultivation. There was no significant difference between the lemongrass treatment and that of the thyme oil (p < 0.05). However, both treatments significantly reduced the biofilm, differing significantly from the NaOH control (p > 0.05). The treatment with lemongrass solution reduced the biofilm by 4.51 log cfu cm-2 at 25 ºC. The thyme detergent also reduced the number of cfu cm-2 by 3.84 log cycles at 25 ºC. The use of the lemongrass and thyme solutions efficiently reduced the A. hydrophila biofilm.(AU)

Comportamento alimentar de cabras alimentadas com diferentes teores de fibra em detergente neutro / Feeding behavior of goats fed with different NDF levels

Avaliou-se o comportamento alimentar de cabras alimentadas com dietas que continham diferentes teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) - 49, 54, 59, 64 e 69 por cento -, em função de diferentes teores de inclusão de resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC), em substituição ao concentrado da dieta - 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 por cento. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras mestiças Boer x Saanen e cinco cabras Saanen distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 5x5. O volumoso utilizado foi feno de tifton, com relação volumoso: concentrado de 40:60. As observações foram feitas em períodos de 20 minutos até o tempo total de 24 horas. Os animais dos diferentes genótipos não apresentaram diferenças no comportamento alimentar. Os tempos gastos com alimentação e com ociosidade não diferiram quanto aos teores de FDN na dieta, no entanto resposta linear crescente foi observada para os tempos despendidos com ruminação e com a mastigação total com o aumento dos teores de FDN e RUC na dieta. As dietas com os teores de 49 e 64 por cento apresentaram menor tempo de ruminação quando comparadas com a dieta com teor de 69 por cento de FDN, com resultados respectivos de 218, 268 e 366 minutos de ruminação. Isso contribuiu para diminuir a eficiência (min/kg MS e FDN) de alimentação, ruminação e mastigação. Conclui-se que o resíduo úmido de cervejaria pode ser usado como fonte de fibra efetiva na dieta de cabras.(AU)

The feeding behavior was evaluated in lactating goats fed diets with different levels of NDF (neutral detergent fiber) 49, 54, 59, 64, and 69 percent, in function of different levels of WBG (wet brewery grains) 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 percent. Five goats Boer x Saanen and five Saanen goats were randomly distributed in two 5x5 latin squares. The used roughage tifton hay in a roughage:concentrate rate of 60:40. The feeding times, idle time, and rumination time were evaluated each 20 minutes during 24 hours. The feeding behavior was not influenced by genotypes. The feeding times and idles times were not affected by increasing NDF levels, however, the rumination time and total chewing time had growing linear effect with increase of NDF levels in which the levels 49 and 64 percent showed shorter rumination time than 69 percent NDF, 218, 268, and 366min respectively. It decreased the feeding, rumination and chewing efficiency (min/kg DM and NDF). It was concluded that WBG can be used as a source of effective fiber in diets of goats.(AU)

Compatibility of neutral detergent with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok / Compatibilidade de detergente neutro com o fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok

Entomopathogenic fungi have been widely used in pests control. The main diluent for its application in the field is water, and due to its hydrophobic character, its dispersion in the environment is complicated. Several products may be mixed to the sprays, allowing the dissolution and the dispersion of the fungus in the spray. Yet, some of these products may influence in the viability, sporulation or even in its genetic composition, changing its virulence. This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of a neutral detergent about the viability of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Three different concentrations of a neutral detergent (Ipê®) were used: 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% and an adhesive spreader (Tween 80) was used in the control. The percentage of conidia germination, the number of colony forming units (CFU), vegetative growth and the number of produced conidia were evaluated. There was no effect of the different concentrations of the neutral detergent on the germination. All detergent concentrations affected negatively in the vegetative growth of the fungus. Only the detergent at 0.01% of concentration did not affect the CFU number and the conidia production of the fungus. So, this is the only concentration classified as compatible for M. anisopliae, which may be recommended to promote the conidia dispersion of this fungus species in water.

Fungos entomopatogênicos têm sido amplamente utilizados no controle de pragas. O principal diluente para sua aplicação no campo é a água e, devido seu caráter hidrofóbico, a sua dispersão no meio é dificultada. Vários produtos podem ser misturados às caldas, permitindo a solubilização e dispersão do fungo na calda. Porém, alguns destes produtos podem influenciar na viabilidade, esporulação ou até mesmo na composição genética, alterando a sua virulência. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do detergente neutro sobre a viabilidade do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae. Foram utilizados como tratamentos três concentrações diferentes de detergente neutro Ipê®: 0,01%; 0,02%; 0,03% e o Tween 80 como testemunha. Avaliou-se a porcentagem de germinação dos conídios, o número de unidades formadoras de colônia, o crescimento vegetativo e o número de conídios produzidos. Não houve efeito das diferentes concentrações do detergente neutro sobre a germinação. Todas as concentrações do detergente interferiram de forma negativa no crescimento vegetativo do fungo. Apenas o detergente a 0,01% não interferiu no número de UFC e na produção de conídios do fungo, sendo a única concentração classificada como compatível com o fungo M. anisopliae, podendo ser recomendada para promover a dispersão dos conídios dessa espécie de fungo em água.

On the estimation of non-fibrous carbohydrates in feeds and diets / Sobre a estimação de carboidratos não fibrosos em alimentos e dietas

Os carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) contemplam a fração dos alimentos com elevada capacidade de produção de energia, destacando-se o amido, os açúcares, a pectina, etc. Por constituir a porção do alimento estimada pela diferença entre o todo a as partes avaliadas analiticamente (proteína bruta, matéria mineral, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro), o teor de CNF tende a absorver os erros cometidos na avaliação de cada parte. Aspectos da estimação do teor de CNF em alimentos e dietas são apresentados e discutidos.(AU)

Eficiência do processo CIP sobre biofilmes de Listeria monocytogenes / Efficiency of the CIP process on biofilms Listeria monocytogenes

Laticínios são facilmente susceptíveis à contaminação por L monocytogenes, que pode vir a formar biofilmes nos equipamentos e utensílios e se tornar reservatório de uma recontaminação de produtos lácteos pasteurizados. O objetivo do trabalho foi anahsar a ellciêncla do processo de limpeza Clean in Place (CIP), frente a biofilmes de L. monocytogenes formados em diferentes condições. Para isso, foi utilizado um modelo experimental com cupons de aço inoxidável da mesma especificação do pasteurizador de leite. Os cupons foram imersos em béqueres contendo leite UHT integral e desnatado, contaminados artificialmente com uma suspensão de L. monocytogenes. Os cupons permaneceram durante um período de dez horas sob agitação constante a temperatura de 5 e 35°C, visando a aderência das células na superfície, seguida de incubação em diferentes tempos (18 e 114 horas) e temperaturas (5 e 35°C) para a formação do biofilme, seguidos do processo CIP. As populações bacterianas dos biofilmes foram avaliadas por amostragem por swab e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Biofilmes formados a 5°C por 114h foram mais resistentes ao processo de sanitização, portanto, ambientes refrigerados devem ser considerados pontos críticos de controle na prevenção de contaminação por L. monocytogenes. Em todas as condições estudadas, o processo de limpeza CIP foi eficiente para remover as células de L. monocytogenes a níveis não detectados pelo método swab.(AU)

Dairy industries are easily susceptible to contamination by L. monocytogenes, which could form biofilms in equipments and utensils and become a source of recontamination of pasteurized dairy products. The objective of this work was to analyze the efficiency of the cleaning process Clean in Place (CIP) against the biofilms formed by L. monocytogenes. An experimental model with stainless steel coupons of the same specification as the milk pasteurizer was used. The coupons were immersed in glasses flask containing whole and skimmed UHT milk, artificially contaminated with a suspension of L. monocytogenes. The coupons remained for a period often hours under constant agitation at temperature of 5and 35°C, aiming at the adherence of the strains on the surface, followed by incubation at different times (18 and 114 hours) and temperatures (5 and 3SOC)for the formation of the biofilm, followed by CIP process. The bacterial populations of biofilms were evaluated by sampling through swab and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biofilms formed at 5°Cfor 114h were more resistant to the sanitization process. Therefore, refrigerated environments should be considered critical control points for preventing contamination by L. monocytogenes. In all conditions studied, the CIP cleaning process was effective to remove L. monocytogenes to levels not detected by swab. (AU)

Avaliação da eficiência de um detergente na sanitização de alfaces (Lactuca sativa L) de cultivos orgânico e convencional / Evaluation of the effectiveness of a detergent in the sanitization of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) organic and conventional cultivation

A alface (Lactuca sativa L) pertencente à família Asteraceae, é uma hortaliça com caule de tamanho pequeno e não ramificado com folhas grandes desenvolvidas em contato direto com o solo, o que a torna fonte inesgotável de espécies micro- biológicas. Destaca-se ainda, pela sua facilidade de cultivo através dos diversos sistemas, seja pelos métodos convencionais ou orgânicos e por ser bem aceitável pelo consumidor. As alfaces orgânicas, ao contrário das convencionais, são plantadas utilizando recursos naturais e sem aplicação de agrotóxicos. Essas hortaliças que são consumidas cruas devem ser sanitizadas com produtos químicos que tenham ação eficaz na redução da microbiota. O presente estudo objetivou comparar a eficácia da higienização utilizando detergente específico para lavagem de vegetais com o processo de sanitização tradicional, por meio da avaliação das condições micro biológicas de alfaces orgânicas e convencionais. Verificou-se que o processo utilizando o detergente na lavagem das hortaliças (tempo de ação por 3 minutos) apresentou eficácia semelhante ao processo de higienização tradicional (uso do hipoclorito a 200ppm/15 minutos) em ambos os tipos de alfaces. No entanto, a sanitização com detergente apresentou menor tempo de ação do que no processo tradicional. A presença de Salmonella sp não foi detectada em nenhuma amostra. (AU)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a vegetable with stalk of small size and unbranched with large leaves developed in direct contact with soil, making it an inexhaustible source of microbiological species. It is noticeable by its ease of cultivation through the various systems, either by conventional or organic methods and be well accepted by consumers. The organic lettuces unlike conventional are planted using natural resources and without the application of pesticides. These vegetables are eaten raw should be sanitized with chemicals that have effective action in reducing microbiota. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cleaning using specific detergent for washing vegetables with traditional sanitation process, through the evaluation of the microbiological conditions of organic and conventional lettuce. It was found that the process using the detergent in the washing vegetables (action time for 3 minutes) showed an efficacy similar to the traditional washing process (using hypochlorite 200ppm/15 minutes) in both types of lettuce. However, the detergent sanitizing action time was less than in the traditional process. The presence of Salmonella was not detected in any sample. (AU)

Análise do efeito da colheita da planta de milho em diferentes estádios reprodutivos e do processamento dos grãos sobre a qualidade da silagem / Analysis of effect of harvest corn plant in different stages of reproductive and processing of grain on the quality of silage

The experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Production (NUPRAN) State University Midwest (UNICENTRO), with the objective of evaluate the effect of harvesting the maize plant at different reproductive stages and with different grains process on dry matter digestibility, neutral detergent fiber digestibility and animal performance. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and four replications, where each replication consisted of a pen with two steers, totaling sixteen experimental units. During the silage confection, homogeneous and representative samples from processed plants were collected, part intended for chemical analyses and inserted part in bags silo, putting these in the profile of each bunker silo, being considered as experimental units. The experiment lasted 84 days after opining de bunker silos, being 14 days for adaption, followed by 4 periods of 21 days. Thus, silage harvested at dough stage showed higher values of in vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. The use of corn silage harvested at R5 stage facilitated better animal performance with consequent transformation of dry matter consumed in daily weight gain.

O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo de Produção Animal (NUPRAN) da Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste (UNICENTRO), com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da colheita da planta de milho em diferentes estádios reprodutivos e com diferentes processamentos de grãos sobre a digestibilidade da matéria seca, digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e desempenho animal. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por 4 tratamentos com 4 repetições, onde cada repetição constou de uma baia contendo dois novilhos, totalizando 16 unidades experimentais. Durante a confecção da silagem, foram coletadas amostras homogêneas e representativas das plantas picadas, parte destinada a análise bromatológica antes de sofrer fermentação e outra parte foi inserida em silos bags, acomodando estes no perfil de cada silo, sendo considerados como unidades experimentais. O experimento teve duração de 84 dias após abertura dos silos, sendo 14 dias para adaptação dos animais, seguidos de 4 períodos de 21 dias. Assim, silagens colhidas em estádio de grão pastoso apresentaram melhores valores de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro. A utilização da silagem de milho colhida em estádio R5 possibilitou maior desempenho animal com consequente melhor transformação da matéria seca consumida em ganho de peso diário.